101
|
Saus E, Iraola-Guzmán S, Willis JR, Brunet-Vega A, Gabaldón T. Microbiome and colorectal cancer: Roles in carcinogenesis and clinical potential. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 69:93-106. [PMID: 31082399 PMCID: PMC6856719 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract harbors most of the microbiota associated with humans. In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in assessing the relationships between the gut microbiota and several gut alterations, including colorectal cancer. Changes in the gut microbiota in patients suffering colorectal cancer suggest a possible role of host-microbe interactions in the origin and development of this malignancy and, at the same time, open the door for novel ways of preventing, diagnosing, or treating this disease. In this review we survey current knowledge on the healthy microbiome of the gut and how it is altered in colorectal cancer and other related disease conditions. In describing past studies we will critically assess technical limitations of different approaches and point to existing challenges in microbiome research. We will have a special focus on host-microbiome interaction mechanisms that may be important to explain how dysbiosis can lead to chronic inflammation and drive processes that influence carcinogenesis and tumor progression in colon cancer. Finally, we will discuss the potential of recent developments of novel microbiota-based therapeutics and diagnostic tools for colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Saus
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Susana Iraola-Guzmán
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jesse R Willis
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anna Brunet-Vega
- Oncology Service, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain.
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Paley EL. Diet-Related Metabolic Perturbations of Gut Microbial Shikimate Pathway-Tryptamine-tRNA Aminoacylation-Protein Synthesis in Human Health and Disease. Int J Tryptophan Res 2019; 12:1178646919834550. [PMID: 30944520 PMCID: PMC6440052 DOI: 10.1177/1178646919834550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gut bacterial Na(+)-transporting NADH:ubiquinone reductase (NQR) sequence is associated with Alzheimer disease (AD). Here, Alzheimer disease-associated sequence (ADAS) is further characterized in cultured spore-forming Clostridium sp. Tryptophan and NQR substrate ubiquinone have common precursor chorismate in microbial shikimate pathway. Tryptophan-derived tryptamine presents in human diet and gut microbiome. Tryptamine inhibits tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) with consequent neurodegeneration in cell and animal models. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase inhibition causes protein biosynthesis impairment similar to that revealed in AD. Tryptamine-induced TrpRS gene-dose reduction is associated with TrpRS protein deficiency and cell death. In animals, tryptamine treatment results in toxicity, weight gain, and prediabetes-related hypoglycemia. Sequence analysis of gut microbiome database reveals 89% to 100% ADAS nucleotide identity in American Indian (Cheyenne and Arapaho [C&A]) Oklahomans, of which ~93% being overweight or obese and 50% self-reporting type 2 diabetes (T2D). Alzheimer disease-associated sequence occurs in 10.8% of C&A vs 1.3% of healthy American population. This observation is of considerable interest because T2D links to AD and obesity. Alzheimer disease-associated sequence prevails in gut microbiome of colorectal cancer, which linked to AD. Metabolomics revealed that tryptamine, chorismate precursor quinate, and chorismate product 4-hydroxybenzoate (ubiquinone precursor) are significantly higher, while tryptophan-containing dipeptides are lower due to tRNA aminoacylation deficiency in C&A compared with non-native Oklahoman who showed no ADAS. Thus, gut microbial tryptamine overproduction correlates with ADAS occurrence. Antibiotic and diet additives induce ADAS and tryptamine. Mitogenic/cytotoxic tryptamine cause microbial and human cell death, gut dysbiosis, and consequent disruption of host-microbe homeostasis. Present analysis of 1246 participants from 17 human gut metagenomics studies revealed ADAS in cell death diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Paley
- Expert BioMed, Inc., Miami Dade, FL, USA.,Stop Alzheimers Corp, Miami Dade, FL, USA.,Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Xu J, Zhang QF, Zheng J, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. Mass spectrometry-based fecal metabolome analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
104
|
Gut microbiota, a new frontier to understand traditional Chinese medicines. Pharmacol Res 2019; 142:176-191. [PMID: 30818043 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As an important component of complementary and alternative medicines, traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) are gaining more and more attentions around the world because of the powerful therapeutic effects and less side effects. However, there are still some doubts about TCM because of the questionable TCM theories and unclear biological active compounds. In recent years, gut microbiota has emerged as an important frontier to understand the development and progress of diseases. Together with this trend, an increasing number of studies have indicated that drug molecules can interact with gut microbiota after oral administration. In this context, more and more studies pertaining to TCM have paid attention to gut microbiota and have yield rich information for understanding TCM. After oral administration, TCM can interact with gut microbiota: (1) TCM can modulate the composition of gut microbiota; (2) TCM can modulate the metabolism of gut microbiota; (3) gut microbiota can transform TCM compounds. During the interactions, two types of metabolites can be produced: gut microbiota metabolites (of food and host origin) and gut microbiota transformed TCM compounds. In this review, we summarized the interactions between TCM and gut microbiota, and the pharmacological effects and features of metabolites produced during interactions between TCM and gut microbiota. Then, focusing on gut microbiota and metabolites, we summarized the aspects in which gut microbiota has facilitated our understanding of TCM. At the end of this review, the outlooks for further research of TCM and gut microbiota were also discussed.
Collapse
|
105
|
Ogawa Y, Sato M, Yamashita T, Nakano R, Mochizuki S, Kasahara K, Yano H, Mikasa K. Polymicrobial Anaerobic Bacteremia Caused by Butyricimonas virosa and Brachyspira pilosicoli in a Patient with Peritonitis following Intestinal Perforation. Ann Lab Med 2019; 38:71-73. [PMID: 29071824 PMCID: PMC5700152 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2018.38.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Ogawa
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Sato
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nara City Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Takaya Yamashita
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nara City Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Kei Kasahara
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Yano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Keiichi Mikasa
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Zhou J, Tang L, Wang JS. Assessment of the adverse impacts of aflatoxin B 1 on gut-microbiota dependent metabolism in F344 rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:618-628. [PMID: 30447610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The adverse impacts of AFB1 on gut-microbiota dependent metabolism in F344 rats were assessed via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-profiling and UHPLC-mass spectrometry (MS) metabolomic analyses. UHPLC-profiling analysis found 1100 raw peaks from the fecal samples collected at week 4, of which 335 peaks showed peak shape qualified for quantitation. A total of 24, 40 and 71 peaks were significantly decreased (>2-fold, p < 0.05) among the exposure groups treated with 5, 25, and 75 μg AFB1 kg-1 body weight (B. W.), respectively. Supervised orthogonal partial least squares projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis revealed 11 differential peaks that may be used to predict AFB1-induced adverse changes of the metabolites. UHPLC-MS based metabolomic analysis discovered 494 features that were significantly altered by AFB1, and 234 of them were imputatively identified using Human Metabolome Data Base (HMDB). Metabolite set enrichment analysis showed that the highly disrupted metabolic pathways were: protein biosynthesis, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, betaine metabolism, cysteine metabolism, and methionine metabolism. Eight features were rated as indicative metabolites for AFB1 exposure: 3-decanol, xanthylic acid, norspermidine, nervonyl carnitine, pantothenol, threitol, 2-hexanoyl carnitine, and 1-nitrohexane. These data suggest that AFB1 could significantly reduce the variety of nutrients in gut and disrupt a number of gut-microbiota dependent metabolic pathways, which may contribute to the AFB1-associated stunted growth, liver diseases and the immune toxic effects that have been observed in animal models and human populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Lili Tang
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Predicting the associations between microbes and diseases by integrating multiple data sources and path-based HeteSim scores. Neurocomputing 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2018.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
108
|
Karu N, Deng L, Slae M, Guo AC, Sajed T, Huynh H, Wine E, Wishart DS. A review on human fecal metabolomics: Methods, applications and the human fecal metabolome database. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1030:1-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
109
|
