101
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Salvianti F, Pazzagli M, Pinzani P. Single circulating tumor cell sequencing as an advanced tool in cancer management. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 16:51-63. [PMID: 26560087 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2016.1116942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) shed by the primary tumor and metastases are considered a real-time 'liquid biopsy', reflecting the disease complexity that evolves during progression, showing in its late stages different genetic, epigenetic and expression features. Consequently, heterogeneity and development of characteristic features upon disease progression are the two main goals that emerging technologies should account for in view of a clinical application. Single-cell analysis, now possible due to technological advances, may help elucidate tumor heterogeneity at the CTC level. This review focuses on the necessary steps for the analysis of CTCs at the single-cell level. A concise overview is given on the alternative methods referring in particular to studies on the mutational status of single CTCs from cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Salvianti
- a Department of Clinical, Experimental and Biomedical Sciences , University of Florence , Firenze , Italy
| | - Mario Pazzagli
- a Department of Clinical, Experimental and Biomedical Sciences , University of Florence , Firenze , Italy
| | - Pamela Pinzani
- a Department of Clinical, Experimental and Biomedical Sciences , University of Florence , Firenze , Italy
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102
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Aragon-Ching JB, Siegel RS, Frazier H, Andrawis R, Hendricks F, Phillips M, Jarrett T, Guebre-Xabiher H, Patierno S, Simmens SJ. Circulating Tumor Cells in Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2015; 13:e341-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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103
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Gross ME, Dorff TB, Quinn DI, Agus DB, Luttgen M, Bethel K, Kolatkar A, Kuhn P. Rapid changes in circulating tumor cells following anti-angiogenic therapy. CONVERGENT SCIENCE PHYSICAL ONCOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/1/1/015002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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104
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Pandey S, Khanna A. Single Cell Analysis and Circulating Tumor Cells in Prostate Cancer: Experience of an Observership at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, CSH and New York Presbyterian Hospital (Cornell Campus), New York. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:6173-4. [PMID: 26320516 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.14.6173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Pandey
- Ajanta Hospital and IVF Centre, Lucknow, U.P., India E-mail :
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105
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Leong SM, Tan KML, Chua HW, Tan D, Fareda D, Osmany S, Li MH, Tucker S, Koay ESC. Sampling circulating tumor cells for clinical benefits: how frequent? J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:75. [PMID: 26108208 PMCID: PMC4488127 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells shed from tumors or metastatic sites and are a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis, management, and prognostication. The majority of current studies use single or infrequent CTC sampling points. This strategy assumes that changes in CTC number, as well as phenotypic and molecular characteristics, are gradual with time. In reality, little is known today about the actual kinetics of CTC dissemination and phenotypic and molecular changes in the blood of cancer patients. Herein, we show, using clinical case studies and hypothetical simulation models, how sub-optimal CTC sampling may result in misleading observations with clinical consequences, by missing out on significant CTC spikes that occur in between sampling times. Initial studies using highly frequent CTC sampling are necessary to understand the dynamics of CTC dissemination and phenotypic and molecular changes in the blood of cancer patients. Such an improved understanding will enable an optimal, study-specific sampling frequency to be assigned to individual research studies and clinical trials and better inform practical clinical decisions on cancer management strategies for patient benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Mun Leong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Karen M L Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.
