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Manzoor SS, Doedens A, Burns MB. The promise and challenge of cancer microbiome research. Genome Biol 2020; 21:131. [PMID: 32487228 PMCID: PMC7265652 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many microbial agents have been implicated as contributors to cancer genesis and development, and the search to identify and characterize new cancer-related organisms is ongoing. Modern developments in methodologies, especially culture-independent approaches, have accelerated and driven this research. Recent work has shed light on the multifaceted role that the community of organisms in and on the human body plays in cancer onset, development, detection, treatment, and outcome. Much remains to be discovered, however, as methodological variation and functional testing of statistical correlations need to be addressed for the field to advance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annemiek Doedens
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Michael B Burns
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA.
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Jennings DL, Bohn B, Zuver A, Onat D, Gaine M, Royzman E, Hupf J, Brunjes D, Latif F, Restaino S, Garan AR, Topkara VK, Takayama H, Takeda K, Naka Y, Farr M, Nandakumar R, Uhlemann AC, Colombo PC, Demmer RT, Yuzefpolskaya M. Gut microbial diversity, inflammation, and oxidative stress are associated with tacrolimus dosing requirements early after heart transplantation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233646. [PMID: 32469966 PMCID: PMC7259664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Effective tacrolimus (TAC) dosing is hampered by complex pharmacokinetics and significant patient variability. The gut microbiome, a key mediator of endotoxemia, inflammation and oxidative stress in advanced heart failure (HF) patients, is a possible contributor to interindividual variations in drug efficacy. The effect of alterations in the gut microbiome on TAC dosing requirements after heart transplant (HT) has not been explored. Methods We enrolled 24 patients (mean age = 55.8 ±2.3 years) within 3 months post-HT. Biomarkers of endotoxemia ((lipopolysaccharide (LPS)), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) and oxidative stress (8,12-iso-Isoprostane F-2alpha-VI) were measured in 16 blood samples. 22 stool samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. TAC dose and serum trough level were measured at the time of stool and blood collection. TAC doses were reported in mg/kg/day and as level-to-dose (L/D) ratio, and categorized as ≤ vs. > median. Results The median TAC dose was 0.1 mg/kg/day and L/D ratio was 100.01. Above the median daily weight-based TAC dose was associated with higher gut microbial alpha diversity (p = 0.03); similarly, TNF-α and 8,12-iso-Isoprostane F-2alpha-VI levels were lower and LPS levels were higher in the above median TAC group, although these findings were only marginally statistically significant and dependent on BMI adjustment. We observed n = 37 taxa to be significantly enriched among patients with > median TAC dose (all FDR<0.05), several of which are potential short-chain fatty acid producers with anti-inflammatory properties, including taxa from the family Subdoligranulum. Conclusions Our pilot study observed gut microbial alpha diversity to be increased while inflammation and oxidative stress were reduced among patients requiring higher TAC doses early after HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L. Jennings
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Long Island University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacy, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruno Bohn
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Amelia Zuver
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Duygu Onat
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maureen Gaine
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eugene Royzman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Hupf
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Danielle Brunjes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Farhana Latif
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan Restaino
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Arthur R. Garan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Veli K. Topkara
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hiroo Takayama
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Koji Takeda
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yoshifumi Naka
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maryjane Farr
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Renu Nandakumar
- Biomarkers Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, NewYork Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Microbiome and Pathogen Genomics Core, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paolo C. Colombo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryan T. Demmer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Division of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Melana Yuzefpolskaya
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Peters MF, Choy AL, Pin C, Leishman DJ, Moisan A, Ewart L, Guzzie-Peck PJ, Sura R, Keller DA, Scott CW, Kolaja KL. Developing in vitro assays to transform gastrointestinal safety assessment: potential for microphysiological systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1177-1190. [PMID: 32129356 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01107b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicities (DI-GITs) are among the most common adverse events in clinical trials. High prevalence of DI-GIT has persisted among new drugs due in part to the lack of robust experimental tools to allow early detection or to guide optimization of safer molecules. Developing in vitro assays for the leading GI toxicities (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, and abdominal pain) will likely involve recapitulating complex physiological properties that require contributions from diverse cell/tissue types including epithelial, immune, microbiome, nerve, and muscle. While this stipulation may be beyond traditional 2D monocultures of intestinal cell lines, emerging 3D GI microtissues capture interactions between diverse cell and tissue types. These interactions give rise to microphysiologies fundamental to gut biology. For GI microtissues, organoid technology was the breakthrough that introduced intestinal stem cells with the capability of differentiating into each of the epithelial cell types and that self-organize into a multi-cellular tissue proxy with villus- and crypt-like domains. Recently, GI microtissues generated using miniaturized devices with microfluidic flow and cyclic peristaltic strain were shown to induce Caco2 cells to spontaneously differentiate into each of the principle intestinal epithelial cell types. Second generation models comprised of epithelial organoids or microtissues co-cultured with non-epithelial cell types can successfully reproduce cross-'tissue' functional interactions broadening the potential of these models to accurately study drug-induced toxicities. A new paradigm in which in vitro assays become an early part of GI safety assessment could be realized if microphysiological systems (MPS) are developed in alignment with drug-discovery needs. Herein, approaches for assessing GI toxicity of pharmaceuticals are reviewed and gaps are compared with capabilities of emerging GI microtissues (e.g., organoids, organ-on-a-chip, transwell systems) in order to provide perspective on the assay features needed for MPS models to be adopted for DI-GIT assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Peters
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA.
