101
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Matsson P, Doak BC, Over B, Kihlberg J. Cell permeability beyond the rule of 5. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:42-61. [PMID: 27067608 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery for difficult targets that have large and flat binding sites is often better suited to compounds beyond the "rule of 5" (bRo5). However, such compounds carry higher pharmacokinetic risks, such as low solubility and permeability, and increased efflux and metabolism. Interestingly, recent drug approvals and studies suggest that cell permeable and orally bioavailable drugs can be discovered far into bRo5 space. Tactics such as reduction or shielding of polarity by N-methylation, bulky side chains and intramolecular hydrogen bonds may be used to increase cell permeability in this space, but often results in decreased solubility. Conformationally flexible compounds can, however, combine high permeability and solubility, properties that are keys for cell permeability and intestinal absorption. Recent developments in computational conformational analysis will aid design of such compounds and hence prediction of cell permeability. Transporter mediated efflux occurs for most investigated drugs in bRo5 space, however it is commonly overcome by high local intestinal concentrations on oral administration. In contrast, there is little data to support significant impact of transporter-mediated intestinal absorption in bRo5 space. Current knowledge of compound properties that govern transporter effects of bRo5 drugs is limited and requires further fundamental and comprehensive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacy, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bradley C Doak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MIPS, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Björn Over
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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102
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Abuhammad A, Taha M. Innovative computer-aided methods for the discovery of new kinase ligands. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:509-526. [PMID: 27105126 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2015-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence points to significant roles played by protein kinases in cell signaling and cellular proliferation. Faulty protein kinases are involved in cancer, diabetes and chronic inflammation. Efforts are continuously carried out to discover new inhibitors for selected protein kinases. In this review, we discuss two new computer-aided methodologies we developed to mine virtual databases for new bioactive compounds. One method is ligand-based exploration of the pharmacophoric space of inhibitors of any particular biotarget followed by quantitative structure-activity relationship-based selection of the best pharmacophore(s). The second approach is structure-based assuming that potent ligands come into contact with binding site spots distinct from those contacted by weakly potent ligands. Both approaches yield pharmacophores useful as 3D search queries for the discovery of new bioactive (kinase) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Abuhammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, 11942, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mutasem Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, 11942, Amman, Jordan
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103
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Meanwell NA. Improving Drug Design: An Update on Recent Applications of Efficiency Metrics, Strategies for Replacing Problematic Elements, and Compounds in Nontraditional Drug Space. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:564-616. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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104
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Glaab E. Building a virtual ligand screening pipeline using free software: a survey. Brief Bioinform 2016; 17:352-66. [PMID: 26094053 PMCID: PMC4793892 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual screening, the search for bioactive compounds via computational methods, provides a wide range of opportunities to speed up drug development and reduce the associated risks and costs. While virtual screening is already a standard practice in pharmaceutical companies, its applications in preclinical academic research still remain under-exploited, in spite of an increasing availability of dedicated free databases and software tools. In this survey, an overview of recent developments in this field is presented, focusing on free software and data repositories for screening as alternatives to their commercial counterparts, and outlining how available resources can be interlinked into a comprehensive virtual screening pipeline using typical academic computing facilities. Finally, to facilitate the set-up of corresponding pipelines, a downloadable software system is provided, using platform virtualization to integrate pre-installed screening tools and scripts for reproducible application across different operating systems.
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105
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Abstract
Chemical genetics has emerged as a powerful approach to dissect biological processes, based on the utilization of small molecules disturbing the function of specific target proteins. By analogy with classical genetics, 'reverse chemical genetics' refers to the utilization of drugs acting on a known target, enabling its functional characterization at the levels of the cells, tissues and organisms. Likewise, 'direct chemical genetics' refers to the utilization of a drug of unknown mode of action, but triggering a phenotype of interest. In that case, one has to identify the target(s) possibly blocked (or possibly activated) by the small molecule. This chapter illustrates both approaches, like the analysis of the elongation of fatty acids, the biosynthesis of galactoglycerolipids or the catabolism of phosphoglycerolipids by reverse chemical genetics or the study of the membrane glycerolipid remodeling triggered upon phosphate starvation, by direct chemical genetics.
