101
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Nguyen MA, Wyatt H, Susser L, Geoffrion M, Rasheed A, Duchez AC, Cottee ML, Afolayan E, Farah E, Kahiel Z, Côté M, Gadde S, Rayner KJ. Delivery of MicroRNAs by Chitosan Nanoparticles to Functionally Alter Macrophage Cholesterol Efflux in Vitro and in Vivo. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6491-6505. [PMID: 31125197 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has largely focused on lowering circulating LDL cholesterol, yet a significant burden of atherosclerotic disease remains even when LDL is low. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as exciting therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease. miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by degradation or translational inhibition of target mRNAs. A number of miRNAs have been found to modulate all stages of atherosclerosis, particularly those that promote the efflux of excess cholesterol from lipid-laden macrophages in the vessel wall to the liver. However, one of the major challenges of miRNA-based therapy is to achieve tissue-specific, efficient, and safe delivery of miRNAs in vivo. We sought to develop chitosan nanoparticles (chNPs) that can deliver functional miRNA mimics to macrophages and to determine if these nanoparticles can alter cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. We developed chNPs with a size range of 150-200 nm via the ionic gelation method using tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linker. In this method, negatively charged miRNAs were encapsulated in the nanoparticles by ionic interactions with polymeric components. We then optimized the efficiency of intracellular delivery of different formulations of chitosan/TPP/miRNA to mouse macrophages. Using a well-defined miRNA with roles in macrophage cholesterol metabolism, we tested whether chNPs could deliver functional miRNAs to macrophages. We find chNPs can transfer exogenous miR-33 to naïve macrophages and reduce the expression of ABCA1, a potent miR-33 target gene, both in vitro and in vivo, confirming that miRNAs delivered via nanoparticles can escape the endosomal system and function in the RISC complex. Because miR-33 and ABCA1 play a key role in regulating the efflux of cholesterol from macrophages, we also confirmed that macrophages treated with miR-33-loaded chNPs exhibited reduced cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A1, further confirming functional delivery of the miRNA. In vivo, mice treated with miR33-chNPs showed decreased reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) to the plasma, liver, and feces. In contrast, when efflux-promoting miRNAs were delivered via chNPs, ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux into the RCT pathway were improved. Over all, miRNAs can be efficiently delivered to macrophages via nanoparticles, where they can function to regulate ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux, suggesting that these miRNA nanoparticles can be used in vivo to target atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- My-Anh Nguyen
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute , Ottawa , Ontario K1Y 4W7 , Canada
| | - Hailey Wyatt
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute , Ottawa , Ontario K1Y 4W7 , Canada
| | - Leah Susser
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute , Ottawa , Ontario K1Y 4W7 , Canada
| | - Michele Geoffrion
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute , Ottawa , Ontario K1Y 4W7 , Canada
| | - Adil Rasheed
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute , Ottawa , Ontario K1Y 4W7 , Canada
| | - Anne-Claire Duchez
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute , Ottawa , Ontario K1Y 4W7 , Canada
| | - Mary Lynn Cottee
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute , Ottawa , Ontario K1Y 4W7 , Canada
| | - Esther Afolayan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1H 8M5 , Canada
| | - Eliya Farah
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1H 8M5 , Canada
| | - Zaina Kahiel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1H 8M5 , Canada
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1H 8M5 , Canada
| | - Suresh Gadde
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1H 8M5 , Canada
| | - Katey J Rayner
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute , Ottawa , Ontario K1Y 4W7 , Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1H 8M5 , Canada
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102
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Zhang Z, Qiao J, Zhang D, Zhu W, Zhu J, Leng X, Li S. Noncoding RNAs Act as Tumor-Derived Molecular Components in Inducing Premetastatic Niche Formation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9258075. [PMID: 31309120 PMCID: PMC6594336 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9258075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis has been demonstrated as it is the culmination of a cascade of priming steps. Increasing evidence has shown that tumor-derived molecular components (TDMCs) are known as extra cellular vesicle and nonvesicle factors and serve as versatile intercellular communication vehicles which can mediate signaling in the tumor microenvironment while creating the premetastatic niche. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) as one of the TDMCs have been proved in participating in the formation of the premetastatic niche. Understanding the premetastatic niche formation mechanisms through TDMCs, especially ncRNAs may open a new avenue for cancer metastasis therapeutic strategies. In this review, recent findings regarding ncRNAs function were summarized, and then the interaction with the premetastatic niche formation was studied, which highlight the potential of using ncRNAs for cancer diagnosis and therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhedong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jiao Qiao
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Dafang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jiye Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xisheng Leng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
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103