Adamovsky O, Buerger AN, Wormington AM, Ector N, Griffitt RJ, Bisesi JH, Martyniuk CJ. The gut microbiome and aquatic toxicology: An emerging concept for environmental health. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2758-2775. [PMID: 30094867 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome plays an essential role in the health and onset of diseases in all animals, including humans. The microbiome has emerged as a central theme in environmental toxicology because microbes interact with the host immune system in addition to its role in chemical detoxification. Pathophysiological changes in the gastrointestinal tissue caused by ingested chemicals and metabolites generated from microbial biodegradation can lead to systemic adverse effects. The present critical review dissects what we know about the impacts of environmental contaminants on the microbiome of aquatic species, with special emphasis on the gut microbiome. We highlight some of the known major gut epithelium proteins in vertebrate hosts that are targets for chemical perturbation, proteins that also directly cross-talk with the microbiome. These proteins may act as molecular initiators for altered gut function, and we propose a general framework for an adverse outcome pathway that considers gut dysbiosis as a major contributing factor to adverse apical endpoints. We present 2 case studies, nanomaterials and hydrocarbons, with special emphasis on the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, to illustrate how investigations into the microbiome can improve understanding of adverse outcomes. Lastly, we present strategies to functionally relate chemical-induced gut dysbiosis with adverse outcomes because this is required to demonstrate cause-effect relationships. Further investigations into the toxicant-microbiome relationship may prove to be a major breakthrough for improving animal and human health. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2758-2775. © 2018 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Adamovsky
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Amanda N Buerger
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexis M Wormington
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Naomi Ector
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Gulfport, Mississippi, USA
| | - Joseph H Bisesi
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Abstract
Purpose of Review The trillions of microbes collectively referred to as the human microbiota, inhabit the human body and establish a beneficial relationship with the host. It is clear however that dysbiosis impacting microbial diversity in the gut, may lead to development of inflammatory and malignant gastrointestinal diseases including colorectal cancer (CRC). We provide a literature review of the recent influx of information related to the alterations in gut microbiota composition that influences CRC incidence and progression. Recent Findings A growing body of evidence implicates altered gut microbiota in the development of CRC. Profiles of CRC associated microbiota have been shown to differ from those in healthy subjects and bacterial phylotypes vary depending on the primary tumor location. The compositional variation in the microbial profile is not restricted to cancerous tissue however and is different between cancers of the proximal and distal colons, respectively. More recently, studies have shed light on the "driver-passenger" model for CRC wherein, driver bacteria cause inflammation, increased cell proliferation and production of genotoxic substances to contribute towards mutational acquisition associated with adenoma-carcinoma sequence. These changes facilitate gradual replacement of driver bacteria by passengers that either promote or suppress tumor progression. Significant advances have also been made in associating individual bacterial species to consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) of CRC and this remarkable development is expected to galvanize scientific community into advancing therapeutic strategies for CRC. Summary Increasing evidence suggests a link between the intestinal microbiota and CRC development although the mechanisms through which the bacterial constituents of the microbiome contribute towards CRC are complex and yet to be fully fathomed. Thus, more exhaustive and mechanistic studies are needed to identify key interactions amongst diet, microbial community and metabolites that help facilitate the adenoma-carcinoma sequence evolution in CRC. It is expected that development of therapeutics based on microbial association with CMS will likely facilitate the translation of molecular subtypes into the clinic for CRCs and potentially other malignancies.
Collapse
|
111
|
Stunted childhood growth is associated with decompartmentalization of the gastrointestinal tract and overgrowth of oropharyngeal taxa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8489-E8498. [PMID: 30126990 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806573115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Linear growth delay (stunting) affects roughly 155 million children under the age of 5 years worldwide. Treatment has been limited by a lack of understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Stunting is most likely associated with changes in the microbial community of the small intestine, a compartment vital for digestion and nutrient absorption. Efforts to better understand the pathophysiology have been hampered by difficulty of access to small intestinal fluids. Here, we describe the microbial community found in the upper gastrointestinal tract of stunted children aged 2-5 y living in sub-Saharan Africa. We studied 46 duodenal and 57 gastric samples from stunted children, as well as 404 fecal samples from stunted and nonstunted children living in Bangui, Central African Republic, and in Antananarivo, Madagascar, using 16S Illumina Amplicon sequencing and semiquantitative culture methods. The vast majority of the stunted children showed small intestinal bacterial overgrowth dominated by bacteria that normally reside in the oropharyngeal cavity. There was an overrepresentation of oral bacteria in fecal samples of stunted children, opening the way for developing noninvasive diagnostic markers. In addition, Escherichia coli/Shigella sp. and Campylobacter sp. were found to be more prevalent in stunted children, while Clostridia, well-known butyrate producers, were reduced. Our data suggest that stunting is associated with a microbiome "decompartmentalization" of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by an increased presence of oropharyngeal bacteria from the stomach to the colon, hence challenging the current view of stunting arising solely as a consequence of small intestine overstimulation through recurrent infections by enteric pathogens.
Collapse
|
112
|
Mathé E, Hays JL, Stover DG, Chen JL. The Omics Revolution Continues: The Maturation of High-Throughput Biological Data Sources. Yearb Med Inform 2018; 27:211-222. [PMID: 30157526 PMCID: PMC6115204 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1667085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim is to provide a comprehensive review of state-of-the art omics approaches, including proteomics, metabolomics, cell-free DNA, and patient cohort matching algorithms in precision oncology. METHODS In the past several years, the cancer informatics revolution has been the beneficiary of a data explosion. Different complementary omics technologies have begun coming into their own to provide a more nuanced view of the patient-tumor interaction beyond that of DNA alterations. A combined approach is beneficial to the patient as nearly all new cancer therapeutics are designed with an omics biomarker in mind. Proteomics and metabolomics provide us with a means of assaying in real-time the response of the tumor to treatment. Circulating cell-free DNA may allow us to better understand tumor heterogeneity and interactions with the host genome. RESULTS Integration of increasingly available omics data increases our ability to segment patients into smaller and smaller cohorts, thereby prompting a shift in our thinking about how to use these omics data. With large repositories of patient omics-outcomes data being generated, patient cohort matching algorithms have become a dominant player. CONCLUSIONS The continued promise of precision oncology is to select patients who are most likely to benefit from treatment and to avoid toxicity for those who will not. The increased public availability of omics and outcomes data in patients, along with improved computational methods and resources, are making precision oncology a reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewy Mathé
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John L. Hays
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniel G. Stover
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - James L. Chen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Gilbert MS, Ijssennagger N, Kies AK, van Mil SWC. Protein fermentation in the gut; implications for intestinal dysfunction in humans, pigs, and poultry. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G159-G170. [PMID: 29597354 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00319.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The amount of dietary protein is associated with intestinal disease in different vertebrate species. In humans, this is exemplified by the association between high-protein intake and fermentation metabolite concentrations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In production animals, dietary protein intake is associated with postweaning diarrhea in piglets and with the occurrence of wet litter in poultry. The underlying mechanisms by which dietary protein contributes to intestinal problems remain largely unknown. Fermentation of undigested protein in the hindgut results in formation of fermentation products including short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, ammonia, phenolic and indolic compounds, biogenic amines, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide. Here, we review the mechanisms by which these metabolites may cause intestinal disease. Studies addressing how different metabolites induce epithelial damage rely mainly on cell culture studies and occasionally on mice or rat models. Often, contrasting results were reported. The direct relevance of such studies for human, pig, and poultry gut health is therefore questionable and does not suffice for the development of interventions to improve gut health. We discuss a roadmap to improve our understanding of gut metabolites and microbial species associated with intestinal health in humans and production animals and to determine whether these metabolite/bacterial networks cause epithelial damage. The outcomes of these studies will dictate proof-of-principle studies to eliminate specific metabolites and or bacterial strains and will provide the basis for interventions aiming to improve gut health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe S Gilbert