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106
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Kell DB. The transporter-mediated cellular uptake of pharmaceutical drugs is based on their metabolite-likeness and not on their bulk biophysical properties: Towards a systems pharmacology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pisc.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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107
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Abstract
While it is true that only a small fraction of fungal species are responsible for human mycoses, the increasing prevalence of fungal diseases has highlighted an urgent need to develop new antifungal drugs, especially for systemic administration. This contribution focuses on the similarities between agricultural fungicides and drugs. Inorganic, organometallic and organic compounds can be found amongst agricultural fungicides. Furthermore, fungicides are designed and developed in a similar fashion to drugs based on similar rules and guidelines, with fungicides also having to meet similar criteria of lead-likeness and/or drug-likeness. Modern approved specific-target fungicides are well-characterized entities with a proposed structure-activity relationships hypothesis and a defined mode of action. Extensive toxicological evaluation, including mammalian toxicology assays, is performed during the whole discovery and development process. Thus modern agrochemical research (design of modern agrochemicals) comes close to drug design, discovery and development. Therefore, modern specific-target fungicides represent excellent lead-like structures/models for novel drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Jampilek
- a Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Brno , Czech Republic
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108
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Doak BC, Zheng J, Dobritzsch D, Kihlberg J. How Beyond Rule of 5 Drugs and Clinical Candidates Bind to Their Targets. J Med Chem 2015; 59:2312-27. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C. Doak
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box
576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box
576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Doreen Dobritzsch
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box
576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box
576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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109
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Rządkowska M, Szacoń E, Kaczor AA, Rajtar B, Świątek Ł, Polz-Dacewicz M, Matosiuk D. Synthesis, antiviral activity and structure-activity relationship of 1-(1-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline)-3-chlorosulfonylureas and products of their cyclization. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26212601 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1069287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel 1-(1-aryl-4,5dihydro-1H-imidazoline)-3-chlorosulfonylourea derivatives 3a-3f were synthesized in the reaction of 1-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amines with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate. The second series of compounds 4a-4f was prepared from the respective 1-(1-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline)-3-chlorsulfonylureas 3a-3f and 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI). The selected compounds were tested for their activity against Herpes simplex virus and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). It was determined that three derivatives, i.e 3d, 4a and 4d are active against Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). Compounds 3d and 4c are active against CVB3. Their favorable activity can be primarily attributed to their low lipophilicity values. Moreover, the lack of substituent in the phenyl moiety or 4-methoxy substitution can be considered as the most beneficial for the antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Rządkowska
- a Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - Elżbieta Szacoń
- a Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - Agnieszka A Kaczor
- a Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland .,b School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland , and
| | - Barbara Rajtar
- c Department of Virology , Medical University of Lublin, I Faculty of Medicine with Dentistry Division , Lublin , Poland
| | - Łukasz Świątek
- c Department of Virology , Medical University of Lublin, I Faculty of Medicine with Dentistry Division , Lublin , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
- c Department of Virology , Medical University of Lublin, I Faculty of Medicine with Dentistry Division , Lublin , Poland
| | - Dariusz Matosiuk
- a Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
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110
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Tian S, Wang J, Li Y, Li D, Xu L, Hou T. The application of in silico drug-likeness predictions in pharmaceutical research. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 86:2-10. [PMID: 25666163 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of drug-likeness, established from the analyses of the physiochemical properties or/and structural features of existing small organic drugs or/and drug candidates, has been widely used to filter out compounds with undesirable properties, especially poor ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) profiles. Here, we summarize various approaches for drug-likeness evaluations, including simple rules/filters based on molecular properties/structures and quantitative prediction models based on sophisticated machine learning methods, and provide a comprehensive review of recent advances in this field. Moreover, the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches are briefly outlined. Finally, the drug-likeness analyses of natural products and traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Junmei Wang
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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111