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Lu D, Thum T. RNA-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 16:661-674. [PMID: 31186539 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally and are associated with increasing financial expenditure. With the availability of next-generation sequencing technologies since the early 2000s, non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs have been assessed as potential therapeutic targets for numerous diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. In this Review, we summarize current approaches employed to screen for novel coding and non-coding RNA candidates with diagnostic and therapeutic potential in cardiovascular disease, including next-generation sequencing, functional high-throughput RNA screening and single-cell sequencing technologies. Furthermore, we highlight viral-based delivery tools that have been widely used to evaluate the therapeutic utility of both coding and non-coding RNAs in the context of cardiovascular disease. Finally, we discuss the potential of using oligonucleotide-based molecular products such as modified RNA, small interfering RNA and RNA mimics/inhibitors for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Given that many non-coding RNAs have not yet been functionally annotated, the number of potential RNA diagnostic and therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases will continue to expand for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchao Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Cardior Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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104
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Cho Y, Milane L, Amiji MM. Genetic and epigenetic strategies for advancing ovarian cancer immunotherapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:547-560. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1602605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lara Milane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mansoor M. Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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105
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Li Y, Egranov SD, Yang L, Lin C. Molecular mechanisms of long noncoding RNAs-mediated cancer metastasis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 58:200-207. [PMID: 30350428 PMCID: PMC10642708 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a multistep process that requires cancer cells to leave the primary site, survive in the blood stream, and finally colonize at a distant organ. It is the major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. The organ-specific colonization requires close interaction and communication between cancer cells and host organs. Noncoding RNAs represent the majority of the transcriptome, with long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) making up a significant proportion. It has been suggested that lncRNAs play a key role in all stages of tumorigenesis and metastasis. This review will provide an overview of how lncRNAs are involved in cancer cell colonization in specific organ sites and the underlying mechanisms as well as therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sergey D. Egranov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chunru Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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106
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Di Fusco D, Dinallo V, Marafini I, Figliuzzi MM, Romano B, Monteleone G. Antisense Oligonucleotide: Basic Concepts and Therapeutic Application in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:305. [PMID: 30983999 PMCID: PMC6450224 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several molecular technologies aimed at regulating gene expression that have been recently developed as a strategy to combat inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Among these, antisense technology is a specific, rapid, and potentially high-throughput approach for inhibiting gene expression through recognition of cellular RNAs. Advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive tissue damage in different inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two major inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in humans, have facilitated the identification of novel druggable targets and offered interesting therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of patients. This short review provides a comprehensive understanding of the basic concepts underlying the mechanism of action of the oligonucleotide therapeutics, and summarizes the available pre-clinical and clinical data for oligonucleotide-based therapy in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Di Fusco
- Department of Systems Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Dinallo
- Department of Systems Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Marafini
- Department of Systems Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele M Figliuzzi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Romano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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107
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Liu X, Zhang J, Xie D, Franks RG, Xiang QYJ. Functional characterization of Terminal Flower1 homolog in Cornus canadensis by genetic transformation. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:333-343. [PMID: 30617542 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
TFL1homologCorcanTFL1suppresses the initiation of inflorescence development and regulates the inflorescence morphology inCornus canadensis. In flowering plants, there is a wide range of variation of inflorescence morphology. Despite the ecological and evolutionary importance, efforts devoted to the evolutionary study of the genetic basis of inflorescence morphology are far fewer compared to those on flower development. Our previous study on gene expression patterns suggested a CorTFL1-CorAP1 based model for the evolution of determinate umbels, heads, and mini dichasia from elongated inflorescences in Cornus. Here, we tested the function of CorcanTFL1 in regulating inflorescence development in Cornus canadensis through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. We showed that transgenic plants overexpressing CorcanTFL1 displayed delayed or suppressed inflorescence initiation and development and extended periods of vegetative growth. Transgenic plants within which CorcanTFL1 had been down-regulated displayed earlier emergence of inflorescence and a reduction of bract and inflorescence sizes, conversions of leaves to bracts and axillary leaf buds to small inflorescences at the uppermost node bearing the inflorescence, or phyllotaxy changes of inflorescence branches and leaves from decussate opposite to spirally alternate. These observations support an important role of CorcanTFL1 in determining flowering time and the morphological destinies of leaves and buds at the node bearing the inflorescence. The evidence is in agreement with the predicted function of CorTFL1 from the gene expression model, supporting a key role of CorTFL1 in the evolutionary divergence of inflorescence forms in Cornus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7612, USA.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7612, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyu Xie
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7612, USA
| | - Robert G Franks
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7612, USA
| | - Qiu-Yun Jenny Xiang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7612, USA.