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Noortje Ijssennagger
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Arie K Kies
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands.,DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Saskia W C van Mil
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Huang Q, Peng Y, Xie F. Fecal fusobacterium nucleatum for detecting colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 33:1724600818781301. [PMID: 29968498 DOI: 10.1177/1724600818781301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of fecal Fusobacterium nucleatum ( Fn) for detecting colorectal cancer. It is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to focus exclusively on fecal Fn for colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Comprehensive searches of several databases before January 2018 were conducted. Fecal Fn for detecting colorectal cancer was evaluated via pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, and area under the curve. Heterogeneity was explored using meta-regression and subgroup analyses. The publication bias and the overall quality of evidence were also analyzed. RESULTS Our analysis included six papers containing seven case-control studies in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Overall sensitivity and specificity were 0.68 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64, 0.72) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.75, 0.81), respectively. The positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio in detecting colorectal cancer were 2.87 (95% CI 1.62, 5.10) and 0.40 (95% CI 0.30, 0.54) respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio (OR) was 8.75 (95% CI 4.86, 15.78) and the area under the curve was 0.80. A subgroup analysis showed that in Asia, the colorectal cancer sample size ⩾50 had higher specificity (specificity 0.85, 95% CI 0.80, 0.88). No publication bias existed. The GRADEpro showed a moderate level of the available evidence. CONCLUSIONS Compared to other examinations, the fecal Fn test seems a good choice for detecting colorectal cancer. It also has better diagnostic performance in Asians. However, more clinical trials with large sample sizes and strict randomization are needed to further verify the evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- 1 Department of Oncology, the 476 Hospital of PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Yonghai Peng
- 2 Department of Oncology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Fangwei Xie
- 2 Department of Oncology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fujian, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Villéger R, Lopès A, Veziant J, Gagnière J, Barnich N, Billard E, Boucher D, Bonnet M. Microbial markers in colorectal cancer detection and/or prognosis. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2327-2347. [PMID: 29904241 PMCID: PMC6000297 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i22.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer worldwide. CRC is still associated with a poor prognosis among patients with advanced disease. On the contrary, due to its slow progression from detectable precancerous lesions, the prognosis for patients with early stages of CRC is encouraging. While most robust methods are invasive and costly, actual patient-friendly screening methods for CRC suffer of lack of sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, the development of sensitive, non-invasive and cost-effective methods for CRC detection and prognosis are necessary for increasing the chances of a cure. Beyond its beneficial functions for the host, increasing evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota is a key factor associated with carcinogenesis. Many clinical studies have reported a disruption in the gut microbiota balance and an alteration in the faecal metabolome of CRC patients, suggesting the potential use of a microbial-based test as a non-invasive diagnostic and/or prognostic tool for CRC screening. This review aims to discuss the microbial signatures associated with CRC known to date, including dysbiosis and faecal metabolome alterations, and the potential use of microbial variation markers for non-invasive early diagnosis and/or prognostic assessment of CRC and advanced adenomas. We will finally discuss the possible use of these markers as predicators for treatment response and their limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Villéger
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Amélie Lopès
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
- Research Biologics, Sanofi R&D, Vitry-Sur-Seine 94400, France
| | - Julie Veziant
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
- Chirurgie digestive, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Johan Gagnière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
- Chirurgie digestive, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Elisabeth Billard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Delphine Boucher
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Mathilde Bonnet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Amitay EL, Krilaviciute A, Brenner H. Systematic review: Gut microbiota in fecal samples and detection of colorectal neoplasms. Gut Microbes 2018; 9. [PMID: 29543545 PMCID: PMC6219654 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1445957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota may be associated with CRC. This systematic review focuses on differences in gut microbial community between people diagnosed with CRC or adenoma and healthy individuals using fecal samples, emphasizing non-invasive fecal microbiome models for CRC early diagnosis. Nineteen studies were identified in a systematic literature search of Pubmed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect. Several bacteria were reported to differ in abundance between CRC and adenoma cases and healthy controls, with Fusobacterium the most common. Fecal multi-bacterial predictive models used to distinguish CRC patients from healthy controls had reported areas under the receiver operating curve (AUCs) in external validation populations of 0.68-0.77. Though advanced sequencing techniques could in the future complement current non-invasive methods for CRC early detection, more studies with high statistical power, comparable and reproducible methods and external validation of predictive models are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efrat L. Amitay
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,CONTACT Efrat L. Amitay, MPH, PhD, Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research (C070) German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agne Krilaviciute
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,Heidelberg Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Osman MA, Neoh HM, Ab Mutalib NS, Chin SF, Jamal R. 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing for Deciphering the Colorectal Cancer Gut Microbiome: Current Protocols and Workflows. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:767. [PMID: 29755427 PMCID: PMC5934490 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut holds the densest microbiome ecosystem essential in maintaining a healthy host physiology, whereby disruption of this ecosystem has been linked to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies such as the 16S rRNA gene sequencing has enabled characterization of the CRC gut microbiome architecture in an affordable and culture-free approach. Nevertheless, the lack of standardization in handling and storage of biospecimens, nucleic acid extraction, 16S rRNA gene primer selection, length, and depth of sequencing and bioinformatics analyses have contributed to discrepancies found in various published studies of this field. Accurate characterization of the CRC microbiome found in different stages of CRC has the potential to be developed into a screening tool in the clinical setting. This mini review aims to concisely compile all available CRC microbiome studies performed till end of 2016 and to suggest standardized protocols that are crucial in developing a gut microbiome screening panel for CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad-Afiq Osman
