1
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Rueedi G, Panchaud P, Friedli A, Specklin JL, Hubschwerlen C, Blumstein AC, Caspers P, Enderlin-Paput M, Jacob L, Kohl C, Locher HH, Pfaff P, Schmitt C, Seiler P, Ritz D. Discovery and Structure-Activity Relationship of Cadazolid: A First-In-Class Quinoxolidinone Antibiotic for the Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38753983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is one of the leading causes of healthcare-associated infections worldwide. The increasing incidence of strains resistant to currently available therapies highlights the need for alternative treatment options with a novel mode of action. Oxazolidinones that are connected to a quinolone moiety with a pyrrolidine linker, such as compound 1, are reported to exhibit potent broadspectrum antibacterial activity. In an effort to optimize this class of compounds for the treatment of C. difficile infection (CDI), we have identified cadazolid (9), a first-in-class quinoxolidinone antibiotic, which is a potent inhibitor of C. difficile protein synthesis. In order to achieve narrow-spectrum coverage of clinically most relevant strains without affecting the gut microbiota, an emphasis was placed on abolishing activity against commensals of the intestinal microbiome while retaining good coverage of pathogenic C. difficile, including hypervirulent and epidemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Rueedi
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Astrid Friedli
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Loïc Jacob
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Hans H Locher
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Pfaff
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Seiler
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ritz
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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2
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Piali L, Birker-Robaczewska M, Lescop C, Froidevaux S, Schmitz N, Morrison K, Kohl C, Rey M, Studer R, Vezzali E, Hess P, Clozel M, Steiner B, Bolli MH, Nayler O. Cenerimod, a novel selective S1P 1 receptor modulator with unique signaling properties. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 5. [PMID: 29226621 PMCID: PMC5723703 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1 ) modulators sequester circulating lymphocytes within lymph nodes, thereby preventing potentially pathogenic autoimmune cells from exiting into the blood stream and reaching inflamed tissues. S1P1 receptor modulation may thus offer potential to treat various autoimmune diseases. The first nonselective S1P1-5 receptor modulator FTY720/fingolimod/Gilenya® has successfully demonstrated clinical efficacy in relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. However, cardiovascular, hepatic, and respiratory side-effects were reported and there is a need for novel S1P1 receptor modulators with better safety profiles. Here, we describe the discovery of cenerimod, a novel, potent and selective S1P1 receptor modulator with unique S1P1 receptor signaling properties and absence of broncho- and vasoconstrictor effects ex vivo and in vivo. Cenerimod dose-dependently lowered circulating lymphocyte counts in rats and mice after oral administration and effectively attenuated disease parameters in a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) model. Cenerimod has potential as novel therapy with improved safety profile for autoimmune diseases with high unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Piali
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Markus Rey
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Studer
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrick Hess
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Beat Steiner
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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3
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Birker-Robaczewska M, Bolli M, Rey M, de Kanter R, Kohl C, Lescop C, Boucher M, Poirey S, Steiner B, Nayler O. S1P 1 Modulator-Induced G αi Signaling and β-Arrestin Recruitment Are Both Necessary to Induce Rapid and Efficient Reduction of Blood Lymphocyte Count In Vivo. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 93:109-118. [PMID: 29203519 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.109140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
S1P1 (sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1) agonists prevent lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid organs and cause a reduction in the number of circulating blood lymphocytes. We hypothesized that S1P1 receptor modulators with pathway-selective signaling properties could help to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in lymphocyte trapping. A proprietary S1P1 receptor modulator library was screened for compounds with clear potency differences in β-arrestin recruitment and G protein alpha i subunit (G αi) protein-mediated signaling. We describe here the structure-activity relationships of highly potent S1P1 modulators with apparent pathway selectivity for β-arrestin recruitment. The most differentiated compound, D3-2, displayed a 180-fold higher potency in the β-arrestin recruitment assay (EC50 0.9 nM) compared with the G αi-activation assay (167 nM), whereas ponesimod, a S1P1 modulator that is currently in advanced clinical development in multiple sclerosis, was equipotent in both assays (EC50 1.5 and 1.1 nM, respectively). Using these novel compounds as pharmacological tools, we showed that although a high potency in β-arrestin recruitment is required to fully internalize S1P1 receptors, the potency in inducing G αi signaling determines the rate of receptor internalization in vitro. In contrast to ponesimod, the compound D3-2 did not reduce the number or circulating lymphocytes in rats despite high plasma exposures. Thus, for rapid and maximal S1P1 receptor internalization a high potency in both G αi signaling and β-arrestin recruitment is mandatory and this translates into efficient reduction of the number of circulating lymphocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Bolli
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rey