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108
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Lane RM, Smith A, Baumann T, Gleichmann M, Norris D, Bennett CF, Kordasiewicz H. Translating Antisense Technology into a Treatment for Huntington's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1780:497-523. [PMID: 29856033 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7825-0_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology and genetics have been used to elucidate the fundamental genetic mechanisms underlying central nervous system (CNS) diseases, yet disease-modifying therapies are currently unavailable for most CNS conditions. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are synthetic single stranded chains of nucleic acids that bind to a specific sequence on ribonucleic acid (RNA) and regulate posttranscriptional gene expression. Decreased gene expression with ASOs might be able to reduce production of the disease-causing protein underlying dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorders. Huntington's disease (HD), which is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in exon 1 of the huntingtin (HTT) gene and leads to the pathogenic expansion of a polyglutamine (PolyQ ) tract in the N terminus of the huntingtin protein (Htt), is a prime candidate for ASO therapy.State-of-the art translational science techniques can be applied to the development of an ASO targeting HTT RNA, allowing for a data-driven, stepwise progression through the drug development process. A deep and wide-ranging understanding of the basic, preclinical, clinical, and epidemiologic components of drug development will improve the likelihood of success. This includes characterizing the natural history of the disease, including evolution of biomarkers indexing the underlying pathology; using predictive preclinical models to assess the putative gain-of-function of mutant Htt protein and any loss-of-function of the wild-type protein; characterizing toxicokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of ASOs in predictive animal models; developing sensitive and reliable biomarkers to monitor target engagement and effects on pathology that translate from animal models to patients with HD; establishing a drug delivery method that ensures reliable distribution to relevant CNS tissue; and designing clinical trials that move expeditiously from proof of concept to proof of efficacy. This review focuses on the translational science techniques that allow for efficient and informed development of an ASO for the treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Smith
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Dan Norris
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA
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109
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Borrelli MJ, Youssef A, Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML. New Frontiers in Lp(a)-Targeted Therapies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:212-225. [PMID: 30732864 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interest in lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] has exploded over the past decade with the emergence of genetic and epidemiological studies pinpointing elevated levels of this unique lipoprotein as a causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). This review summarizes the most recent discoveries regarding therapeutic approaches to lower Lp(a) and presents these findings in the context of an emerging, although far from complete, understanding of the biosynthesis and catabolism of Lp(a). Application of Lp(a)-specific lowering agents to outcome trials will be the key to opening this new frontier in the battle against CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Borrelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amer Youssef
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael B Boffa
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marlys L Koschinsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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110
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Application of a Quality-By-Design Approach to Optimise Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles Loaded with a Splice-Correction Antisense Oligonucleotide: Maximising Loading and Intracellular Delivery. Pharm Res 2019; 36:37. [PMID: 30623253 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are promising therapeutics for specific modulation of cellular RNA function. However, ASO efficacy is compromised by inefficient intracellular delivery. Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPNs) are attractive mediators of intracellular ASO delivery due to favorable colloidal stability and sustained release properties. METHODS LPNs composed of cationic lipidoid 5 (L5) and poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) were studied for delivery of an ASO mediating splice correction of a luciferase gene transcript (Luc-ASO). Specific purposes were: (i) to increase the mechanistic understanding of factors determining the loading of ASO in LPNs, and (ii) to optimise the LPNs and customise them for Luc-ASO delivery in HeLa pLuc/705 cells containing an aberrant luciferase gene by using a quality-by-design approach. Critical formulation variables were linked to critical quality attributes (CQAs) using risk assessment and design of experiments, followed by delineation of an optimal operating space (OOS). RESULTS A series of CQAs were identified based on the quality target product profile. The L5 content and L5:Luc-ASO ratio (w/w) were determined as critical formulation variables, which were optimised systematically. The optimised Luc-ASO-loaded LPNs, defined from the OOS, displayed high loading and mediated splice correction at well-tolerated, lower doses as compared to those required for reference L5-based lipoplexes, L5-modified stable nucleic acid lipid nanoparticles or LPNs modified with dioleoyltrimethylammonium propane (conventional cationic lipid). CONCLUSIONS The optimal Luc-ASO-loaded LPNs represent a robust formulation that mediates efficient intracellular delivery of Luc-ASO. This opens new avenues for further development of LPNs as a broadly applicable technology platform for delivering nucleic acid cargos intracellularly.