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O'Hagan S, Kell DB. Understanding the foundations of the structural similarities between marketed drugs and endogenous human metabolites. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:105. [PMID: 26029108 PMCID: PMC4429554 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent comparison showed the extensive similarities between the structural properties of metabolites in the reconstructed human metabolic network ("endogenites") and those of successful, marketed drugs ("drugs"). RESULTS Clustering indicated the related but differential population of chemical space by endogenites and drugs. Differences between the drug-endogenite similarities resulting from various encodings and judged by Tanimoto similarity could be related simply to the fraction of the bitstrings set to 1. By extracting drug/endogenite substructures, we develop a novel family of fingerprints, the Drug Endogenite Substructure (DES) encodings, based on the ranked frequency of the various substructures. These provide a natural assessment of drug-endogenite likeness, and may be used as descriptors with which to derive quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs). CONCLUSIONS "Drug-endogenite likeness" seems to have utility, and leads to a simple, novel and interpretable substructure-based molecular encoding for cheminformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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112
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Direct synthesis of imino-C-nucleoside analogues and other biologically active iminosugars. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6903. [PMID: 25903019 PMCID: PMC4558570 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Iminosugars have attracted increasing attention as chemical probes, chaperones and leads for drug discovery. Despite several clinical successes, their de novo synthesis remains a significant challenge that also limits their integration with modern high-throughput screening technologies. Herein, we describe a unique synthetic strategy that converts a wide range of acetaldehyde derivatives into iminosugars and imino-C-nucleoside analogues in two or three straightforward transformations. We also show that this strategy can be readily applied to the rapid production of indolizidine and pyrrolizidine iminosugars. The high levels of enantio- and diastereoselectivity, excellent overall yields, convenience and broad substrate scope make this an appealing process for diversity-oriented synthesis, and should enable drug discovery efforts. Iminosugars are biologically and medicinally important compounds but methods for their synthesis are often laborious. Here, the authors report a simple, rapid route for the enantioselective synthesis of multiple biologically active iminosugars and C-nucleoside analogues.
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113
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Munson M, Lieberman H, Tserlin E, Rocnik J, Ge J, Fitzgerald M, Patel V, Garcia-Echeverria C. Lead optimization attrition analysis (LOAA): a novel and general methodology for medicinal chemistry. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:978-87. [PMID: 25814036 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel and general method, lead optimization attrition analysis (LOAA), to benchmark two distinct small-molecule lead series using a relatively unbiased, simple technique and commercially available software. We illustrate this approach with data collected during lead optimization of two independent oncology programs as a case study. Easily generated graphics and attrition curves enabled us to calibrate progress and support go/no go decisions on each program. We believe that this data-driven technique could be used broadly by medicinal chemists and management to guide strategic decisions during drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Munson
- Lead Generation Candidate Realization, Sanofi, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
| | - Harvey Lieberman
- Lead Generation Candidate Realization, Sanofi, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Elina Tserlin
- Information Solutions, Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer Rocnik
- Oncology, Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jie Ge
- Oncology, Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Vinod Patel
- Lead Generation Candidate Realization, Sanofi, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
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114
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Kell DB, Oliver SG. How drugs get into cells: tested and testable predictions to help discriminate between transporter-mediated uptake and lipoidal bilayer diffusion. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:231. [PMID: 25400580 PMCID: PMC4215795 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to experimental science involves creating hypotheses, then testing them by varying one or more independent variables, and assessing the effects of this variation on the processes of interest. We use this strategy to compare the intellectual status and available evidence for two models or views of mechanisms of transmembrane drug transport into intact biological cells. One (BDII) asserts that lipoidal phospholipid Bilayer Diffusion Is Important, while a second (PBIN) proposes that in normal intact cells Phospholipid Bilayer diffusion Is Negligible (i.e., may be neglected quantitatively), because evolution selected against it, and with transmembrane drug transport being effected by genetically encoded proteinaceous carriers or pores, whose “natural” biological roles, and substrates are based in intermediary metabolism. Despite a recent review elsewhere, we can find no evidence able to support BDII as we can find no experiments in intact cells in which phospholipid bilayer diffusion was either varied independently or measured directly (although there are many papers where it was inferred by seeing a covariation of other dependent variables). By contrast, we find an abundance of evidence showing cases in which changes in the activities of named and genetically identified transporters led to measurable changes in the rate or extent of drug uptake. PBIN also has considerable predictive power, and accounts readily for the large differences in drug uptake between tissues, cells and species, in accounting for the metabolite-likeness of marketed drugs, in pharmacogenomics, and in providing a straightforward explanation for the late-stage appearance of toxicity and of lack of efficacy during drug discovery programmes despite macroscopically adequate pharmacokinetics. Consequently, the view that Phospholipid Bilayer diffusion Is Negligible (PBIN) provides a starting hypothesis for assessing cellular drug uptake that is much better supported by the available evidence, and is both more productive and more predictive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen G Oliver