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Min Neoh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Siok-Fong Chin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Roche-Lima A, Carrasquillo-Carrión K, Gómez-Moreno R, Cruz JM, Velázquez-Morales DM, Rogozin IB, Baerga-Ortiz A. The Presence of Genotoxic and/or Pro-inflammatory Bacterial Genes in Gut Metagenomic Databases and Their Possible Link With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Genet 2018; 9:116. [PMID: 29692798 PMCID: PMC5902703 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The human gut microbiota is a dynamic community of microorganisms that mediate important biochemical processes. Differences in the gut microbial composition have been associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and other intestinal disorders. In this study, we quantified and compared the frequencies of eight genotoxic and/or pro-inflammatory bacterial genes found in metagenomic Whole Genome Sequences (mWGSs) of samples from individuals with IBD vs. a cohort of healthy human subjects. Methods: The eight selected gene sequences were clbN, clbB, cif, cnf-1, usp, tcpC from Escherichia coli, gelE from Enterococcus faecalis and murB from Akkermansia muciniphila. We also included the sequences for the conserved murB genes from E. coli and E. faecalis as markers for the presence of Enterobacteriaceae or Enterococci in the samples. The gene sequences were chosen based on their previously reported ability to disrupt normal cellular processes to either promote inflammation or to cause DNA damage in cultured cells or animal models, which could be linked to a role in IBD. The selected sequences were searched in three different mWGS datasets accessed through the Human Microbiome Project (HMP): a healthy cohort (N = 251), a Crohn's disease cohort (N = 60) and an ulcerative colitis cohort (N = 17). Results: Firstly, the sequences for the murB housekeeping genes from Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci were more frequently found in the IBD cohorts (32% E. coli in IBD vs. 12% in healthy; 13% E. faecalis in IBD vs. 3% in healthy) than in the healthy cohort, confirming earlier reports of a higher presence of both of these taxa in IBD. For some of the sequences in our study, especially usp and gelE, their frequency was even more sharply increased in the IBD cohorts than in the healthy cohort, suggesting an association with IBD that is not easily explained by the increased presence of E. coli or E. faecalis in those samples. Conclusion: Our results suggest a significant association between the presence of some of these genotoxic or pro-inflammatory gene sequences and IBDs. In addition, these results illustrate the power and limitations of the HMP database in the detection of possible clinical correlations for individual bacterial genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abiel Roche-Lima
- Center for Collaborative Research in Health Disparities - RCMI Program, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Kelvin Carrasquillo-Carrión
- Center for Collaborative Research in Health Disparities - RCMI Program, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Ramón Gómez-Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.,Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Juan M Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Dayanara M Velázquez-Morales
- Center for Collaborative Research in Health Disparities - RCMI Program, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Igor B Rogozin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Abel Baerga-Ortiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.,Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Han S, Gao J, Zhou Q, Liu S, Wen C, Yang X. Role of intestinal flora in colorectal cancer from the metabolite perspective: a systematic review. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:199-206. [PMID: 29440929 PMCID: PMC5798565 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s153482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common human malignant tumors. Recent research has shown that colorectal cancer is a dysbacteriosis-induced disease; however, the role of intestinal bacteria in colorectal cancer is unclear. This review explores the role of intestinal flora in colorectal cancer. In total, 57 articles were included after identification and screening. The pertinent literature on floral metabolites in colorectal cancer from three metabolic perspectives - including carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism - was analyzed. An association network regarding the role of intestinal flora from a metabolic perspective was constructed by analyzing the previous literature to provide direction and insight for further research on intestinal flora in colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital
| | - Jianlan Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital
| | | | - Caixia Wen
- Medical College of Nursing, Huzhou University
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Intervention and Radiotherapy, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Gootenberg DB, Paer JM, Luevano JM, Kwon DS. HIV-associated changes in the enteric microbial community: potential role in loss of homeostasis and development of systemic inflammation. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018; 30:31-43. [PMID: 27922852 PMCID: PMC5325247 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Purpose of review Despite HIV therapy advances, average life expectancy in HIV-infected individuals on effective treatment is significantly decreased relative to uninfected persons, largely because of increased incidence of inflammation-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and renal dysfunction. The enteric microbial community could potentially cause this inflammation, as HIV-driven destruction of gastrointestinal CD4+ T cells may disturb the microbiota–mucosal immune system balance, disrupting the stable gut microbiome and leading to further deleterious host outcomes. Recent findings Varied enteric microbiome changes have been reported during HIV infection, but unifying patterns have emerged. Community diversity is decreased, similar to pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and Clostridium difficile infection. Many taxa frequently enriched in HIV-infected individuals, such as Enterobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, have pathogenic potential, whereas depleted taxa, such as Bacteroidaceae and Ruminococcaceae, are more linked with anti-inflammatory properties and maintenance of gut homeostasis. The gut viral community in HIV has been found to contain a greater abundance of pathogenesis-associated Adenoviridae and Anelloviridae. These bacterial and viral changes correlate with increased systemic inflammatory markers, such as serum sCD14, sCD163, and IL-6. Summary Enteric microbial community changes may contribute to chronic HIV pathogenesis, but more investigation is necessary, especially in the developing world population with the greatest HIV burden (Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, which includes the authors’ summary of the importance of the work).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Gootenberg
- aRagon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge bHarvard Medical School, Boston cDivision of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Abstract
Commensal microbes engineered to convert natural compounds found in cruciferous vegetables into molecules with anticancer properties prevent carcinogenesis and cause the regression of colorectal cancer in mice fed with a vegetable diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Drew
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Jahani-Sherafat S, Alebouyeh M, Moghim S, Ahmadi Amoli H, Ghasemian-Safaei H. Role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer; a review article. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2018; 11:101-109. [PMID: 29910850 PMCID: PMC5990924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Lifestyle is identified as one of the most important risk factors for CRC, especially in sporadic colorectal cancer. The natural composition of the gut microbiota changes rapidly during the first decade of life. Maintaining homeostasis in the gut is essential as structural and metabolic functions of the commensal microbiota inhibit gut colonization of pathogens. Dysbiosis, imbalance in function or structure of gut microbiota, has been associated with a variety of diseases, such as colorectal cancer. The aim of this review was to investigate the possible links between the dysbiosis in gut microbiota and colorectal cancer, and the potential role of anaerobic gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Based on this review, various studies have shown that some of the gut microbiota such as anaerobic bacteria significantly increased in CRC patients, but we suggest more investigations are required to assess the importance of these bacteria and their metabolites in the pathogenesis of CRC are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Jahani-Sherafat
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharareh Moghim
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Hajieh Ghasemian-Safaei
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Sessile Innate Immune Cells. DAMAGE-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS IN HUMAN DISEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123606 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78655-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, sessile cells of the innate immune system are briefly introduced. Defined as cells equipped with diverse pattern recognition molecules capable of detecting MAMPs and DAMPs, they encompass cells such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, vascular cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes. Located at the body surfaces, epithelial cells represent the first line of innate immune defense against invading microbial pathogens. They are significant contributors to innate mucosal immunity and generate various antimicrobial defense mechanisms. Also, epithelial cells critically contribute to tissue repair via the phenomenon of re-epithelialization. Fibroblasts operate as classical sentinel cells of the innate immune system dedicated to responding to MAMPs and DAMPs emitted upon any tissue injury. Typically, fibroblasts synthesize most of the extracellular matrix of connective tissues, thereby playing a crucial role in tissue repair processes. Vascular cells of the innate immune system represent an evolutionarily developed first-line defense against any inciting insult hitting the vessel walls from the luminal side including bacteria, viruses, microbial toxins, and chemical noxa such as nicotine. Upon such insults and following recognition of MAMPs and DAMPs, vascular cells react with an innate immune response to create an acute inflammatory milieu in the vessel wall aimed at curing the vascular injury concerned. Chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts represent other vital cells of the skeletal system acting as cells of the innate immune system in its wider sense. These cells mediate injury-promoted DAMP-induced inflammatory and regenerative processes specific for the skeletal systems. Finally, adipocytes are regarded as highly active cells of the innate immune system. As white, brown, and beige adipocytes, they operate as a dynamic metabolic organ that can secrete certain bioactive molecules which have endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine actions.