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111
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Kis Z, Shattock R, Shah N, Kontoravdi C. Emerging Technologies for Low-Cost, Rapid Vaccine Manufacture. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800376. [PMID: 30537361 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To stop the spread of future epidemics and meet infant vaccination demands in low- and middle-income countries, flexible, rapid and low-cost vaccine development and manufacturing technologies are required. Vaccine development platform technologies that can produce a wide range of vaccines are emerging, including: a) humanized, high-yield yeast recombinant protein vaccines; b) insect cell-baculovirus ADDomer vaccines; c) Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) vaccines; d) RNA vaccines. Herein, existing and future platforms are assessed in terms of addressing challenges of scale, cost, and responsiveness. To assess the risk and feasibility of the four emerging platforms, the following six metrics are applied: 1) technology readiness; 2) technological complexity; 3) ease of scale-up; 4) flexibility for the manufacturing of a wide range of vaccines; 5) thermostability of the vaccine product at tropical ambient temperatures; and 6) speed of response from threat identification to vaccine deployment. The assessment indicated that technologies in the order of increasing feasibility and decreasing risk are the yeast platform, ADDomer platform, followed by RNA and GMMA platforms. The comparative strengths and weaknesses of each technology are discussed in detail, illustrating the associated development and manufacturing needs and priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Kis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nilay Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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112
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Local delivery of macromolecules to treat diseases associated with the colon. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 136-137:2-27. [PMID: 30359631 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for intestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, and colonic bacterial infections are typically small molecule oral dosage forms designed for systemic delivery. The intestinal permeability hurdle to achieve systemic delivery from oral formulations of macromolecules is challenging, but this drawback can be advantageous if an intestinal region is associated with the disease. There are some promising formulation approaches to release peptides, proteins, antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, RNA, and probiotics in the colon to enable local delivery and efficacy. We briefly review colonic physiology in relation to the main colon-associated diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, infection, and colorectal cancer), along with the impact of colon physiology on dosage form design of macromolecules. We then assess formulation strategies designed to achieve colonic delivery of small molecules and concluded that they can also be applied some extent to macromolecules. We describe examples of formulation strategies in preclinical research aimed at colonic delivery of macromolecules to achieve high local concentration in the lumen, epithelial-, or sub-epithelial tissue, depending on the target, but with the benefit of reduced systemic exposure and toxicity. Finally, the industrial challenges in developing macromolecule formulations for colon-associated diseases are presented, along with a framework for selecting appropriate delivery technologies.
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113
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Janas MM, Harbison CE, Perry VK, Carito B, Sutherland JE, Vaishnaw AK, Keirstead ND, Warner G. The Nonclinical Safety Profile of GalNAc-conjugated RNAi Therapeutics in Subacute Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:735-745. [PMID: 30139307 PMCID: PMC6249674 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318792537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are the most clinically advanced oligonucleotide-based platforms. A number of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-conjugated siRNAs (GalNAc-siRNAs), also referred to as RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics, are currently in various stages of development, though none is yet approved. While the safety of ASOs has been the subject of extensive review, the nonclinical safety profiles of GalNAc-siRNAs have not been reported. With the exception of sequence differences that confer target RNA specificity, GalNAc-siRNAs are largely chemically uniform, containing limited number of phosphorothioate linkages, and 2’-O-methyl and 2’-deoxy-2’-fluoro ribose modifications. Here, we present the outcomes of short-term (3–5 week) rat and monkey weekly repeat-dose toxicology studies of six Enhanced Stabilization Chemistry GalNAc-siRNAs currently in clinical development. In nonclinical studies at supratherapeutic doses, these molecules share similar safety signals, with histologic findings in the organ of pharmacodynamic effect (liver), the organ of elimination (kidney), and the reticuloendothelial system (lymph nodes). The majority of these changes are nonadverse, partially to completely reversible, correlate well with pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution, and often reflect drug accumulation. Furthermore, all GalNAc-siRNAs tested to date have been negative in genotoxicity and safety pharmacology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja M Janas
- 1 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Carole E Harbison
- 1 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Brenda Carito
- 1 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Garvin Warner
- 1 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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114
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Roy S, Trautwein C, Luedde T, Roderburg C. A General Overview on Non-coding RNA-Based Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches for Liver Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:805. [PMID: 30158867 PMCID: PMC6104154 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases contribute to the global mortality and morbidity and still represent a major health problem leading to the death of people worldwide. Although there are several treatment options available for Hepatitis C infections, for most liver disease the pharmacological options are still limited. Therefore, the development of new targets against liver diseases is of high interest. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) such as microRNA (miRNA) or long ncRNA (lncRNA) have been shown to be deeply involved in the pathophysiology of almost all acute and chronic liver diseases. The emerging evidence showed the potential therapeutic use of miRNA associated with different steps of hepatic pathophysiology. In the present review, we summarize emerging insights of ncRNA in liver diseases. We also highlight example of ncRNAs participating in the pathogenesis of different forms of liver disease and how they can be used as potential therapeutic targets for novel treatment paradigms. Furthermore, we describe an overview of up-to-date clinical trials and discuss about its future in clinical applications. Finally, we highlight the role of circulating ncRNAs in diagnosis of liver diseases and discuss the challenges and drawbacks of the usage of ncRNAs in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchari Roy
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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115
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RNA-mediated therapies in myotonic dystrophy. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:2013-2022. [PMID: 30086404 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy 1 (DM1) is a multisystemic neuromuscular disease caused by a dominantly inherited 'CTG' repeat expansion in the gene encoding DM Protein Kinase (DMPK). The repeats are transcribed into mRNA, which forms hairpins and binds with high affinity to the Muscleblind-like (MBNL) family of proteins, sequestering them from their normal function. The loss of function of MBNL proteins causes numerous downstream effects, primarily the appearance of nuclear foci, mis-splicing, and ultimately myotonia and other clinical symptoms. Antisense and other RNA-mediated technologies have been applied to target toxic-repeat mRNA transcripts to restore MBNL protein function in DM1 models, such as cells and mice, and in humans. This technique has had promising results in DM1 therapeutics by alleviating pathogenic phenotypes.