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Sylvie Poirey
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Beat Steiner
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Nayler
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
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4
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de Kanter R, Kohl C. Letter to the Editor, Physiologically based pharmacokinetic predictions of intestinal BCRP-mediated effect of telmisartan on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in humans. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:443-444. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben de Kanter
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism; Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd; Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Christopher Kohl
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism; Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd; Allschwil Switzerland
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5
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Surivet JP, Zumbrunn C, Bruyère T, Bur D, Kohl C, Locher HH, Seiler P, Ertel EA, Hess P, Enderlin-Paput M, Enderlin-Paput S, Gauvin JC, Mirre A, Hubschwerlen C, Ritz D, Rueedi G. Synthesis and Characterization of Tetrahydropyran-Based Bacterial Topoisomerase Inhibitors with Antibacterial Activity against Gram-Negative Bacteria. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3776-3794. [PMID: 28406300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent unmet medical need for novel antibiotics that are effective against a broad range of bacterial species, especially multidrug resistant ones. Tetrahydropyran-based inhibitors of bacterial type II topoisomerases (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV) display potent activity against Gram-positive pathogens and no target-mediated cross-resistance with fluoroquinolones. We report our research efforts aimed at expanding the antibacterial spectrum of this class of molecules toward difficult-to-treat Gram-negative pathogens. Physicochemical properties (polarity and basicity) were considered to guide the design process. Dibasic tetrahydropyran-based compounds such as 6 and 21 are potent inhibitors of both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, displaying antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii). Compounds 6 and 21 are efficacious in clinically relevant murine infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Surivet
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Limited , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Zumbrunn
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Limited , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Bruyère
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Limited , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bur
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Limited , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Kohl
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Limited , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Hans H Locher
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Limited , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Peter Seiler
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Limited , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Eric A Ertel
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Limited , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hess
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Limited , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Michel Enderlin-Paput
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Limited , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Azely Mirre
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Limited , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Ritz
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Limited , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Georg Rueedi
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Limited , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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6
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Kohl C, Eldegail M, Mahmoud I, Schrick L, Radonic A, Emmerich P, Rieger T, Gunther S, Nitsche A, Osman A. Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever, 2013 and 2014 Sudan. Int J Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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7
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de Kanter R, Sidharta PN, Delahaye S, Gnerre C, Segrestaa J, Buchmann S, Kohl C, Treiber A. Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Macitentan: Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 55:369-80. [PMID: 26385839 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macitentan is a novel dual endothelin receptor antagonist for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, mainly CYP3A4, to its active metabolite ACT-132577. METHODS A physiological-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed by combining observations from clinical studies and physicochemical parameters as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion parameters determined in vitro. RESULTS The model predicted the observed pharmacokinetics of macitentan and its active metabolite ACT-132577 after single and multiple dosing. It performed well in recovering the observed effect of the CYP3A4 inhibitors ketoconazole and cyclosporine, and the CYP3A4 inducer rifampicin, as well as in predicting interactions with S-warfarin and sildenafil. The model was robust enough to allow prospective predictions of macitentan-drug combinations not studied, including an alternative dosing regimen of ketoconazole and nine other CYP3A4-interacting drugs. Among these were the HIV drugs ritonavir and saquinavir, which were included because HIV infection is a known risk factor for the development of PAH. CONCLUSION This example of the application of PBPK modeling to predict drug-drug interactions was used to support the labeling of macitentan (Opsumit).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben de Kanter
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.
