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Dostert G, Mesure B, Menu P, Velot É. How Do Mesenchymal Stem Cells Influence or Are Influenced by Microenvironment through Extracellular Vesicles Communication? Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:6. [PMID: 28224125 PMCID: PMC5293793 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used in cell therapy and tissue engineering thanks to their self-renewal, their multipotency, and their immunomodulatory properties that make them an attractive tool for regenerative medicine. A large part of MSCs positive effects is due to their secretion products which participate in creating a favorable microenvironment and closely relate these cells to other cell types. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) belong to cellular secretions. They are produced by cells continuously or after stimulation (e.g., calcium flux, cellular stress) and act in tissue homeostasis and intercellular communication. The understanding of the role of EVs is growing, more particularly their impact on cell migration, differentiation, or immunomodulation. EVs derived from MSCs show these interesting properties that may be considered in therapeutics, although they can have adverse effects by facilitating cancer propagation. Moreover, MSC behavior may also be influenced (proliferation, differentiation) by EVs derived from other donor cells. The aim of this mini review is to summarize the two-way communication between MSCs and other cell types, and how they can affect each other with their microenvironment through EVs. On the one hand, the manuscript presents the influence of MSC-derived EVs on diverse recipient cells and on the other hand, the effects of EVs derived from various donor cells on MSCs. The discrepancies between cancer cells and MSCs communication according to the sources of MSCs but also the tumor origins are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Dostert
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Benjamin Mesure
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Patrick Menu
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Émilie Velot
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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102
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Zhang Y, Yu M, Dai M, Chen C, Tang Q, Jing W, Wang H, Tian W. miR-450a-5p within rat adipose tissue exosome-like vesicles promotes adipogenic differentiation by targeting WISP2. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1158-1168. [PMID: 28167681 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.197764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ that can secrete a wide number of factors to regulate adipogenesis via paracrine signals. In addition to soluble proteins in adipose tissue, microRNAs (miRNAs) enriched in extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes or microvesicles, could modulate intercellular communications. In this study, we demonstrated that exosome-like vesicles derived from adipose tissue (Exo-AT) were internalized by adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs), and that these, in turn, induced adipogenesis. High-throughput sequencing showed that 45 miRNAs were enriched in Exo-AT, and 31.11% of them were associated with adipogenesis, compared with ADSC-derived exosome-like vesicles (Exo-ADSC). miR-450a-5p, one of the most abundant miRNAs in Exo-AT, was a proadipogenic miRNA. Further study demonstrated that miR-450a-5p promoted adipogenesis through repressing expression of WISP2 by targeting its 3' untranslated region. Additionally, Exo-AT could also downregulate the expression of WISP2, while miR-450a-5p inhibitor reversed this effect. Moreover, inhibition of miR-450a-5p impaired adipogenesis mediated by exosome-like vesicles. In conclusion, Exo-AT mediates adipogenic differentiation through a mechanism involving transfer of miR-450a-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Sec., Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China .,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Sec., Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P.R. China
| | - Minjia Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Sec., Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Sec., Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Sec., Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Sec., Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Sec., Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China .,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Sec., Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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103
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is an urgent need for effective therapies to restore neurologic function and decrease disability following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, emerging findings on the mechanisms of post-TBI neural repair and regeneration, as well as therapeutic implications, are selectively reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Recent discoveries include the characterization of the inhibitory signaling systems within the injury site, postinjury stem cell niche activation, the role of serotonin signaling in repair, and environment enrichment. A potentially transformative finding has been the identification of exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles which have key roles in cell signaling, and might serve as novel biomarkers and as vehicles for targeted delivery of repair-inducing molecules. SUMMARY In the experimental setting, post-TBI repair can be promoted by modulation of inhibitory signaling, neurotrophic factor administration, and amplified serotonin signaling; additional strategies include mobilization of endogenous stem cell populations, exogenous cell-based therapies, and environmental enhancement. Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of these approaches need further investigation in humans. Studies are also needed to evaluate biomarkers based on molecular traces of neural repair and regeneration, which could transform prognostic and predictive modeling of post-TBI recovery trajectories.
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104
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Takeda YS, Wang M, Deng P, Xu Q. Synthetic bioreducible lipid-based nanoparticles for miRNA delivery to mesenchymal stem cells to induce neuronal differentiation. Bioeng Transl Med 2016; 1:160-167. [PMID: 29313011 PMCID: PMC5675087 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) functions in tissue regeneration and determines the fate of stem cells. Nanoparticle‐based miRNA delivery systems for therapeutic applications have been studied in clinical settings. However, gene delivery to stem cells is still a challenging issue. Lipid‐like nanoparticles produced using combinatorial approaches have recently been used for delivery of a variety of biologics. In this study, we investigated the ability of these lipids to deliver miRNA to human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). First, small library screening of bioreducible lipids was performed using fluorophore‐conjugated miRNA to determine the optimal chemical structure for miRNA delivery to hMSCs. Next, miRNA‐9 (miR‐9), which promotes neuronal differentiation of stem cells, was delivered to hMSCs using the lipids identified from the library screening. Morphological changes of the cells and upregulation of neuronal marker genes were observed after the delivery of miR‐9. The synthetic bioreducible lipids are effective in facilitating miRNA delivery to hMSCs and promoting the neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji S Takeda
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby Street Medford MA 02155
| | - Ming Wang
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby Street Medford MA 02155.,Present address: Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Beijing 100190 China, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
| | - Pu Deng
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby Street Medford MA 02155
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby Street Medford MA 02155
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105
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Marote A, Teixeira FG, Mendes-Pinheiro B, Salgado AJ. MSCs-Derived Exosomes: Cell-Secreted Nanovesicles with Regenerative Potential. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:231. [PMID: 27536241 PMCID: PMC4971062 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enclosed nanovesicles (30–150 nm) that shuttle active cargoes between different cells. These tiny extracellular vesicles have been recently isolated from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) conditioned medium, a population of multipotent cells identified in several adult tissues. MSCs paracrine activity has been already shown to be the key mediator of their elicited regenerative effects. On the other hand, the individual contribution of MSCs-derived exosomes for these effects is only now being unraveled. The administration of MSCs-derived exosomes has been demonstrated to restore tissue function in multiple diseases/injury models and to induce beneficial in vitro effects, mainly mediated by exosomal-enclosed miRNAs. Additionally, the source and the culture conditions of MSCs have been shown to influence the regenerative responses induced by exosomes. Therefore, these studies reveal that MSCs-derived exosomes hold a great potential for cell-free therapies that are safer and easier to manipulate than cell-based products. Nevertheless, this is an emerging research field and hence, further studies are required to understand the full dimension of this complex intercellular communication system and how it can be optimized to take full advantage of its therapeutic effects. In this mini-review, we summarize the most significant new advances in the regenerative properties of MSCs-derived exosomes and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marote
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, BragaPortugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/GuimarãesPortugal
| | - Fábio G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, BragaPortugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/GuimarãesPortugal
| | - Bárbara Mendes-Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, BragaPortugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/GuimarãesPortugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, BragaPortugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/GuimarãesPortugal
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106
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Lee H, Han NR, Hwang JY, Yun JI, Kim C, Park KH, Lee ST. Gelatin Directly Enhances Neurogenic Differentiation Potential in Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Without Stimulation of Neural Progenitor Cell Proliferation. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:530-6. [PMID: 27171118 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatin has been reported to induce generation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with enhanced potential of differentiation into neuronal lineage cells. However, the presence of various cell types besides MSCs in bone marrow has raised doubts about the effects of gelatin. In the following report, we determined whether gelatin can directly enhance neurogenic differentiation potential in MSCs without proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). MSCs comprised a high proportion of bone marrow-derived primary cells (BMPCs) and gelatin induced significant increases in MSC proliferation during primary culture, and the proportion of MSCs was maintained at more than 99% throughout the subculture. However, NPCs comprised a low percentage of BMPCs and a decrease in proliferation was detected despite gelatin treatment during the primary culture, and the proportion of subcultured NPCs gradually decreased. In a similar manner, MSCs exposed to gelatin during primary culture showed more enhanced neurogenic differentiation ability than those not exposed to gelatin. Together, these results demonstrate that gelatin directly enhances neurogenic differentiation in bone marrow-derived MSCs without stimulating NPC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Lee
- 1 Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Na Rae Han
- 1 Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Hwang
- 2 Division of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jung Im Yun
- 3 Division of Animal Resource Science, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Choonghyo Kim
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyun Park
- 1 Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea.,3 Division of Animal Resource Science, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seung Tae Lee
- 1 Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea.,2 Division of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea
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107
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Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Neural Crest Cells in Craniofacial Skeletal Research. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2849879. [PMID: 27006661 PMCID: PMC4783549 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2849879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial skeletal tissues are composed of tooth and bone, together with nerves and blood vessels. This composite material is mainly derived from neural crest cells (NCCs). The neural crest is transient embryonic tissue present during neural tube formation whose cells have high potential for migration and differentiation. Thus, NCCs are promising candidates for craniofacial tissue regeneration; however, the clinical application of NCCs is hindered by their limited accessibility. In contrast, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are easily accessible in adults, have similar potential for self-renewal, and can differentiate into skeletal tissues, including bones and cartilage. Therefore, MSCs may represent good sources of stem cells for clinical use. MSCs are classically identified under adherent culture conditions, leading to contamination with other cell lineages. Previous studies have identified mouse- and human-specific MSC subsets using cell surface markers. Additionally, some studies have shown that a subset of MSCs is closely related to neural crest derivatives and endothelial cells. These MSCs may be promising candidates for regeneration of craniofacial tissues from the perspective of developmental fate. Here, we review the fundamental biology of MSCs in craniofacial research.
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108
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Application of regenerative medicine strategies for repair of organs/tissue impacted by chronic disease is an active subject for product development. Such methodologies emphasize the role of stem cells as the active biological ingredient. However, recent developments in elucidating mechanisms of action of these therapies have focused on the role of paracrine, 'action-at-a-distance' modus operandi in mediating the ability to catalyze regenerative outcomes without significant site-specific engraftment. A salient component of this secreted regenerative milieu are exosomes: 40-100 nm intraluminal vesicles that mediate transfer of proteins and nucleic acids across cellular boundaries. AREAS COVERED Here, we synthesize recent studies from PubMed and Google Scholar highlighting how cell-based therapeutics and cosmeceutics are transitioning towards the secretome generally and exosomes specifically as a principal modulator of regenerative outcomes. EXPERT OPINION Exosomes contribute to organ development and mediate regenerative outcomes in injury and disease that recapitulate observed bioactivity of stem cell populations. Encapsulation of the active biological ingredients of regeneration within non-living exosome carriers may offer process, manufacturing and regulatory advantages over stem cell-based therapies.
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109
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Zhang Y, Yu M, Tian W. Physiological and pathological impact of exosomes of adipose tissue. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:3-13. [PMID: 26776755 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles that have emerged as a new intercellular communication system for transporting proteins and RNAs; recent studies have shown that they play a role in many physiological and pathological processes such as immune regulation, cell differentiation, infection and cancer. By transferring proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs, exosomes act as information vehicles that alter the behavior of recipient cells. Compared to direct cell-cell contact or secreted factors, exosomes can affect recipient cells in more efficient ways. In whole adipose tissues, it has been shown that exosomes exist in supernatants of adipocytes and adipose stromal cells (ADSCs). Adipocyte exosomes are linked to lipid metabolism and obesity-related insulin resistance and exosomes secreted by ADSCs are involved in angiogenesis, immunomodulation and tumor development. This review introduces characteristics of exosomes in adipose tissue, summarizes their functions in different physiological and pathological processes and provides the further insight into potential application of exosomes to disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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