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116
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Rawla P, Sunkara T, Raj JP. Role of biologics and biosimilars in inflammatory bowel disease: current trends and future perspectives. J Inflamm Res 2018; 11:215-226. [PMID: 29844695 PMCID: PMC5961645 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s165330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal system. The spectrum is of predominantly two types, namely, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The incidence of IBD has been increasing steadily since 1990, and so the number of agents used in their treatment. Biologics that are derived partly or completely from living biological sources such as animals and humans have become widely available, which provide therapeutic benefits to the IBD patients. Currently, monoclonal antibodies against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab, and golimumab), integrins (vedolizumab and natalizumab), and interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 antagonists (ustekinumab) are approved for use in IBD. Biosimilars of infliximab and adalimumab are also available for the treatment of IBD. This review summarizes the clinical pharmacology, studies leading to their approval, overall indications and their use in IBD, usage in pregnancy and lactation, and the adverse effects of these agents. This review also summarizes the recent advances and future perspectives specific to biologics and biosimilars in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Rawla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Memorial Hospital of Martinsville and Henry County, Martinsville, VA
| | - Tagore Sunkara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Clinical Affiliate of The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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117
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Lin XL, Xiao LL, Tang ZH, Jiang ZS, Liu MH. Role of PCSK9 in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:36-44. [PMID: 29758414 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Statins are the most widely used therapy for patients with hyperlipidemia. However, a significant residual cardiovascular risk remains in some patients even after maximally tolerated statin therapy. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a new pharmacologically therapeutic target for decreasing LDL-C. PCSK9 reduces LDL intake from circulation by enhancing LDLR degradation and preventing LDLR recirculation to the cell surface. Moreover, PCSK9 inhibitors have been approved for patients with either familial hypercholesterolemia or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, who require additional reduction of LDL-C. In addition, PCSK9 inhibition combined with statins has been used as a new approach to help reduce LDL-C levels in patients with either statin intolerance or unattainable LDL goal. This review will discuss the emerging anti-PCSK9 therapies in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Lin
- Department of Pathology, Hui Zhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, 516002, China
| | - Le-Le Xiao
- Huzhou University, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Zhi-Han Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Mi-Hua Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China; Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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118
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Amodio N, Raimondi L, Juli G, Stamato MA, Caracciolo D, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P. MALAT1: a druggable long non-coding RNA for targeted anti-cancer approaches. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:63. [PMID: 29739426 PMCID: PMC5941496 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The deeper understanding of non-coding RNAs has recently changed the dogma of molecular biology assuming protein-coding genes as unique functional biological effectors, while non-coding genes as junk material of doubtful significance. In the last decade, an exciting boom of experimental research has brought to light the pivotal biological functions of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), representing more than the half of the whole non-coding transcriptome, along with their dysregulation in many diseases, including cancer.In this review, we summarize the emerging insights on lncRNA expression and functional role in cancer, focusing on the evolutionary conserved and abundantly expressed metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) that currently represents the best characterized lncRNA. Altogether, literature data indicate aberrant expression and dysregulated activity of MALAT1 in human malignancies and envision MALAT1 targeting as a novel treatment strategy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Amodio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Lavinia Raimondi
- IRCSS Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giada Juli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Angelica Stamato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniele Caracciolo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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119
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120
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Haemmig S, Simion V, Feinberg MW. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Vascular Inflammation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:22. [PMID: 29662883 PMCID: PMC5890095 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Less than 2% of the genome encodes for proteins. Accumulating studies have revealed a diverse set of RNAs derived from the non-coding genome. Among them, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have garnered widespread attention over recent years as emerging regulators of diverse biological processes including in cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, our knowledge of their mechanisms by which they control CVD-related gene expression and cell signaling pathways is still limited. Furthermore, only a handful of lncRNAs has been functionally evaluated in the context of vascular inflammation, an important process that underlies both acute and chronic disease states. Because some lncRNAs may be expressed in cell- and tissue-specific expression patterns, these non-coding RNAs hold great promise as novel biomarkers and as therapeutic targets in health and disease. Herein, we review those lncRNAs implicated in pro- and anti-inflammatory processes of acute and chronic vascular inflammation. An improved understanding of lncRNAs in vascular inflammation may provide new pathophysiological insights in CVD and opportunities for the generation of a new class of RNA-based biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Haemmig
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Viorel Simion
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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121
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Miniarikova J, Evers MM, Konstantinova P. Translation of MicroRNA-Based Huntingtin-Lowering Therapies from Preclinical Studies to the Clinic. Mol Ther 2018; 26:947-962. [PMID: 29503201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The single mutation underlying the fatal neuropathology of Huntington's disease (HD) is a CAG triplet expansion in exon 1 of the huntingtin (HTT) gene, which gives rise to a toxic mutant HTT protein. There have been a number of not yet successful therapeutic advances in the treatment of HD. The current excitement in the HD field is due to the recent development of therapies targeting the culprit of HD either at the DNA or RNA level to reduce the overall mutant HTT protein. In this review, we briefly describe short-term and long-term HTT-lowering strategies targeting HTT transcripts. One of the most advanced HTT-lowering strategies is a microRNA (miRNA)-based gene therapy delivered by a single administration of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector to the HD patient. We outline the outcome measures for the miRNA-based HTT-lowering therapy in the context of preclinical evaluation in HD animal and cell models. We highlight the strengths and ongoing queries of the HTT-lowering gene therapy as an HD intervention with a potential disease-modifying effect. This review provides a perspective on the fast-developing HTT-lowering therapies for HD and their translation to the clinic based on existing knowledge in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Miniarikova