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Stillhart C, Vučićević K, Augustijns P, Basit AW, Batchelor H, Flanagan TR, Gesquiere I, Greupink R, Keszthelyi D, Koskinen M, Madla CM, Matthys C, Miljuš G, Mooij MG, Parrott N, Ungell AL, de Wildt SN, Orlu M, Klein S, Müllertz A. Impact of gastrointestinal physiology on drug absorption in special populations––An UNGAP review. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 147:105280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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105
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Anfossi S, Calin GA. Gut microbiota: a new player in regulating immune- and chemo-therapy efficacy. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:356-370. [PMID: 33062956 PMCID: PMC7556722 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development of drug resistance represents the major cause of cancer therapy failure, determines disease progression and results in poor prognosis for cancer patients. Different mechanisms are responsible for drug resistance. Intrinsic genetic modifications of cancer cells induce the alteration of expression of gene controlling specific pathways that regulate drug resistance: drug transport and metabolism; alteration of drug targets; DNA damage repair; and deregulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and pro-survival signaling. On the other hand, a complex signaling network among the entire cell component characterizes tumor microenvironment and regulates the pathways involved in the development of drug resistance. Gut microbiota represents a new player in the regulation of a patient's response to cancer therapies, including chemotherapy and immunotherapy. In particular, commensal bacteria can regulate the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy by modulating the activation of immune responses to cancer. Commensal bacteria can also regulate the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs, such as oxaliplatin, gemcitabine, and cyclophosphamide. Recently, it has been shown that such bacteria can produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can mediate intercellular communication with human host cells. Indeed, bacterial EVs carry RNA molecules with gene expression regulatory ability that can be delivered to recipient cells of the host and potentially regulate the expression of genes involved in controlling the resistance to cancer therapy. On the other hand, host cells can also deliver human EVs to commensal bacteria and similarly, regulate gene expression. EV-mediated intercellular communication between commensal bacteria and host cells may thus represent a novel research area into potential mechanisms regulating the efficacy of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Anfossi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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106
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Ranade AV, Shirolkar A, Pawar SD. Gut microbiota: One of the new frontiers for elucidating fundamentals of Vipaka in Ayurveda. Ayu 2020; 40:75-78. [PMID: 32398906 PMCID: PMC7210818 DOI: 10.4103/ayu.ayu_210_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing resurgence of Ayurvedic medicine in recent years, a lot of focus is laid on pharmacokinetics of herbs in arresting disease pathology. Ayurveda has enlisted some fundamentals in relation to drug pharmacokinetics, namely Rasa (perception), Virya (potency), Vipaka (postdigestive effect), Guna (properties), and Prabhava (special effect). In recent years, research has emphasized the role of gut microbiota in human health and metabolic processes. A thorough review was done to understand the role of microbiota in drug metabolism if any. The holistic mechanism of gut microbiota coincides to some extent, with the doctrines of Ayurveda in the context of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. This discussion is a thought put forth with an aim to elucidate the concept of Vipakavis-a-vis gut microbiota functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Vishwas Ranade
- Research Officer (Ayu), Department of Pharmacology, Regional Ayurved Institute for Fundamental Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amey Shirolkar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Centre for Cell Sciences, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sharad Daulatrao Pawar
- Research Officer (Pharmacology), Department of Pharmacology, Regional Ayurved Institute for Fundamental Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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107
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Effects of intestinal flora on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aspirin in high-altitude hypoxia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230197. [PMID: 32163488 PMCID: PMC7067402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since hypobaric hypoxia significantly affects metabolic characteristics of intestinal flora, which plays an important role in the biotransformation of aspirin, high altitudes may influence the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effects of aspirin in the intestines. In the present study, to test alterations of intestinal microbiota at high altitude comparing to that at low altitude, we analyzed rat feces from plain group and high-altitude group by 16S rRNA analysis. To detect concentrations of aspirin and salicylic acid, we established a reliable liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to measure aspirin and salicylic acid concentrations in fecal suspensions and plasma. Our study found that the plateau hypoxic environment caused a significant increase in Bacteroides in rat feces, while Corynebacterium, Prevotella, and Coprococcus were declined. In addition, compared with the plain group, the metabolic activity of fecal suspensions from the plateau group on aspirin was significantly reduced. More importantly, these changes in the intestinal microbiota led to increasing absorption of aspirin in the rats after rapidly ascent to the plateau, and a reduction in the pharmacodynamic index TXB2, which would possibly result in bleeding. In conclusion, our research provides new ideas for changes in plateau pharmacokinetics, and then guide the corresponding reduction in aspirin dose for the population quickly entering the plateau.
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108
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Malfatti MA, Kuhn EA, Murugesh DK, Mendez ME, Hum N, Thissen JB, Jaing CJ, Loots GG. Manipulation of the Gut Microbiome Alters Acetaminophen Biodisposition in Mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4571. [PMID: 32165665 PMCID: PMC7067795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a vast and diverse microbial community that has co-evolved with its host to perform a variety of essential functions involved in the utilization of nutrients and the processing of xenobiotics. Shifts in the composition of gut microbiota can disturb the balance of organisms which can influence the biodisposition of orally administered drugs. To determine how changes in the gut microbiome can alter drug disposition, the pharmacokinetics (PK), and biodistribution of acetaminophen were assessed in C57Bl/6 mice after treatment with the antibiotics ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, or a cocktail of ampicillin/neomycin. Altered PK, and excretion profiles of acetaminophen were observed in antibiotic exposed animals. Plasma Cmax was significantly decreased in antibiotic treated animals suggesting decreased bioavailability. Urinary metabolite profiles revealed decreases in acetaminophen-sulfate metabolite levels in both the amoxicillin and ampicillin/neomycin treated animals. The ratio between urinary and fecal excretion was also altered in antibiotic treated animals. Analysis of gut microbe composition revealed that changes in microbe content in antibiotic treated animals was associated with changes in acetaminophen biodisposition. These results suggest that exposure to amoxicillin or ampicillin/neomycin can alter the biodisposition of acetaminophen and that these alterations could be due to changes in gut microbiome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Malfatti
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
| | - Edward A Kuhn
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Deepa K Murugesh
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Melanie E Mendez
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.,School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Nicholas Hum
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.,School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - James B Thissen
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Crystal J Jaing
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Gabriela G Loots
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.,School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
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109
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Comprehensive phenotyping of depression disease trajectory and risk: Rationale and design of Texas Resilience Against Depression study (T-RAD). J Psychiatr Res 2020; 122:22-32. [PMID: 31918350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Depression has a chronic and recurrent course often with early onset and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. In contrast to diagnoses for other conditions which rely on precise medical tests, the diagnosis of depression still focuses exclusively on symptom reports. As a result, heterogeneous patient groups are included under broad categories. Furthermore, in the absence of companion diagnostic tests, choosing specific treatments for patients remains imprecise with only one-third of patients entering remission with initial treatment, with others requiring multiple intervention steps to achieve remission. In addition to improving treatment outcomes, disease prevention is essential to reduce overall disease burden. Adolescence is a critical window where complex emotional, social, familial, and biological shifts may predispose to lifelong depression. Thus, personalized medicine, integrating individual variability in genes, brain function, and clinical phenotypes, can offer a comprehensive approach to provide precise diagnosis, novel drug development, optimal treatment assignment, and prevention of illness and its associated burden. Texas Resilience Against Depression study (T-RAD) encompasses two natural history, longitudinal (10 + years), prospective studies (D2K and RAD), each enrolling 2500 participants. The D2K study follows participants (ages 10 years and older) who have a current or past diagnosis of depression or bipolar disorder. The RAD study follows participants aged 10-24 years who are at risk for depression but not yet suffering from the disease. The T-RAD study will help to uncover the socio-demographic, lifestyle, clinical, psychological, and neurobiological factors that contribute to mood disorder onset, recurrence, progression, and differential treatment response.
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110
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Vandana UK, Barlaskar NH, Gulzar ABM, Laskar IH, Kumar D, Paul P, Pandey P, Mazumder PB. Linking gut microbiota with the human diseases. Bioinformation 2020; 16:196-208. [PMID: 32405173 PMCID: PMC7196170 DOI: 10.6026/97320630016196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut is rich in microbes. Therefore, it is of interest to document data to link known human diseases with the gut microbiota. Various factors like hormones, metabolites and dietary habitats are responsible for shaping the microbiota of the gut. Imbalance in the gut microbiota is responsible for the pathogenesis of various disease types including rheumatoid arthritis, different types of cancer, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. We report a review of known data for the correction of dysbiosis (imbalance in microbe population) towards improved human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Diwakar Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Prosenjit Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
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111
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Stasi C, Sadalla S, Milani S. The Relationship Between the Serotonin Metabolism, Gut-Microbiota and the Gut-Brain Axis. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:646-655. [PMID: 31345143 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666190725115503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonin (5-HT) has a pleiotropic function in gastrointestinal, neurological/psychiatric and liver diseases. The aim of this review was to elucidate whether the gut-microbiota played a critical role in regulating peripheral serotonin levels. METHODS We searched for relevant studies published in English using the PubMed database from 1993 to the present. RESULTS Several studies suggested that alterations in the gut-microbiota may contribute to a modulation of serotonin signalling. The first indication regarded the changes in the composition of the commensal bacteria and the intestinal transit time caused by antibiotic treatment. The second indication regarded the changes in serotonin levels correlated to specific bacteria. The third indication regarded the fact that decreased serotonin transporter expression was associated with a shift in gut-microbiota from homeostasis to inflammatory type microbiota. Serotonin plays a key role in the regulation of visceral pain, secretion, and initiation of the peristaltic reflex; however, its altered levels are also detected in many different psychiatric disorders. Symptoms of some gastrointestinal functional disorders may be due to deregulation in central nervous system activity, dysregulation at the peripheral level (intestine), or a combination of both (brain-gut axis) by means of neuro-endocrine-immune stimuli. Moreover, several studies have demonstrated the profibrogenic role of 5-HT in the liver, showing that it works synergistically with platelet-derived growth factor in stimulating hepatic stellate cell proliferation. CONCLUSION Although the specific interaction mechanisms are still unclear, some studies have suggested that there is a correlation between the gut-microbiota, some gastrointestinal and liver diseases and the serotonin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Stasi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Sinan Sadalla
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Milani
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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112
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Huang X, Fang Q, Rao T, Zhou L, Zeng X, Tan Z, Chen L, Ouyang D. Leucovorin ameliorated methotrexate induced intestinal toxicity via modulation of the gut microbiota. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 391:114900. [PMID: 32061593 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is a widely used therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. However, its efficacy is often limited by adverse effects, such as intestinal toxicity. Although treatment with leucovorin (LV) is the most common method to reduce the toxic effects of MTX, it may also compromise the therapeutic effects of MTX. The gut microbiome has been reported to be associated with the intestinal toxicity of MTX. In this study, the intestinal damage of MTX was ameliorated by treatment with LV. Moreover, the population, diversity, and principal components of the gut microbiota in MTX-treated mice were restored by treatment with LV. The only element of the gut microbiota that was significantly changed after treatment with LV was Bifidobacterium, and supplementation with Bifidobacterium longum ameliorated MTX-induced intestinal damage. In conclusion, our results suggest that the balance and the composition of gut microbiota have an important role in the LV-mediated protection against MTX-induced intestinal toxicity. This work provides foundation of data in support of a new potential mechanism for the prevention of MTX-induced intestinal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha 411000, PR China
| | - Qing Fang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha 411000, PR China
| | - Tai Rao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha 411000, PR China
| | - Luping Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha 411000, PR China
| | - Xiangchang Zeng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha 411000, PR China
| | - Zhirong Tan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha 411000, PR China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha 411000, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Ouyang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha 411000, PR China.
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Angoa-Pérez M, Zagorac B, Winters AD, Greenberg JM, Ahmad M, Theis KR, Kuhn DM. Differential effects of synthetic psychoactive cathinones and amphetamine stimulants on the gut microbiome in mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227774. [PMID: 31978078 PMCID: PMC6980639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The list of pharmacological agents that can modify the gut microbiome or be modified by it continues to grow at a high rate. The greatest amount of attention on drug-gut microbiome interactions has been directed primarily at pharmaceuticals used to treat infection, diabetes, cardiovascular conditions and cancer. By comparison, drugs of abuse and addiction, which can powerfully and chronically worsen human health, have received relatively little attention in this regard. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to characterize how selected synthetic psychoactive cathinones (aka “Bath Salts”) and amphetamine stimulants modify the gut microbiome. Mice were treated with mephedrone (40 mg/kg), methcathinone (80 mg/kg), methamphetamine (5 mg/kg) or 4-methyl-methamphetamine (40 mg/kg), following a binge regimen consisting of 4 injections at 2h intervals. These drugs were selected for study because they are structural analogs that contain a β-keto substituent (methcathinone), a 4-methyl group (4-methyl-methamphetamine), both substituents (mephedrone) or neither (methamphetamine). Mice were sacrificed 1, 2 or 7 days after treatment and DNA from caecum contents was subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing. We found that all drugs caused significant time- and structure-dependent alterations in the diversity and taxonomic structure of the gut microbiome. The two phyla most changed by drug treatments were Firmicutes (methcathinone, 4-methyl-methamphetamine) and Bacteriodetes (methcathinone, 4-methyl-methamphetamine, methamphetamine, mephedrone). Across time, broad microbiome changes from the phylum to genus levels were characteristic of all drugs. The present results signify that these selected psychoactive drugs, which are thought to exert their primary effects within the CNS, can have profound effects on the gut microbiome. They also suggest new avenues of investigation into the possibility that gut-derived signals could modulate drug abuse and addiction via altered communication along the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Angoa-Pérez
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Branislava Zagorac
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Winters
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Madison Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin R. Theis
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Perinatal Research Initiative in Maternal, Perinatal and Child Health, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Donald M. Kuhn
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zuma NH, Smit FJ, Seldon R, Aucamp J, Jordaan A, Warner DF, N'Da DD. Single-step synthesis and in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity of novel nitrofurantoin analogues. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103587. [PMID: 32044516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) as well as the requirement for long, expensive and toxic drug regimens impede efforts to control and eliminate TB. Therefore, there's a need for effective and affordable anti-mycobacterial agents which can shorten the duration of therapy and are active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in both active and latent phases. Nitrofurantoin (NFT) is a hypoxic agent with activity against a myriad of anaerobic pathogens and, like the first-line TB drug, rifampicin (RIF), kills non-replicating bacilli. However, the poor ability of NFT to cross host cell membranes and penetrate tissue means that it does not reach therapeutic concentrations. To improve TB efficacy of NFT, a series of NFT analogues was synthesized and evaluated in vitro for anti-mycobacterial activity against the laboratory strain, Mtb H37Rv, and for potential cytotoxicity using human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) and Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells. The NFT analogues showed good safety profiles, enhanced anti-mycobacterial potency, improved lipophilicity, as well as reduced protein binding affinity. Analogue 9 which contains an eight carbon aliphatic chain was the most active, equipotent to isoniazid (INH), a major front-line agent, with MIC90 = 0.5 μM, 30-fold more potency than the parent drug, nitrofurantoin (MIC90 = 15 μM), and 100-fold more selective towards mycobacteria. Therefore, 9 was identified as a validated hit for further investigation in the urgent search for new, safe and affordable TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonkululeko H Zuma
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Frans J Smit
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Ronnett Seldon
- SAMRC Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Janine Aucamp
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Audrey Jordaan
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Digby F Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Clinical Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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Lecronier M, Tashk P, Tamzali Y, Tenaillon O, Denamur E, Barrou B, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Tourret J. Gut microbiota composition alterations are associated with the onset of diabetes in kidney transplant recipients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227373. [PMID: 31910227 PMCID: PMC6946168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut dysbiosis associated with diabetes acquired before or after kidney transplantation (KT) has not been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lecronier
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Parvine Tashk
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yanis Tamzali
- AP-HP, Département d’Urologie, Néphrologie et Transplantation, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Tenaillon
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Erick Denamur
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Barrou
- AP-HP, Département d’Urologie, Néphrologie et Transplantation, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Judith Aron-Wisnewsky
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Service de nutrition, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S U1166, équipe NutriOmics, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Tourret
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Département d’Urologie, Néphrologie et Transplantation, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Maseda D, Ricciotti E. NSAID-Gut Microbiota Interactions. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1153. [PMID: 32848762 PMCID: PMC7426480 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)s relieve pain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase isozymes (COX-1 and COX-2). Despite their clinical efficacy, NSAIDs can cause gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiovascular (CV) complications. Moreover, NSAID use is characterized by a remarkable individual variability in the extent of COX isozyme inhibition, therapeutic efficacy, and incidence of adverse effects. The interaction between the gut microbiota and host has emerged as a key player in modulating host physiology, gut microbiota-related disorders, and metabolism of xenobiotics. Indeed, host-gut microbiota dynamic interactions influence NSAID disposition, therapeutic efficacy, and toxicity. The gut microbiota can directly cause chemical modifications of the NSAID or can indirectly influence its absorption or metabolism by regulating host metabolic enzymes or processes, which may have consequences for drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. NSAID itself can directly impact the composition and function of the gut microbiota or indirectly alter the physiological properties or functions of the host which may, in turn, precipitate in dysbiosis. Thus, the complex interconnectedness between host-gut microbiota and drug may contribute to the variability in NSAID response and ultimately influence the outcome of NSAID therapy. Herein, we review the interplay between host-gut microbiota and NSAID and its consequences for both drug efficacy and toxicity, mainly in the GI tract. In addition, we highlight progress towards microbiota-based intervention to reduce NSAID-induced enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Maseda
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Emanuela Ricciotti
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Emanuela Ricciotti,
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Ervin SM, Hanley RP, Lim L, Walton WG, Pearce KH, Bhatt AP, James LI, Redinbo MR. Targeting Regorafenib-Induced Toxicity through Inhibition of Gut Microbial β-Glucuronidases. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2737-2744. [PMID: 31663730 PMCID: PMC7254866 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regorafenib (Stivarga) is an oral small molecule kinase inhibitor used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinomas, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Diarrhea is one of the most frequently observed adverse reactions associated with regorafenib. This toxicity may arise from the reactivation of the inactive regorafenib-glucuronide to regorafenib by gut microbial β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. We sought to unravel the molecular basis of regorafenib-glucuronide processing by human intestinal GUS enzymes and to examine the potential inhibition of these enzymes. Using a panel of 31 unique gut microbial GUS enzymes derived from the 279 mapped from the human gut microbiome, we found that only four were capable of regorafenib-glucuronide processing. Using crystal structures as a guide, we pinpointed the molecular features unique to these enzymes that confer regorafenib-glucuronide processing activity. Furthermore, a pilot screen identified the FDA-approved drug raloxifene as an inhibitor of regorafenib reactivation by the GUS proteins discovered. Novel synthetic raloxifene analogs exhibited improved potency in both in vitro and ex vivo studies. Taken together, these data establish that regorafenib reactivation is exclusively catalyzed by gut microbial enzymes and that these enzymes are amenable to targeted inhibition. Our results unravel key molecular details of regorafenib reactivation in the GI tract and provide a potential pathway to improve clinical outcomes with regorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Ervin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ronan P. Hanley
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lauren Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William G. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kenneth H. Pearce
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Aadra P. Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lindsey I. James
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew R. Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences and Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Wang Y, Yang G, You L, Yang J, Feng M, Qiu J, Zhao F, Liu Y, Cao Z, Zheng L, Zhang T, Zhao Y. Role of the microbiome in occurrence, development and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:173. [PMID: 31785619 PMCID: PMC6885316 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies. Recent studies indicated that development of pancreatic cancer may be intimately connected with the microbiome. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms through which microbiomes affect the development of pancreatic cancer, including inflammation and immunomodulation. Potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications of microbiomes are also discussed. For example, microbiomes may serve as diagnostic markers for pancreatic cancer, and may also play an important role in determining the efficacies of treatments such as chemo- and immunotherapies. Future studies will provide additional insights into the various roles of microbiomes in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Lei You
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Jinshou Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Mengyu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Jiangdong Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Fangyu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Yueze Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Zhe Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Lianfang Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Taiping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
- Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
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119
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Azad RK, Shulaev V. Metabolomics technology and bioinformatics for precision medicine. Brief Bioinform 2019; 20:1957-1971. [PMID: 29304189 PMCID: PMC6954408 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbx170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine is rapidly emerging as a strategy to tailor medical treatment to a small group or even individual patients based on their genetics, environment and lifestyle. Precision medicine relies heavily on developments in systems biology and omics disciplines, including metabolomics. Combination of metabolomics with sophisticated bioinformatics analysis and mathematical modeling has an extreme power to provide a metabolic snapshot of the patient over the course of disease and treatment or classifying patients into subpopulations and subgroups requiring individual medical treatment. Although a powerful approach, metabolomics have certain limitations in technology and bioinformatics. We will review various aspects of metabolomics technology and bioinformatics, from data generation, bioinformatics analysis, data fusion and mathematical modeling to data management, in the context of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Shulaev
- Corresponding author: Vladimir Shulaev, Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76210, USA. Tel.: 940-369-5368; Fax: 940-565-3821; E-mail:
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120
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Gut microbiota as an "invisible organ" that modulates the function of drugs. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 121:109653. [PMID: 31810138 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays an important role in the gut and have become a hotspot of recent research interests. Commensal microbiota in gut exert a variety of effects on the host, from shaping the structure and function of the gut and the immune system to the modulation of nutrient status of the host and the treatment outcomes of some drugs. Gut microbiota and its enzyme product and subsequent products, such as short-chain fatty acid and bile acid, play important roles in the biotransformation of drugs via directly or indirectly affecting drug absorption, toxicity, metabolism and bioavailability. Drugs, especially antibiotics, also affect the homeostasis of probiotics and the integrity and function of the intestinal mucosa. These interplaying processes produce a variety of important metabolites of the host and drugs and affect the balance of microbiota and the mucosal barrier then modulate the function of drugs. Gut microbiota imbalance is associated with a broad range of disease mechanisms, and this association denotes a new drug-therapeutic avenue. The present review summarizes how gut microbiota acts as an "invisible organ" to directly or indirectly modulate the function of drugs, on the aspects of probiotic homeostasis, drugs and host nutritional metabolism, AJC, mucus layer and microfold cells.
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121
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Biver E, Berenbaum F, Valdes AM, Araujo de Carvalho I, Bindels LB, Brandi ML, Calder PC, Castronovo V, Cavalier E, Cherubini A, Cooper C, Dennison E, Franceschi C, Fuggle N, Laslop A, Miossec P, Thomas T, Tuzun S, Veronese N, Vlaskovska M, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R. Gut microbiota and osteoarthritis management: An expert consensus of the European society for clinical and economic aspects of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal diseases (ESCEO). Ageing Res Rev 2019; 55:100946. [PMID: 31437484 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) increases not only because of longer life expectancy but also because of the modern lifestyle, in particular physical inactivity and diets low in fiber and rich in sugar and saturated fats, which promote chronic low-grade inflammation and obesity. Adverse alterations of the gut microbiota (GMB) composition, called microbial dysbiosis, may favor metabolic syndrome and inflammaging, two important components of OA onset and evolution. Considering the burden of OA and the need to define preventive and therapeutic interventions targeting the modifiable components of OA, an expert working group was convened by the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) to review the potential contribution of GMB to OA. Such a contribution is supported by observational or dietary intervention studies in animal models of OA and in humans. In addition, several well-recognized risk factors of OA interact with GMB. Lastly, GMB is a critical determinant of drug metabolism and bioavailability and may influence the response to OA medications. Further research targeting GMB or its metabolites is needed to move the field of OA from symptomatic management to individualized interventions targeting its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Biver
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Francis Berenbaum
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM CRSA, Department of Rheumatology, AP-HP Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ana M Valdes
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Islene Araujo de Carvalho
- Department of Ageing and Life Course, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Bone Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Vincenzo Castronovo
- Metastases Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liege, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Antonio Cherubini
- Geriatria, Accettazione geriatrica e Centro di ricerca per l'invecchiamento, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elaine Dennison
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Specialty, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicholas Fuggle
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrea Laslop
- Scientific Office, Austrian Medicines & Medical Devices Agency, Federal Office for Safety in Health Care, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit, EA 4130, University of Lyon, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Thomas
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Etienne, and INSERM U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Sansin Tuzun
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nicola Veronese
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padova, Italy
| | - Mila Vlaskovska
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jean-Yves Reginster
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - René Rizzoli
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Tarasiuk A, Fichna J. Gut microbiota: what is its place in pharmacology? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2019; 12:921-930. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1670058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Tarasiuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Prevotella copri is associated with carboplatin-induced gut toxicity. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:714. [PMID: 31558709 PMCID: PMC6763498 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As a widely used cancer drug, carboplatin often results in serious side effects, such as gut toxicity. In this study, we examined the effects of gut microbiota on mice with carboplatin-induced intestinal mucosal damage. Carboplatin resulted in intestinal mucositis, as indicated by weight loss, diarrhoea, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. It markedly increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in intestine. Carboplatin also altered the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota. A significantly higher abundance of Prevotella copri (P. copri) was observed in carboplatin-treated mice. Moreover, the content of P. copri was positively correlated with the severity of intestinal mucositis. Pretreatment with metronidazole reduced the content of P. copri and relieved the intestinal mucosal injury and inflammation that was induced by carboplatin. Further study revealed that supplementation with P. copri in carboplatin-treated mice resulted in more severe tissue damage, lower tight junction protein expression and higher cytokine expression, and it enhanced both local and systemic immune responses. These data demonstrated that P. copri was involved in the pathological process of carboplatin-induced intestinal mucositis, suggesting a potential attenuation of carboplatin-induced intestinal mucositis by targeting P. copri.
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Wang J, Shao L, Rao T, Zhang W, Huang WH. Chemo-Preventive Potential of Falcarindiol-Enriched Fraction from Oplopanax elatus on Colorectal Cancer Interfered by Human Gut Microbiota. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:1381-1404. [PMID: 31488036 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1950071x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai is an oriental herb, the polyyne-enriched fraction of which (PEFO) showed anticolorectal cancer (anti-CRC) effects. Other concomitant components, which are inevitably bio-transformed by gut microbiota after oral administration, might be interfere with the pharmacodynamics of polyynes. However, the influence of human gut microbiota on molecules from O. elatus possessing anticancer activity are yet unknown. In this study, the compounds in PEFO and PEFO incubated with human gut microbiota were analyzed and tentatively identified by HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS. Two main polyynes ((3[Formula: see text]8[Formula: see text]-falcarindiol and oplopandiol) were not significantly decomposed, but some new unknown molecules were discovered during incubation. However, the antiproliferative effects of PEFO incubated with human gut microbiota for 72 h (PEFO I) were much lower than that of PEFO on HCT-116, SW-480, and HT-29 cells. Furthermore, PEFO possessed better anti-CRC activity in vivo, and significantly induced apoptosis of the CRC cells, which was associated with activation of caspase-3 according to the Western-blot results ([Formula: see text]). These results suggest anticolorectal cancer activity of polyynes might be antagonized by some bio-converted metabolites after incubation with human gut microbiota. Therefore, it might be better for CRC prevention if the polyynes could be orally administrated as purified compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 110, Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 110, Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
| | - Li Shao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300, Xueshi Road, Changsha 410128, P. R. China
| | - Tai Rao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 110, Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 110, Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 110, Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 110, Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 110, Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 110, Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
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125
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Li Y, Peng Y, Ma P, Wang M, Peng C, Tu P, Li X. In vitro and in vivo metabolism of Cistanche tubulosa extract in normal and chronic unpredictable stress-induced depressive rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1125:121728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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126
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Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), including herbal and dietary supplement hepatotoxicity, is often passed lightly; however, it can lead to the requirement of a liver transplant or may even cause death because of liver failure. Recently, the American College of Gastroenterology, Chinese Society of Hepatology and European Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of DILI have been established, and they will be helpful for guiding clinical treatment decisions. Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method scoring is the most commonly used method to diagnose DILI; however, it has some limitations, such as poor validity and reproducibility. Recently, studies on new biomarkers have been actively carried out, which will help diagnose DILI and predict the prognosis of DILI. It is expected that the development of new therapies such as autophagy inducers and various other technologies of the fourth industrial revolution will be applicable to DILI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ill Suh
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk Unversity, Gyeongju, Korea
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127
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Beltrán D, Frutos-Lisón MD, Espín JC, García-Villalba R. Re-examining the role of the gut microbiota in the conversion of the lipid-lowering statin monacolin K (lovastatin) into its active β-hydroxy acid metabolite. Food Funct 2019; 10:1787-1791. [PMID: 30882807 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02594k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Monacolin K (MK, lovastatin), a naturally occurring statin, only exerts lipid-lowering effects in its active β-hydroxy acid form (MKA). This activation was thought to be mediated by the gut microbiota (GM). We report here for the first time that the GM does not convert MK into MKA (a spontaneous pH-dependent conversion) but catabolises MKA. The GM might hamper the lipid-lowering effects by degrading the active metabolite MKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Beltrán
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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128
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Fröhlich E, Wahl R. Microbiota and Thyroid Interaction in Health and Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:479-490. [PMID: 31257166 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota has been identified as an important factor in health and in a variety of diseases. An altered microbiota composition increases the prevalence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD). Microbes influence thyroid hormone levels by regulating iodine uptake, degradation, and enterohepatic cycling. In addition, there is a pronounced influence of minerals on interactions between host and microbiota, particularly selenium, iron, and zinc. In manifest thyroid disorders, the microbiota may affect L-thyroxine uptake and influence the action of propylthiouracil (PTU). Although it is relatively well documented that thyroid disorders are linked to the composition of the microbiota, the role of specific genera and the potential use of therapies targeting the microbiota are less clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Richard Wahl
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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129
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Li L, Chen Y, Feng X, Yin J, Li S, Sun Y, Zhang L. Identification of Metabolites of Eupatorin in Vivo and in Vitro Based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Molecules 2019; 24:E2658. [PMID: 31340434 PMCID: PMC6680898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Eupatorin is the major bioactive component of Java tea (Orthosiphon stamineus), exhibiting strong anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. However, no research on the metabolism of eupatorin has been reported to date. In the present study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) combined with an efficient online data acquisition and a multiple data processing method were developed for metabolite identification in vivo (rat plasma, bile, urine and feces) and in vitro (rat liver microsomes and intestinal flora). A total of 51 metabolites in vivo, 60 metabolites in vitro were structurally characterized. The loss of CH2, CH2O, O, CO, oxidation, methylation, glucuronidation, sulfate conjugation, N-acetylation, hydrogenation, ketone formation, glycine conjugation, glutamine conjugation and glucose conjugation were the main metabolic pathways of eupatorin. This was the first identification of metabolites of eupatorin in vivo and in vitro and it will provide reference and valuable evidence for further development of new pharmaceuticals and pharmacological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luya Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xue Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jintuo Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Shenghao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Yupeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Lantong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
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130
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Hekmatshoar Y, Rahbar Saadat Y, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Ozkan T, Zununi Vahed F, Nariman-Saleh-Fam Z, Pourghassem Gargari B, Sunguroglu A, Zununi Vahed S. The impact of tumor and gut microbiotas on cancer therapy: Beneficial or detrimental? Life Sci 2019; 233:116680. [PMID: 31344431 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a globally challenging health problem threatening mankind. Despite therapeutic advances in dealing with this malignancy, heterogeneous response and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents remain the hallmarks of cancer therapy. On the other hand, the involvement of the microbiota in affecting human health is well defined. An ever-growing body of evidence implicates the potential link between the microbiome and the efficacy of cancer therapies. Gut microbiota can modulate the metabolism of drugs in a number of ways. The presence of bacteria within the tumor environment can also impact the responses to cancer therapies; changing the chemical structure of chemotherapeutic drugs, affecting their activity, and local concentration. However, the underlying mechanisms by which gut and tumor microbial communities affect the response to cancer therapy are poorly understood and deciphering these mechanisms is of paramount importance. This review provides an overview of how gut and tumor microbiota might affect the efficacy of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy and alleviate the adverse side effects of these therapies for the development of personalized and effective anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Hekmatshoar
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yalda Rahbar Saadat
- Nutrition Research Center, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hosseiniyan Khatibi
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Banos, Philippines; Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tulin Ozkan
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ziba Nariman-Saleh-Fam
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahram Pourghassem Gargari
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asuman Sunguroglu
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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131
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The Sex-Gender Effects in the Road to Tailored Botanicals. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071637. [PMID: 31319627 PMCID: PMC6682902 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenols are a wide family of phytochemicals that are characterized by large chemical diversity and are considered to bioactive molecules of foods, beverages, and botanicals. Although they have a multitude of biological actions, their beneficial effects are rarely evidenced in clinical research with high scientific rigor. This may occur due to the presence of numerous confounders, such as the modulation of phenol bioavailability, which can be regulated by microbiota, age, sex-gender. Sex-gender is an important determinant of health and well-being, and has an impact on environmental and occupational risks, access to health care, disease prevalence, and treatment outcomes. In addition, xenobiotic responses may be strongly influenced by sex-gender. This review describes how sex–gender differentially influences the activities of phenols also in some critical periods of women life such as pregnancy and lactation, considering also the sex of fetuses and infants. Thus, sex–gender is a variable that must be carefully considered and should be used to propose directions for future research on the road to tailored medicine and nutrition.
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132
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Lactobacillus casei protects dextran sodium sulfate- or rapamycin-induced colonic inflammation in the mouse. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:1443-1451. [PMID: 31123864 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human colon inflammation is associated with changes in the diverse and abundant microorganisms in the gut. As important beneficial microbes, Lactobacillus contributes to the immune responses and intestinal integrity that may alleviate experimental colitis. However, the mechanisms underlying probiotic benefits have not been fully elucidated. METHODS Dextran sodium sulfate or rapamycin-challenged mice were used as model for colon inflammation evaluation. Histological scores of the colon, levels of colonic myeloperoxidase, serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were assessed as inflammatory markers and the gut microbiota profiles of each mouse were studied. RESULTS We found that Lactobacillus casei Zhang (LCZ) can prevent experimental colitis and rapamycin-induced inflammation in intestinal mucosa by improving histological scores, decreasing host inflammatory cytokines, modulating gut-dominated bacteria, enhancing cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) expression and downregulating the expression of p-STAT3 (phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) or Akt/NF-κB (AKT serine/threonine kinase and nuclear factor kappa B). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that LCZ may provide effective prevention against colitis.
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133
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Cong J, Zhu J, Zhang C, Li T, Liu K, Liu D, Zhou N, Jiang M, Hou H, Zhang X. Chemotherapy Alters the Phylogenetic Molecular Ecological Networks of Intestinal Microbial Communities. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1008. [PMID: 31134034 PMCID: PMC6524687 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota is now widely known to play key roles in nutritional uptake, metabolism, and regulation of human immune responses. There are multiple studies assessing intestinal microbiota changes in response to chemotherapy. In this study, microbial phylogenetic molecular ecological networks (pMENs) were firstly used to study the effects of chemotherapy on the intestinal microbiota of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Based on the random network model, we demonstrated that overall network structures and properties were significantly changed by chemotherapy, especially in average path length, average clustering coefficient, average harmonic geodesic distance and modularity (P < 0.05). The taxa in the module tended to co-exclude rather than co-occur in CRC patient networks, indicating probably competition relationships. The co-exclude correlations were decreased by 37.3% from T0 to T5 in response to chemotherapy. Significantly negative correlations were observed in positive/negative OTU degree and tumor markers (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the topological roles of the OTUs (module hubs and connectors) were changed with the chemotherapy. For example, the OTU167, OTU8, and OTU9 from the genera Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, and Faecalibacterium, respectively, were identified as keystone taxa, which were defined as either “hubs” or OTUs with highest connectivity in the network. These OTUs were significantly correlated with tumor markers (P < 0.05), suggesting that they probably were influenced by chemotherapy. The pMENs constructed in this study predicted the potential effects of chemotherapy on intestinal microbial community co-occurrence interactions. The changes may have an effect on the therapeutic effects. However, larger clinical samples are required to identify the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingjuan Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuantao Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianjun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kewei Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Man Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Helei Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
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134
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Sharma A, Buschmann MM, Gilbert JA. Pharmacomicrobiomics: The Holy Grail to Variability in Drug Response? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 106:317-328. [PMID: 30937887 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The human body, with 3.0 × 1013 cells and more than 3.8 × 1013 microorganisms, has nearly a one-to-one ratio of resident microbes to human cells. Initiatives like the Human Microbiome Project, American Gut, and Flemish Gut have identified associations between microbial taxa and human health. The study of interactions between microbiome and pharmaceutical agents, i.e., pharmacomicrobiomics, has revealed an instrumental role of the microbiome in modulating drug response that alters the therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we present our current comprehension of the relationship of the microbiome, host biology, and pharmaceutical agents such as cardiovascular drugs, analgesics, and chemotherapeutic agents to human disease and treatment outcomes. We also discuss the significance of studying diet-gene-drug interactions and further address the key challenges associated with pharmacomicrobiomics. Finally, we examine proposed models employing systems biology for the application of pharmacomicrobiomics and other -omics data, and provide approaches to elucidate microbiome-drug interactions to improve future translation to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukriti Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Jack A Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA.,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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135
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Cussotto S, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Psychotropics and the Microbiome: a Chamber of Secrets…. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1411-1432. [PMID: 30806744 PMCID: PMC6598948 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut contains trillions of symbiotic bacteria that play a key role in programming different aspects of host physiology in health and disease. Psychotropic medications act on the central nervous system (CNS) and are used in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. There is increasing emphasis on the bidirectional interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome. An expanding body of evidence supports the notion that microbes can metabolise drugs and vice versa drugs can modify the gut microbiota composition. In this review, we will first give a comprehensive introduction about this bidirectional interaction, then we will take into consideration different classes of psychotropics including antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, anticonvulsants/mood stabilisers, opioid analgesics, drugs of abuse, alcohol, nicotine and xanthines. The varying effects of these widely used medications on microorganisms are becoming apparent from in vivo and in vitro studies. This has important implications for the future of psychopharmacology pipelines that will routinely need to consider the host microbiome during drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cussotto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 3.86, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 3.86, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland.
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136
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Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Metabolism of Gastrodin In Vitro and In Vivo. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9040069. [PMID: 30965644 PMCID: PMC6523420 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9040069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration in the number and composition of intestinal microbiota affects the metabolism of several xenobiotics. Gastrodin, isolated from Gastrodia elata, is prone to be hydrolyzed by intestinal microbiota. In the present study, the role of intestinal microbiota in gastrodin metabolism was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Gastrodin was incubated in an anaerobic condition with intestinal contents prepared from vehicle- and antibiotics-treated rats and the disappearance of gastrodin and formation of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA) was measured by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that almost all gastrodin incubated with control intestinal contents was metabolized to its aglycone in time- and concentration-dependent manners. In contrast, much less formation of 4-HBA was detected in intestinal contents from antibiotics-treated rats. Subsequently, in vivo pharmacokinetic study revealed that the antibiotic pretreatment of rats significantly affected the metabolism of gastrodin to 4-HBA. When administered orally, gastrodin was rapidly absorbed rapidly into plasma, metabolized to 4-HBA, and disappeared from the body within six hours. Interestingly, the pharmacokinetic parameters of 4-HBA were changed remarkably in antibiotics-treated rats, compared to control rats. The results clearly indicated that the antibiotics treatment of rats suppressed the ability of intestinal microbiota to metabolize gastrodin to 4-HBA and that, thereby, the pharmacodynamic action was significantly modulated.
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137
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Gut microbiota, a new frontier to understand traditional Chinese medicines. Pharmacol Res 2019; 142:176-191. [PMID: 30818043 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As an important component of complementary and alternative medicines, traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) are gaining more and more attentions around the world because of the powerful therapeutic effects and less side effects. However, there are still some doubts about TCM because of the questionable TCM theories and unclear biological active compounds. In recent years, gut microbiota has emerged as an important frontier to understand the development and progress of diseases. Together with this trend, an increasing number of studies have indicated that drug molecules can interact with gut microbiota after oral administration. In this context, more and more studies pertaining to TCM have paid attention to gut microbiota and have yield rich information for understanding TCM. After oral administration, TCM can interact with gut microbiota: (1) TCM can modulate the composition of gut microbiota; (2) TCM can modulate the metabolism of gut microbiota; (3) gut microbiota can transform TCM compounds. During the interactions, two types of metabolites can be produced: gut microbiota metabolites (of food and host origin) and gut microbiota transformed TCM compounds. In this review, we summarized the interactions between TCM and gut microbiota, and the pharmacological effects and features of metabolites produced during interactions between TCM and gut microbiota. Then, focusing on gut microbiota and metabolites, we summarized the aspects in which gut microbiota has facilitated our understanding of TCM. At the end of this review, the outlooks for further research of TCM and gut microbiota were also discussed.
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138
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Jourova L, Anzenbacher P, Matuskova Z, Vecera R, Strojil J, Kolar M, Nobilis M, Hermanova P, Hudcovic T, Kozakova H, Kverka M, Anzenbacherova E. Gut microbiota metabolizes nabumetone in vitro: Consequences for its bioavailability in vivo in the rodents with altered gut microbiome. Xenobiotica 2019; 49:1296-1302. [PMID: 30794062 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1558310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1. The underlying microbial metabolic activity toward xenobiotics is among the least explored factors contributing to the inter-individual variability in drug response. 2. Here, we analyzed the effect of microbiota on a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug nabumetone. 3. First, we cultivated the drug with the selected gut commensal and probiotic bacteria under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions and analyzed its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. To analyze the effect of microbiota on nabumetone pharmacokinetics in vivo, we administered a single oral dose of nabumetone to rodents with intentionally altered gut microbiome - either rats treated for three days with the antibiotic imipenem or to germ-free mice. Plasma levels of its main active metabolite 6 methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA) were analyzed at pre-specified time intervals using HPLC with UV/fluorescence detection. 4. We found that nabumetone is metabolized by bacteria to its non-active metabolites and that this effect is stronger under anaerobic conditions. Although in vivo, none of the pharmacokinetic parameters of 6-MNA was significantly altered, there was a clear trend towards an increase of the AUC, Cmax and t1/2 in rats with reduced microbiota and germ-free mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Jourova
- a Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- b Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Matuskova
- b Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Rostislav Vecera
- b Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Strojil
- b Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kolar
- c Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Milan Nobilis
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hermanova
- e The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology , Novy Hradek , Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hudcovic
- e The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology , Novy Hradek , Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kozakova
- e The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology , Novy Hradek , Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Kverka
- f The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Institute of Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Eva Anzenbacherova
- a Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc , Czech Republic
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139
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Li L, Feng X, Chen Y, Li S, Sun Y, Zhang L. A comprehensive study of eriocitrin metabolism in vivo and in vitro based on an efficient UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS strategy. RSC Adv 2019; 9:24963-24980. [PMID: 35528661 PMCID: PMC9069865 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Eriocitrin, a main flavonoid in lemons, possesses strong antioxidant, lipid-lowering and anticancer activities and has long been used in food, beverages and wine. However, its metabolism in vivo and in vitro is still unclear. In this study, an efficient strategy was developed to detect and identify metabolites of eriocitrin by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) based on online data acquisition and multiple data processing techniques. A total of 32 metabolites in vivo and 27 metabolites in vitro were obtained based on the above method. Furthermore, the main metabolic pathways of eriocitrin included reduction, hydrogenation, N-acetylation, ketone formation, oxidation, methylation, sulfate conjugation, glutamine conjugation, glycine conjugation, desaturation and demethylation to carboxylic acid. This study will lay a foundation for further studies on the metabolic mechanisms of eriocitrin. 41 metabolites of eriocitrin in vivo and in vitro was identified based on the efficient UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS strategy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Luya Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050017
- P. R. China
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050017
- P. R. China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050017
- P. R. China
| | - Shenghao Li
- Department of Pathobiology and Immunology
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine
- Shijiazhuang 050000
- P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050017
- P. R. China
| | - Lantong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050017
- P. R. China
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140
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Baidoo EEK, Teixeira Benites V. Mass Spectrometry-Based Microbial Metabolomics: Techniques, Analysis, and Applications. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1859:11-69. [PMID: 30421222 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8757-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The demand for understanding the roles genes play in biological systems has steered the biosciences into the direction the metabolome, as it closely reflects the metabolic activities within a cell. The importance of the metabolome is further highlighted by its ability to influence the genome, transcriptome, and proteome. Consequently, metabolomic information is being used to understand microbial metabolic networks. At the forefront of this work is mass spectrometry, the most popular metabolomics measurement technique. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analyses have made significant contributions to microbiological research in the environment and human disease. In this chapter, we break down the technical aspects of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and discuss its application to microbiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward E K Baidoo
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA.
| | - Veronica Teixeira Benites
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
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141
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King G, Baker KD, Bisby MA, Chan D, Cowan CSM, Stylianakis AA, Zimmermann KS, Richardson R. A precision medicine approach to pharmacological adjuncts to extinction: a call to broaden research. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:143-161. [PMID: 30116858 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4999-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need to improve treatments for anxiety. Although exposure-based therapy is currently the gold-standard treatment, many people either do not respond to this therapy or experience a relapse of symptoms after treatment has ceased. In recent years, there have been many novel pharmacological agents identified in preclinical research that have potential as adjuncts for exposure therapy, yet very few of these are regularly integrated into clinical practice. Unfortunately, the robust effects observed in the laboratory animal often do not translate to a clinical population. In this review, we discuss how age, sex, genetics, stress, medications, diet, alcohol, and the microbiome can vary across a clinical population and yet are rarely considered in drug development. While not an exhaustive list, we have focused on these factors because they have been shown to influence an individual's vulnerability to anxiety and alter the neurotransmitter systems often targeted by pharmacological adjuncts to therapy. We argue that for potential adjuncts to be successfully translated from the lab to the clinic empirical research must be broadened to consider how individual difference factors will influence drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle King
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Kathryn D Baker
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Madelyne A Bisby
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Diana Chan
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Rick Richardson
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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142
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Englinger B, Pirker C, Heffeter P, Terenzi A, Kowol CR, Keppler BK, Berger W. Metal Drugs and the Anticancer Immune Response. Chem Rev 2018; 119:1519-1624. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Englinger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessio Terenzi
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R. Kowol
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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143
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Sawant-Basak A, Rodrigues AD, Lech M, Doyonnas R, Kasaian M, Prasad B, Tsamandouras N. Physiologically Relevant, Humanized Intestinal Systems to Study Metabolism and Transport of Small Molecule Therapeutics. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1581-1587. [PMID: 30126862 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal disposition of small molecules involves interplay of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), transporters, and host-microbiome interactions, which has spurred the development of in vitro intestinal models derived from primary tissue sources. Such models have been bioengineered from intestinal crypts, mucosal extracts, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived organoids, and human intestinal tissue. This minireview discusses the utility and limitations of these human-derived models in support of small molecule drug metabolism and disposition. Enteroids from human intestinal crypts, organoids derived from iPSCs using growth factors or small molecule compounds, and enterocytes extracted from mucosal scrapings show key absorptive cell morphology while are limited in quantitative applications due to the lack of accessibility to the apical compartment, the lack of monolayers, or low expression of key DMEs, transporters, and nuclear hormone receptors. Despite morphogenesis to epithelial cells, similar challenges have been reported by more advanced technologies that have explored the impact of flow and mechanical stretch on proliferation and differentiation of Caco-2 cells. Most recently, bioengineered human intestinal epithelial or ileal cells have overcome many of the challenges, as the DME and transporter expression pattern resembles that of native intestinal tissue. Engineering advances may improve such models to support longer-term applications and meet end-user needs. Biochemical characterization and transcriptomic, proteomic, and functional endpoints of emerging novel intestinal models, when referenced to native human tissue, can provide greater confidence and increased utility in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Sawant-Basak
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.).
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
| | - Matthew Lech
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
| | - Regis Doyonnas
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
| | - Marion Kasaian
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
| | - Nikolaos Tsamandouras
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
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Tan K, Tesar C, Wilton R, Jedrzejczak RP, Joachimiak A. Interaction of antidiabetic α-glucosidase inhibitors and gut bacteria α-glucosidase. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1498-1508. [PMID: 29761590 PMCID: PMC6153411 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate hydrolyzing α-glucosidases are commonly found in microorganisms present in the human intestine microbiome. We have previously reported crystal structures of an α-glucosidase from the human gut bacterium Blaubia (Ruminococcus) obeum (Ro-αG1) and its substrate preference/specificity switch. This novel member of the GH31 family is a structural homolog of human intestinal maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM) and sucrase-isomaltase (SI) with a highly conserved active site that is predicted to be common in Ro-αG1 homologs among other species that colonize the human gut. In this report, we present structures of Ro-αG1 in complex with the antidiabetic α-glucosidase inhibitors voglibose, miglitol, and acarbose and supporting binding data. The in vitro binding of these antidiabetic drugs to Ro-αG1 suggests the potential for unintended in vivo crossreaction of the α-glucosidase inhibitors to bacterial α-glucosidases that are present in gut microorganism communities. Moreover, analysis of these drug-bound enzyme structures could benefit further antidiabetic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Tan
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonneIllinois60439
- Biosciences, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonneIllinois60439
| | - Christine Tesar
- Biosciences, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonneIllinois60439
| | | | | | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonneIllinois60439
- Biosciences, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonneIllinois60439
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois60637
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145
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Valentino LA, Turecek PL, Gritsch H, Butenas S, Mann KG. Issues complicating precision dosing for factor VIII prophylaxis. Transfus Apher Sci 2018; 57:472-479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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146
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Enright EF, Griffin BT, Gahan CG, Joyce SA. Microbiome-mediated bile acid modification: Role in intestinal drug absorption and metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2018; 133:170-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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147
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the extensive research carried out in the past decades, the current pathophysiological notions of neurodegenerative disease as well as effective treatments to reduce their progression are largely unknown. Alterations of the human microbiota, the plethora of different microscopic organisms that our body hosts, have been linked to neurodegenerative disease risk, onset and progression. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the possible role of microbiota in neurodegenerative disorders and briefly discusses strategies to restore microbiota homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS Preclinical evidences and human cross-sectional studies posit the gut microbiota as a key actor in the Parkinson's disease onset and progression, reporting the presence of a specific gut microbiota profile in association with the modulation of disease and symptoms. Gut microbiota alterations have been correlated with brain disease and peripheral inflammation also in Alzheimer's patients. SUMMARY The interaction between the microbiota and the host is promising to answer clinical questions that have so far escaped clarification with the current pathophysiological notions of health and disease. However, human longitudinal studies starting in the earlier disease phases are needed to understand the causative relation between microbiota and the hallmarks of these neurodegenerative disorders and to develop innovative treatments aimed at preventing or slowing brain damages.
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148
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The role of gut microbiota in the pharmacokinetics of antihypertensive drugs. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:164-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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149
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Yan A, Culp E, Perry J, Lau JT, MacNeil LT, Surette MG, Wright GD. Transformation of the Anticancer Drug Doxorubicin in the Human Gut Microbiome. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:68-76. [PMID: 29160065 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria living in the human gut are implicated in the etiology of several diseases. Moreover, dozens of drugs are metabolized by elements of the gut microbiome, which may have further implications for human health. Here, we screened a collection of gut isolates for their ability to inactivate the widely used antineoplastic drug doxorubicin and identified a strain of Raoultella planticola as a potent inactivator under anaerobic conditions. We demonstrate that R. planticola deglycosylates doxorubicin to metabolites 7-deoxydoxorubicinol and 7-deoxydoxorubicinolone via a reductive deglycosylation mechanism. We further show that doxorubicin is degraded anaerobically by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli BW25113 and present evidence that this phenotype is dependent on molybdopterin-dependent enzyme(s). Deglycosylation of doxorubicin by R. planticola under anaerobic conditions is found to reduce toxicity to the model species Caenorhabditis elegans, providing a model to begin understanding the role of doxorubicin metabolism by microbes in the human gut. Understanding the in vivo metabolism of important therapeutics like doxorubicin by the gut microbiome has the potential to guide clinical dosing to maximize therapeutic benefit while limiting undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Yan
- M. G. DeGroote Institute
for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Culp
- M. G. DeGroote Institute
for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Julie Perry
- M. G. DeGroote Institute
for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jennifer T. Lau
- Farncombe
Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Lesley T. MacNeil
- M. G. DeGroote Institute
for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Farncombe
Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Michael G. Surette
- M. G. DeGroote Institute
for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Farncombe
Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Gerard D. Wright
- M. G. DeGroote Institute
for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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Noh K, Kang YR, Nepal MR, Shakya R, Kang MJ, Kang W, Lee S, Jeong HG, Jeong TC. Impact of gut microbiota on drug metabolism: an update for safe and effective use of drugs. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:1345-1355. [PMID: 29181640 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa and liver have long been considered as the main sites of drug metabolism, and the contribution of gut microbiota to drug metabolism has been under-estimated. However, it is now generally accepted that the gut microbiota plays an important role in drug metabolism prior to drug absorption or during enterohepatic circulation via various microbial enzymatic reactions in the intestine. Moreover, some drugs are metabolized by gut microbiota to specific metabolite(s) that cannot be formed in the liver. More importantly, the metabolism of drugs by gut microbiota prior to absorption can alter the systemic bioavailability of certain drugs. Therefore, understanding drug metabolism by gut microbiota is critical for explaining changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs, which may cause significant alterations in drug-induced pharmacodynamics and toxicities. In this review, we describe recent progress with regard to the role of metabolism by gut microbiota in some drug-induced alterations of either pharmacological or toxicological effects to emphasize the clinical importance of gut microbiota for safe and effective use of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumhan Noh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - You Ra Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh Raj Nepal
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajina Shakya
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonku Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Cheon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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