| | - Patricia N Sidharta
- Clinical Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Delahaye
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Carmela Gnerre
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Segrestaa
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Buchmann
- Preformulation and Preclinical Galenics, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Kohl
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
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8
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Bolli MH, Lescop C, Birker M, de Kanter R, Hess P, Kohl C, Nayler O, Rey M, Sieber P, Velker J, Weller T, Steiner B. Novel S1P1 receptor agonists – Part 5: From amino-to alkoxy-pyridines. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 115:326-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Hüfner K, Oberguggenberger A, Kohl C, Geisler S, Gamper E, Meraner V, Egeter J, Hubalek M, Beer B, Fuchs D, Sperner-Unterweger B. Levels in neurotransmitter precursor amino acids correlate with mental health in patients with breast cancer. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 60:28-38. [PMID: 26112459 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females. Approximately 30% of cancer patients develop depression or depressive adaptation disorder within 5 years post diagnosis. Low grade inflammation and subsequent changes in neurotransmitter levels could be the pathophysiological link. In the current study we investigated the association of neurotransmitter precursor amino acids with a diagnosis of depression or state anxiety in 154 subjects suffering from breast cancer (BCA(+)), depression (DPR(+)), both or neither. Sociodemographic parameters, severity of depressive symptoms, and state anxiety (ANX) were recorded. Neopterin, kynurenine/tryptophan and phenylalanine/tyrosine were analysed by HPLC or ELISA. Significantly higher serum neopterin values were found in DPR(+) patients (p = 0.034) and in ANX(+) subjects (p = 0.008), as a marker of Th1-related inflammation. The phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio (index of the catecholamine pathway) was associated with the factors "breast cancer" and "depression" and their interaction (all p < 0.001); it was highest in the DPR(+)BCA(+) group. The kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (index of the serotonin pathway) was significantly associated with the factors "breast cancer" and "state anxiety" and their interaction (p < 0.001, p = 0.026, p = 0.02, respectively); it was highest in the ANX(+)BCA(+) group. In BCA(+) patients kynurenine/tryptophan ratios correlated with severity of state anxiety (r = 0.226, p = 0.048, uncorrected) and phenylalanine/tyrosine ratios with severity of depressive symptoms (r = 0.376, p < 0.05, corrected). In conclusion, levels of neurotransmitter precursor amino acids correlate with mental health, an effect which was much more pronounced in BCA(+) patients than in BCA(-) subjects. Aside from identifying underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, these results could be the basis for future treatment studies: in BCA(+) patients with depression the use of serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors might be recommended while in those with predominant anxiety selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors might be the treatment of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hüfner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - A Oberguggenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Kohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Geisler
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E Gamper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - V Meraner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Egeter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Hubalek
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Beer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Sperner-Unterweger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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10
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Surivet JP, Zumbrunn C, Rueedi G, Bur D, Bruyère T, Locher H, Ritz D, Seiler P, Kohl C, Ertel EA, Hess P, Gauvin JC, Mirre A, Kaegi V, Dos Santos M, Kraemer S, Gaertner M, Delers J, Enderlin-Paput M, Weiss M, Sube R, Hadana H, Keck W, Hubschwerlen C. Novel tetrahydropyran-based bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors with potent anti-gram positive activity and improved safety profile. J Med Chem 2014; 58:927-42. [PMID: 25494934 DOI: 10.1021/jm501590q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel antibacterial drugs that are effective against infections caused by multidrug resistant pathogens are urgently needed. In a previous report, we have shown that tetrahydropyran-based inhibitors of bacterial type II topoisomerases (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV) display potent antibacterial activity and exhibit no target-mediated cross-resistance with fluoroquinolones. During the course of our optimization program, lead compound 5 was deprioritized due to adverse findings in cardiovascular safety studies. In the effort of mitigating these findings and optimizing further the pharmacological profile of this class of compounds, we have identified a subseries of tetrahydropyran-based molecules that are potent DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors and display excellent antibacterial activity against Gram positive pathogens, including clinically relevant resistant isolates. One representative of this class, compound 32d, elicited only weak inhibition of hERG K(+) channels and hNaV1.5 Na(+) channels, and no effects were observed on cardiovascular parameters in anesthetized guinea pigs. In vivo efficacy in animal infection models has been demonstrated against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Surivet
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Limited , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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11
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Bolli MH, Abele S, Birker M, Bravo R, Bur D, de Kanter R, Kohl C, Grimont J, Hess P, Lescop C, Mathys B, Müller C, Nayler O, Rey M, Scherz M, Schmidt G, Seifert J, Steiner B, Velker J, Weller T. Novel S1P(1) receptor agonists--part 3: from thiophenes to pyridines. J Med Chem 2013; 57:110-30. [PMID: 24367923 DOI: 10.1021/jm4014696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In preceding communications we summarized our medicinal chemistry efforts leading to the identification of potent, selective, and orally active S1P1 agonists such as the thiophene derivative 1. As a continuation of these efforts, we replaced the thiophene in 1 by a 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridine and obtained less lipophilic, potent, and selective S1P1 agonists (e.g., 2) efficiently reducing blood lymphocyte count in the rat. Structural features influencing the compounds' receptor affinity profile and pharmacokinetics are discussed. In addition, the ability to penetrate brain tissue has been studied for several compounds. As a typical example for these pyridine based S1P1 agonists, compound 53 showed EC50 values of 0.6 and 352 nM for the S1P1 and S1P3 receptor, respectively, displayed favorable PK properties, and penetrated well into brain tissue. In the rat, compound 53 maximally reduced the blood lymphocyte count for at least 24 h after oral dosing of 3 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Bolli
