101
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Lejeune A, Skorupski K, Frazier S, Vanhaezebrouck I, Rebhun RB, Reilly CM, Rodriguez CO. Aggressive local therapy combined with systemic chemotherapy provides long-term control in grade II stage 2 canine mast cell tumour: 21 cases (1999-2012). Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 13:267-80. [PMID: 23721492 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective case series evaluates the outcome of 21 dogs with grade II stage 2 mast cell tumour (MCT) treated with adequate local therapy and adjuvant systemic chemotherapy (prednisone, vinblastine and CCNU). The median survival for all dogs was 1359 days (range, 188-2340). Median disease-free interval was 2120 days (149-2325 days). Dogs treated with surgery and chemotherapy had shorter survival (median, 1103 days; 188-2010 days) than those that underwent surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy as part of their treatment (median, 2056 days; 300-2340 days). Two patients had local recurrence in the radiation field and four patients had de novo MCT. Distant metastasis was not observed in any dogs. The results of this study suggest that, in the presence of loco-regional lymph node metastasis in grade II MCT, the use of prednisone, vinblastine and CCNU after adequate local-regional therapy can provide a median survival in excess of 40 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lejeune
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K Skorupski
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S Frazier
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - I Vanhaezebrouck
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - R B Rebhun
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C M Reilly
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C O Rodriguez
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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102
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Ferioli RB, Torres Neto R, Costa SS, Alessi AC, Rocha RM, Amorim RL. Relação da expressão de fatores de crescimento celular (IGF-1) e (SCF) com fatores prognósticos e o alvo da rapamicina em mamíferos (m-TOR) em mastocitomas cutâneos caninos. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O mastocitoma cutâneo (MTC) é a neoplasia maligna mais comum na pele dos cães e seu comportamento biológico é muito variável. Dentre os fatores prognósticos estudados nos MTCs, a classificação histopatológica, o índice proliferativo e o padrão de expressão doc-KIT são os que apresentam uma associação mais relevante com o provável prognóstico deste tumor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a expressão proteica de fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina tipo 1 (IGF-1), fator de célula tronco (SCF) e sua relação com o receptor tirosina quinase (c-KIT), alvo da rapamicina em mamíferos (m-TOR), grau histológico, índice proliferativo pelo KI-67e o número de figuras de mitose (IM) com dados clínicos de cães com MTCs . Foram utilizadas 133 amostras de MTCs, provenientes de 133 cães, dispostas em lâminas de microarranjo de tecidos (TMA). A técnica de imuno-histoquímica foi utilizada para a avaliação destas proteínas. Observou-se associação entre SCF e, a graduação histopatológica proposta em 2011, índice mitótico, proliferação celular (KI-67), escore de IGF-1, local da lesão, idade dos animais e padrão imuno-histoquímico do receptor c-KIT. A relação de dependência também foi observada entre IGF-1 e o porte dos animais, IM, m-TOR e c-KIT. A expressão de SCF teve relacção com a agressividade dos MTCs caninos, uma vez que foi mais freqüente em MTCs com c-KIT citoplasmático. A relação entre a expressão de IGF-1, SCF, c-KIT e m-TOR pode estar associada à integralização de suas vias de ação. A expressão de IGF-1 está associada à MTCs em cães de porte grande.
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103
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Sabattini S, Frizzon MG, Gentilini F, Turba ME, Capitani O, Bettini G. Prognostic Significance of Kit Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Dysregulations in Feline Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:797-805. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813476064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Feline cutaneous mast cell tumors (FeCMCTs) are characterized by variable biological behavior. Development of multiple nodules and potential visceral involvement, along with inconsistency of conventional prognostic aids, justify uncertainty in differentiating benign from malignant forms. c-Kit proto-oncogene activating mutations have been reported in feline mast cell tumors (MCTs), but their prognostic relevance was not investigated. This study was performed on FeCMCTs with variable clinical outcome to assess whether Kit cytoplasmic immunohistochemical labeling can be regarded as indicative of c-Kit mutations and to evaluate the relationship between Kit dysregulation and survival. Twenty-four cats diagnosed with a primary cutaneous MCT were enrolled. Kit immunohistochemical pattern and c-Kit (exons 8, 9, 11) mutational status were assessed in 34 tumor samples. Risk factors affecting survival were a number of mitoses greater than 5 per 10 HPFs ( P = .017) and cytoplasmic Kit labeling ( P = .045). Increased mitotic activity was associated with Kit cytoplasmic expression ( P = .01). c-Kit encoding mutations were present in 19 (56%) tumors (exon 8, 19%; exon 9, 71%; exon 11, 10%), however, they were not significantly related to protein expression and they had no influence on prognosis. Additionally, in 6 of 9 (67%) cats, multiple nodules from the same cat had different mutational statuses. Mutations in the fifth immunoglobulin-like domain of Kit occur frequently in FeCMCT, but they are variably associated with aberrant protein expression and do not appear to be strictly correlated with biological behavior. These findings need to be confirmed in larger series, and exploration of further genomic regions of c-Kit is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - F. Gentilini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - O. Capitani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Bettini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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104
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Rossi G, Bertani C, Mari S, Marini C, Renzoni G, Ogilvie G, Magi GE. Ex vivo evaluation of imatinib mesylate for induction of cell death on canine neoplastic mast cells with mutations in c-Kit exon 11 via apoptosis. Vet Res Commun 2013; 37:101-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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105
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Costa Casagrande TA, de Oliveira Barros LM, Fukumasu H, Cogliati B, Chaible LM, Dagli MLZ, Matera JM. The value of molecular expression of KIT and KIT ligand analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry as a prognostic indicator for canine cutaneous mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 13:1-10. [PMID: 23294979 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the correlation between KIT gene expression determined by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the rate of tumour recurrence and tumour-related deaths in dogs affected with mast cell tumour (MCT). Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed to compare tumour recurrence and tumour-related death between patients. The log-rank test was used to check for significant differences between curves. KIT-I, KIT-II and KIT-III staining patterns were observed in 9 (11.11%), 50 (61.73%) and 22 (27.16%) tumours, respectively. Tumour recurrence rates and tumour-related deaths were not associated with KIT staining patterns (P = 0278, P > 0.05), KIT (P = 0.289, P > 0.05) or KIT ligand (P = 0.106, P > 0.05) gene expression. Despite the lack of association between KIT staining pattern and patient survival time, the results suggest a correlation between aberrant KIT localization and increased proliferative activity of MCTs. RT-PCR seems to be a sensible method for quantitative detection of KIT gene expression in canine MCT, although expressions levels are not correlated with prognosis.