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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115
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Alonso JA, Andrés M, Bravo M, Buil MA, Calbet M, Castro J, Eastwood PR, Eichhorn P, Esteve C, Gómez E, González J, Mir M, Petit S, Roberts RS, Vidal B, Vidal L, Vilaseca P, Zanuy M. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) and structure-kinetic relationships (SKR) of bicyclic heteroaromatic acetic acids as potent CRTh2 antagonists I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5118-22. [PMID: 25437504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A knowledge-based design strategy led to the discovery of several new series of potent and orally bioavailable CRTh2 antagonists where a bicyclic heteroaromatic ring serves as the central core. Structure-kinetic relationships (SKR) opened up the possibility of long receptor residence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Alonso
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Andrés
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Bravo
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Antonia Buil
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Calbet
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Castro
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul R Eastwood
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Peter Eichhorn
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Esteve
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Gómez
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacob González
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Mir
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Petit
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard S Roberts
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Vidal
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Vidal
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Vilaseca
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Zanuy
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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116
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Hennemann H, Wirths S, Carl C. Cell-based peptide screening to access the undruggable target space. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 94:489-96. [PMID: 25458182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Only 20-30% of drug target proteins can be accessed by common drug classes, like small molecules or therapeutic antibodies. The vast majority of the remaining proteins are considered "undruggable" and include drug target proteins, like transcription factors, scaffold or adapter proteins, which play important roles in disease. However over the last years innovative compound classes including nucleotide derived drugs (e.g. siRNA, antisense), macrocyclic compounds and cell-permeable peptides matured significantly and hold now the potential to modulate these hard to access target proteins for therapeutic use. This article will focus on the discovery of cell-permeable peptides and discuss intracellular screening systems for peptides, which yield highly relevant peptides, because peptide selection takes place in eukaryotic cells, under conditions, which are very similar to the later therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Wirths
- Nexigen GmbH, Nattermannallee 1, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudia Carl
- Nexigen GmbH, Nattermannallee 1, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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117
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O′Hagan S, Swainston N, Handl J, Kell DB. A 'rule of 0.5' for the metabolite-likeness of approved pharmaceutical drugs. Metabolomics 2014; 11:323-339. [PMID: 25750602 PMCID: PMC4342520 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-014-0733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We exploit the recent availability of a community reconstruction of the human metabolic network ('Recon2') to study how close in structural terms are marketed drugs to the nearest known metabolite(s) that Recon2 contains. While other encodings using different kinds of chemical fingerprints give greater differences, we find using the 166 Public MDL Molecular Access (MACCS) keys that 90 % of marketed drugs have a Tanimoto similarity of more than 0.5 to the (structurally) 'nearest' human metabolite. This suggests a 'rule of 0.5' mnemonic for assessing the metabolite-like properties that characterise successful, marketed drugs. Multiobjective clustering leads to a similar conclusion, while artificial (synthetic) structures are seen to be less human-metabolite-like. This 'rule of 0.5' may have considerable predictive value in chemical biology and drug discovery, and may represent a powerful filter for decision making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve O′Hagan
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Neil Swainston
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
- School of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Julia Handl
- Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
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Doak B, Over B, Giordanetto F, Kihlberg J. Oral Druggable Space beyond the Rule of 5: Insights from Drugs and Clinical Candidates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1115-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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119