Collapse
|
124
|
Hussan H, Clinton SK, Roberts K, Bailey MT. Fusobacterium's link to colorectal neoplasia sequenced: A systematic review and future insights. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:8626-8650. [PMID: 29358871 PMCID: PMC5752723 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i48.8626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To critically evaluate previous scientific evidence on Fusobacterium's role in colorectal neoplasia development. METHODS Two independent investigators systematically reviewed all original scientific articles published between January, 2000, and July, 2017, using PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE. A total of 355 articles were screened at the abstract level. Of these, only original scientific human, animal, and in vitro studies investigating Fusobacterium and its relationship with colorectal cancer (CRC) were included in the analysis. Abstracts, review articles, studies investigating other colonic diseases, and studies written in other languages than English were excluded from our analysis. Ninety articles were included after removing duplicates, resolving disagreements between the two reviewers, and applying the above criteria. RESULTS Studies have consistently identified positive associations between Fusobacterium, especially Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), and CRC. Stronger associations were seen in CRCs proximal to the splenic flexure and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-high CRCs. There was evidence of temporality and a biological gradient, with increased F. nucleatum DNA detection and quantity along the traditional adenoma-carcinoma sequence and in CIMP-high CRC precursors. Diet may have a differential impact on colonic F. nucleatum enrichment; evidence suggests that high fiber diet may reduce the risk of a subset of CRCs that are F. nucleatum DNA-positive. Data also suggest shorter CRC and disease-specific survival with increased amount of F. nucleatum DNA in CRC tissue. The pathophysiology of enrichment of F. nucleatum and other Fusobacterium species in colonic tissue is unclear; however, the virulence factors and changes to the local colonic environment with disruption of the protective mucus layer may contribute. The presence of a host lectin (Gal-GalNAc) in the colonic epithelium may also mediate F. nucleatum attachment to CRC and precursors through interaction with an F. nucleatum protein, fibroblast activation protein 2 (FAP2). The clinical significance of detection or enrichment of Fusobacterium in colorectal neoplasia is ambiguous, but data suggest a procarcinogenic effect of F. nucleatum, likely due to activation of oncogenic and inflammatory pathways and modulation of the tumor immune environment. This is hypothesized to be mediated by certain F. nucleatum strains carrying invasive properties and virulence factors such as FadA and FAP. CONCLUSION Evidence suggests a potential active role of Fusobacterium, specifically F. nucleatum, in CRC. Future prospective and experimental human studies would fill an important gap in this literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Hussan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Kristen Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Department of Pediatrics, OSU College of Medicine And Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Research progression of blood and fecal metabolites in colorectal
cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SURGERY: ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1097/ij9.0000000000000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
126
|
Weimann A. Influence of nutritional status on postoperative outcome in patients with colorectal cancer - the emerging role of the microbiome. Innov Surg Sci 2017; 3:55-64. [PMID: 31579766 PMCID: PMC6754043 DOI: 10.1515/iss-2017-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients with colorectal cancer are overweight. Even then, nutritional status is a frequently underestimated risk factor for perioperative complications. Enhanced Recovery after Surgery is the goal for perioperative management, and preoperative nutritional risk screening should be a standard. In case of nutritional risk, perioperative nutrition therapy should be started without delay and should follow recent guideline recommendations. The preservation of the microbiome has an emerging role in preventing postoperative anastomotic leakage and septic complications. The time window for recovery after neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer may be used for conditioning appropriate-risk patients in a “prehabilitation” program. In order to assess metabolic recovery and the prognosis for long-term survival, C-reactive protein/albumin ratio may be a promising parameter, which has to be validated in the future. This narrative review summarizes recent strategies and guideline recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arved Weimann
- Department of General, Visceral and Oncologic Surgery including Division of Clinical Nutrition, Klinikum St. Georg gGmbH, Delitzscher Str. 141, 04129 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Del Vecchio F, Mastroiaco V, Di Marco A, Compagnoni C, Capece D, Zazzeroni F, Capalbo C, Alesse E, Tessitore A. Next-generation sequencing: recent applications to the analysis of colorectal cancer. J Transl Med 2017; 15:246. [PMID: 29221448 PMCID: PMC5723063 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the establishment of the Sanger sequencing method, scientists around the world focused their efforts to progress in the field to produce the utmost technology. The introduction of next-generation sequencing (NGS) represents a revolutionary step and promises to lead to massive improvements in our understanding on the role of nucleic acids functions. Cancer research began to use this innovative and highly performing method, and interesting results started to appear in colorectal cancer (CRC) analysis. Several studies produced high-quality data in terms of mutation discovery, especially about actionable or less frequently mutated genes, epigenetics, transcriptomics. Analysis of results is unveiling relevant perspectives aiding to evaluate the response to therapies. Novel evidences have been presented also in other directions such as gut microbiota or CRC circulating tumor cells. However, despite its unquestioned potential, NGS poses some issues calling for additional studies. This review intends to offer a view of the state of the art of NGS applications to CRC through examination of the most important technologies and discussion of recent published results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Del Vecchio
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Valentina Mastroiaco
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, 67100 Italy
| | - Antinisca Di Marco
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, 67100 Italy
| | - Chiara Compagnoni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, 67100 Italy
| | - Daria Capece
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cell Signaling and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - Francesca Zazzeroni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, 67100 Italy
| | - Carlo Capalbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, 00161 Italy
| | - Edoardo Alesse
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, 67100 Italy
| | - Alessandra Tessitore
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, 67100 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Cummins G, Yung DE, Cox BF, Koulaouzidis A, Desmulliez MPY, Cochran S. Luminally expressed gastrointestinal biomarkers. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:1119-1134. [PMID: 28849686 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1373017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A biomarker is a measurable indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes or pharmacological responses. The identification of a useful biomarker is challenging, with several hurdles to overcome before clinical adoption. This review gives a general overview of a range of biomarkers associated with inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer along the gastrointestinal tract. Areas covered: These markers include those that are already clinically accepted, such as inflammatory markers such as faecal calprotectin, S100A12 (Calgranulin C), Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (FABP), malignancy markers such as Faecal Occult Blood, Mucins, Stool DNA, Faecal microRNA (miRNA), other markers such as Faecal Elastase, Faecal alpha-1-antitrypsin, Alpha2-macroglobulin and possible future markers such as microbiota, volatile organic compounds and pH. Expert commentary: There are currently a few biomarkers that have been sufficiently validated for routine clinical use at present such as FC. However, many of these biomarkers continue to be limited in sensitivity and specificity for various GI diseases. Emerging biomarkers have the potential to improve diagnosis and monitoring but further study is required to determine efficacy and validate clinical utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Cummins
- a Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Diana E Yung
- b The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , Endoscopy Unit , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Ben F Cox
- c School of Medicine , University of Dundee , Dundee , UK
| | | | - Marc P Y Desmulliez
- a Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Sandy Cochran
- d Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics, School of Engineering , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Sasso A, Latella G. Dietary components that counteract the increased risk of colorectal cancer related to red meat consumption. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:536-548. [PMID: 29096565 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1393503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Western-style diets are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). In particular, a strong correlation has been documented between CRC and the consumption of large amounts of red meat, especially processed red meat. Compared with white meat, red meat contains high levels of haem iron, a molecule that can exert a variety of genotoxic and other adverse effects on the colonic epithelium. According to current international guidelines, the reduction of red meat intake combined with the consumption of food containing antioxidant and chemoprotective substances may significantly reduce the risk of developing CRC. The dietary strategies that can help to contrast the harmful effects of haem iron are reported and discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Sasso
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences , University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - Giovanni Latella
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences , University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Avilés-Jiménez F, Yu G, Torres-Poveda K, Madrid-Marina V, Torres J. On the Search to Elucidate the Role of Microbiota in the Genesis of Cancer: The Cases of Gastrointestinal and Cervical Cancer. Arch Med Res 2017; 48:754-765. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
131
|
Chen J, Pitmon E, Wang K. Microbiome, inflammation and colorectal cancer. Semin Immunol 2017; 32:43-53. [PMID: 28982615 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is linked to the development of multiple cancers, including those of the colon. Inflammation in the gut induces carcinogenic mutagenesis and promotes colorectal cancer initiation. Additionally, myeloid and lymphoid cells infiltrate established tumors and propagate so called "tumor-elicited inflammation", which in turn favors cancer development by supporting the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. In addition to the interaction between cancer cells and tumor infiltrating immune cells, the gut also hosts trillions of bacteria and other microbes, whose roles in colorectal inflammation and cancer have only been appreciated in the past decade or so. Commensal and pathobiotic bacteria promote colorectal cancer development by exploiting tumor surface barrier defects following cancer initiation, by invading normal colonic tissue and inducing local inflammation, and by generating genotoxicity against colonic epithelial cells to accelerate their oncogenic transformation. On the other hand, a balanced population of microbiota is important for the prevention of colorectal cancer due to their roles in providing certain bacterial metabolites and inhibiting intestinal inflammation. In this review we summarize our current knowledge regarding the link between microbiota, inflammation, and colorectal cancer, and aim to delineate the mechanisms by which gut microbiome and inflammatory cytokines regulate colorectal tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030, United States
| | - Elise Pitmon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030, United States
| | - Kepeng Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Abstract
Recently, several lines of evidence that indicate a strong link between the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and aspects of the gut microbiota have become apparent. However, it remains unclear how changes in the gut microbiota might influence carcinogenesis or how regional organization of the gut might influence the microbiota. In this review, we discuss several leading theories that connect gut microbial dysbiosis with CRC and set this against a backdrop of what is known about proximal-distal gut physiology and the pathways of CRC development and progression. Finally, we discuss the potential for gut microbial modulation therapies, for example, probiotics, antibiotics, and others, to target and improve gut microbial dysbiosis as a strategy for the prevention or treatment of CRC.