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106
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Blackwood L, Murphy S, Buracco P, De Vos JP, De Fornel-Thibaud P, Hirschberger J, Kessler M, Pastor J, Ponce F, Savary-Bataille K, Argyle DJ. European consensus document on mast cell tumours in dogs and cats. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 10:e1-e29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Blackwood
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, The Leahurst Campus; University of Liverpool Chester High Road; Neston Wirral CH64 7TE UK
| | - S. Murphy
- The Animal Health Trust; Suffolk CB8 7UU UK
| | - P. Buracco
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Turin; Grugliasco (TO) Italy
| | - J. P. De Vos
- “De Ottenhorst” Veterinary Oncology Referral Centre; Terneuzen The Netherlands
| | - P. De Fornel-Thibaud
- DESV Internal Medicine, Centre de Cancérologie Vétérinaire; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - J. Hirschberger
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik Clinic for Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Veterinärstr; München Germany
| | | | - J. Pastor
- Patología Médica Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - F. Ponce
- VetAgro Sup; Université Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | | | - D. J. Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; Easter Bush Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
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107
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Araújo MR, Preis IS, Lavalle GE, Cassali GD, Ecco R. Histomorphological and immunohistochemical characterization of 172 cutaneous round cell tumours in dogs. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012000800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the use of a panel of antibodies (CD117, CD3, CD79a, CD45, cytokeratin, vimentin and E-cadherin) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of canine cutaneous round cell tumours. Neoplastic tumours were diagnosed by histology and histochemical stains and included 107 mast cell tumours, 31 cutaneous histiocytomas, two localized histiocytic sarcomas, 21 cutaneous lymphomas, three plasma cell tumours, one transmissible venereal tumour and seven unclassified round cell tumours. The histologic diagnosis was modified in 39.5% of the total 172 neoplasms. The staining for CD45 and Ecadherin were variable, and therefore, the final diagnoses of cutaneous histiocytoma and localized histiocytic sarcoma were made based on histology in association with negative results for CD3, CD79a, CD117 and cytokeratin. The cellular origin of unclassified round cell tumours was defined in all cases. Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and plasma cell tumours were CD79a-positive and could be distinguished from each other by the morphological characteristics. Mast cell tumours and T cell lymphoma were CD117 and CD3 positive, respectively. The positive staining for vimentin and the negative staining for CD3, CD79a, CD117 and cytokeratin favoured the diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumours. Thus, the final diagnosis of cutaneous round cell tumours should be based on the interpretation of immunohistochemical results together with the cellular morphology observed by histology. Therefore, more studies to optimize the specific markers in formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded tissues (especially for histiocytes) are required for definitive diagnosis of round cell tumours in dogs.
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108
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Mackowiak II, Gentile LB, Chaible LM, Nagamine MK, Guerra JM, Mota EFF, Matera JM, Mennecier G, Sanches DS, Dagli MLZ. E-cadherin in canine mast cell tumors: decreased expression and altered subcellular localization in Grade 3 tumors. Vet J 2012; 194:405-11. [PMID: 22766308 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most frequent round cell tumors in dogs and comprise approximately 21% of all canine cutaneous tumors. MCTs are highly invasive and metastatic corresponding to the histological grade. E-cadherin is an adhesion molecule expressed in epithelial cells and although it is an epithelial cellular marker, studies have shown expression of E-cadherin in canine round cell tumors. To better characterize the expression pattern of E-cadherin in several different histological grades of MCTs in dogs, the expression and localization of the adhesion molecule was investigated using immunohistochemistry. For this purpose, 18 cutaneous MCTs were classified into three histological grades, 1, 2 or 3. Clinical history and follow-up data were available for all of the dogs. Cytoplasmic and nuclear expressions of E-cadherin in all three types of tumors were verified by immunostaining using two different antibodies. There was decreased E-cadherin expression in the more aggressive MCTs (Grade 3), suggesting an association between E-cadherin and tumor aggressiveness. Additionally, the loss of E-cadherin expression in either the cytoplasm or nucleus in more aggressive and undifferentiated tumor types confirmed the importance of cellular adhesion in tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Mackowiak
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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109
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Strefezzi RDF, Kleeb S, Xavier J, Fukumasu H, Catão-Dias J. The Value of Immunohistochemical Expression of BAX in Formulating a Prognosis for Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2012; 146:314-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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110
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Mallett CL, Northrup NC, Saba CF, Rodriguez CO, Rassnick KM, Gieger TL, Childress MO, Howerth EW. Immunohistochemical characterization of feline mast cell tumors. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:106-9. [PMID: 22492208 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812441032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Expression of histamine, serotonin, and KIT was evaluated in 61 archived feline mast cell tumors (MCTs) from the skin (n = 29), spleen (n = 17), and gastrointestinal (GI) tract (n = 15) using immunohistochemistry. Twenty-eight percent of cutaneous MCTs, 18% of splenic MCTs, and 53% of GI MCTs displayed histamine immunoreactivity. Serotonin immunoreactivity was detected in 3 GI and 1 cutaneous MCT. Sixty-nine percent of cutaneous MCTs, 35% of splenic MCTs, and 33% of GI MCTs were positive for KIT. Expression of these biogenic amines and KIT was less common than expected. Results of this study suggest heterogeneity in feline MCTs based on anatomic location. Further studies are needed to explain the significance of these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Mallett
- Georgia Veterinary Specialists, 455 Abernathy Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
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111
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Meyer A, Gruber AD, Klopfleisch R. CD25 Is Expressed by Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors but not by Cutaneous Connective Tissue Mast Cells. Vet Pathol 2012; 49:988-97. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985812439215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCT) of different histological grades have distinct biological behaviors. However, little is known about underlying molecular mechanisms that lead to tumor development and increasing malignancy with higher tumor grade. Recent studies have identified the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) subunits CD25 and CD2 as markers that distinguish nonneoplastic from neoplastic mast cells in human systemic mastocytosis. In this study, their potential as a marker for canine MCT and their possible impact on MCT carcinogenesis were evaluated. mRNA expression levels of both genes were compared between grade 1 ( n = 12) and grade 3 ( n = 8) MCT, and protein expression levels of CD25 were compared in 90 MCT of different tumor grades. mRNA expression levels of both CD25 and CD2 were upregulated in grade 3 MCT. In contrast, CD25 protein was expressed by fewer tumor cells and at decreased levels in grade 3 tumors, while most grade 1 MCT had strong CD25 protein expression. Moreover, CD25 was not expressed by nonneoplastic, resting cutaneous mast cells, while few presumably activated mast cells in tissue samples from dogs with allergic dermatitis had weak CD25 expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that CD25 may play a critical role in early MCT development and may be a stimulatory factor in grade 1 MCT, while grade 3 MCT seem to be less dependent on CD25. Because of the low number of CD25-positive tumor cells in high-grade tumors, the usefulness of CD25 as a tumor marker is, however, questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Meyer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A. D. Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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112
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Teng SP, Hsu WL, Chiu CY, Wong ML, Chang SC. Overexpression of P-glycoprotein, STAT3, phospho-STAT3 and KIT in spontaneous canine cutaneous mast cell tumours before and after prednisolone treatment. Vet J 2012; 193:551-6. [PMID: 22398132 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Prednisolone is a glucocorticoid (GC) commonly used in the treatment of canine mast cell tumours (MCTs); however, resistance to GCs develops in many MCTs following repeated treatment. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and KIT (CD117) are involved in GC resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response to prednisolone treatment in canine cutaneous MCTs and to investigate the levels of P-gp, STAT3, phospho-STAT3 (pSTAT3) and KIT proteins in MCTs with or without prednisolone treatment. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tumour samples from 41 dogs with cutaneous MCTs. The overall objective response rate (including complete and partial responses) was 51.8% for dogs treated with prednisolone; poorly differentiated or higher stage MCTs had a lower response rate. The median time-span of tumours to reach maximal tumour regression was 14 d (range 3-77 d); 22 (81.5%) reached maximal regression at 21 d. The majority of MCTs overexpressed both P-gp and STAT3 before and after prednisolone treatment. Reduced expression of pSTAT3 and alterations in the KIT expression pattern were observed in MCTs post-treatment. Prednisolone treatment that caused a marked reduction in tumour volume was correlated with reduced pSTAT3 expression. A cytoplasmic KIT staining pattern was correlated with a lower tumour response rate to prednisolone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shr-Ping Teng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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113