- Department of Research and Development, uniQure, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Melvin M Evers
- Department of Research and Development, uniQure, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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122
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RNA-Targeted Therapies and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6010009. [PMID: 29342921 PMCID: PMC5874666 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor disease in adults. Its pathophysiology remains mysterious, but tremendous advances have been made with the discovery of the most frequent mutations of its more common familial form linked to the C9ORF72 gene. Although most cases are still considered sporadic, these genetic mutations have revealed the role of RNA production, processing and transport in ALS, and may be important players in all ALS forms. There are no disease-modifying treatments for adult human neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS. As in spinal muscular atrophy, RNA-targeted therapies have been proposed as potential strategies for treating this neurodegenerative disorder. Successes achieved in various animal models of ALS have proven that RNA therapies are both safe and effective. With careful consideration of the applicability of such therapies in humans, it is possible to anticipate ongoing in vivo research and clinical trial development of RNA therapies for treating ALS.
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123
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Goyal N, Narayanaswami P. Making sense of antisense oligonucleotides: A narrative review. Muscle Nerve 2017; 57:356-370. [PMID: 29105153 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic nucleic acid sequences that bind to ribonucleic acid (RNA) through Watson-Crick base pairing are known as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) because they are complementary to "sense strand" nucleic acids. ASOs bind to selected sequences of RNA and regulate the expression of genes by several mechanisms depending on their chemical properties and targets. They can be used to restore deficient protein expression, reduce the expression of a toxic protein, modify functional effects of proteins, or reduce toxicity of mutant proteins. Two ASOs were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2016: eteplirsen for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and nusinersen for spinal muscular atrophy. Clinical trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and familial amyloid polyneuropathy are ongoing. We review the chemistry, pharmacology, and mechanisms of action of ASOs, preclinical data, and clinical trials in neuromuscular diseases and discuss some ethical, regulatory, and policy considerations in the clinical development and use of ASOs. Muscle Nerve 57: 356-370, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Goyal
- Neurology/Neuromuscular Disease, Stanford University Hospital, 213 Quarry Road MC 5979, Palo Alto, Ca 94303
| | - Pushpa Narayanaswami
- Neurology/Neuromuscular Disease, Neurology TCC-8, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
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124
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Glotova TI, Nikonova AA, Glotov AG. ANTIVIRAL COMPOUNDS AND PREPARATIONS EFFECTIVE AGAINST BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA. Vopr Virusol 2017; 62:204-210. [PMID: 36494951 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-5-204-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae. It causes various clinical forms of infection leading to significant economic losses in beef and dairy industry worldwide. Furthermore, the virus is a contaminant of biological preparations (bovine fetal serum, continuous cell cultures, vaccines for human and veterinary medicine, interferons, trypsin, biotechnological preparations, embryos, stem cells, etc.). It is used as a test object when developing methods of decontamination. In some countries, a tool for monitoring the infection caused by the virus is vaccination based on the use of live and inactivated vaccines with varying efficiency. The antiviral compounds are a potential means of control in case of insufficient efficacy of vaccines. Their advantage for BVDV control is the ability to provide immediate protection for animals at risk in the case of an outbreak of the disease. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about antiviral compounds against BVDV. It was noted that due to the use of advanced biomedical technologies there is a tendency to search for drugs that might be effective for antiviral therapy of BVDV, as indicated by numerous studies of new compounds and the antiviral efficacy of known drugs used in medical practice. In addition to the well-known antiviral targets for the virus, such as the RdRp, IMPDH, NS3, new targets were discovered, such as protein p7. Its mechanism of action remains to be explored. It can be concluded that there is a great potential for BVDV control through the use of antiviral drugs which has not yet implemented. The biggest obstacle for commercial implementation of identified compounds is the lack of demonstration of their efficacy in vivo. Further studies should be performed to develop a method for administering effective drugs to groups of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Glotova
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-Biotechnologies
| | - A A Nikonova
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-Biotechnologies
| | - A G Glotov
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-Biotechnologies
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125
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Oligonucleotide-targeting periostin ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis. Gene Ther 2017; 24:706-716. [PMID: 28820502 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease with a median survival of 3-4 years after diagnosis. It is the most frequent form of a group of interstitial pneumonias of unknown etiology. Current available therapies prevent deterioration of lung function but no therapy has shown to improve survival. Periostin is a matricellular protein of the fasciclin 1 family. There is increased deposition of periostin in lung fibrotic tissues. Here we evaluated whether small interfering RNA or antisense oligonucleotide against periostin inhibits lung fibrosis by direct administration into the lung by intranasal route. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced with bleomycin and RNA therapeutics was administered during both acute and chronic phases of the disease. The levels of periostin and transforming growth factor-β1 in airway fluid and lung tissue, the deposition of collagen in lung tissue and the lung fibrosis score were significantly reduced in mice treated with siRNA and antisense against periostin compared to control mice. These findings suggest that direct administration of siRNA or antisense oligonucleotides against periostin into the lungs is a promising alternative therapeutic approach for the management of pulmonary fibrosis.