| | - Hui Wen Chua
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Doreen Tan
- Tucker Medical, Novena Specialist Center, 8 Sinaran Drive #04-03, Singapore, 307470, Singapore
| | - Delly Fareda
- Tucker Medical, Novena Specialist Center, 8 Sinaran Drive #04-03, Singapore, 307470, Singapore
| | - Saabry Osmany
- Radlink PET and Cardiac Imaging Center, 290 Orchard Road, #08-06 Paragon Medical, Singapore, 238859, Singapore
| | - Mo-Huang Li
- CellSievo Private Limited Singapore, Block 289A, Bukit Batok St. 25, #15-218, Singapore, 650289, Singapore
| | - Steven Tucker
- Tucker Medical, Novena Specialist Center, 8 Sinaran Drive #04-03, Singapore, 307470, Singapore
| | - Evelyn S C Koay
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
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106
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Huang L, Ma F, Chapman A, Lu S, Xie XS. Single-Cell Whole-Genome Amplification and Sequencing: Methodology and Applications. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2015; 16:79-102. [PMID: 26077818 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-090413-025352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We present a survey of single-cell whole-genome amplification (WGA) methods, including degenerate oligonucleotide-primed polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR), multiple displacement amplification (MDA), and multiple annealing and looping-based amplification cycles (MALBAC). The key parameters to characterize the performance of these methods are defined, including genome coverage, uniformity, reproducibility, unmappable rates, chimera rates, allele dropout rates, false positive rates for calling single-nucleotide variations, and ability to call copy-number variations. Using these parameters, we compare five commercial WGA kits by performing deep sequencing of multiple single cells. We also discuss several major applications of single-cell genomics, including studies of whole-genome de novo mutation rates, the early evolution of cancer genomes, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), meiotic recombination of germ cells, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), and preimplantation genomic screening (PGS) for in vitro-fertilized embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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107
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Qin X, Park S, Duffy SP, Matthews K, Ang RR, Todenhöfer T, Abdi H, Azad A, Bazov J, Chi KN, Black PC, Ma H. Size and deformability based separation of circulating tumor cells from castrate resistant prostate cancer patients using resettable cell traps. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2278-86. [PMID: 25876237 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00226e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The enumeration and capture of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are potentially of great clinical value as they offer a non-invasive means to access tumor materials to diagnose disease and monitor treatment efficacy. Conventional immunoenrichment of CTCs may fail to capture cells with low surface antigen expression. Micropore filtration presents a compelling label-free alternative that enriches CTCs using their biophysical rather than biochemical characteristics. However, this strategy is prone to clogging of the filter microstructure, which dramatically reduces the selectivity after processing large numbers of cells. Here, we use the resettable cell trap (RCT) mechanism to separate cells based on their size and deformability using an adjustable aperture that can be periodically cleared to prevent clogging. After separation, the output sample is stained and analyzed using multi-spectral analysis, which provides a more sensitive and unambiguous method to identify CTC biomarkers than traditional immunofluorescence. We tested the RCT device using blood samples obtained from 22 patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer while comparing the results with the established CellSearch® system. The RCT mechanism was able to capture ≥5 CTCs in 18/22 (82%) patients with a mean count of 257 in 7.5 ml of whole blood, while the CellSearch system found ≥5 CTCs in 9/22 (41%) patients with a mean count of 25. The ~10× improvement in the CTC capture rate provides significantly more materials for subsequent analysis of these cells such as immunofluorescence, propagation by tissue culture, and genetic profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Qin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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108
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Abstract
Single-cell sequencing (SCS) has emerged as a powerful new set of technologies for studying rare cells and delineating complex populations. Over the past 5 years, SCS methods for DNA and RNA have had a broad impact on many diverse fields of biology, including microbiology, neurobiology, development, tissue mosaicism, immunology, and cancer research. In this review, we will discuss SCS technologies and applications, as well as translational applications in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas E Navin
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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109
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Rodriguez-Lee M, Kuhn P, Webb DR. Advancing cancer patient care by integrating circulating tumor cell technology to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of cancer. Drug Dev Res 2015; 75:384-92. [PMID: 25195582 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal dynamics of cancer, studied with physical science approaches at critical transition points of the disease can provide insight into the biology of cancer and the evolutionary changes that occur both naturally and in response to therapy. A very promising development in translational cancer medicine has been the emergence of circulating tumor cells (CTC) as minimally invasive "liquid biopsies." We envision that the future utility of CTC will not simply be confined to enumeration, but also include their routine characterization using a high-content approach that investigates morphometrics, protein expression and genomic