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Dahlin JL, Walters MA. The essential roles of chemistry in high-throughput screening triage. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:1265-90. [PMID: 25163000 PMCID: PMC4465542 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that academic high-throughput screening (HTS) and virtual HTS triage suffers from a lack of scientists trained in the art and science of early drug discovery chemistry. Many recent publications report the discovery of compounds by screening that are most likely artifacts or promiscuous bioactive compounds, and these results are not placed into the context of previous studies. For HTS to be most successful, it is our contention that there must exist an early partnership between biologists and medicinal chemists. Their combined skill sets are necessary to design robust assays and efficient workflows that will weed out assay artifacts, false positives, promiscuous bioactive compounds and intractable screening hits, efforts that ultimately give projects a better chance at identifying truly useful chemical matter. Expertise in medicinal chemistry, cheminformatics and purification sciences (analytical chemistry) can enhance the post-HTS triage process by quickly removing these problematic chemotypes from consideration, while simultaneously prioritizing the more promising chemical matter for follow-up testing. It is only when biologists and chemists collaborate effectively that HTS can manifest its full promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme L Dahlin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael A Walters
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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120
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Ward SE, Beswick P. What does the aromatic ring number mean for drug design? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:995-1003. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.932346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon E Ward
- University of Sussex, Translational Drug Discovery Group,
Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Paul Beswick
- University of Sussex, Translational Drug Discovery Group,
Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QJ, UK
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121
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Cumming JG, Davis AM, Muresan S, Haeberlein M, Chen H. Chemical predictive modelling to improve compound quality. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 12:948-62. [PMID: 24287782 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 'quality' of small-molecule drug candidates, encompassing aspects including their potency, selectivity and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) characteristics, is a key factor influencing the chances of success in clinical trials. Importantly, such characteristics are under the control of chemists during the identification and optimization of lead compounds. Here, we discuss the application of computational methods, particularly quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), in guiding the selection of higher-quality drug candidates, as well as cultural factors that may have affected their use and impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Cumming
- Chemistry Innovation Centre, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
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122
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Andero R, Brothers SP, Jovanovic T, Chen YT, Salah-Uddin H, Cameron M, Bannister TD, Almli L, Stevens JS, Bradley B, Binder EB, Wahlestedt C, Ressler KJ. Amygdala-dependent fear is regulated by Oprl1 in mice and humans with PTSD. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:188ra73. [PMID: 23740899 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The amygdala-dependent molecular mechanisms driving the onset and persistence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are poorly understood. Recent observational studies have suggested that opioid analgesia in the aftermath of trauma may decrease the development of PTSD. Using a mouse model of dysregulated fear, we found altered expression within the amygdala of the Oprl1 gene (opioid receptor-like 1), which encodes the amygdala nociceptin (NOP)/orphanin FQ receptor (NOP-R). Systemic and central amygdala infusion of SR-8993, a new highly selective NOP-R agonist, impaired fear memory consolidation. In humans, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within OPRL1 is associated with a self-reported history of childhood trauma and PTSD symptoms (n = 1847) after a traumatic event. This SNP is also associated with physiological startle measures of fear discrimination and magnetic resonance imaging analysis of amygdala-insula functional connectivity. Together, these data suggest that Oprl1 is associated with amygdala function, fear processing, and PTSD symptoms. Further, our data suggest that activation of the Oprl1/NOP receptor may interfere with fear memory consolidation, with implications for prevention of PTSD after a traumatic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raül Andero
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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123
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Bolli MH, Abele S, Birker M, Bravo R, Bur D, de Kanter R, Kohl C, Grimont J, Hess P, Lescop C, Mathys B, Müller C, Nayler O, Rey M, Scherz M, Schmidt G, Seifert J, Steiner B, Velker J, Weller T. Novel S1P(1) receptor agonists--part 3: from thiophenes to pyridines. J Med Chem 2013; 57:110-30. [PMID: 24367923 DOI: 10.1021/jm4014696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In preceding communications we summarized our medicinal chemistry efforts leading to the identification of potent, selective, and orally active S1P1 agonists such as the thiophene derivative 1. As a continuation of these efforts, we replaced the thiophene in 1 by a 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridine and obtained less lipophilic, potent, and selective S1P1 agonists (e.g., 2) efficiently reducing blood lymphocyte count in the rat. Structural features influencing the compounds' receptor affinity profile and pharmacokinetics are discussed. In addition, the ability to penetrate brain tissue has been studied for several compounds. As a typical example for these pyridine based S1P1 agonists, compound 53 showed EC50 values of 0.6 and 352 nM for the S1P1 and S1P3 receptor, respectively, displayed favorable PK properties, and penetrated well into brain tissue. In the rat, compound 53 maximally reduced the blood lymphocyte count for at least 24 h after oral dosing of 3 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Bolli