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Giantin M, Vascellari M, Morello EM, Capello K, Vercelli A, Granato A, Lopparelli RM, Nassuato C, Carminato A, Martano M, Mutinelli F, Dacasto M. c-KIT messenger RNA and protein expression and mutations in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 24:116-26. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711425945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) are among the most common neoplasms in dogs and show a highly variable biologic behavior. Histological grading, cell proliferation markers, and KIT immunohistochemistry are typically used to predict post-surgical prognosis. In the present study, c-KIT messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was measured in canine MCTs and its relationship with tumor grade, immunohistochemical staining pattern, post-surgical prognosis, and mutations was investigated. A significant increase of c-KIT mRNA was observed in MCTs versus healthy skin and surgical margins. Mutations were observed in 8.3% of cases. The KIT staining pattern was investigated for both grading systems. In particular, staining pattern III was associated with grade II (G2) and G3 MCTs, while staining patterns I and II were associated with G1 and G2 MCTs. Considering the 2-tier histological grading, the high grade was mainly associated with pattern III (71%) while the low grade was associated with patterns II (70%) and I (28%). A weak association between the KIT staining pattern and outcome was also observed. The results obtained suggest that c-KIT mRNA is overexpressed in canine MCT, although the fold variations were not associated with the protein localization or complementary DNA mutations. These observations suggested that the 3 events were independent. The histological grading and the KIT staining pattern have prognostic value as previously published. Staining pattern I could be especially helpful in predicting a good prognosis of G2 MCTs. Sequence mutations were not necessarily suggestive of a worse prognosis, but might be useful in choosing a chemotherapy protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery Giantin
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Marta Vascellari
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Emanuela Maria Morello
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Katia Capello
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Antonella Vercelli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Anna Granato
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Rosa Maria Lopparelli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Chiara Nassuato
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Antonio Carminato
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Marina Martano
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Mauro Dacasto
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
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Nagamine MK, Sanches DS, Pinello KC, Torres LN, Mennecier G, Latorre AO, Fukumasu H, Dagli MLZ. In vitro inhibitory effect of trichostatin A on canine grade 3 mast cell tumor. Vet Res Commun 2011; 35:391-9. [PMID: 21472452 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-011-9474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumor (MCT) is one of the most prevalent neoplasms that affect skin and soft tissue in dogs. Because mast cell tumors present a great variety of clinical appearance and behavior, their treatment becomes a challenge. Trichostatin A (TSA), an antifungal antibiotic, has shown inhibitory effects on the proliferation and induction of apoptosis in various types of cancer cells. In order to evaluate the potential of trichostatin A as a therapeutic drug, cells of grade 3 MCT were cultured and treated with concentrations of 1 nM to 400 nM of TSA. MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion assays were performed to estimate cell growth and cell viability, and cell cycle analysis was evaluated. TSA treatment showed a reduction in numbers of viable cells and an increase of cell death by apoptosis. The cell cycle analysis showed an increase of hypodiploid cells and a reduction of G0/G1 and G2/M -phases. According to these results, trichostatin A may be an interesting potential chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of canine MCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Kazumi Nagamine
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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115
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Ramos-Vara JA, Miller MA. Immunohistochemical Expression of E-cadherin Does Not Distinguish Canine Cutaneous Histiocytoma From Other Canine Round Cell Tumors. Vet Pathol 2011; 48:758-63. [PMID: 21285383 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811398251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry for E-cadherin (ECAD) has been used to distinguish canine cutaneous histiocytoma from other leukocytic neoplasms (“round cell tumors”). To determine the specificity of this test, 5 types of canine cutaneous round cell tumors were evaluated for immunohistochemical expression of ECAD. Tumors of all 5 types had variable cytoplasmic, plasma membrane, and/or paranuclear ECAD expression: All 13 cutaneous histiocytomas were ECAD+; all but 1 of 14 mast cell tumors expressed ECAD; 10 of 12 epitheliotropic lymphomas reacted with E-cadherin antibody; of 72 plasmacytomas, 54 were ECAD+; and 5 of 5 histiocytic sarcomas were positive. Conclusions based on these results include the following: First, immunoreactivity for ECAD is not limited to leukocytes of cutaneous histiocytoma; second, antibody to ECAD also labels neoplastic cells in most mast cell tumors, plasmacytomas, cutaneous histiocytic sarcomas, and epitheliotropic lymphomas; third, although most histiocytomas have membranous ECAD expression, the immunoreactivity varies among round cell tumors and is frequently concurrent in different cellular compartments; fourth, the distinctively paranuclear ECAD expression pattern in epitheliotropic lymphomas might distinguish them from other round cell tumors; and, fifth, ECAD should be used with other markers (eg, MUM1 for plasmacytomas, KIT for mast cell tumors, CD3 and CD79a for lymphomas) to distinguish among canine round cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Ramos-Vara
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - M. A. Miller
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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116
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Murakami A, Mori T, Sakai H, Murakami M, Yanai T, Hoshino Y, Maruo K. Analysis of KIT expression and KIT exon 11 mutations in canine oral malignant melanomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 9:219-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2010.00253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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117
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Hume CT, Kiupel M, Rigatti L, Shofer FS, Skorupski KA, Sorenmo KU. Outcomes of Dogs with Grade 3 Mast Cell Tumors: 43 Cases (1997–2007). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011; 47:37-44. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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118
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Thompson JJ, Yager JA, Best SJ, Pearl DL, Coomber BL, Torres RN, Kiupel M, Foster RA. Canine subcutaneous mast cell tumors: cellular proliferation and KIT expression as prognostic indices. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:169-81. [PMID: 21160022 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810390716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular assays are widely used to prognosticate canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCT). There is limited information about these prognostic assays used on MCT that arise in the subcutis. The aims of this study were to evaluate the utility of KIT immunohistochemical labeling pattern, c-KIT mutational status (presence of internal tandem duplications in exon 11), and proliferation markers--including mitotic index, Ki67, and argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions (AgNOR)--as independent prognostic markers for local recurrence and/or metastasis in canine subcutaneous MCT. A case-control design was used to analyze 60 subcutaneous MCT from 60 dogs, consisting of 24 dogs with subsequent local recurrence and 12 dogs with metastasis, as compared to dogs matched by breed, age, and sex with subcutaneous MCT that did not experience these events. Mitotic index, Ki67, the combination of Ki67 and AgNOR, and KIT cellular localization pattern were significantly associated with local recurrence and metastasis, thereby demonstrating their prognostic value for subcutaneous MCT. No internal tandem duplication mutations were detected in exon 11 of c-KIT in any tumors. Because c-KIT mutations have been demonstrated in only 20 to 30% of cutaneous MCT and primarily in tumors of higher grade, the number of subcutaneous MCT analyzed in this study may be insufficient to draw conclusions on the role c-KIT mutations in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Thompson
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada.