Collapse
|
133
|
Raskov H, Burcharth J, Pommergaard HC. Linking Gut Microbiota to Colorectal Cancer. J Cancer 2017; 8:3378-3395. [PMID: 29151921 PMCID: PMC5687151 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical and clinical data produce mounting evidence that the microbiota is strongly associated with colorectal carcinogenesis. Dysbiosis may change the course of carcinogenesis as microbial actions seem to impact genetic and epigenetic alterations leading to dysplasia, clonal expansion and malignant transformation. Initiation and promotion of colorectal cancer may result from direct bacterial actions, bacterial metabolites and inflammatory pathways. Newer aspects of microbiota and colorectal cancer include quorum sensing, biofilm formation, sidedness and effects/countereffects of microbiota and probiotics on chemotherapy. In the future, targeting the microbiota will probably be a powerful weapon in the battle against CRC as gut microbiology, genomics and metabolomics promise to uncover important linkages between microbiota and intestinal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Raskov
- Speciallægecentret ved Diakonissestiftelsen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jakob Burcharth
- Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
Metagenomic Shotgun Sequencing and Unbiased Metabolomic Profiling Identify Specific Human Gut Microbiota and Metabolites Associated with Immune Checkpoint Therapy Efficacy in Melanoma Patients. Neoplasia 2017; 19:848-855. [PMID: 28923537 PMCID: PMC5602478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first prospective study of the effects of human gut microbiota and metabolites on immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICT) response in metastatic melanoma patients. Whereas many melanoma patients exhibit profound response to ICT, there are fewer options for patients failing ICT-particularly with BRAF-wild-type disease. In preclinical studies, specific gut microbiota promotes regression of melanoma in mice. We therefore conducted a study of the effects of pretreatment gut microbiota and metabolites on ICT Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors response in 39 metastatic melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab, nivolumab, ipilimumab plus nivolumab (IN), or pembrolizumab (P). IN yielded 67% responses and 8% stable disease; P achieved 23% responses and 23% stable disease. ICT responders for all types of therapies were enriched for Bacteroides caccae. Among IN responders, the gut microbiome was enriched for Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides thetaiotamicron, and Holdemania filiformis. Among P responders, the microbiome was enriched for Dorea formicogenerans. Unbiased shotgun metabolomics revealed high levels of anacardic acid in ICT responders. Based on these pilot studies, both additional confirmatory clinical studies and preclinical testing of these bacterial species and metabolites are warranted to confirm their ICT enhancing activity.
Collapse
|
135
|
Kinross J, Mirnezami R, Alexander J, Brown R, Scott A, Galea D, Veselkov K, Goldin R, Darzi A, Nicholson J, Marchesi JR. A prospective analysis of mucosal microbiome-metabonome interactions in colorectal cancer using a combined MAS 1HNMR and metataxonomic strategy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8979. [PMID: 28827587 PMCID: PMC5566496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer induces a state of mucosal dysbiosis with associated niche specific changes in the gut microbiota. However, the key metabolic functions of these bacteria remain unclear. We performed a prospective observational study in patients undergoing elective surgery for colon cancer without mechanical bowel preparation (n = 18). Using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing we demonstrated that microbiota ecology appears to be cancer stage-specific and strongly associated with histological features of poor prognosis. Fusobacteria (p < 0.007) and ε- Proteobacteria (p < 0.01) were enriched on tumour when compared to adjacent normal mucosal tissue, and fusobacteria and β-Proteobacteria levels increased with advancing cancer stage (p = 0.014 and 0.002 respecitvely). Metabonomic analysis using 1H Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonsance (MAS-NMR) spectroscopy, demonstrated increased abundance of taurine, isoglutamine, choline, lactate, phenylalanine and tyrosine and decreased levels of lipids and triglycerides in tumour relative to adjacent healthy tissue. Network analysis revealed that bacteria associated with poor prognostic features were not responsible for the modification of the cancer mucosal metabonome. Thus the colon cancer mucosal microbiome evolves with cancer stage to meet the demands of cancer metabolism. Passenger microbiota may play a role in the maintenance of cancer mucosal metabolic homeostasis but these metabolic functions may not be stage specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Kinross
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Reza Mirnezami
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James Alexander
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Brown
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alasdair Scott
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dieter Galea
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kirill Veselkov
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rob Goldin
- Centre for Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ara Darzi
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jeremy Nicholson
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julian R Marchesi
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Casero D, Gill K, Sridharan V, Koturbash I, Nelson G, Hauer-Jensen M, Boerma M, Braun J, Cheema AK. Space-type radiation induces multimodal responses in the mouse gut microbiome and metabolome. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:105. [PMID: 28821301 PMCID: PMC5563039 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Space travel is associated with continuous low dose rate exposure to high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. Pathophysiological manifestations after low dose radiation exposure are strongly influenced by non-cytocidal radiation effects, including changes in the microbiome and host gene expression. Although the importance of the gut microbiome in the maintenance of human health is well established, little is known about the role of radiation in altering the microbiome during deep-space travel. RESULTS Using a mouse model for exposure to high LET radiation, we observed substantial changes in the composition and functional potential of the gut microbiome. These were accompanied by changes in the abundance of multiple metabolites, which were related to the enzymatic activity of the predicted metagenome by means of metabolic network modeling. There was a complex dynamic in microbial and metabolic composition at different radiation doses, suggestive of transient, dose-dependent interactions between microbial ecology and signals from the host's cellular damage repair processes. The observed radiation-induced changes in microbiota diversity and composition were analyzed at the functional level. A constitutive change in activity was found for several pathways dominated by microbiome-specific enzymatic reactions like carbohydrate digestion and absorption and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, while the activity in other radiation-responsive pathways like phosphatidylinositol signaling could be linked to dose-dependent changes in the abundance of specific taxa. CONCLUSIONS The implication of microbiome-mediated pathophysiology after low dose ionizing radiation may be an unappreciated biologic hazard of space travel and deserves experimental validation. This study provides a conceptual and analytical basis of further investigations to increase our understanding of the chronic effects of space radiation on human health, and points to potential new targets for intervention in adverse radiation effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Casero
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kirandeep Gill
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Gregory Nelson
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Amrita K Cheema
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
- GCD-7N Pre-Clinical Science Building, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington DC, 20057, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Role of intestinal microbiome in American ginseng-mediated colon cancer prevention in high fat diet-fed AOM/DSS mice [corrected]. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 20:302-312. [PMID: 28808878 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic intestinal inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and development. Diets that are rich in Western style fats have been shown to promote CRC. This study was conducted to investigate the role of intestinal microbiome in American ginseng-mediated CRC chemoprevention in a mouse model. The population and diversity of enteric microbiome were evaluated after the ginseng treatment. METHODS Using an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced gut inflammation and tumorigenesis mouse model, the effects of oral American ginseng on high fat diet-associated enteric pathology were determined. After establishment of a 16S rRNA illumina library from fecal samples, MiSeq sequencing was carried out to reveal the microbial population. The alpha and beta diversities of microbiome were analyzed. RESULTS American ginseng significantly attenuated AOM/DSS-induced colon inflammation and tumorigenesis by reducing the colitis score and colon tumor multiplicity. The MiSeq results showed that the majority of sequences fell into three phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia. Further, two significant abundance shifts at the family level, Bacteroidaceae and Porphyromonadaceae, were identified to support ginseng's anti-colitis and anti-tumor effects. In addition, alpha and beta diversity data demonstrated that ginseng led to a profound recovery from the AOM/DSS-induced dysbiosis in the microbial community. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the CRC chemopreventive effects of American ginseng are mediated through enteric microbiome population-shift recovery and dysbiosis restoration. Ginseng's regulation of the microbiome balance contributes to the maintenance of enteric homeostasis.