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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124
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Why are membrane targets discovered by phenotypic screens and genome sequencing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93:569-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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125
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Zhang M, Luo G, Zhou Y, Wang S, Zhong Z. Phenotypic screens targeting neurodegenerative diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:1-16. [PMID: 23958650 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113499777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide, and the incidences increase as the population ages. Disease-modifying therapy that prevents or slows disease progression is still lacking, making neurodegenerative diseases an area of high unmet medical need. Target-based drug discovery for disease-modifying agents has been ongoing for many years, without much success due to incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. Phenotypic screening, starting with a disease-relevant phenotype to screen for compounds that change the outcome of biological pathways rather than activities at certain specific targets, offers an alternative approach to find small molecules or targets that modulate the key characteristics of neurodegeneration. Phenotypic screens that focus on amelioration of disease-specific toxins, protection of neurons from degeneration, or promotion of neuroregeneration could be potential fertile grounds for discovering therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will summarize the progress of compound screening using these phenotypic-based strategies for this area, with a highlight on unique considerations for disease models, assays, and screening methodologies. We will further provide our perspectives on how best to use phenotypic screening to develop drug leads for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhua Zhang
- 1GlaxoSmithKline (China) R&D Company Limited, Neurodegeneration DPU, Shanghai, China
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126
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Acetylcholinesterase reactivators (HI-6, obidoxime, trimedoxime, K027, K075, K127, K203, K282): structural evaluation of human serum albumin binding and absorption kinetics. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:16076-86. [PMID: 23917882 PMCID: PMC3759900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140816076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators (oximes) are compounds predominantly targeting the active site of the enzyme. Toxic effects of organophosphates nerve agents (OPNAs) are primarily related to their covalent binding to AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), critical detoxification enzymes in the blood and in the central nervous system (CNS). After exposure to OPNAs, accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) overstimulates receptors and blocks neuromuscular junction transmission resulting in CNS toxicity. Current efforts at treatments for OPNA exposure are focused on non-quaternary reactivators, monoisonitrosoacetone oximes (MINA), and diacylmonoxime reactivators (DAM). However, so far only quaternary oximes have been approved for use in cases of OPNA intoxication. Five acetylcholinesterase reactivator candidates (K027, K075, K127, K203, K282) are presented here, together with pharmacokinetic data (plasma concentration, human serum albumin binding potency). Pharmacokinetic curves based on intramuscular application of the tested compounds are given, with binding information and an evaluation of structural relationships. Human Serum Albumin (HSA) binding studies have not yet been performed on any acetylcholinesterase reactivators, and correlations between structure, concentration curves and binding are vital for further development. HSA bindings of the tested compounds were 1% (HI-6), 7% (obidoxime), 6% (trimedoxime), and 5%, 10%, 4%, 15%, and 12% for K027, K075, K127, K203, and K282, respectively.
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127
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Ritchie TJ, Macdonald SJF, Peace S, Pickett SD, Luscombe CN. Increasing small molecule drug developability in sub-optimal chemical space. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00003f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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128
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Wei A, Mehtala JG, Patri AK. Challenges and opportunities in the advancement of nanomedicines. J Control Release 2012; 164:236-46. [PMID: 23064314 PMCID: PMC3504169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine-based approaches to cancer treatment face several challenges that differ from those encountered by conventional medicines during clinical development. A systematic exploration of these issues has led us to identify the following needs and opportunities for further development: (1) robust and general methods for the accurate characterization of nanoparticle size, shape, and composition; (2) scalable approaches for producing nanomedicines with optimized bioavailability and excretion profiles; (3) particle engineering for maintaining low levels of nonspecific cytotoxicity and sufficient stability during storage; (4) optimization of surface chemistries for maximum targeted delivery and minimum nonspecific adsorption; (5) practical methods for quantifying ligand density and distributions on multivalent nanocarriers; and (6) the design of multifunctional nanomedicines for novel combination therapies with supportable levels of bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907 USA
| | - Jonathan G. Mehtala
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907 USA
| | - Anil K. Patri
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702 USA
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