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119
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Hillman LA, Garrett LD, de Lorimier LP, Charney SC, Borst LB, Fan TM. Biological behavior of oral and perioral mast cell tumors in dogs: 44 cases (1996-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 237:936-42. [PMID: 20946081 DOI: 10.2460/javma.237.8.936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe clinical outcome of dogs with mast cell tumors (MCTs) arising from the oral mucosa, oral mucocutaneous junction, or perioral region of the muzzle and evaluate the potential role of the chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7) in the biological behavior of these tumors. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 44 dogs with MCTs of the oral mucosa (n=14), oral mucocutaneous junction (19), or perioral region of the muzzle (11). PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, regional metastasis, treatments, cause of death, and survival time. Twenty of the 44 cases had stored histologic samples available for immunohistochemical staining for CCR7 RESULTS For all dogs, median survival time was 52 months. Twenty-six (59%) dogs had regional lymph node metastasis on admission. Median survival time for dogs with lymph node metastasis was 14 months, whereas median survival time was not reached for dogs without lymph node metastasis. Intensity of staining for CCR7 was not significantly associated with the presence of regional lymph node metastasis or survival time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that in dogs with MCTs arising from the oral mucosa, oral mucocutaneous junction, or perioral region of the muzzle, the presence of regional lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis was a negative prognostic factor. However, prolonged survival times could be achieved with treatment. In addition, CCR7 expression in the primary tumor was not significantly associated with the presence of regional lymph node metastasis or survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorin A Hillman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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120
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Lin TY, Hamberg A, Pentecost R, Wellman M, Stromberg P. Mast cell tumors in a llama (Lama glama). J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:808-11. [PMID: 20807950 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A 9-year-old female llama (Lama glama) that served as a blood donor at The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital developed multiple small, raised, firm, non-haired cutaneous masses on the right hip, left cheek, and right and left shoulders. Cytological evaluation of fine-needle aspirates from the cutaneous mass from the left shoulder and right hip comprised many well-differentiated, highly granulated mast cells with moderate numbers of eosinophils. Occasional mast cells exhibited erythrophagocytosis and contained a small amount of hemosiderin or several variably sized vacuoles. A cytologic diagnosis of mast cell tumor with evidence of prior hemorrhage was made, and the masses were surgically removed. Microscopically, each mass consisted of sheets of neoplastic round cells that formed nonencapsulated nodules in the dermis and infiltrated into the adjacent dermal collagen. Eosinophils were scattered among the mast cells at the periphery of the nodules. Neoplastic mast cells, but not eosinophils, exhibited positive membrane KIT expression and cytoplasmic vimentin staining. A final diagnosis of mast cell tumor was made based on cytology, histology, and immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yin Lin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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121
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Thompson JJ, Pearl DL, Yager JA, Best SJ, Coomber BL, Foster RA. Canine Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumor. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:156-68. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810387446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Thompson
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - D. L. Pearl
- opulation Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - J. A. Yager
- YagerBest Histological and Cytological Services, Guelph, Canada
| | - S. J. Best
- YagerBest Histological and Cytological Services, Guelph, Canada
| | - B. L. Coomber
- Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - R. A. Foster
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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122
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Kamstock D, Halsey C, Powers B. Authors' response. Vet Comp Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2010.00228_3.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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123
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Webster JD, Dennis MM, Dervisis N, Heller J, Bacon NJ, Bergman PJ, Bienzle D, Cassali G, Castagnaro M, Cullen J, Esplin DG, Peña L, Goldschmidt MH, Hahn KA, Henry CJ, Hellmén E, Kamstock D, Kirpensteijn J, Kitchell BE, Amorim RL, Lenz SD, Lipscomb TP, McEntee M, McGill LD, McKnight CA, McManus PM, Moore AS, Moore PF, Moroff SD, Nakayama H, Northrup NC, Sarli G, Scase T, Sorenmo K, Schulman FY, Shoieb AM, Smedley RC, Spangler WL, Teske E, Thamm DH, Valli VE, Vernau W, Euler HV, Withrow SJ, Weisbrode SE, Yager J, Kiupel M. Recommended Guidelines for the Conduct and Evaluation of Prognostic Studies in Veterinary Oncology. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:7-18. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810377187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Webster
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - M. M. Dennis
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N. Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - J. Heller
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N. J. Bacon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - D. Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - G. Cassali
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M. Castagnaro
- Department of Public Health, Comparative Pathology, and Veterinary Hygiene, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - J. Cullen
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | - L. Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. H. Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - K. A. Hahn
- Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc, Topeka, Kansas
| | - C. J. Henry
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - E. Hellmén
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D. Kamstock
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - J. Kirpensteijn
- Department of Companion Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - B. E. Kitchell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - R. L. Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Veterinary Medical School, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - S. D. Lenz
- Depatment of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - T. P. Lipscomb
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC
| | - M. McEntee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | | | | | - A. S. Moore
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P. F. Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | | | - H. Nakayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N. C. Northrup
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - G. Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - T. Scase
- Bridge Pathology Ltd, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - K. Sorenmo
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - F. Y. Schulman
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC
| | - A. M. Shoieb
- Pfizer, Drug Safety and Research Development, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - R. C. Smedley
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | - E. Teske
- Department of Companion Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - D. H. Thamm
- Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - V. E. Valli
- VDx Veterinary Diagnostics, Davis, California
| | - W. Vernau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - H. von Euler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S. J. Withrow
- Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - S. E. Weisbrode
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - J. Yager
- Yager-Best Histovet, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Strefezzi RDF, Kleeb SR, Xavier JG, Dias JLC. Avaliação da proliferação celular como indicador prognóstico para mastocitomas cutâneos caninos. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2010000700009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o valor prognóstico de marcadores de proliferação celular em casos de mastocitomas cutâneos caninos. Vinte e três casos foram analisados quanto à expressão imuno-histoquímica de Ki67 e do Antígeno Nuclear de Proliferação Celular (PCNA), sendo subsequentemente acompanhados clinicamente. Observou-se que a expressão de Ki67 mantém relação negativa com a tradicional graduação histopatológica (p= 0,0418; p<0,05 entre os graus I e III), sendo um indicador confiável para o tempo de sobrevida pós-cirúrgica (p=0,0089). A imunoexpressão de PCNA, apesar de estar correlacionada à marcação por Ki67, não apresentou valores estatisticamente significantes na predição da mortalidade em função da doença e do tempo de sobrevida pós-cirúrgico. Os resultados obtidos confirmam que informações sobre a atividade proliferativa tumoral pela detecção imuno-histoquímica de Ki67 podem incrementar a classificação de mastocitomas cutâneos caninos quanto à malignidade.