Collapse
|
138
|
Lee WK, Kolesnick RN. Sphingolipid abnormalities in cancer multidrug resistance: Chicken or egg? Cell Signal 2017; 38:134-145. [PMID: 28687494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype encompasses a myriad of molecular, genetic and cellular alterations resulting from progressive oncogenic transformation and selection. Drug efflux transporters, in particular the MDR P-glycoprotein ABCB1, play an important role in MDR but cannot confer the complete phenotype alone indicating parallel alterations are prerequisite. Sphingolipids are essential constituents of lipid raft domains and directly participate in functionalization of transmembrane proteins, including providing an optimal lipid microenvironment for multidrug transporters, and are also perturbed in cancer. Here we postulate that increased sphingomyelin content, developing early in some cancers, recruits and functionalizes plasma membrane ABCB1 conferring a state of partial MDR, which is completed by glycosphingolipid disturbance and the appearance of intracellular vesicular ABCB1. In this review, the independent and interdependent roles of sphingolipid alterations and ABCB1 upregulation during the transformation process and resultant conferment of partial and complete MDR phenotypes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Kee Lee
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States; Institute for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
| | - Richard N Kolesnick
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Rojo D, Méndez-García C, Raczkowska BA, Bargiela R, Moya A, Ferrer M, Barbas C. Exploring the human microbiome from multiple perspectives: factors altering its composition and function. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:453-478. [PMID: 28333226 PMCID: PMC5812509 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our microbiota presents peculiarities and characteristics that may be altered by multiple factors. The degree and consequences of these alterations depend on the nature, strength and duration of the perturbations as well as the structure and stability of each microbiota. The aim of this review is to sketch a very broad picture of the factors commonly influencing different body sites, and which have been associated with alterations in the human microbiota in terms of composition and function. To do so, first, a graphical representation of bacterial, fungal and archaeal genera reveals possible associations among genera affected by different factors. Then, the revision of sequence-based predictions provides associations with functions that become part of the active metabolism. Finally, examination of microbial metabolite contents and fluxes reveals whether metabolic alterations are a reflection of the differences observed at the level of population structure, and in the last step, link microorganisms to functions under perturbations that differ in nature and aetiology. The utilisation of complementary technologies and methods, with a special focus on metabolomics research, is thoroughly discussed to obtain a global picture of microbiota composition and microbiome function and to convey the urgent need for the standardisation of protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Rojo
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Beata Anna Raczkowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Rafael Bargiela
- Institute of Catalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community Public Health (FISABIO), 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Network Research Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER-ESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Manuel Ferrer
- Institute of Catalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author: Institute of Catalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain. Tel: (+34) 915854872; E-mail:
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, 28668 Madrid, Spain
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Mehta RS, Nishihara R, Cao Y, Song M, Mima K, Qian ZR, Nowak JA, Kosumi K, Hamada T, Masugi Y, Bullman S, Drew DA, Kostic AD, Fung TT, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C, Wu K, Meyerhardt JA, Zhang X, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Chan AT, Ogino S. Association of Dietary Patterns With Risk of Colorectal Cancer Subtypes Classified by Fusobacterium nucleatum in Tumor Tissue. JAMA Oncol 2017; 3:921-927. [PMID: 28125762 PMCID: PMC5502000 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.6374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Fusobacterium nucleatum appears to play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis through suppression of the hosts' immune response to tumor. Evidence also suggests that diet influences intestinal F nucleatum. However, the role of F nucleatum in mediating the relationship between diet and the risk of colorectal cancer is unknown. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the associations of prudent diets (rich in whole grains and dietary fiber) and Western diets (rich in red and processed meat, refined grains, and desserts) with colorectal cancer risk may differ according to the presence of F nucleatum in tumor tissue. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A prospective cohort study was conducted using data from the Nurses' Health Study (June 1, 1980, to June 1, 2012) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (June 1, 1986, to June 1, 2012) on a total of 121 700 US female nurses and 51 529 US male health professionals aged 30 to 55 years and 40 to 75 years, respectively (both predominantly white individuals), at enrollment. Data analysis was performed from March 15, 2015, to August 10, 2016. EXPOSURES Prudent and Western diets. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incidence of colorectal carcinoma subclassified by F nucleatum status in tumor tissue, determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Of the 173 229 individuals considered for the study, 137 217 were included in the analysis, 47 449 were male (34.6%), and mean (SD) baseline age for men was 54.0 (9.8) years and for women, 46.3 (7.2) years. A total of 1019 incident colon and rectal cancer cases with available F nucleatum data were documented over 26 to 32 years of follow-up, encompassing 3 643 562 person-years. The association of prudent diet with colorectal cancer significantly differed by tissue F nucleatum status (P = .01 for heterogeneity); prudent diet score was associated with a lower risk of F nucleatum-positive cancers (P = .003 for trend; multivariable hazard ratio of 0.43; 95% CI, 0.25-0.72, for the highest vs the lowest prudent score quartile) but not with F nucleatum-negative cancers (P = .47 for trend, the corresponding multivariable hazard ratio of 0.95; 95% CI, 0.77-1.17). There was no significant heterogeneity between the subgroups in relation to Western dietary pattern scores. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Prudent diets rich in whole grains and dietary fiber are associated with a lower risk for F nucleatum-positive colorectal cancer but not F nucleatum-negative cancer, supporting a potential role for intestinal microbiota in mediating the association between diet and colorectal neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raaj S Mehta
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston2Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts4Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts5Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge6Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts7Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts8Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts9Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yin Cao
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston2Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston6Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mingyang Song
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston2Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston6Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts4Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keisuke Kosumi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Bullman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David A Drew
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston2Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Aleksandar D Kostic
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge
| | - Teresa T Fung