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126
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Kaczmarek JC, Kowalski PS, Anderson DG. Advances in the delivery of RNA therapeutics: from concept to clinical reality. Genome Med 2017; 9:60. [PMID: 28655327 PMCID: PMC5485616 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0450-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid expansion of the available genomic data continues to greatly impact biomedical science and medicine. Fulfilling the clinical potential of genetic discoveries requires the development of therapeutics that can specifically modulate the expression of disease-relevant genes. RNA-based drugs, including short interfering RNAs and antisense oligonucleotides, are particularly promising examples of this newer class of biologics. For over two decades, researchers have been trying to overcome major challenges for utilizing such RNAs in a therapeutic context, including intracellular delivery, stability, and immune response activation. This research is finally beginning to bear fruit as the first RNA drugs gain FDA approval and more advance to the final phases of clinical trials. Furthermore, the recent advent of CRISPR, an RNA-guided gene-editing technology, as well as new strides in the delivery of messenger RNA transcribed in vitro, have triggered a major expansion of the RNA-therapeutics field. In this review, we discuss the challenges for clinical translation of RNA-based therapeutics, with an emphasis on recent advances in delivery technologies, and present an overview of the applications of RNA-based drugs for modulation of gene/protein expression and genome editing that are currently being investigated both in the laboratory as well as in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Kaczmarek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Piotr S Kowalski
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA. .,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA. .,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA. .,Harvard and MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
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127
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Abstract
The pivotal role of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1) in anti-cancer drug resistance has been confirmed in many cancers. Overexpression of lncRNA UCA1 correlates with resistance to chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin, gemcitabine, 5-FU, tamoxifen, imatinib and EGFR-TKIs, whereas lncRNA UCA1 knockdown restores drug sensitivity. These studies highlight the potential of lncRNA UCA1 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, and a therapeutic target in malignant tumors. In this review, we address the role of lncRNA UCA1 in anti-cancer drug resistance and discuss its potential in future clinical applications.
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128
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Amreddy N, Babu A, Muralidharan R, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Polymeric Nanoparticle-Mediated Gene Delivery for Lung Cancer Treatment. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:35. [PMID: 28290155 PMCID: PMC5480422 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have focused on targeted gene therapy for lung cancer, using nanoparticle carriers to overcome the limitations of conventional treatment methods. The main goal of targeted gene therapy is to develop more efficient therapeutic strategies by improving the bioavailability, stability, and target specificity of gene therapeutics and to reduce off-target effects. Polymer-based nanoparticles, an alternative to lipid and inorganic nanoparticles, efficiently carry nucleic acid therapeutics and are stable in vivo. Receptor-targeted delivery is a promising approach that can limit non-specific gene delivery and can be achieved by modifying the polymer nanoparticle surface with specific receptor ligands or antibodies. This review highlights the recent developments in gene delivery using synthetic and natural polymer-based nucleic acid carriers for lung cancer treatment. Various nanoparticle systems based on polymers and polymer combinations are discussed. Further, examples of targeting ligands or moieties used in targeted, polymer-based gene delivery to lung cancer are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narsireddy Amreddy
- Department of Pathology, Stanton L. Young Biomedical Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Suite 1403, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anish Babu
- Department of Pathology, Stanton L. Young Biomedical Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Suite 1403, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ranganayaki Muralidharan
- Department of Pathology, Stanton L. Young Biomedical Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Suite 1403, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, Stanton L. Young Biomedical Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Suite 1403, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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129
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Polk BI, Rosenwasser LJ. Biological Therapies of Immunologic Diseases: Strategies for Immunologic Interventions. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2017; 37:247-259. [PMID: 28366475 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The immune system possesses a vast number of potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Although therapies for many pathways have been pursued, only few have yielded significant success. Hindrances in altering biologic pathways include the potential for unwanted downstream effects, ineffectiveness owing to biological redundancy, recognition of a therapeutic molecule as foreign by the body's innate immune system, and the risks of subsequent malignancy and/or autoimmunity. This article covers currently available biotherapeutic agent classes as well as potential direction for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke I Polk
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
| | - Lanny J Rosenwasser
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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130