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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12
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Bolli MH, Velker J, Müller C, Mathys B, Birker M, Bravo R, Bur D, de Kanter R, Hess P, Kohl C, Lehmann D, Meyer S, Nayler O, Rey M, Scherz M, Steiner B. Novel S1P1 Receptor Agonists - Part 2: From Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-Fused Thiophenes to Isobutyl Substituted Thiophenes. J Med Chem 2013; 57:78-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401456d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin H. Bolli
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Velker
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Claus Müller
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Boris Mathys
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Birker
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Bravo
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bur
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Ruben de Kanter
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hess
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Kohl
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - David Lehmann
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Solange Meyer
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Nayler
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rey
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scherz
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Beat Steiner
- Drug Discovery
Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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13
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Bolli MH, Müller C, Mathys B, Abele S, Birker M, Bravo R, Bur D, Hess P, Kohl C, Lehmann D, Nayler O, Rey M, Meyer S, Scherz M, Schmidt G, Steiner B, Treiber A, Velker J, Weller T. Novel S1P1 Receptor Agonists – Part 1: From Pyrazoles to Thiophenes. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9737-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4014373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin H. Bolli
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Claus Müller
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Boris Mathys
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Abele
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Birker
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Bravo
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bur
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hess
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Kohl
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - David Lehmann
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Nayler
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rey
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Solange Meyer
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scherz
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Gunther Schmidt
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Beat Steiner
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Velker
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Weller
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
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14
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Surivet JP, Zumbrunn C, Rueedi G, Hubschwerlen C, Bur D, Bruyère T, Locher H, Ritz D, Keck W, Seiler P, Kohl C, Gauvin JC, Mirre A, Kaegi V, Dos Santos M, Gaertner M, Delers J, Enderlin-Paput M, Boehme M. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Novel Tetrahydropyran-Based Bacterial Topoisomerase Inhibitors with Potent Anti-Gram-Positive Activity. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7396-415. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400963y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornelia Zumbrunn
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Georg Rueedi
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Bur
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Bruyère
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Hans Locher
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ritz
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Keck
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Peter Seiler
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Kohl
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Azely Mirre
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Verena Kaegi
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Marina Dos Santos
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Mika Gaertner
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Delers
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria Boehme
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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15
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Steinberg J, Kohl C, Katz T, Richard G, Linke SJ. [Difference and distance between the central and thinnest points of the cornea: impact of refractive state, age and ocular side]. Ophthalmologe 2013; 111:339-47. [PMID: 23921813 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-013-2892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to quantify the difference in corneal thickness between the central and thinnest points (∆PachyZ-PachyD), the distance between the center of the cornea and its thinnest point (vector length PachyD) and to explore the impact of refractive state, age and ocular side. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional study and medical records of 16,872 eyes were reviewed. The Orbscan® (Bausch and Lomb) procedure was used for pachymetry and keratometry. RESULTS The results showed that ∆PachyZ-PachyD and vector length PachyD were higher in hyperopic eyes (∆PachyZ-PachyD: 11.99 ± 12.08 µm, vector length PachyD: 0.85 ± 0.44 mm) compared to myopic eyes (∆PachyZ-PachyD: 9.2 ± 7.86 µm, vector length PachyD: 0.7 ± 0.37 mm; p < 0.001). Refractive state, age and ocular side demonstrated an independent, statistically significant impact on ∆PachyZ-PachyD and vector length PachyD. CONCLUSIONS As a result of the significant impact of refractive state, age and ocular side on ∆PachyZ-PachyD and vector length PachyD, these variables should be considered in a normative data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Steinberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland,
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16