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125
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Amorim RL, Pinczowski P, Neto RT, Rahal SC. Immunohistochemical evaluation of prostaglandin E2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2010; 8:23-7. [PMID: 20230578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2009.00202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2) appear to play a critical role in tumour neovascularization. In this study, we have investigated the expression of VEGF and PGE-2 in 53 canine cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs). Immunohistochemistry of tissue sections revealed that VEGF and PGE-2 were expressed in all mast cell tumours studied. When the expression patterns of VEGF and PGE-2 were compared with tumour grade according to Patnaik criteria, the only significant correlation observed was between PGE-2 staining intensity and tumour pathological grade, with grade II and III tumours having higher PGE-2 staining, both in intensity and percentage of cells stained, than grade I tumours (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Amorim
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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126
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Strefezzi RDF, Xavier JG, Kleeb SR, Catão-Dias JL. Nuclear morphometry in cytopathology: a prognostic indicator for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 21:821-5. [PMID: 19901282 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-nine canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) were morphometrically analyzed with regard to mean nuclear area (MNA) using cytopathology smears. The results showed a correlation between MNA and survival. When graded into 2 morphometrically different groups, there were statistically significant differences among high- and low-grade MCTs, regarding both Romanowsky-type stain and hematoxylin and eosin. Cytomorphometry could also separate histologic grade II tumors with better prognosis from the more aggressive MCTs. The results indicated that nuclear morphometry on cytopathology preparations can predict the biological behavior of cutaneous MCTs in dogs in an independent manner, yielding a rapid and reproducible diagnosis, which renders the method useful for veterinary oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de Francisco Strefezzi
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil.
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127
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Millward LM, Hamberg A, Mathews J, Machado-Parrula C, Premanandan C, Hurcombe SDA, Radin MJ, Wellman ML. Multicentric mast cell tumors in a horse. Vet Clin Pathol 2010; 39:365-70. [PMID: 20412546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2010.00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 6-year-old female Rocky Mountain horse was presented for evaluation of draining tracts and distal limb subcutaneous edema on the left front and left hind limbs that had been present for 2 weeks. Direct smears of fluid collected by fine-needle aspiration of subcutaneous fluid from both limbs were highly cellular with a predominance of eosinophils accompanied by numerous, moderately atypical, variably granulated mast cells. The cytologic diagnosis was mast cell tumor (MCT) with prominent eosinophilic infiltration with a differential diagnosis of eosinophilic granuloma. Histologic evaluation of surgical biopsies of lesions from both limbs was performed on sections stained with H&E, toluidine blue, and Luna stains. The histologic diagnosis was MCT, and staining with toluidine blue and Luna stains confirmed the presence of mast cells and eosinophils, respectively. In addition, the mast cells strongly expressed CD117. This is the first reported case of cutaneous mast cell neoplasia in a horse in which primary presenting complaints were draining tracts and distal limb subcutaneous edema involving multiple limbs. This case illustrates the utility of staining for CD117 expression in combination with traditional stains, such as toluidine blue and Luna, in differentiating MCTs from other eosinophilic lesions in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie M Millward
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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128
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Sabattini S, Bettini G. Prognostic value of histologic and immunohistochemical features in feline cutaneous mast cell tumors. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:643-53. [PMID: 20418469 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810364509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Feline cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) have been histologically classified as mastocytic (well differentiated or pleomorphic) and atypical/poorly granulated. Their biologic behavior ranges from benign to malignant, but prognostic factors are not well defined. Histologic classification, number of tumors, mitotic index, cytoplasmic granularity, and infiltration by eosinophils or lymphocytes were evaluated retrospectively in 25 feline cutaneous MCTs. Immunohistochemistry was applied to assess KIT (CD117) pattern and immunoreactivity score, telomerase expression (human telomerase reverse transcriptase), and proliferation index (MIB-1/Ki67 index). Case outcome was obtained via telephone interviews. The tumors comprised 15 mastocytic well-differentiated, 7 mastocytic pleomorphic, and 3 atypical/poorly granulated MCTs. Immunohistochemically, CD117 was expressed in 13 of 25 tumors (52%), and telomerase reverse transcriptase was expressed in 15 of 22 (68%), with no correlation to histologic classification. Mitotic index, KIT immunoreactivity score, and Ki67 index were significantly higher in mastocytic pleomorphic MCTs than in the other 2 categories. Five cats (20%) died of tumor-related causes. Multiplicity of lesions, pleomorphic phenotype, KIT immunoreactivity score, and mitotic and Ki67-indices correlated with an unfavorable outcome. Mitotic index was the strongest predictive variable. These results suggest that histologic classification, CD117/KIT immunohistochemistry, and proliferation indices may help to identify potentially aggressive cases of feline cutaneous MCT. Aberrant KIT protein localization and telomerase immunoreactivity warrant further exploration as potential prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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129
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Halsey CHC, Powers BE, Kamstock DA. Feline intestinal sclerosing mast cell tumour: 50 cases (1997-2008). Vet Comp Oncol 2010; 8:72-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2009.00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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130
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Shiomitsu K, Johnson CL, Malarkey DE, Pruitt AF, Thrall DE. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor in malignant canine epithelial nasal tumours*. Vet Comp Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2008.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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131
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Krick EL, Billings AP, Shofer FS, Watanabe S, Sorenmo KU. Cytological lymph node evaluation in dogs with mast cell tumours: association with grade and survival*. Vet Comp Oncol 2009; 7:130-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2009.00185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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132
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Smith AJ, Njaa BL, Lamm CG. Immunohistochemical Expression of c-KIT Protein in Feline Soft Tissue Fibrosarcomas. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:934-9. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0219-l-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
C-KIT is the cellular homolog of the feline sarcoma viral oncogene v-KIT, which encodes the tyrosine kinase receptor protein KIT. Mutations and varied expression of this gene have been demonstrated within multiple neoplasms in people and domestic animals. The purpose of this study was to determine if KIT protein is expressed in feline soft tissue fibrosarcomas (ST FSA) using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The computer database at the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory was searched from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2007, for any domestic cat with an ST FSA. Routinely stained slides from 46 feline ST FSAs were reviewed and graded based on the scale outlined by Kuntz et al. Immunohistochemistry for KIT protein was performed on one representative section from each cat. There were a total of 12/46 (26%) cats that were immunoreactive for KIT. Immunoreactivity was detected in greater than 80% of the neoplastic cells in 4/46 (9%) cats. Immunoreactivity was detected in less than 10% of the neoplastic cells in 8/46 (17%) cats. Immunoreactivity was characterized by evenly distributed cytoplasmic stippling within the neoplastic spindle-shaped cells and/or multinucleated giant cells. Based on these results, KIT immunoreactivity can be detected within feline ST FSAs using IHC. The results of this study also indicate that KIT immunoreactivity in feline ST FSA does not correlate with the histologic grade ( P = .141, X 2 = 2.166), survivability ( P = .241, X 2 = 1.373), or whether the neoplasm was a spontaneous or an injection site FSA ( P = .074, X 2 = 3.184).
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - B. L. Njaa
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - C. G. Lamm
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
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133
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Rodríguez-Cariño C, Fondevila D, Segalés J, Rabanal RM. Expression of KIT Receptor in Feline Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:878-83. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0084-r-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-seven feline cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) were selected for this retrospective study. Samples were routinely processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and toluidine blue, and tumors were classified as well-differentiated (19/27), atypical or poorly granulate (7/27), and pleomorphic (1/27). Immunohistochemistry to detect KIT protein was performed on all samples. The immunoreactivity was recorded by distribution within the tumor, cellular location, and intensity. Well-differentiated MCTs were predominantly characterized by diffuse cytoplasmic (8/19) and membranous stain (7/19); a diffuse distribution of KIT positive cells was displayed in most of these tumors as well (15/19). Atypical MCTs showed diffuse distribution of labeled cells (4/7), and diffuse cytoplasm immunostaining was seen most (5/7). The pleomorphic MCT showed diffuse cytoplasmic KIT stain, with moderate labeling intensity, typically displaying focal distribution in deeper areas of the neoplasm. According to the results, there was no correlation between the type of MCTs and KIT expression, although the use of feline KIT immunohistochemistry could be useful to assess the mast cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Rodríguez-Cariño
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D. Fondevila
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. M. Rabanal
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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134
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He XJ, Uchida K, Tochitani T, Uetsuka K, Miwa Y, Nakayama H. Spontaneous cutaneous mast cell tumor with lymph node metastasis in a Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii). J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:156-9. [PMID: 19139521 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-year-old female Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii) presented with multicentric nodules arising from the skin of the middle of the tail and lumbosacral regions. Histologically, the nodules were composed of a proliferation of spindloid to pleomorphic cells that sometimes formed sheets and fascicular to storiform patterns. Diffuse infiltration of eosinophils was also noted. The results of immunohistochemistry indicated positive labeling for vimentin, mast cell tryptase, c-kit, and Ki-67. Toluidine blue stain revealed fine, metachromatic, cytoplasmic granules. The histologic diagnosis was mast cell tumor. The neoplasm recurred and metastasized to the right lumbar lymph node 1 month later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jun He
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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135
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Welle MM, Bley CR, Howard J, Rüfenacht S. Canine mast cell tumours: a review of the pathogenesis, clinical features, pathology and treatment. Vet Dermatol 2009; 19:321-39. [PMID: 18980632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are well known for their neoplastic transformation in solitary and multiple cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs), as well as visceral and systemic mastocytosis. Dogs have a unique risk of developing cutaneous MCTs, and they account for 7% to 21% of all canine skin tumours. The aetiology of canine MCTs is unknown but is probably multifactorial. This article reviews up-to-date knowledge on the pathogenesis, the clinical presentation, the clinical prognostic factors, the diagnostic workup including clinical staging, cytological findings, histological findings and the various grading systems which have been evaluated based on morphology, the assessment of proliferation markers and other factors such as vessel density. Furthermore, detailed information about current treatment protocols for canine cutaneous MCTs is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Welle
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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136
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In vitro chemosensitivity of canine mast cell tumors grades II and III to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:581-8. [PMID: 19142741 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumor (MCT) is one of the most prevalent neoplasms that affect the skin and soft tissue of dogs. Because mast cell tumors present a great variety of clinical appearance and behavior, their treatment becomes a challenge. While retinoids are well recognized as promising antitumor agents, there have been only a few reports about retinoids' effect on canine cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemosensitivity of MCT grades II and III to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Immediately after surgical resection, MCT were prepared for primary culture. Samples of MCTs were also fixed in formalin for histopathology and grading according to the classification of Patnaik et al. (Veterinary Pathology 21(5):469-474, 1984). The best results were obtained when neoplastic mast cells were co-cultivated with fibroblasts. Cultured mast cells were, then, treated with concentrations of 10(-4) to 10(-7) M of ATRA, in order to evaluate their chemosensitivity to this retinoid. MTT assay was performed to estimate cell growth and death. The highest level of mast cell chemosensivity was obtained at the dose of 10(-4) M (p < 0,002). MCT of grades II or III were equally susceptible to the treatment with ATRA. Cell death was observed on the first 24 h until 48 h. According to these results, ATRA may be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of canine MCT.
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137
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Passantino L, Passantino G, Cianciotta A, Ribaud MR, Lo Presti G, Ranieri G, Perillo A. Expression of proto-oncogene C-kit and correlation with morphological evaluations in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 30:609-21. [PMID: 18608529 DOI: 10.1080/08923970801949265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) is very common disease in dogs, this is more aggressive than in other species. The biologic behavior of MCT is highly variable and a more accurate prognosis for these tumors needs to performed. The proto-oncogene c-kit is known to play a critical role in development and function of mast cells (MC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of immunohistochemical pattern of c-kit in MCTs and to correlate these results with MC density (MCD) and intratumoral microvessel density (MVD). Our results confirm that a more aggressive biologic behavior of canine MCT is associated with the increased c-kit expression, further suggesting a new role for c-kit, as a useful marker, in diagnostic pathology and in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Passantino
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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138
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Webster JD, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Thamm DH, Hamilton E, Kiupel M. Evaluation of prognostic markers for canine mast cell tumors treated with vinblastine and prednisone. BMC Vet Res 2008; 4:32. [PMID: 18700956 PMCID: PMC2529280 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-4-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) is a common neoplastic disease associated with a variable biologic behavior. Surgery remains the primary treatment for canine MCT; however, radiation therapy (RT) and chemotherapy are commonly used to treat aggressive MCT. The goals of this study were to evaluate the prognostic utility of histologic grade, c-KIT mutations, KIT staining patterns, and the proliferation markers Ki67 and AgNORs in dogs postoperatively treated with vinblastine and prednisone +/- RT, and to compare the outcome of dogs treated with post-operative chemotherapy +/- RT to that of a prognostically matched group treated with surgery alone. Associations between prognostic markers and survival were evaluated. Disease-free intervals (DFI) and overall survival times (OS) of dogs with similar pretreatment prognostic indices postoperatively treated with chemotherapy were compared to dogs treated with surgery alone. Results Histologic grade 3 MCTs, MCTs with c-KIT mutations, MCTs with increased cytoplasmic KIT, and MCTs with increased Ki67 and AgNOR values were associated with decreased DFI and OS. Dogs with histologic grade 3 MCT had significantly increased DFI and OS when treated with chemotherapy vs. surgery alone. Although not statistically significant due to small sample sizes, MCTs with c-KIT mutations had increased DFI and OS when treated with chemotherapy vs. surgery alone. Conclusion and clinical importance This study confirms the prognostic value of histologic grade, c-KIT mutations, KIT staining patterns, and proliferation analyses for canine MCT. Additionally, the results of this study further define the benefit of postoperative vinblastine and prednisone for histologic grade 3 MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Webster
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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139
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Marconato L, Bettini G, Giacoboni C, Romanelli G, Cesari A, Zatelli A, Zini E. Clinicopathological Features and Outcome for Dogs with Mast Cell Tumors and Bone Marrow Involvement. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1001-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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140
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Ramos-Vara JA, Kiupel M, Baszler T, Bliven L, Brodersen B, Chelack B, West K, Czub S, Del Piero F, Dial S, Ehrhart EJ, Graham T, Manning L, Paulsen D, Valli VE. Suggested Guidelines for Immunohistochemical Techniques in Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:393-413. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This document is the consensus of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD) Subcommittee on Standardization of Immunohistochemistry on a set of guidelines for immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing in veterinary laboratories. Immunohistochemistry is a powerful ancillary methodology frequently used in many veterinary laboratories for both diagnostic and research purposes. However, neither standardization nor validation of IHC tests has been completely achieved in veterinary medicine. This document addresses both issues. Topics covered include antibody selection, fixation, antigen retrieval, antibody incubation, antibody dilutions, tissue and reagent controls, buffers, and detection systems. The validation of an IHC test is addressed for both infectious diseases and neoplastic processes. In addition, storage and handling of IHC reagents, interpretation, quality control and assurance, and troubleshooting are also discussed. Proper standardization and validation of IHC will improve the quality of diagnostics in veterinary laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Ramos-Vara
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Timothy Baszler
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Laura Bliven
- Marshfield Clinic Laboratories Veterinary Services, Marshfield, WI
| | - Bruce Brodersen
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Brian Chelack
- Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Keith West
- Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Stefanie Czub
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA
| | - Sharon Dial
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - E. J. Ehrhart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Tanya Graham
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - Lisa Manning
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
| | - Daniel Paulsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Victor E. Valli
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL
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141
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Abstract
Naturally occurring cancers in pet dogs and humans share many features, including histological appearance, tumour genetics, molecular targets, biological behaviour and response to conventional therapies. Studying dogs with cancer is likely to provide a valuable perspective that is distinct from that generated by the study of human or rodent cancers alone. The value of this opportunity has been increasingly recognized in the field of cancer research for the identification of cancer-associated genes, the study of environmental risk factors, understanding tumour biology and progression, and, perhaps most importantly, the evaluation and development of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Paoloni
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Room 2144, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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142
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Abstract
The value of comparative oncology has been increasingly recognized in the field of cancer research, including the identification of cancer-associated genes; the study of environmental risk factors, tumor biology, and progression; and, perhaps most importantly, the evaluation of novel cancer therapeutics. The fruits of this effort are expected to be the creation of better and more specific drugs to benefit veterinary and human patients who have cancer. The state of the comparative oncology field is outlined in this article, with an emphasis on cancer in dogs.
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143
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Gil da Costa RM, Matos E, Rema A, Lopes C, Pires MA, Gärtner F. CD117 immunoexpression in canine mast cell tumours: correlations with pathological variables and proliferation markers. BMC Vet Res 2007; 3:19. [PMID: 17711582 PMCID: PMC2077863 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-3-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous mast cell tumours are one of the most common neoplasms in dogs and show a highly variable biologic behaviour. Several prognosis tools have been proposed for canine mast cell tumours, including histological grading and cell proliferation markers. CD117 is a receptor tyrosine kinase thought to play a key role in human and canine mast cell neoplasms. Normal (membrane-associated) and aberrant (cytoplasmic, focal or diffuse) CD117 immunoexpression patterns have been identified in canine mast cell tumours. Cytoplasmic CD117 expression has been found to correlate with higher histological grade and with a worsened post-surgical prognosis. This study addresses the role of CD117 in canine mast cell tumours by studying the correlations between CD117 immunoexpression patterns, two proliferation markers (Ki67 and AgNORs) histological grade, and several other pathological variables. Results Highly significant (p < 0,001) correlations were found between CD117 immunostaining patterns and histological grade, cell proliferation markers (Ki67, AgNORs) and tumoral necrosis. Highly significant (p < 0,001) correlations were also established between the two cellular proliferation markers and histological grade, tumour necrosis and epidermal ulceration. A significant correlation (p = 0.035) was observed between CD117 expression patterns and epidermal ulceration. No differences were observed between focal and diffuse cytoplasmic CD117 staining patterns concerning any of the variables studied. Conclusion These findings highlight the key role of CD117 in the biopathology of canine MCTs and confirm the relationship between aberrant CD117 expression and increased cell proliferation and higher histological grade. Further studies are needed to unravel the cellular mechanisms underlying focal and diffuse cytoplasmic CD117 staining patterns, and their respective biopathologic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui M Gil da Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Matos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Rema
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Lopes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria A Pires
- Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
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144
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Dobson JM, Scase TJ. Advances in the diagnosis and management of cutaneous mast cell tumours in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:424-31. [PMID: 17559522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumours are one of the most common tumours of the canine skin and have a reputation for being difficult to manage because of their variable clinical presentation, behaviour and response to treatment. This review of recent literature on canine mast cell tumours suggests that the majority of such tumours may not be as bad as their reputation suggests. Most grade I and grade II tumours can be managed successfully by good surgery. Recent literature also calls into question the utility of clinical staging systems and the value of assessing surgical margins for prognosis and highlights the paucity of well-conducted, case-controlled clinical trials in assessing the efficacy of medical management of high-risk tumours. In terms of more basic research, recent studies have implicated the stem cell factor receptor KIT as having a role in the aetiology of canine mast cell tumours and there appears to be an association between c-kit mutation and higher grade of tumour. This may offer a possible target for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dobson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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145
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Romansik EM, Reilly CM, Kass PH, Moore PF, London CA. Mitotic index is predictive for survival for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors. Vet Pathol 2007; 44:335-41. [PMID: 17491075 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-3-335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic index (MI) is an indirect measure of cell proliferation that has been demonstrated to be a strong predictor of outcome for several human and canine cancers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of MI as a predictor of biologic behavior and survival in dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs). Medical records from 148 dogs with histologically confirmed MCTs were reviewed. Information regarding tumor grade, local recurrence, metastatic disease, date of death/last follow-up, and outcome was obtained. The region of the tumor with the highest overall mitotic activity was chosen for evaluation, and the MI value was defined as the number of mitotic figures/10 high-power fields (400x, 2.7 mm(2)). A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to compare MI with survival data. A Mann-Whitney test was used to compare MI on the basis of the development of local recurrence and metastatic disease. The MI correlated directly with tumor grade (P < .0001). The median survival time for dogs with an MI < or =5 was significantly longer (70 months) than for those with an MI >5 (2 months), regardless of grade (P < .001). For grade II tumors with an MI < or =5, the median survival time (MST) was 70 months, compared with 5 months for those with an MI >5 (P < .001). For grade III tumors with an MI < or =5, the MST was not reached, compared with <2 months for those with an MI >5 (P < .001). In conclusion, MI is a strong predictor of overall survival for dogs with cutaneous MCTs and should be included as a prognostic indicator when determining therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Romansik
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, UC Davis, CA, USA
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146
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Newman SJ, Mrkonjich L, Walker KK, Rohrbach BW. Canine subcutaneous mast cell tumour: diagnosis and prognosis. J Comp Pathol 2007; 136:231-9. [PMID: 17399734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the pathology and clinical outcome of the subcutaneous variant of canine mast cell tumour. Fifty-three cases satisfying the inclusion criteria were selected from the pathology archive of the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee. Referring veterinarians provided information on outcome. These dogs had a median age of 9 years (range 3-17 years). After characterizing tumours histologically, nuclear expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 (MIB-1 clone) was determined immunohistochemically and mast cell origin was confirmed with c-Kit staining. Counts of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) were determined by silver staining. Nuclear labelling was counted in 100 tumour cells. Margins were recorded as incomplete in 66% of dogs, and metastases occurred in 6% of dogs. The estimated minimum mean survival time from date of diagnosis was 1199 days, ranging from 55 to >1780 days. The median scores from immunohistochemical labelling were PCNA 0.05 and Ki67 0.03 per 100 tumour cells. The median score for AgNOR staining was 1.25 per 100 tumour cells. The patterns of c-Kit expression included membranous labelling in 20 tumours, stippled cytoplasmic labelling in 23 tumours and diffuse cytoplasmic labelling in 10 tumours. Age (r=-0.61, P=0.14) and AgNOR score (r=-0.58, P=0.17) had moderate, but non-significant, negative associations with survival. PCNA (r=-0.32, P=0.47), Ki67 (r=-0.22, P=0.64) and c-Kit immunolabelling was not associated with survival. The subcutaneous variant of canine mast cell tumour is distinct in having features of intermediate histological grade and extended mean survival times, suggesting a slightly better long-term prognosis than for higher grade dermal variants. Expression of nuclear proliferation markers is not associated with outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Newman
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996-4542, USA
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147
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OZAKI K, YAMAGAMI T, NOMURA K, NARAMA I. Prognostic Significance of Surgical Margin, Ki-67 and Cyclin D1 Protein Expression in Grade II Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumor. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:1117-21. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyokazu OZAKI
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Setsunan University
| | | | | | - Isao NARAMA
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Setsunan University
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148
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Munday JS, Brennan MM, Kiupel M. Altered expression of beta-catenin, E-cadherin, cycloxygenase-2, and p53 protein by ovine intestinal adenocarcinoma cells. Vet Pathol 2006; 43:613-21. [PMID: 16966438 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-5-613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Around 1.6% of sheep in New Zealand develop small-intestinal adenocarcinomas. These neoplasms typically develop widespread metastases. The common development of these neoplasms and their subsequent behavior suggests that sheep could be a useful animal model of human colonic cancer. However, for an animal model of human disease to be relevant, similar genetic mutations should be present. Genetic mutations within human colonic cancers frequently result in expression of cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), loss of membranous expression of beta-catenin and E-cadherin, and accumulation of p53 protein within the neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the presence of these 4 proteins within 26 ovine intestinal adenocarcinomas. Loss of membranous beta-catenin reactivity was observed in 14 of 26 ovine intestinal adenocarcinomas (54%). The loss of membranous beta-catenin reactivity was accompanied by cytoplasmic and nuclear reactivity in 2 neoplasms. Loss of E-cadherin was observed within 8 of 26 neoplasms (31%). Neoplastic cell expression of COX-2 was observed in 12 of 26 neoplasms (46%), whereas cells within 3 of 26 neoplasms (11%) contained visible p53 protein. In conclusion, all 4 proteins that commonly have altered expression in human colonic cancers were also altered in a proportion of the ovine intestinal adenocarcinomas. These results provide additional evidence that sheep could be useful for the study of human colonic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Munday
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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149
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Turin L, Acocella F, Stefanello D, Oseliero A, Fondrini D, Brizzola S, Riva F. Expression of c-kit proto-oncogene in canine mastocytoma: a kinetic study using real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 18:343-9. [PMID: 16921872 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KIT receptor, the c-kit gene product, is thought to play a major role in canine mastocytoma, one of the most common neoplastic diseases in dogs. In the present study, the expression of c-kit proto-oncogene in blood and in tumor biopsies from 41 dogs with histologically confirmed mastocytoma at different grades of cellular differentiation and 5 negative control dogs was investigated using real-time (quantitative) reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR). The animals were followed up for over 1 year after surgery in order to characterize the kinetics of c-kit expression in blood. Transcript mRNAs extracted from blood at different time points after surgery and from tumor tissue surgically removed from each dog were used in a quantitative RRT-PCR assay targeting the extracellular coding region of the c-kit gene. Tissues constitutively expressing c-kit (brain and spleen) were used as positive controls. Levels of expression of c-kit were higher in tumor biopsies than in blood; the blood level decreased in the patients between 1 and 3 months after surgery. No KIT expression was detected in blood from the 5 dogs not affected by mastocytoma (negative controls). The RRT-PCR appears to be a suitable method for sensitive and quantitative detection of c-kit gene expression in canine blood and neoplastic tissues. Although c-kit expression levels measured by RRT-PCR do not correlate with prognosis, they confirm that surgery remains the main treatment to reduce circulating mastocytes and that circulating mast cells can be detected even in benign highly differentiated forms of mastocytoma such as grade I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauretta Turin
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanita' Pubblica Veterinaria, Univerista' degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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150
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Webster JD, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Kaneene JB, Miller R, Resau JH, Kiupel M. The role of c-KIT in tumorigenesis: evaluation in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors. Neoplasia 2006; 8:104-11. [PMID: 16611403 PMCID: PMC1578516 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-KIT proto-oncogene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neoplastic diseases, including gastrointestinal stromal tumors and mastocytosis in humans, and mast cell tumors (MCTs) in canines. Cutaneous MCTs are common neoplasms in dogs and have a variable biologic behavior. The goal of this study was to define the prognostic significance of c-KIT mutations identified in canine MCTs and the associations between c-KIT mutations, KIT localization, and KIT expression levels. Microdissection and polymerase chain reaction were performed on 60 MCTs to identify c-KIT mutations. Anti-KIT antibodies were used for immunohistochemical evaluation of KIT localization. Forty-two MCTs were included in a tissue microarray, and KIT expression was quantified using immunofluorescence. Canine MCTs with c-KIT mutations were significantly associated with an increased incidence of recurrent disease and death. c-KIT mutations were also significantly associated with aberrant protein localization; however, the level of KIT expression did not correlate with either c-KIT mutations or changes in protein localization. Considering the high prevalence of canine MCTs and the central role of c-KIT in the tumorigenesis of certain tumors, canine MCTs are an excellent model for characterizing the role of c-KIT in neoplastic diseases and is a potential target for novel therapeutic agents in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Webster
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Vilma Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - John B Kaneene
- Center for Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - RoseAnn Miller
- Center for Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James H Resau
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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