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Mao X, Su Z, Mookhtiar AK. Long non-coding RNA: a versatile regulator of the nuclear factor-κB signalling circuit. Immunology 2017; 150:379-388. [PMID: 27936492 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors play an essential role for the regulation of inflammatory responses, immune function and malignant transformation. Aberrant activity of this signalling pathway may lead to inflammation, autoimmune diseases and oncogenesis. Over the last two decades great progress has been made in the understanding of NF-κB activation and how the response is counteracted for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Therapeutic targeting of this pathway has largely remained ineffective due to the widespread role of this vital pathway and the lack of specificity of the therapies currently available. Besides regulatory proteins and microRNAs, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is emerging as another critical layer of the intricate modulatory architecture for the control of the NF-κB signalling circuit. In this paper we focus on recent progress concerning lncRNA-mediated modulation of the NF-κB pathway, and evaluate the potential therapeutic uses and challenges of using lncRNAs that regulate NF-κB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Mao
- Department of Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenyi Su
- Department of Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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131
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Lee JS, Chang EH, Koo OJ, Jwa DH, Mo WM, Kwak G, Moon HW, Park HT, Hong YB, Choi BO. Pmp22 mutant allele-specific siRNA alleviates demyelinating neuropathic phenotype in vivo. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 100:99-107. [PMID: 28108290 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a genetic disorder that can be caused by aberrations in >80 genes. CMT has heterogeneous modes of inheritance, including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, and X-linked recessive. Over 95% of cases are dominantly inherited. In this study, we investigated whether regulation of a mutant allele by an allele-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) can alleviate the demyelinating neuropathic phenotype of CMT. We designed 19 different allele-specific siRNAs for Trembler J (Tr-J) mice harboring a naturally occurring mutation (Leu16Pro) in Pmp22. Using a luciferase assay, we identified an siRNA that specifically and selectively reduced the expression level of the mutant allele and reversed the low viability of Schwann cells caused by mutant Pmp22 over-expression in vitro. The in vivo efficacy of the allele-specific siRNA was assessed by its intraperitoneal injection to postnatal day 6 of Tr-J mice. Administration of the allele-specific siRNA to Tr-J mice significantly enhanced motor function and muscle volume, as assessed by the rotarod test and magnetic resonance imaging analysis, respectively. Increases in motor nerve conduction velocity and compound muscle action potentials were also observed in the treated mice. In addition, myelination, as evidenced by toluidine blue staining and electron microscopy, was augmented in the sciatic nerves of the mice after allele-specific siRNA treatment. After validating suppression of the Pmp22 mutant allele at the mRNA level in the Schwann cells of Tr-J mice, we observed increased expression levels of myelinating proteins such as myelin basic protein and myelin protein zero. These data indicate that selective suppression of the Pmp22 mutant allele by non-viral delivery of siRNA alleviates the demyelinating neuropathic phenotypes of CMT in vivo, implicating allele-specific siRNA treatment as a potent therapeutic strategy for dominantly inherited peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Su Lee
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hyuk Chang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Jae Koo
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Jwa
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Min Mo
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Kwak
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Moon
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Tae Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Hong
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Coutinho MF, Santos JI, Matos L, Alves S. Genetic Substrate Reduction Therapy: A Promising Approach for Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Diseases 2016; 4:diseases4040033. [PMID: 28933412 PMCID: PMC5456330 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by the accumulation of storage molecules in late endosomes/lysosomes. Most of them result from mutations in genes encoding for the catabolic enzymes that ensure intralysosomal digestion. Conventional therapeutic options include enzyme replacement therapy, an approach targeting the functional loss of the enzyme by injection of a recombinant one. Even though this is successful for some diseases, it is mostly effective for peripheral manifestations and has no impact on neuropathology. The development of alternative therapeutic approaches is, therefore, mandatory, and striking innovations including the clinical development of pharmacological chaperones and gene therapy are currently under evaluation. Most of them, however, have the same underlying rationale: an attempt to provide or enhance the activity of the missing enzyme to re-establish substrate metabolism to a level that is consistent with a lack of progression and/or return to health. Here, we will focus on the one approach which has a different underlying principle: substrate reduction therapy (SRT), whose uniqueness relies on the fact that it acts upstream of the enzymatic defect, decreasing storage by downregulating its biosynthetic pathway. Special attention will be given to the most recent advances in the field, introducing the concept of genetic SRT (gSRT), which is based on the use of RNA-degrading technologies (RNA interference and single stranded antisense oligonucleotides) to promote efficient substrate reduction by decreasing its synthesis rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francisca Coutinho
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, INSA, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321 4000-055 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Juliana Inês Santos
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, INSA, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321 4000-055 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Liliana Matos
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, INSA, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321 4000-055 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Alves
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, INSA, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321 4000-055 Porto, Portugal.
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