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Gineste C, De Winter JM, Kohl C, Witt CC, Giannesini B, Brohm K, Le Fur Y, Gretz N, Vilmen C, Pecchi E, Jubeau M, Cozzone PJ, Stienen GJM, Granzier H, Labeit S, Ottenheijm CAC, Bendahan D, Gondin J. In vivo and in vitro investigations of heterozygous nebulin knock-out mice disclose a mild skeletal muscle phenotype. Neuromuscul Disord 2013; 23:357-69. [PMID: 23375831 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nemaline myopathy is the most common congenital skeletal muscle disease, and mutations in the nebulin gene account for 50% of all cases. Recent studies suggest that the disease severity might be related to the nebulin expression levels. Considering that mutations in the nebulin gene are typically recessive, one would expect that a single functional nebulin allele would maintain nebulin protein expression which would result in preserved skeletal muscle function. We investigated skeletal muscle function of heterozygous nebulin knock-out (i.e., nebulin(+/-)) mice using a multidisciplinary approach including protein and gene expression analysis and combined in vivo and in vitro force measurements. Skeletal muscle anatomy and energy metabolism were studied strictly non-invasively using magnetic resonance imaging and 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Maximal force production was reduced by around 16% in isolated muscle of nebulin(+/-) mice while in vivo force generating capacity was preserved. Muscle weakness was associated with a shift toward a slower proteomic phenotype, but was not related to nebulin protein deficiency or to an impaired energy metabolism. Further studies would be warranted in order to determine the mechanisms leading to a mild skeletal muscle phenotype resulting from the expression of a single nebulin allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gineste
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRMBM, 13005 Marseille, France
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17
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Plotnicki L, Höcker B, Krupka K, Kohl C, Rahmel A, Pape L, Hoyer P, Marks SD, Webb N, Söylemezoglu O, Topaloglu R, Szabó A, Seeman T, Cornelissen EA, Knops N, Grenda R, Tönshoff B. The CERTAIN Registry: A Novel, Web-Based Registry and Research Platform for Paediatric Renal Transplantation in Europe. Transplantation 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/00007890-201211271-02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Surivet JP, Lange R, Hubschwerlen C, Keck W, Specklin JL, Ritz D, Bur D, Locher H, Seiler P, Strasser DS, Prade L, Kohl C, Schmitt C, Chapoux G, Ilhan E, Ekambaram N, Athanasiou A, Knezevic A, Sabato D, Chambovey A, Gaertner M, Enderlin M, Boehme M, Sippel V, Wyss P. Structure-guided design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel DNA ligase inhibitors with in vitro and in vivo anti-staphylococcal activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6705-11. [PMID: 23006603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-amino-[1,8]-naphthyridine-3-carboxamides (ANCs) with potent inhibition of bacterial NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligases (LigAs) evolved from a 2,4-diaminopteridine derivative discovered by HTS. The design was guided by several highly resolved X-ray structures of our inhibitors in complex with either Streptococcus pneumoniae or Escherichia coli LigA. The structure-activity-relationship based on the ANC scaffold is discussed. The in-depth characterization of 2-amino-6-bromo-7-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,8]-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide, which displayed promising in vitro (MIC Staphylococcus aureus 1 mg/L) and in vivo anti-staphylococcal activity, is presented.
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Wagner KV, Hartmann J, Wang XD, Liebl C, Wolf M, Scharf SH, Kohl C, Marinescu D, Müller MB, Schmidt MV. The role of different Homer1 isoforms in acute and chronic social stress. Pharmacopsychiatry 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1292557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Piali L, Froidevaux S, Hess P, Nayler O, Bolli MH, Schlosser E, Kohl C, Steiner B, Clozel M. The Selective Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Agonist Ponesimod Protects against Lymphocyte-Mediated Tissue Inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:547-56. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.176487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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21
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Oelschläger H, Kohl C, Armstrong DW, Rothley D. Zur Pharmakokinetik Von Lipidsenkern, 8. Mitt.: Eindeutige Charakterisierung Des Ciprofibrat-o-β-D-Giukuronids. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.2503240809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Bolli MH, Abele S, Binkert C, Bravo R, Buchmann S, Bur D, Gatfield J, Hess P, Kohl C, Mangold C, Mathys B, Menyhart K, Müller C, Nayler O, Scherz M, Schmidt G, Sippel V, Steiner B, Strasser D, Treiber A, Weller T. 2-Imino-thiazolidin-4-one Derivatives as Potent, Orally Active S1P1Receptor Agonists. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4198-211. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100181s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The involvement of transport proteins in the disposition of drugs is receiving much attention of the scientific community. Recently, researchers from academia have surmised that drug transport rather than passive diffusion is the regular mechanism for molecules to cross cell membranes. On bare face value, however, sound evidence of the impact of transport proteins on clinical pharmacokinetics has been a trickle rather than a stream of convincing studies during the last decade, in stark contrast to the number of in vitro studies published. Progress in this area may have been impeded by a number of factors. Only a limited number of small-molecule drugs fall within the physicochemical property space (i.e., high hydrophilicity and low passive permeability) that makes them predestined as transport protein substrates without other pharmacokinetic processes (e.g., passive diffusion, metabolism, nonspecific binding to tissue proteins) blurring the picture. The vast majority of drug molecules are lipophilic enough to be amenable to passive diffusion across cell membranes and to undergo metabolism to some extent. In these cases, clinical evidence relies heavily on the observation of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions not readily explained by the interference with drug metabolizing enzymes. Given the circumstances outlined above, it is not surprising that, based upon clinical observations, the final assessment as to the overall relevance of drug transport for clinical pharmacokinetics is still pending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kohl
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil.
