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Rauch S, van Veelen MJ, Oberhammer R, Dal Cappello T, Roveri G, Gruber E, Strapazzon G. Effect of Wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) on CPR Quality in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Simulation, Randomised Crossover Trial. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081728. [PMID: 33923620 PMCID: PMC8072569 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is considered an aerosol-generating procedure. Consequently, COVID-19 resuscitation guidelines recommend the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during resuscitation. In this simulation of randomised crossover trials, we investigated the influence of PPE on the quality of chest compressions (CCs). Thirty-four emergency medical service BLS-providers performed two 20 min CPR sequences (five 2 min cycles alternated by 2 min of rest) on manikins, once with and once without PPE, in a randomised order. The PPE was composed of a filtering facepiece 3 FFP3 mask, safety glasses, gloves and a long-sleeved gown. The primary outcome was defined as the difference between compression depth with and without PPE; secondary outcomes were defined as differences in CC rate, release and the number of effective CCs. The participants graded fatigue and performance, while generalised estimating equations (GEE) were used to analyse data. There was no significant difference in CC quality between sequences without and with PPE regarding depth (mean depth 54 ± 5 vs. 54 ± 6 mm respectively), rate (mean rate 119 ± 9 and 118 ± 6 compressions per minute), release (mean release 2 ± 2 vs. 2 ± 2 mm) and the number of effective CCs (43 ± 18 vs. 45 ± 17). The participants appraised higher fatigue when equipped with PPE in comparison to when equipped without PPE (p < 0.001), and lower performance was appraised when equipped with PPE in comparison to when equipped without PPE (p = 0.031). There is no negative effect of wearing PPE on the quality of CCs during CPR in comparison to not wearing PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Rauch
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (M.J.v.V.); (T.D.C.); (G.R.); (G.S.)
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, “F. Tappeiner” Hospital, Via Rossini 5, 39012 Merano, Italy
- Southtyrolean Helicopter Emergency Medical Service, Via Lorenz Böhler 3, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (R.O.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michiel Jan van Veelen
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (M.J.v.V.); (T.D.C.); (G.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Rosmarie Oberhammer
- Southtyrolean Helicopter Emergency Medical Service, Via Lorenz Böhler 3, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (R.O.); (E.G.)
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Brunico General Hospital, Via Ospedale 11, 39031 Brunico, Italy
| | - Tomas Dal Cappello
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (M.J.v.V.); (T.D.C.); (G.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Giulia Roveri
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (M.J.v.V.); (T.D.C.); (G.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Elisabeth Gruber
- Southtyrolean Helicopter Emergency Medical Service, Via Lorenz Böhler 3, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (R.O.); (E.G.)
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Brunico General Hospital, Via Ospedale 11, 39031 Brunico, Italy
| | - Giacomo Strapazzon
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (M.J.v.V.); (T.D.C.); (G.R.); (G.S.)
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Mapelli M, Salvioni E, De Martino F, Mattavelli I, Gugliandolo P, Vignati C, Farina S, Palermo P, Campodonico J, Maragna R, Lo Russo G, Bonomi A, Sciomer S, Agostoni P. “You can leave your mask on”: effects on cardiopulmonary parameters of different airway protective masks at rest and during maximal exercise. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.04473-2020. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.04473-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of protective masks has been essential to reduce contagions. However, public opinion is that there is an associated subjective shortness of breath. We evaluated cardiorespiratory parameters at rest and during maximal exertion to highlight any differences with the use of protective masks.12 healthy subjects performed three identical cardiopulmonary exercise tests, one without wearing a protective mask, one wearing a surgical mask and one with a filtering face piece particles class 2 (FFP2) mask. Dyspnoea was assessed using the Borg scale. Standard pulmonary function tests were also performed.All the subjects (40.8±12.4 years; six male) completed the protocol with no adverse events. Spirometry showed a progressive reduction of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) from no mask to surgical to FFP2 (FEV1: 3.94±0.91 L, 3.23±0.81 L, 2.94±0.98 L; FVC: 4.70±1.21 L, 3.77±1.02 L, 3.52±1.21 L; p<0.001). Rest ventilation, O2 uptake (V˙O2) and CO2 production (V˙CO2) were progressively lower, with a reduction in respiratory rate. At peak exercise, subjects had a progressively higher Borg scale when wearing surgical and FFP2 masks. Accordingly, at peak exercise, V˙O2 (31.0±23.4 mL·kg−1·min−1, 27.5±6.9 mL·kg−1·min−1, 28.2±8.8 mL·kg−1·min−1; p=0.001), ventilation (92±26 L, 76±22 L, 72±21 L; p=0.003), respiratory rate (42±8 breaths·min−1, 38±5 breaths·min−1, 37±4 breaths·min−1; p=0.04) and tidal volume (2.28±0.72 L, 2.05±0.60 L, 1.96±0.65 L; p=0.001) were gradually lower. There was no significant difference in oxygen saturation.Protective masks are associated with significant but modest worsening of spirometry and cardiorespiratory parameters at rest and peak exercise. The effect is driven by a ventilation reduction due to increased airflow resistance. However, because exercise ventilatory limitation is far from being reached, their use is safe even during maximal exercise, with a slight reduction in performance.
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