- Program in Dietetics, Simmons College, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge9Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts11Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts12Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts7Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts12Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts12Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston2Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston5Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge12Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts4Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts7Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts9Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts13Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Nealon NJ, Yuan L, Yang X, Ryan EP. Rice Bran and Probiotics Alter the Porcine Large Intestine and Serum Metabolomes for Protection against Human Rotavirus Diarrhea. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:653. [PMID: 28484432 PMCID: PMC5399067 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of severe childhood diarrhea, and there is limited vaccine efficacy in the developing world. Neonatal gnotobiotic pigs consuming a prophylactic synbiotic combination of probiotics and rice bran (Pro+RB) did not exhibit HRV diarrhea after challenge. Multiple immune, gut barrier protective, and anti-diarrheal mechanisms contributed to the prophylactic efficacy of Pro+RB when compared to probiotics (Pro) alone. In order to understand the molecular signature associated with diarrheal protection by Pro+RB, a global non-targeted metabolomics approach was applied to investigate the large intestinal contents and serum of neonatal gnotobiotic pigs. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry platform revealed significantly different metabolites (293 in LIC and 84 in serum) in the pigs fed Pro+RB compared to Pro, and many of these metabolites were lipids and amino acid/peptides. Lipid metabolites included 2-oleoylglycerol (increased 293.40-fold in LIC of Pro+RB, p = 3.04E-10), which can modulate gastric emptying, andhyodeoxycholate (decreased 0.054-fold in the LIC of Pro+RB, p = 0.0040) that can increase colonic mucus production to improve intestinal barrier function. Amino acid metabolites included cysteine (decreased 0.40-fold in LIC, p = 0.033, and 0.62-fold in serum, p = 0.014 of Pro+RB), which has been found to reduce inflammation, lower oxidative stress and modulate mucosal immunity, and histamine (decreased 0.18-fold in LIC, p = 0.00030, of Pro+RB and 1.57-fold in serum, p = 0.043), which modulates local and systemic inflammatory responses as well as influences the enteric nervous system. Alterations to entire LIC and serum metabolic pathways further contributed to the anti-diarrheal and anti-viral activities of Pro+RB such as sphingolipid, mono/diacylglycerol, fatty acid, secondary bile acid, and polyamine metabolism. Sphingolipid and long chain fatty acid profiles influenced the ability of HRV to both infect and replicate within cells, suggesting that Pro+RB created a protective lipid profile that interferes with HRV activity. Polyamines act on enterocyte calcium-sensing receptors to modulate intracellular calcium levels, and may directly interfere with rotavirus replication. These results support that multiple host and probiotic metabolic networks, notably those involving lipid and amino acid/peptide metabolism, are important mechanisms through which Pro+RB protected against HRV diarrhea in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Jean Nealon
- Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort CollinsCO, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Yuan Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgVA, USA
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, BethesdaMD, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort CollinsCO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
|
143
|
Loftfield E, Vogtmann E, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Nelson H, Knight R, Chia N, Sinha R. Comparison of Collection Methods for Fecal Samples for Discovery Metabolomics in Epidemiologic Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:1483-1490. [PMID: 27543620 PMCID: PMC5093035 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut metabolome may be associated with the incidence and progression of numerous diseases. The composition of the gut metabolome can be captured by measuring metabolite levels in the feces. However, there are little data describing the effect of fecal sample collection methods on metabolomic measures. METHODS We collected fecal samples from 18 volunteers using four methods: no solution, 95% ethanol, fecal occult blood test (FOBT) cards, and fecal immunochemical test (FIT). One set of samples was frozen after collection (day 0), and for 95% ethanol, FOBT, and FIT, a second set was frozen after 96 hours at room temperature. We evaluated (i) technical reproducibility within sample replicates, (ii) stability after 96 hours at room temperature for 95% ethanol, FOBT, and FIT, and (iii) concordance of metabolite measures with the putative "gold standard," day 0 samples without solution. RESULTS Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) estimating technical reproducibility were high for replicate samples for each collection method. ICCs estimating stability at room temperature were high for 95% ethanol and FOBT (median ICC > 0.87) but not FIT (median ICC = 0.52). Similarly, Spearman correlation coefficients (rs) estimating metabolite concordance with the "gold standard" were higher for 95% ethanol (median rs = 0.82) and FOBT (median rs = 0.70) than for FIT (median rs = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS Metabolomic measurements appear reproducible and stable in fecal samples collected with 95% ethanol or FOBT. Concordance with the "gold standard" is highest with 95% ethanol and acceptable with FOBT. IMPACT Future epidemiologic studies should collect feces using 95% ethanol or FOBT if interested in studying fecal metabolomics. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(11); 1483-90. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erikka Loftfield
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Emily Vogtmann
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joshua N Sampson
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven C Moore
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Heidi Nelson
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rob Knight
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Nicholas Chia
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Abstract
The study of host-microbiota interactions in humans is largely limited to identifying associations between microbial communities and host phenotypes. While these studies have generated important insights on the links between the microbiota and human disease, the assessment of cause-and-effect relationships has been challenging. Although this relationship can be studied in germfree mice, this system is costly, and it is difficult to accurately account for the effects of host genotypic variation and environmental effects seen in humans. Here, we have developed a novel approach to directly investigate the transcriptional changes induced by live microbial communities on human colonic epithelial cells and how these changes are modulated by host genotype. This method is easily scalable to large numbers of host genetic backgrounds and diverse microbiota and can be utilized to elucidate the mechanisms of host-microbiota interactions. Future extensions may also include colonic organoid cultures. Many studies have demonstrated the importance of the gut microbiota in healthy and disease states. However, establishing the causality of host-microbiota interactions in humans is still challenging. Here, we describe a novel experimental system to define the transcriptional response induced by the microbiota for human cells and to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying host-gut microbiota interactions. In primary human colonic epithelial cells, we identified over 6,000 genes whose expression changed at various time points following coculturing with the gut microbiota of a healthy individual. Among the differentially expressed genes we found a 1.8-fold enrichment of genes associated with diseases that have been previously linked to the microbiome, such as obesity and colorectal cancer. In addition, our experimental system allowed us to identify 87 host single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that show allele-specific expression in 69 genes. Furthermore, for 12 SNPs in 12 different genes, allele-specific expression is conditional on the exposure to the microbiota. Of these 12 genes, 8 have been associated with diseases linked to the gut microbiota, specifically colorectal cancer, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Our study demonstrates a scalable approach to study host-gut microbiota interactions and can be used to identify putative mechanisms for the interplay between host genetics and the microbiota in health and disease. IMPORTANCE The study of host-microbiota interactions in humans is largely limited to identifying associations between microbial communities and host phenotypes. While these studies have generated important insights on the links between the microbiota and human disease, the assessment of cause-and-effect relationships has been challenging. Although this relationship can be studied in germfree mice, this system is costly, and it is difficult to accurately account for the effects of host genotypic variation and environmental effects seen in humans. Here, we have developed a novel approach to directly investigate the transcriptional changes induced by live microbial communities on human colonic epithelial cells and how these changes are modulated by host genotype. This method is easily scalable to large numbers of host genetic backgrounds and diverse microbiota and can be utilized to elucidate the mechanisms of host-microbiota interactions. Future extensions may also include colonic organoid cultures.
Collapse
|
145
|
Song Y, Song Q, Li J, Zheng J, Li C, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Jiang Y, Tu P. An integrated platform for directly widely-targeted quantitative analysis of feces part II: An application for steroids, eicosanoids, and porphyrins profiling. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1460:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|