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24
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Meng X, Maggs JL, Pryde DC, Planken S, Jenkins RE, Peakman TM, Beaumont K, Kohl C, Park BK, Stachulski AV. Cyclization of the acyl glucuronide metabolite of a neutral endopeptidase inhibitor to an electrophilic glutarimide: synthesis, reactivity, and mechanistic analysis. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6165-76. [PMID: 17985860 DOI: 10.1021/jm0706766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neutral endopeptidase inhibitor (2R)-2-[(1-{[(5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amino]carbonyl}cyclopentyl)methyl]pentanoic acid 2 is metabolized to acyl glucuronide 3. Unprecedentedly, at pH 7.4, 3 does not undergo the O-acyl migration characteristic of acyl glucuronides but rapid, eliminative cyclization (t1/2 at 37 degrees C, 10.2 min) to glutarimide 4. Glucuronide 3 was synthesized efficiently via acylation of benzylglucuronate with N-benzyloxymethyl-protected 2. Glucuronide and imide reacted rapidly in aqueous solution, pH 7.4, with amino acids and glutathione to form stable amides and unstable thioesters. Imide 4 acylated eight lysine Nepsilon-amino groups of human serum albumin. Rapid cyclization of 3 was attributed to attack on the ester linkage by an unusually nucleophilic glutaramide NH (pKa in 2 = 9.76). N-propyl 3 was refractory to acyl migration and cyclization. This suggested a synthetic strategy for preparing analogues of 2 that form chemically stable acyl glucuronides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Meng
- The Robert Robinson Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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25
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Walker GS, Atherton J, Bauman J, Kohl C, Lam W, Reily M, Lou Z, Mutlib A. Determination of Degradation Pathways and Kinetics of Acyl Glucuronides by NMR Spectroscopy. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:876-86. [PMID: 17536843 DOI: 10.1021/tx600297u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronides have been implicated in the toxicity of many xenobiotics and marketed drugs. These toxicities are hypothesized to be a consequence of covalent binding of the reactive forms of the acyl glucuronide to proteins. Reactive intermediates of the acyl glucuronide arise from the migration of the aglycone leading to other positional and stereoisomers under physiological conditions. In order to screen for the potential liabilities of these metabolites during the early phase of pharmaceutical development, an NMR method based on the disappearance of the anomeric resonance of the O-1-acyl glucuronide was used to monitor the degradation kinetics of 11 structurally diverse acyl glucuronides, including those produced from the known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The acyl glucuronides were either chemically synthesized or were isolated from biological matrices (bile, urine, and liver microsomal extracts). The half-lives attained utilizing this method were found to be comparable to those reported in the literature. NMR analysis also enabled the delineation of the two possible pathways of degradation: acyl migration and hydrolytic cleavage. The previously characterized 1H resonances of acyl migrated products are quite distinguishable from those that arise from hydrolysis. The NMR method described here could be used to rank order acyl glucuronide forming discovery compounds based on the potential reactivity of the conjugates and their routes of decomposition under physiological conditions. Furthermore, we have shown that in vitro systems such as liver microsomal preparations can be used to generate sufficient quantities of acyl glucuronides from early discovery compounds for NMR characterization. This is particularly important, as we often have limited supply of early discovery compounds to conduct in vivo studies to generate sufficient quantities of acyl glucuronides for further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Walker
- Pfizer, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48015, USA.
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26
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Pryde DC, Cook AS, Burring DJ, Jones LH, Foll S, Platts MY, Sanderson V, Corless M, Stobie A, Middleton DS, Foster L, Barker L, Van Der Graaf P, Stacey P, Kohl C, Coggon S, Beaumont K. Novel selective inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase for the treatment of female sexual arousal disorder. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:142-59. [PMID: 17070062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted glutaramides were synthesised using Candoxatrilat 1 as a lead and evaluated for potency against neutral endopeptidase (NEP) as a potential treatment for female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD). In this paper, we describe studies in which we were able to increase NEP activity substantially over the levels reported for previous compounds from this programme by appropriate substitution in both the P(1)(') and P(2)(') regions. Optimisation led to the 4-chlorophenpropylamide S-30 which was selected as a candidate for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Pryde
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK.
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27
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Pryde DC, Maw GN, Planken S, Platts MY, Sanderson V, Corless M, Stobie A, Barber CG, Russell R, Foster L, Barker L, Wayman C, Van Der Graaf P, Stacey P, Morren D, Kohl C, Beaumont K, Coggon S, Tute M. Novel Selective Inhibitors of Neutral Endopeptidase for the Treatment of Female Sexual Arousal Disorder. Synthesis and Activity of Functionalized Glutaramides. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4409-24. [PMID: 16821800 DOI: 10.1021/jm060133g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) is a highly prevalent sexual disorder affecting up to 40% of women. We describe herein our efforts to identify a selective neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitor as a potential treatment for FSAD. The rationale for this approach, together with a description of the medicinal chemistry strategy, lead compounds, and SAR investigations are detailed. In particular, the strategy of starting with the clinically precedented selective NEP inhibitor, Candoxatrilat, and targeting low molecular weight and relatively polar mono-carboxylic acids is described. This led ultimately to the prototype development candidate R-13, for which detailed pharmacology and pharmacokinetic parameters are presented.(1)
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Pryde
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK.
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28
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Pschirer NG, Kohl C, Nolde F, Qu J, Müllen K. Pentarylene- and Hexarylenebis(dicarboximide)s: Near-Infrared-Absorbing Polyaromatic Dyes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:1401-4. [PMID: 16425337 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil G Pschirer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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29
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Pschirer NG, Kohl C, Nolde F, Qu J, Müllen K. Pentarylene- and Hexarylenebis(dicarboximide)s: Near-Infrared-Absorbing Polyaromatic Dyes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Pisula W, Kastler M, Wasserfallen D, Robertson JWF, Nolde F, Kohl C, Müllen K. Ausgeprägte supramolekulare Ordnung in diskotischen Donor-Acceptor-Mischungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Pisula W, Kastler M, Wasserfallen D, Robertson JWF, Nolde F, Kohl C, Müllen K. Pronounced Supramolecular Order in Discotic Donor–Acceptor Mixtures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:819-23. [PMID: 16365917 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Pisula
- Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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32
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Maw GN, Stobie A, Planken S, Pryde DC, Sanderson V, Platts MY, Corless M, Stacey P, Wayman C, Van Der Graaf P, Kohl C, Coggon S, Beaumont K. The Discovery of Small Molecule Inhibitors of Neutral Endopeptidase. Structure-Activity Studies on Functionalized Glutaramides. Chem Biol Drug Des 2006; 67:74-7. [PMID: 16492151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2005.00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of small molecule glutaramides were synthesized and evaluated for potency against canine and human neutral endopeptidase using target criteria of molecular weight <400 and log P between 2 and 4.5 to maximize the likelihood of achieving good oral absorption. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigations described in this paper led to the identification of an ethyl 1,3,4-thiadiazole glutaramide which demonstrated good neutral endopeptidase potency, selectivity and excellent oral absorption in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham N Maw
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
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33
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34
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Roeffaers MBJ, Sels BF, Loos D, Kohl C, Müllen K, Jacobs PA, Hofkens J, De Vos DE. In Situ Space- and Time-Resolved Sorption Kinetics of Anionic Dyes on Individual LDH Crystals. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:2295-9. [PMID: 16224759 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy is employed to follow the ion exchange of an emissive dye--a carboxylated perylene imide--on a layered double hydroxide. The exchange of the carboxylate ions starts at the edges of the layered double hydroxide crystals and is followed by diffusion to the basal plane. Such space-resolved observations provide a solid basis for modelling and studying the mechanisms of exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten B J Roeffaers
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Caüzac M, Kohl C, Girard J, Pégorier JP. S-15261, a new anti-hyperglycemic agent, reduces hepatic glucose production through direct and insulin-sensitizing effects. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:527-34. [PMID: 15993851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
S-15261 is a new oral anti-hyperglycemic agent that increases insulin sensitivity in various insulin-resistant animal models. The aim of this study was to determine the short- and long-term effects of S-15261 and its metabolites (S-15511 and Y-415) on fatty acid and glucose metabolism in hepatocytes isolated from 24-h starved rats. During short-term exposure (1h) neither S-15261 nor its metabolites affected fatty acid oxidation whatever the concentration used. By contrast, S-15261 and its two metabolites reduced the rates of glucose production from lactate/pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone. Using crossover plot analysis, it was shown that Y-415 reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis upstream the formation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate. After 48 h in culture, S-15261 and its two metabolites reduced the rates of glucose production from lactate/pyruvate secondarily to a decrease in PEPCK and Glc-6-Pase mRNA levels. A part of these effects on gene expression could be due to a drug-induced reduction in PGC-1 gene expression. When hepatocytes were cultured in the presence of a submaximal concentration of insulin (10(-9)M), S-15261, through its metabolite S-15511, enhanced insulin sensitivity both on gene expression (PEPCK, Glc-6-Pase, PGC-1) and on gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, S-15261 and S-15511 induced the expression of GK and FAS genes as the result of an increased in SREBP-1c mRNA levels. Finally, S-15511 enhanced the stimulatory effect of insulin on GK mRNA level through an additional increase in SREBP-1c gene expression. In conclusion, this work reveals that S-15261 via its metabolites reduces hepatic glucose production through direct and insulin-sensitizing effects on genes encoding regulatory proteins of hepatic glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caüzac
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut Cochin, INSERM U567, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris 5, 24 rue du Faubourg St Jacques, Paris 75014, France
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Nolde F, Qu J, Kohl C, Pschirer NG, Reuther E, Müllen K. Synthesis and Modification of Terrylenediimides as High-Performance Fluorescent Dyes. Chemistry 2005; 11:3959-67. [PMID: 15844133 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200401177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two new synthetic approaches to terrylenediimides, highly photostable fluorescent dyes, are described. For the first time terrylenediimide has been synthesised in a straightforward procedure that makes large quantities available. The second route includes an efficient cross-coupling reaction followed by a cyclodehydrogenation. Monofunctionalisation of the imide structure allows terrylenediimides now to be coupled with a variety of compounds, for example, by Suzuki cross-coupling, which can lead to an array of terrylenediimides with new functional groups such as hydroxy, amino, or carboxy groups needed to link up with other molecules. The functionalisation in the bay region is used to tune the properties of terrylenediimides and extend the range of applications, for example, by introducing water solubility. These tetrasubstituted terrylenediimides offer, depending on the substituents used, exciting features such as good solubility in common organic solvents, water solubility, or NIR absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Nolde
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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37
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Abstract
A systematic approach towards highly fluorescent, water-soluble perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimide chromophores is presented. Water solubility was introduced first through the attachment of four hydrophilic substituents onto the bay region of the perylene dye. Positively and negatively charged groups were then applied to the chromophore, and their number and their distance from the aromatic scaffold were systematically varied. To suppress aggregation, the chromophore was further isolated within a dendritic shell. Such variation of structural features and a thorough investigation of the resulting optical properties facilitated the first synthesis of perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimides combining the properties of water solubility and fluorescence quantum yields (FQYs) close to unity, which makes them attractive as high-performance fluorescence probes in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kohl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Margineanu A, Hofkens J, Cotlet M, Habuchi S, Stefan A, Qu J, Kohl C, Müllen K, Vercammen J, Engelborghs Y, Gensch T, De Schryver FC. Photophysics of a Water−Soluble Rylene Dye: Comparison with Other Fluorescent Molecules for Biological Applications. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048051w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anca Margineanu
- Lab. Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany, Lab. Biomolecular Dynamics, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, and Institut für Biologische Informationverarbeitung 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Lab. Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany, Lab. Biomolecular Dynamics, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, and Institut für Biologische Informationverarbeitung 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Mircea Cotlet
- Lab. Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany, Lab. Biomolecular Dynamics, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, and Institut für Biologische Informationverarbeitung 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Satoshi Habuchi
- Lab. Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany, Lab. Biomolecular Dynamics, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, and Institut für Biologische Informationverarbeitung 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alina Stefan
- Lab. Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany, