101
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Development of dual-activity vectors by co-envelopment of adenovirus and SiRNA in artificial lipid bilayers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114985. [PMID: 25501573 PMCID: PMC4264847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy with human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) has been extensively explored for the treatment of diseases resistant to traditional therapies. Intravenous administration leads to rapid clearance from blood circulation and high liver accumulation, which restrict the use of Ad-based vectors in clinical gene therapy protocols that involve systemic administration. We have previously proposed that such limitations can be improved by engineering artificial lipid envelopes around Ad and designed a variety of artificial lipid bilayer envelopes around the viral capsid. In this study, we sought to explore further opportunities that the artificially enveloped virus constructs could offer, by designing a previously unreported gene therapy vector by simultaneous envelopment of Ad and siRNA within the same lipid bilayer. Such a dual-activity vector can offer efficacious therapy for different genetic disorders where both turning on and switching off genes would be needed. Dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize these vectors. Agarose gel electrophoresis, Ribo green and dot blot assays showed that siRNA and Ad virions can be enveloped together within lipid bilayers at high envelopment efficiency. Cellular uptake and in vitro transfection experiments were carried out to show the feasibility of combining siRNA-mediated gene silencing with viral gene transfer using these newly designed dual-activity vectors.
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102
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Zhang X, Li H, Burnett JC, Rossi JJ. The role of antisense long noncoding RNA in small RNA-triggered gene activation. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 20:1916-28. [PMID: 25344398 PMCID: PMC4238356 DOI: 10.1261/rna.043968.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to regulate neighboring protein-coding genes by directing chromatin remodeling complexes, imprinting, and X-chromosome inactivation. In this study, we explore the function of lncRNAs in small RNA-triggered transcriptional gene activation (TGA), a process in which microRNAs (miRNAs) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) associated with Argonaute (Ago) proteins induce chromatin remodeling and gene activation at promoters with sequence complementarity. We designed a model system with different lncRNA and chromatin environments to elucidate the molecular mechanisms required for mammalian TGA. Using RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR, we demonstrated that small RNA-triggered TGA occurs at sites where antisense lncRNAs are transcribed through the reporter gene and promoter. Small RNA-induced TGA coincided with the enrichment of Ago2 at the promoter region, but Ago2-mediated cleavage of antisense lncRNAs was not observed. Moreover, we examined the allele-specific effects of lncRNAs through a Cre-induced inversion of a poly(A) sequence that was designed to block the transcription of antisense lncRNAs through the reporter gene region in an inducible and reversible manner. Termination of nascent antisense lncRNAs abrogated gene activation triggered by small RNAs, and only allele-specific cis-acting antisense lncRNAs, but not trans-acting lncRNAs, were capable of rescuing TGA. Hence, this model revealed that antisense lncRNAs can mediate TGA in cis and not in trans, serving as a molecular scaffold for a small RNA-Ago2 complex and chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhe Zhang
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Haitang Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - John C Burnett
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - John J Rossi
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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103
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Li C, Yang L, Lin C. Long noncoding RNAs in prostate cancer: mechanisms and applications. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e963469. [PMID: 27308347 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.963469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A large proportion of the control of gene expression in humans is mediated by noncoding elements in the genome. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a new class of pivotal regulatory components, orchestrating extensive cellular processes and connections. LncRNAs play various roles from chromatin modification to alternative splicing and post-transcriptional processing and are involved in almost all aspects of eukaryotic regulation. LncRNA-based mechanisms modulate cell fates during development, and their dysregulation underscores many human disorders, especially cancer, through chromosomal translocation, deletion, and nucleotide expansions. Recent studies demonstrate that multiple prostate cancer risk loci are associated with lncRNAs and that ectopic expression of these transcripts triggers a cascade of cellular events driving tumor initiation and progression. The recent increased rate of discovery of lncRNAs has been leveraged for application in clinical strategies such as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Despite this potential, many issues remain to be addressed in this fast-growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlai Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Program in Cancer Biology; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston; Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chunru Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Program in Cancer Biology; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston; Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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104
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Shin J, Ming GL, Song H. Decoding neural transcriptomes and epigenomes via high-throughput sequencing. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:1463-75. [PMID: 25349913 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian brain is an evolutionary marvel in which engraving and re-engraving of cellular states enable complex information processing and lifelong maintenance. Understanding the mechanisms by which neurons alter and maintain their molecular signatures during information processing is a fundamental goal of neuroscience. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology is rapidly transforming the ability to probe the molecular basis of neuronal function. NGS can define not only the complete molecular signatures of cells by transcriptome analyses but also the cascade of events that induce or maintain such signatures by epigenetic analyses. Here we offer some general and practical information to demystify NGS technology and highlight its potential to the neuroscience field. We start with discussion of the complexity of the nervous system, then introduce various applications of NGS with practical considerations and describe basic principles underlying various NGS technologies. Finally, we discuss emerging NGS-related technologies for the neuroscience field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Shin
- 1] Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guo-li Ming
- 1] Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [3] Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [4] The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- 1] Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [3] Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [4] The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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105
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Hainer SJ, Martens JA. Transcription of ncDNA: Many roads lead to local gene regulation. Transcription 2014; 2:120-123. [PMID: 21826282 DOI: 10.4161/trns.2.3.15684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of ncDNA occurs throughout eukaryotic genomes, generating a wide array of ncRNAs. One large class of ncRNAs includes those transcribed over the promoter regions of nearby protein coding genes. Recent studies, primarily focusing on individual genes have uncovered multiple mechanisms by which promoter-associated transcriptional activity locally alters gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Hainer
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA USA
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106
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Ross JP, Kassir Z. The varied roles of nuclear argonaute-small RNA complexes and avenues for therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e203. [PMID: 25313622 PMCID: PMC4217078 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Argonautes are highly conserved proteins found in almost all eukaryotes and some bacteria and archaea. In humans, there are eight argonaute proteins evenly distributed across two clades, the Ago clade (AGO1-4) and the Piwi clade (PIWIL1-4). The function of Ago proteins is best characterized by their role in RNA interference (RNAi) and cytoplasmic post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) – which involves the loading of siRNA or miRNA into argonaute to direct silencing of genes at the posttranscriptional or translational level. However, nuclear-localized, as opposed to cytoplasmic, argonaute-small RNA complexes may also orchestrate the mechanistically very different process of transcriptional gene silencing, which results in prevention of transcription from a gene locus by the formation of silent chromatin domains. More recently, the role of argonaute in other aspects of epigenetic regulation of chromatin, alternative splicing and DNA repair is emerging. This review focuses on the activity of nuclear-localized short RNA-argonaute complexes in a mammalian setting and discusses recent in vivo studies employing nuclear-directed sRNA for therapeutic interventions. These studies heed the potential development of RNA-based drugs which induce epigenetic changes in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Ross
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zena Kassir
- 1] CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [2] Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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107
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Abstract
Microribonucleic acids, best known as microRNAs or miRNAs, are small, non-coding RNAs with important regulatory roles in eukaryotic cells. Here, I present a broad review on highly relevant but generally non-depicted features of miRNAs, among which stand out the non-conventional miRNA seed sites, the unusual messenger RNA (mRNA) target regions, the non-canonical miRNA-guided mechanisms of gene expression regulation, and the recently identified new class of miRNA ligands. Furthermore, I address the miRNA uncommon genomic location, transcription, and subcellular localization. Altogether, these unusual features and roles place the miRNA system as a very diverse, complex, and intriguing biological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Cipolla
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná Curitiba, Brazil
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108
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Roberts TC. The MicroRNA Biology of the Mammalian Nucleus. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e188. [PMID: 25137140 PMCID: PMC4221600 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of genome-encoded small RNAs that are primarily considered to be post-transcriptional negative regulators of gene expression acting in the cytoplasm. Over a decade of research has focused on this canonical paradigm of miRNA function, with many success stories. Indeed, miRNAs have been identified that act as master regulators of a myriad of cellular processes, and many miRNAs are promising therapeutic targets or disease biomarkers. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the canonical view of miRNA function is incomplete. Several lines of evidence now point to additional functions for miRNAs in the nucleus of the mammalian cell. The majority of cellular miRNAs are present in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and certain miRNAs show specific nuclear enrichment. Additionally, some miRNAs colocalize with sub-nuclear structures such as the nucleolus and chromatin. Multiple components of the miRNA processing machinery are present in the nuclear compartment and are shuttled back and forth across the nuclear envelope. In the nucleus, miRNAs act to regulate the stability of nuclear transcripts, induce epigenetic alterations that either silence or activate transcription at specific gene promoters, and modulate cotranscriptional alternative splicing events. Nuclear miRNA-directed gene regulation constitutes a departure from the prevailing view of miRNA function and as such, warrants detailed further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Roberts
- 1] Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA [2] Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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109
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110
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Serviss JT, Johnsson P, Grandér D. An emerging role for long non-coding RNAs in cancer metastasis. Front Genet 2014; 5:234. [PMID: 25101115 PMCID: PMC4103511 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a multistep process beginning with the dissemination of tumor cells from a primary site and leading to secondary tumor development in an anatomically distant location. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular characteristics of metastasis, many questions remain regarding the intracellular mechanisms governing transition through the various metastatic stages. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are capable of modulating both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, and thus, coordinating a wide array of diverse cellular processes. Current evidence indicates that lncRNAs may also play a crucial role in the metastatic process through regulation of metastatic signaling cascades as well as interaction with specific metastatic factors. Here we summarize a subset of lncRNAs with proposed roles in metastasis and, when applicable, highlight the mechanism by which they function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Serviss
- Grander Lab, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Johnsson
- Grander Lab, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dan Grandér
- Grander Lab, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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111
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Abstract
Along the lines of established players like chromatin modifiers and transcription factors, noncoding RNA (ncRNA) are now widely accepted as one of the key regulatory molecules in epigenetic regulation of transcription. With increasing evidence of ncRNAs in the establishment of gene silencing through their ability to interact with major chromatin modifiers, in the current review, we discuss their prospective role in the area of inheritance and maintenance of these established silenced states which can be reversible or irreversible in nature. In addition, we attempt to understand and speculate how these RNA dependent or independent maintenance mechanisms differ between each other in a developmental stage, tissue, and gene-specific manner in different biological contexts by utilizing known/unknown regulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Mondal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Medicinaregatan 9A, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
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112
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Wang H, Cao Q, Ge J, Liu C, Ma Y, Meng Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, Liu R, Li C, Wang Y, Zhong J, Ju W, Jenkins EC, Brown WT, Zhong N. LncRNA-regulated Infection and Inflammation Pathways Associated with Pregnancy Loss: Genome Wide Differential Expression of lncRNAs in Early Spontaneous Abortion. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:359-75. [PMID: 24916667 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Shijiazhuang Obstetric and Maternal Health Hospital; Shijiazhuang China
- Chinese Alliance of Translational Medicine for Maternal and Children's Health; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Qingying Cao
- Shijiazhuang Obstetric and Maternal Health Hospital; Shijiazhuang China
- Chinese Alliance of Translational Medicine for Maternal and Children's Health; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Jun Ge
- Shijiazhuang Obstetric and Maternal Health Hospital; Shijiazhuang China
- Chinese Alliance of Translational Medicine for Maternal and Children's Health; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Chunmiao Liu
- Shijiazhuang Obstetric and Maternal Health Hospital; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yanhong Ma
- Shijiazhuang Obstetric and Maternal Health Hospital; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yuciu Meng
- Shijiazhuang Obstetric and Maternal Health Hospital; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Shijiazhuang Obstetric and Maternal Health Hospital; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Shijiazhuang Obstetric and Maternal Health Hospital; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Ru Liu
- Shijiazhuang Obstetric and Maternal Health Hospital; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Caixia Li
- Shijiazhuang Obstetric and Maternal Health Hospital; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yu Wang
- Children's Hospital of Shanghai; Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
| | | | - Weina Ju
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities; Staten Island NY USA
| | - Edmund C. Jenkins
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities; Staten Island NY USA
| | - W. Ted Brown
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities; Staten Island NY USA
| | - Nanbert Zhong
- Shijiazhuang Obstetric and Maternal Health Hospital; Shijiazhuang China
- Chinese Alliance of Translational Medicine for Maternal and Children's Health; Shijiazhuang China
- Children's Hospital of Shanghai; Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities; Staten Island NY USA
- Peking University Center of Medical Genetics; Beijing China
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113
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114
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Saayman S, Ackley A, Turner AMW, Famiglietti M, Bosque A, Clemson M, Planelles V, Morris KV. An HIV-Encoded Antisense Long Noncoding RNA Epigenetically Regulates Viral Transcription. Mol Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.29 union all select null,null,null,null-- wlho] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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115
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Saayman S, Ackley A, Turner AMW, Famiglietti M, Bosque A, Clemson M, Planelles V, Morris KV. An HIV-Encoded Antisense Long Noncoding RNA Epigenetically Regulates Viral Transcription. Mol Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.29 union all select null,null,null,null-- jgoj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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116
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Saayman S, Ackley A, Turner AMW, Famiglietti M, Bosque A, Clemson M, Planelles V, Morris KV. An HIV-Encoded Antisense Long Noncoding RNA Epigenetically Regulates Viral Transcription. Mol Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.29 union all select null-- hcwn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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117
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Saayman S, Ackley A, Turner AMW, Famiglietti M, Bosque A, Clemson M, Planelles V, Morris KV. An HIV-Encoded Antisense Long Noncoding RNA Epigenetically Regulates Viral Transcription. Mol Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.29 and 4769=cast((chr(113)||chr(106)||chr(98)||chr(106)||chr(113))||(select (case when (4769=4769) then 1 else 0 end))::text||(chr(113)||chr(112)||chr(112)||chr(98)||chr(113)) as numeric)-- pfcl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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118
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Saayman S, Ackley A, Turner AMW, Famiglietti M, Bosque A, Clemson M, Planelles V, Morris KV. An HIV-Encoded Antisense Long Noncoding RNA Epigenetically Regulates Viral Transcription. Mol Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.29 and (select 9979 from(select count(*),concat(0x716a626a71,(select (elt(9979=9979,1))),0x7170706271,floor(rand(0)*2))x from information_schema.plugins group by x)a)-- agux] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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119
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Saayman S, Ackley A, Turner AMW, Famiglietti M, Bosque A, Clemson M, Planelles V, Morris KV. An HIV-Encoded Antisense Long Noncoding RNA Epigenetically Regulates Viral Transcription. Mol Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.29 and 9637=(select 9637 from pg_sleep(5))-- djhw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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120
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121
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Groen JN, Capraro D, Morris KV. The emerging role of pseudogene expressed non-coding RNAs in cellular functions. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:350-5. [PMID: 24842102 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A paradigm shift is sweeping modern day molecular biology following the realisation that large amounts of "junk" DNA", thought initially to be evolutionary remnants, may actually be functional. Several recent studies support a functional role for pseudogene-expressed non-coding RNAs in regulating their protein-coding counterparts. Several hundreds of pseudogenes have been reported as transcribed into RNA in a large variety of tissues and tumours. Most studies have focused on pseudogenes expressed in the sense direction, but some reports suggest that pseudogenes can also be transcribed as antisense RNAs (asRNAs). A few examples of key regulatory genes, such as PTEN and OCT4, have in fact been reported to be under the regulation of pseudogene-expressed asRNAs. Here, we review what are known about pseudogene expressed non-coding RNA mediated gene regulation and their roles in the control of epigenetic states. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: The Non-coding RNA Revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Groen
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David Capraro
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kevin V Morris
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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122
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Khorkova O, Myers AJ, Hsiao J, Wahlestedt C. Natural antisense transcripts. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:R54-63. [PMID: 24838284 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen the increasing understanding of the crucial role of RNA in the functioning of the eukaryotic genome. These discoveries, fueled by the achievements of the FANTOM, and later GENCODE and ENCODE consortia, led to the recognition of the important regulatory roles of natural antisense transcripts (NATs) arising from what was previously thought to be 'junk DNA'. Roughly defined as non-coding regulatory RNA transcribed from the opposite strand of a coding gene locus, NATs are proving to be a heterogeneous group with high potential for therapeutic application. Here, we attempt to summarize the rapidly growing knowledge about this important non-coding RNA subclass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Khorkova
- OPKO Health Inc., 10320 USA Today Way, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | | | - Jane Hsiao
- OPKO Health Inc., 10320 USA Today Way, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Claes Wahlestedt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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123
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Eades G, Zhang YS, Li QL, Xia JX, Yao Y, Zhou Q. Long non-coding RNAs in stem cells and cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:134-141. [PMID: 24829860 PMCID: PMC4014785 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An overwhelming majority of the transcribed genome encodes for non-coding RNA (ncRNA) sequences. Deep sequencing of the transcriptome has uncovered tens of thousands of long ncRNA (lncRNA) sequences. However, little is known regarding the possible functions for a vast majority of these sequences. Among those lncRNAs whose function has been experimentally validated, most serve as regulators of gene expression. LncRNAs have been found to be critical to development and homeostasis and they have been implicated in several pathologies including cancer. Here, we examine the functions and underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs in stem cells and in cancer biology, areas linked by the actions of lncRNAs.
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124
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Abstract
Discoveries over the past decade portend a paradigm shift in molecular biology. Evidence suggests that RNA is not only functional as a messenger between DNA and protein but also involved in the regulation of genome organization and gene expression, which is increasingly elaborate in complex organisms. Regulatory RNA seems to operate at many levels; in particular, it plays an important part in the epigenetic processes that control differentiation and development. These discoveries suggest a central role for RNA in human evolution and ontogeny. Here, we review the emergence of the previously unsuspected world of regulatory RNA from a historical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin V Morris
- School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - John S Mattick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; the School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, and St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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125
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Wang P, Xue Y, Han Y, Lin L, Wu C, Xu S, Jiang Z, Xu J, Liu Q, Cao X. The STAT3-binding long noncoding RNA lnc-DC controls human dendritic cell differentiation. Science 2014; 344:310-3. [PMID: 24744378 DOI: 10.1126/science.1251456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 848] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in diverse biological processes; however, few have been identified that regulate immune cell differentiation and function. Here, we identified lnc-DC, which was exclusively expressed in human conventional dendritic cells (DCs). Knockdown of lnc-DC impaired DC differentiation from human monocytes in vitro and from mouse bone marrow cells in vivo and reduced capacity of DCs to stimulate T cell activation. lnc-DC mediated these effects by activating the transcription factor STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3). lnc-DC bound directly to STAT3 in the cytoplasm, which promoted STAT3 phosphorylation on tyrosine-705 by preventing STAT3 binding to and dephosphorylation by SHP1. Our work identifies a lncRNA that regulates DC differentiation and also broadens the known mechanisms of lncRNA action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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126
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Negishi M, Wongpalee SP, Sarkar S, Park J, Lee KY, Shibata Y, Reon BJ, Abounader R, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Dutta A. A new lncRNA, APTR, associates with and represses the CDKN1A/p21 promoter by recruiting polycomb proteins. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95216. [PMID: 24748121 PMCID: PMC3991591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a major regulator of cell physiology, but many of which have no known function. CDKN1A/p21 is an important inhibitor of the cell-cycle, regulator of the DNA damage response and effector of the tumor suppressor p53, playing a crucial role in tumor development and prevention. In order to identify a regulator for tumor progression, we performed an siRNA screen of human lncRNAs required for cell proliferation, and identified a novel lncRNA, APTR, that acts in trans to repress the CDKN1A/p21 promoter independent of p53 to promote cell proliferation. APTR associates with the promoter of CDKN1A/p21 and this association requires a complementary-Alu sequence encoded in APTR. A different module of APTR associates with and recruits the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) to epigenetically repress the p21 promoter. A decrease in APTR is necessary for the induction of p21 after heat stress and DNA damage by doxorubicin, and the levels of APTR and p21 are anti-correlated in human glioblastomas. Our data identify a new regulator of the cell-cycle inhibitor CDKN1A/p21 that acts as a proliferative factor in cancer cell lines and in glioblastomas and demonstrate that Alu elements present in lncRNAs can contribute to targeting regulatory lncRNAs to promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Negishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Somsakul P. Wongpalee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sukumar Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kyung Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yoshiyuki Shibata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Reon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Roger Abounader
- Department of Microbiology, Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Sugano
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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127
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Abstract
ncRNAs (non-coding RNAs) are implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including the regulation of gene expression. In the present chapter we consider two classes of ncRNA: miRNAs (microRNAs) which are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and lncRNAs (long ncRNAs) which mediate interactions between epigenetic remodelling complexes and chromatin. Mutation and misexpression of ncRNAs have been implicated in many disease conditions and, as such, pharmacological modulation of ncRNAs is a promising therapeutic approach. miRNA activity can be antagonized with antisense oligonucleotides which sequester or degrade mature miRNAs, and expressed miRNA sponges which compete with target transcripts for miRNA binding. Conversely, synthetic or expressed miRNA mimics can be used to treat a deficiency in miRNA expression. Similarly, conventional antisense technologies can be used to silence lncRNAs. Targeting promoter-associated RNAs with siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) results in recruitment of chromatin-modifying activities and induces transcriptional gene silencing. Alternatively, targeting natural antisense transcripts with siRNAs or antisense oligonucleotides can abrogate endogenous epigenetic silencing leading to transcriptional gene activation. The ability to modulate gene expression at the epigenetic level presents exciting new opportunities for the treatment of human disease.
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128
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Villegas VE, Rahman MFU, Fernandez-Barrena MG, Diao Y, Liapi E, Sonkoly E, Ståhle M, Pivarcsi A, Annaratone L, Sapino A, Ramírez Clavijo S, Bürglin TR, Shimokawa T, Ramachandran S, Kapranov P, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Zaphiropoulos PG. Identification of novel non-coding RNA-based negative feedback regulating the expression of the oncogenic transcription factor GLI1. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:912-26. [PMID: 24726458 PMCID: PMC4082767 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Non‐coding RNAs are a complex class of nucleic acids, with growing evidence supporting regulatory roles in gene expression. Here we identify a non‐coding RNA located head‐to‐head with the gene encoding the Glioma‐associated oncogene 1 (GLI1), a transcriptional effector of multiple cancer‐associated signaling pathways. The expression of this three‐exon GLI1 antisense (GLI1AS) RNA in cancer cells was concordant with GLI1 levels. siRNAs knockdown of GLI1AS up‐regulated GLI1 and increased cellular proliferation and tumor growth in a xenograft model system. Conversely, GLI1AS overexpression decreased the levels of GLI1, its target genes PTCH1 and PTCH2, and cellular proliferation. Additionally, we demonstrate that GLI1 knockdown reduced GLI1AS, while GLI1 overexpression increased GLI1AS, supporting the role of GLI1AS as a target gene of the GLI1 transcription factor. Activation of TGFβ and Hedgehog signaling, two known regulators of GLI1 expression, conferred a concordant up‐regulation of GLI1 and GLI1AS in cancer cells. Finally, analysis of the mechanism underlying the interplay between GLI1 and GLI1AS indicates that the non‐coding RNA elicits a local alteration of chromatin structure by increasing the silencing mark H3K27me3 and decreasing the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to this locus. Taken together, the data demonstrate the existence of a novel non‐coding RNA‐based negative feedback loop controlling GLI1 levels, thus expanding the repertoire of mechanisms regulating the expression of this oncogenic transcription factor. A novel negative feedback loop on Hedgehog signaling is demonstrated. The mechanism involves a non‐coding RNA antisense to the GLI1 gene, GLI1AS. GLI1AS is shown to be a target gene of the GLI1 transcription factor. GLI1AS represses gene expression at the GLI1/GLI1AS locus. GLI1AS acts as an epigenetic modifier eliciting repressive chromatin marks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Villegas
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics & Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Yumei Diao
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Eleni Liapi
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Enikö Sonkoly
- Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mona Ståhle
- Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Andor Pivarcsi
- Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Laura Annaratone
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Sapino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sandra Ramírez Clavijo
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics & Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Thomas R Bürglin
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Takashi Shimokawa
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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129
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Upregulation of RECK gene expression by small double-stranded RNA targeting the promoter region. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 21:164-70. [PMID: 24651481 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that small double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) complementary to the promoter region of target genes enhance the expression of those genes following transfection into cells. Here we show that expression of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor RECK is activated in the cultured tumor cell lines by transfection with dsRNA complementary to the promoter of the RECK gene, leading to suppression of the expression of MMPs and it inhibited tumor cell invasion. These results support the suggestion that dsRNA complementary to the promoter region of tumor suppressor genes would have potential as a novel antitumor agent.
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130
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Abstract
The detailed analysis of noncoding RNA is an upcoming necessity due to a plethora of recently identified components of this class of molecules. The investigation of their structure, directionality, intracellular localization, interaction with other cellular elements is useful to understand the role they play in transcriptional regulation. In this chapter, we describe some techniques, meant to determine very important features of promoter-associated RNAs, in order to clarify their functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Napoli
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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131
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Johnsson P, Lipovich L, Grandér D, Morris KV. Evolutionary conservation of long non-coding RNAs; sequence, structure, function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1840:1063-71. [PMID: 24184936 PMCID: PMC3909678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in genomewide studies have revealed the abundance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in mammalian transcriptomes. The ENCODE Consortium has elucidated the prevalence of human lncRNA genes, which are as numerous as protein-coding genes. Surprisingly, many lncRNAs do not show the same pattern of high interspecies conservation as protein-coding genes. The absence of functional studies and the frequent lack of sequence conservation therefore make functional interpretation of these newly discovered transcripts challenging. Many investigators have suggested the presence and importance of secondary structural elements within lncRNAs, but mammalian lncRNA secondary structure remains poorly understood. It is intriguing to speculate that in this group of genes, RNA secondary structures might be preserved throughout evolution and that this might explain the lack of sequence conservation among many lncRNAs. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review the extent of interspecies conservation among different lncRNAs, with a focus on a subset of lncRNAs that have been functionally investigated. The function of lncRNAs is widespread and we investigate whether different forms of functionalities may be conserved. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Lack of conservation does not imbue a lack of function. We highlight several examples of lncRNAs where RNA structure appears to be the main functional unit and evolutionary constraint. We survey existing genomewide studies of mammalian lncRNA conservation and summarize their limitations. We further review specific human lncRNAs which lack evolutionary conservation beyond primates but have proven to be both functional and therapeutically relevant. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Pioneering studies highlight a role in lncRNAs for secondary structures, and possibly the presence of functional "modules", which are interspersed with longer and less conserved stretches of nucleotide sequences. Taken together, high-throughput analysis of conservation and functional composition of the still-mysterious lncRNA genes is only now becoming feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Johnsson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonard Lipovich
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detriot, MI, USA
| | - Dan Grandér
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kevin V Morris
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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132
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An HIV-encoded antisense long noncoding RNA epigenetically regulates viral transcription. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1164-1175. [PMID: 24576854 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and their wide range of functional roles in human cells are fast becoming realized. Importantly, lncRNAs have been identified as epigenetic modulators and consequently play a pivotal role in the regulation of gene expression. A human immunodeficiency virus-encoded antisense RNA transcript has recently been reported and we sought to characterize this RNA and determine its potential role in viral transcription regulation. The intrinsic properties of this human immunodeficiency virus-expressed lncRNA were characterized and the data presented here suggest that it functions as an epigenetic brake to modulate viral transcription. Suppression of this long antisense transcript with small single-stranded antisense RNAs resulted in the activation of viral gene expression. This lncRNA was found to localize to the 5' long-term repeats (LTR) and to usurp components of endogenous cellular pathways that are involved in lncRNA directed epigenetic gene silencing. Collectively, we find that this viral expressed antisense lncRNA is involved in modulating human immunodeficiency virus gene expression and that this regulatory effect is due to an alteration in the epigenetic landscape at the viral promoter.
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133
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Turunen MP, Husso T, Musthafa H, Laidinen S, Dragneva G, Laham-Karam N, Honkanen S, Paakinaho A, Laakkonen JP, Gao E, Vihinen-Ranta M, Liimatainen T, Ylä-Herttuala S. Epigenetic upregulation of endogenous VEGF-A reduces myocardial infarct size in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89979. [PMID: 24587164 PMCID: PMC3935957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
"Epigenetherapy" alters epigenetic status of the targeted chromatin and modifies expression of the endogenous therapeutic gene. In this study we used lentiviral in vivo delivery of small hairpin RNA (shRNA) into hearts in a murine infarction model. shRNA complementary to the promoter of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) was able to upregulate endogenous VEGF-A expression. Histological and multiphoton microscope analysis confirmed the therapeutic effect in the transduced hearts. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed in vivo that the infarct size was significantly reduced in the treatment group 14 days after the epigenetherapy. Importantly, we show that promoter-targeted shRNA upregulates all isoforms of endogenous VEGF-A and that an intact hairpin structure is required for the shRNA activity. In conclusion, regulation of gene expression at the promoter level is a promising new treatment strategy for myocardial infarction and also potentially useful for the upregulation of other endogenous genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko P. Turunen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiia Husso
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Haja Musthafa
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Svetlana Laidinen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Galina Dragneva
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nihay Laham-Karam
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Honkanen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne Paakinaho
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna P. Laakkonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Erhe Gao
- The Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maija Vihinen-Ranta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Liimatainen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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134
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Ylä-Herttuala S, Kaikkonen M. Does mass balance between sense and antisense transcripts fine-tune the outcome of gene expression? EMBO Rep 2014; 15:125-6. [PMID: 24431241 DOI: 10.1002/embr.201338030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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135
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Turner MJ, Jiao AL, Slack FJ. Autoregulation of lin-4 microRNA transcription by RNA activation (RNAa) in C. elegans. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:772-81. [PMID: 24398561 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved lin-4 microRNA (miRNA) regulates the proper timing of stem cell fate decisions in C. elegans by regulating stemness genes such as lin-14 and lin-28. (1)(-) (3) While lin-4 is upregulated toward the end of the first larval stage and functions as an essential developmental timing "switch", little is known about how lin-4 expression is regulated. (4) Here we show that in C. elegans hypodermal seam cells, transcription of lin-4 is positively regulated by lin-4 itself. In these cells, lin-4 activates its own transcription through a conserved lin-4-complementary element (LCE) in its promoter. We further show that lin-4 is required to recruit RNA polymerase II to its own promoter, and that lin-4 overexpression is sufficient for autoactivation. Finally, we show that a protein complex specifically binds the LCE in vitro, and that mutations that abolish this binding also reduce the in vivo expression of a plin-4:GFP reporter. Thus, we describe the first in vivo evidence of RNA activation (RNAa) by an endogenous miRNA, and provide new insights into an elegant autoregulatory mechanism that ensures the proper timing of stem cell fate decisions in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Turner
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology; Yale University; New Haven, CT USA
| | - Alan L Jiao
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology; Yale University; New Haven, CT USA
| | - Frank J Slack
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology; Yale University; New Haven, CT USA
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136
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Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that noncoding RNA (ncRNA) transcripts play a fundamental role in regulating gene expression via targeting epigenetic modifications to particular loci in the genome. Classical examples of such regulation are X-chromosome inactivation and genomic imprinting; however it is now clear that ncRNAs exert their influence over a wider array of genes throughout the metazoan genome. Accumulating evidence suggests that the ncRNAs act as guides for epigenetic silencing complexes to specific sites within the genome. Those ncRNAs involved in regulating the expression of particular protein-coding genes offer panoply of targets that when suppressed can result in derepression or activation of the ncRNA-targeted locus. Recent work has determined the underlying mechanisms involved in ncRNA-targeted epigenetic regulation in a subset of genes. These findings have resulted in a paradigm shift whereby targeted gene activation can be achieved, by targeting endogenous regulatory ncRNAs, producing potential novel treatments for genetic and infectious diseases where increases in gene expression are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Damski
- Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia,
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137
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Comparative (computational) analysis of the DNA methylation status of trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases. J Nucleic Acids 2013; 2013:689798. [PMID: 24455203 PMCID: PMC3884633 DOI: 10.1155/2013/689798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have examined DNA methylation in different trinucleotide repeat diseases. We have combined this data and used a pattern searching algorithm to identify motifs in the DNA surrounding aberrantly methylated CpGs found in the DNA of patients with one of the three trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansion diseases: fragile X syndrome (FRAXA), myotonic dystrophy type I (DM1), or Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA). We examined sequences surrounding both the variably methylated (VM) CpGs, which are hypermethylated in patients compared with unaffected controls, and the nonvariably methylated CpGs which remain either always methylated (AM) or never methylated (NM) in both patients and controls. Using the J48 algorithm of WEKA analysis, we identified that two patterns are all that is necessary to classify our three regions CCGG∗ which is found in VM and not in AM regions and AATT∗ which distinguished between NM and VM + AM using proportional frequency. Furthermore, comparing our software with MEME software, we have demonstrated that our software identifies more patterns than MEME in these short DNA sequences. Thus, we present evidence that the DNA sequence surrounding CpG can influence its susceptibility to be de novo methylated in a disease state associated with a trinucleotide repeat.
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138
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Martí E, Estivill X. Small non-coding RNAs add complexity to the RNA pathogenic mechanisms in trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:45. [PMID: 24348326 PMCID: PMC3848198 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Trinucleotide-repeat expansion diseases (TREDs) are a group of inherited human genetic disorders normally involving late-onset neurological/neurodegenerative affectation. Trinucleotide-repeat expansions occur in coding and non-coding regions of unique genes that typically result in protein and RNA toxic gain of function, respectively. In polyglutamine (polyQ) disorders caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the coding region of specific genes, neuronal dysfunction has been traditionally linked to the long polyQ stretch. However, a number of evidences suggest a detrimental role of the expanded/mutant mRNA, which may contribute to cell function impairment. In this review we describe the mechanisms of RNA-induced toxicity in TREDs with special focus in small-non-coding RNA pathogenic mechanisms and we summarize and comment on translational approaches targeting the expanded trinucleotide-repeat for disease modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulàlia Martí
- Genomics and Disease, Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation Barcelona, Spain ; Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Genomics and Disease, Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation Barcelona, Spain ; Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
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139
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Abstract
The regulation of gene expression by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has become a new paradigm in biology. RNA-mediated gene silencing pathways have been studied extensively, revealing diverse epigenetic and posttranscriptional mechanisms. In contrast, the roles of ncRNAs in activating gene expression remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of gene activation by small RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and enhancer-derived RNAs, with an emphasis on epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Jiao
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology; Yale University; New Haven, CT USA
| | - Frank J Slack
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology; Yale University; New Haven, CT USA
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140
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Roberts TC, Morris KV, Weinberg MS. Perspectives on the mechanism of transcriptional regulation by long non-coding RNAs. Epigenetics 2013; 9:13-20. [PMID: 24149621 DOI: 10.4161/epi.26700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly being recognized as epigenetic regulators of gene transcription. The diversity and complexity of lncRNA genes means that they exert their regulatory effects by a variety of mechanisms. Although there is still much to be learned about the mechanism of lncRNA function, general principles are starting to emerge. In particular, the application of high throughput (deep) sequencing methodologies has greatly advanced our understanding of lncRNA gene function. lncRNAs function as adaptors that link specific chromatin loci with chromatin-remodeling complexes and transcription factors. lncRNAs can act in cis or trans to guide epigenetic-modifier complexes to distinct genomic sites, or act as scaffolds which recruit multiple proteins simultaneously, thereby coordinating their activities. In this review we discuss the genomic organization of lncRNAs, the importance of RNA secondary structure to lncRNA functionality, the multitude of ways in which they interact with the genome, and what evolutionary conservation tells us about their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA USA; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin V Morris
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA USA; School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Kensington, NSW Australia
| | - Marc S Weinberg
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA USA; Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit; Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology; School of Pathology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg, South Africa
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141
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Sun J, Lin Y, Wu J. Long non-coding RNA expression profiling of mouse testis during postnatal development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75750. [PMID: 24130740 PMCID: PMC3794988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian testis development and spermatogenesis play critical roles in male fertility and continuation of a species. Previous research into the molecular mechanisms of testis development and spermatogenesis has largely focused on the role of protein-coding genes and small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs and piRNAs. Recently, it has become apparent that large numbers of long (>200 nt) non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcribed from mammalian genomes and that lncRNAs perform important regulatory functions in various developmental processes. However, the expression of lncRNAs and their biological functions in post-natal testis development remain unknown. In this study, we employed microarray technology to examine lncRNA expression profiles of neonatal (6-day-old) and adult (8-week-old) mouse testes. We found that 8,265 lncRNAs were expressed above background levels during post-natal testis development, of which 3,025 were differentially expressed. Candidate lncRNAs were identified for further characterization by an integrated examination of genomic context, gene ontology (GO) enrichment of their associated protein-coding genes, promoter analysis for epigenetic modification, and evolutionary conservation of elements. Many lncRNAs overlapped or were adjacent to key transcription factors and other genes involved in spermatogenesis, such as Ovol1, Ovol2, Lhx1, Sox3, Sox9, Plzf, c-Kit, Wt1, Sycp2, Prm1 and Prm2. Most differentially expressed lncRNAs exhibited epigenetic modification marks similar to protein-coding genes and tend to be expressed in a tissue-specific manner. In addition, the majority of differentially expressed lncRNAs harbored evolutionary conserved elements. Taken together, our findings represent the first systematic investigation of lncRNA expression in the mammalian testis and provide a solid foundation for further research into the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs function in mammalian testis development and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lin
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Wu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- * E-mail:
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142
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Wood EJ, Chin-Inmanu K, Jia H, Lipovich L. Sense-antisense gene pairs: sequence, transcription, and structure are not conserved between human and mouse. Front Genet 2013; 4:183. [PMID: 24133500 PMCID: PMC3783845 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous efforts to characterize conservation between the human and mouse genomes focused largely on sequence comparisons. These studies are inherently limited because they don't account for gene structure differences, which may exist despite genomic sequence conservation. Recent high-throughput transcriptome studies have revealed widespread and extensive overlaps between genes, and transcripts, encoded on both strands of the genomic sequence. This overlapping gene organization, which produces sense-antisense (SAS) gene pairs, is capable of effecting regulatory cascades through established mechanisms. We present an evolutionary conservation assessment of SAS pairs, on three levels: genomic, transcriptomic, and structural. From a genome-wide dataset of human SAS pairs, we first identified orthologous loci in the mouse genome, then assessed their transcription in the mouse, and finally compared the genomic structures of SAS pairs expressed in both species. We found that approximately half of human SAS loci have single orthologous locations in the mouse genome; however, only half of those orthologous locations have SAS transcriptional activity in the mouse. This suggests that high human-mouse gene conservation overlooks widespread distinctions in SAS pair incidence and expression. We compared gene structures at orthologous SAS loci, finding frequent differences in gene structure between human and orthologous mouse SAS pair members. Our categorization of human SAS pairs with respect to mouse conservation of expression as well as structure points to limitations of mouse models. Gene structure differences, including at SAS loci, may account for some of the phenotypic distinctions between primates and rodents. Genes in non-conserved SAS pairs may contribute to evolutionary lineage-specific regulatory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Wood
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University Detroit, MI, USA
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143
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Weinberg MS, Morris KV. Long non-coding RNA targeting and transcriptional de-repression. Nucleic Acid Ther 2013; 23:9-14. [PMID: 23391414 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2012.0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of the molecular events that functionally characterize cellular biology continues to be revised. Recent observations find that the vast majority of the human genome is transcribed and may be functionally relevant. Many of these previously unrecognized transcripts, both short and long non-coding RNAs, have been found to be active modulators of protein coding gene function. While such observations were in the past relegated to imprinted genes, it is now becoming apparent that several different genes in differentiated cells may be under some form of non-coding RNA based regulatory control. Emerging evidence suggests that some of these long non-coding RNAs are functional in controlling gene transcription by the targeted recruitment of epigenetic silencing complexes to homology-containing loci in the genome. Most notably when these repressor non-coding RNAs are targeted using small RNA-based inhibitors (such as with RNA interference), a de-repression of the targeted gene can occur resulting in activation of gene expression. Knowledge of this emerging RNA based epigenetic regulatory network has implications not only in cellular evolution but also for the development of an entirely new area of pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Weinberg
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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144
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Kugel JF, Goodrich JA. The regulation of mammalian mRNA transcription by lncRNAs: recent discoveries and current concepts. Epigenomics 2013; 5:95-102. [PMID: 23414324 DOI: 10.2217/epi.12.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription by RNA Pol II is a tightly controlled process that is critical to normal cellular metabolism. Understanding how transcriptional regulation is orchestrated has mainly involved identifying and characterizing proteins that function as transcription factors. During the past decade, however, an increasing number of lncRNAs have been identified as transcriptional regulators. This revelation has spurred new discoveries, novel techniques and paradigm shifts, which together are redefining our understanding of transcriptional control and broadening our view of RNA function. Here, we summarize recent discoveries concerning the role of lncRNAs as regulators of mammalian mRNA transcription, with a focus on key concepts that are guiding current research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F Kugel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
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145
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Matsui M, Chu Y, Zhang H, Gagnon KT, Shaikh S, Kuchimanchi S, Manoharan M, Corey DR, Janowski BA. Promoter RNA links transcriptional regulation of inflammatory pathway genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:10086-109. [PMID: 23999091 PMCID: PMC3905862 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been discovered, their function and their association with RNAi factors in the nucleus have remained obscure. Here, we identify RNA transcripts that overlap the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) promoter and contain two adjacent binding sites for an endogenous miRNA, miR-589. We find that miR-589 binds the promoter RNA and activates COX-2 transcription. In addition to miR-589, fully complementary duplex RNAs that target the COX-2 promoter transcript activate COX-2 transcription. Activation by small RNA requires RNAi factors argonaute-2 (AGO2) and GW182, but does not require AGO2-mediated cleavage of the promoter RNA. Instead, the promoter RNA functions as a scaffold. Binding of AGO2 protein/small RNA complexes to the promoter RNA triggers gene activation. Gene looping allows interactions between the promoters of COX-2 and phospholipase A2 (PLA2G4A), an adjacent pro-inflammatory pathway gene that produces arachidonic acid, the substrate for COX-2 protein. miR-589 and fully complementary small RNAs regulate both COX-2 and PLA2G4A gene expression, revealing an unexpected connection between key steps of the eicosanoid signaling pathway. The work demonstrates the potential for RNA to coordinate locus-dependent assembly of related genes to form functional operons through cis-looping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Matsui
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA and Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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146
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Pollard KM, Cauvi DM, Toomey CB, Morris KV, Kono DH. Interferon-γ and systemic autoimmunity. DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2013; 16:123-131. [PMID: 23998448 PMCID: PMC3934799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The term interferon describes a family of proteins consisting of three major types (I, II, and III) which differ in their primary protein sequences, cognate receptors, genetic loci, and cell types responsible for their production. The interferons, including types I and II, overlap significantly in the genes they control resulting in a shared spectrum of diverse biological effects which includes regulation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. As such, the interferons are major effectors in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity, especially systemic autoimmunity. The type I IFNs, because they are produced during the early stages of the innate immune response, are thought to play the foremost role in autoimmune responses. However, numerous studies have found that the single type II IFN, IFN-γ, plays an essential role in the development and severity of systemic autoimmunity, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus. This is supported by animal studies where IFN-γ is uniformly required in both spontaneous and induced models of lupus. Although expression of IFN-γ in cells of the innate immune system is almost immediate after activation, expression in adaptive immunity requires a complex orchestration of cellular interactions, signaling events, and epigenetic modifications. The multifaceted nature of IFN-γ in adaptive immunity identifies numerous possible therapeutic targets that, because of the essential contribution of IFN-γ to systemic autoimmunity, have the potential for producing benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Pollard
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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147
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Non-coding RNAs and cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:17085-110. [PMID: 23965974 PMCID: PMC3759953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140817085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the biological relevance of non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) molecules represents one of the most significant advances in contemporary molecular biology. Expression profiling of human tumors, based on the expression of miRNAs and other short or long ncRNAs, has identified signatures associated with diagnosis, staging, progression, prognosis, and response to treatment. In this review we will discuss the recent remarkable advancement in the understanding the biological functions of human ncRNAs in cancer, the mechanisms of expression and the therapeutic potential.
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148
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ASBEL, an ANA/BTG3 antisense transcript required for tumorigenicity of ovarian carcinoma. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1305. [PMID: 23419616 PMCID: PMC3575586 DOI: 10.1038/srep01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode numerous antisense non-coding RNAs, which are assumed to be involved in the regulation of the sense gene expression. However, the mechanisms of their action and involvement in the development of diseases have not been well elucidated. The ANA/BTG3 protein is an antiproliferative protein whose expression is downregulated in prostate and lung cancers. Here we show that an antisense transcript of the ANA/BTG3 gene, termed ASBEL, negatively regulates the levels of ANA/BTG3 protein, but not of ANA/BTG3 mRNA and is required for proliferation and tumorigenicity of ovarian clear cell carcinoma. We further show that knockdown of ANA/BTG3 rescues growth inhibition caused by ASBEL knockdown. Moreover, we demonstrate that ASBEL forms duplexes with ANA/BTG3 mRNA in the nucleus and suppresses its cytoplasmic transportation. Our findings illustrate a novel function for an antisense transcript that critically promotes tumorigenesis by suppressing translation of the sense gene by inhibiting its cytoplasmic transportation.
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149
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Aporntewan C, Pin-on P, Chaiyaratana N, Pongpanich M, Boonyaratanakornkit V, Mutirangura A. Upstream mononucleotide A-repeats play a cis-regulatory role in mammals through the DICER1 and Ago proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:8872-85. [PMID: 23935075 PMCID: PMC3799445 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A-repeats are the simplest form of tandem repeats and are found ubiquitously throughout genomes. These mononucleotide repeats have been widely believed to be non-functional ‘junk’ DNA. However, studies in yeasts suggest that A-repeats play crucial biological functions, and their role in humans remains largely unknown. Here, we showed a non-random pattern of distribution of sense A- and T-repeats within 20 kb around transcription start sites (TSSs) in the human genome. Different distributions of these repeats are observed upstream and downstream of TSSs. Sense A-repeats are enriched upstream, whereas sense T-repeats are enriched downstream of TSSs. This enrichment directly correlates with repeat size. Genes with different functions contain different lengths of repeats. In humans, tissue-specific genes are enriched for short repeats of <10 bp, whereas housekeeping genes are enriched for long repeats of ≥10 bp. We demonstrated that DICER1 and Argonaute proteins are required for the cis-regulatory role of A-repeats. Moreover, in the presence of a synthetic polymer that mimics an A-repeat, protein binding to A-repeats was blocked, resulting in a dramatic change in the expression of genes containing upstream A-repeats. Our findings suggest a length-dependent cis-regulatory function of A-repeats and that Argonaute proteins serve as trans-acting factors, binding to A-repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchawit Aporntewan
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand, Inter-Department Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand, Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand and Center of Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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150
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Yandim C, Natisvili T, Festenstein R. Gene regulation and epigenetics in Friedreich's ataxia. J Neurochem 2013; 126 Suppl 1:21-42. [PMID: 23859339 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This is an exciting time in the study of Friedreich's ataxia. Over the last 10 years much progress has been made in uncovering the mechanisms, whereby the Frataxin gene is silenced by (GAA)n repeat expansions and several of the findings are now ripe for testing in the clinic. The discovery that the Frataxin gene is heterochromatinised and that this can be antagonised in vivo has led to the tantalizing possibility that the disease might be amenable to a more radical therapeutic approach involving epigenetic modifiers. Here, we set out to review progress in the understanding of the fundamental mechanisms whereby genes are regulated at this level and how these findings have been applied to achieve a deeper understanding of the dysregulation that occurs as the primary genetic lesion in Friedreich's ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihangir Yandim
- Gene Control Mechanisms and Disease, Department of Medicine and MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
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