profiling. This novel approach guided by mathematical models to predict the spread of disease from the primary site to secondary site can bring the bench to the bedside for cancer patients. It is agnostic with reference to drug choice and treatment regimen, which also means that each patient is unique. The approach is Bayesian from a data collection perspective and is patient-centric rather than drug or new chemical entity-centric. The analysis of data comes from an understanding of commonalities and differences that are detected among patients with a given cancer type. Thus, patients are treated over the course of their disease with various drug regimens that reflects our real-time understanding of their evolving tumor genomics and response to treatment. This likely means that smaller cohorts of patients receive any given regimen but we hypothesize that it would lead to better patient outcomes than with the current classic approach to drug testing and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Rodriguez-Lee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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110
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Zhang C, Wang L, Guan Y, Sun Y, Liu X, Zhu D, Guo Q. Progress of Circulating Tumor Cells in Cancer Management. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2015; 15:509-16. [PMID: 25948322 DOI: 10.1177/1533034615583762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells are low-frequency cells that are shed into the peripheral bloodstream from a primary solid tumor and/or metastasis. Although these cells were recognized initially in 1869, it is only in the past 2 decades that they have been isolated for use as a surrogate biomarker to monitor response to therapy, evaluate prognosis, detect tumor mutations, assist in selecting personalized medicine, and enable earlier cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chufeng Zhang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong, Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong, Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Guan
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yulan Sun
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuju Liu
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dongyuan Zhu
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qisen Guo
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
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111
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Baslan T, Kendall J, Ward B, Cox H, Leotta A, Rodgers L, Riggs M, D'Italia S, Sun G, Yong M, Miskimen K, Gilmore H, Saborowski M, Dimitrova N, Krasnitz A, Harris L, Wigler M, Hicks J. Optimizing sparse sequencing of single cells for highly multiplex copy number profiling. Genome Res 2015; 25:714-24. [PMID: 25858951 PMCID: PMC4417119 DOI: 10.1101/gr.188060.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide analysis at the level of single cells has recently emerged as a powerful tool to dissect genome heterogeneity in cancer, neurobiology, and development. To be truly transformative, single-cell approaches must affordably accommodate large numbers of single cells. This is feasible in the case of copy number variation (CNV), because CNV determination requires only sparse sequence coverage. We have used a combination of bioinformatic and molecular approaches to optimize single-cell DNA amplification and library preparation for highly multiplexed sequencing, yielding a method that can produce genome-wide CNV profiles of up to a hundred individual cells on a single lane of an Illumina HiSeq instrument. We apply the method to human cancer cell lines and biopsied cancer tissue, thereby illustrating its efficiency, reproducibility, and power to reveal underlying genetic heterogeneity and clonal phylogeny. The capacity of the method to facilitate the rapid profiling of hundreds to thousands of single-cell genomes represents a key step in making single-cell profiling an easily accessible tool for studying cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timour Baslan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11790, USA
| | - Jude Kendall
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Brian Ward
- Sigma-Aldrich Research Technology, Saint Louis, Missouri 63103, USA
| | - Hilary Cox
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Anthony Leotta
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Linda Rodgers
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Michael Riggs
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Sean D'Italia
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Guoli Sun
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Mao Yong
- Phillips Research North America, Biomedical Informatics, Briarcliff Manor, New York 10510, USA
| | - Kristy Miskimen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Hannah Gilmore
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Michael Saborowski
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nevenka Dimitrova
- Phillips Research North America, Biomedical Informatics, Briarcliff Manor, New York 10510, USA
| | | | - Lyndsay Harris
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA; Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals of Case Western, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Michael Wigler
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - James Hicks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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112
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Adorno-Cruz V, Kibria G, Liu X, Doherty M, Junk DJ, Guan D, Hubert C, Venere M, Mulkearns-Hubert E, Sinyuk M, Alvarado A, Caplan AI, Rich J, Gerson SL, Lathia J, Liu H. Cancer stem cells: targeting the roots of cancer, seeds of metastasis, and sources of therapy resistance. Cancer Res 2015; 75:924-9. [PMID: 25604264 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the goal to remove the roots of cancer, eliminate metastatic seeds, and overcome therapy resistance, the 2014 inaugural International Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) Conference at Cleveland, OH, convened together over 320 investigators, including 55 invited world-class speakers, 25 short oral presenters, and 100 poster presenters, to gain an in-depth understanding of CSCs and explore therapeutic opportunities targeting CSCs. The meeting enabled intriguing discussions on several topics including: genetics and epigenetics; cancer origin and evolution; microenvironment and exosomes; metabolism and inflammation; metastasis and therapy resistance; single cell and heterogeneity; plasticity and reprogramming; as well as other new concepts. Reports of clinical trials targeting CSCs emphasized the urgent need for strategically designing combinational CSC-targeting therapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Adorno-Cruz
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Golam Kibria
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mary Doherty
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Damian J Junk
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dongyin Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chris Hubert
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Monica Venere
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Erin Mulkearns-Hubert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Maksim Sinyuk
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alvaro Alvarado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Arnold I Caplan
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio. National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeremy Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio. National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stanton L Gerson
- National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Justin Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio. National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Huiping Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio. National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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113
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Ruiz C, Li J, Luttgen MS, Kolatkar A, Kendall JT, Flores E, Topp Z, Samlowski WE, McClay E, Bethel K, Ferrone S, Hicks J, Kuhn P. Limited genomic heterogeneity of circulating melanoma cells in advanced stage patients. Phys Biol 2015; 12:016008. [PMID: 25574741 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/12/1/016008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. Circulating melanoma cells (CMCs) constitute a potentially important representation of time-resolved tumor biology in patients. To date, genomic characterization of CMCs has been limited due to the lack of a robust methodology capable of identifying them in a format suitable for downstream characterization. Here, we have developed a methodology to detect intact CMCs that enables phenotypic, morphometric and genomic analysis at the single cell level. Experimental design. Blood samples from 40 metastatic melanoma patients and 10 normal blood donors were prospectively collected. A panel of 7 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4)-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was used to immunocytochemically label CMCs. Detection was performed by automated digital fluorescence microscopy and multi-parametric computational analysis. Individual CMCs were captured by micromanipulation for whole genome amplification and copy number variation (CNV) analysis. Results. Based on CSPG4 expression and nuclear size, 1-250 CMCs were detected in 22 (55%) of 40 metastatic melanoma patients (0.5-371.5 CMCs ml(-1)). Morphometric analysis revealed that CMCs have a broad spectrum of morphologies and sizes but exhibit a relatively homogeneous nuclear size that was on average 1.5-fold larger than that of surrounding PBMCs. CNV analysis of single CMCs identified deletions of CDKN2A and PTEN, and amplification(s) of TERT, BRAF, KRAS and MDM2. Furthermore, novel chromosomal amplifications in chr12, 17 and 19 were also found. Conclusions. Our findings show that CSPG4 expressing CMCs can be found in the majority of advanced melanoma patients. High content analysis of this cell population may contribute to the design of effective personalized therapies in patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ruiz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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114
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Kumar VS, Webster M. Finding Waldo: the emerging field of circulating tumor cells. Clin Chem 2014; 60:1593-5. [PMID: 25432998 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.233080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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115
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Combined analysis of copy number alterations by single-nucleotide polymorphism array and MYC status in non-metastatic breast cancer patients: comparison according to the circulating tumor cell status. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:711-8. [PMID: 25286758 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent technological advances have made it possible to detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as a prognostic marker in operable breast cancer patients. Whether the presence of CTCs in cancer patients correlates with molecular alterations in the primary tumor has not been widely explored. We identified 14 primary breast cancer specimens with known CTC status, in order to evaluate the presence of differential genetic aberrations by using SNP array assay. There was a global increase of altered genome, CNA, and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (cn-LOH) observed in the CTC-positive (CTC(+)) versus CTC-negative (CTC(-)) cases. As the preliminary results showed a higher proportion of copy number alteration (CNA) at 8q24 (MYC loci) and the available evidence supporting the role of MYC in the processes cancer metastases is conflicting, MYC status was determined in tissue microarray sections in a larger series of patients (n = 49) with known CTC status using FISH. MYC was altered in 62% (16/26) CTC(+) patients and in 43% (6/14) CTC(-) patients (p = 0.25). Based on the observation in our study, future studies involving a larger number of patients should be performed in order to definitively define if this correlation exists.
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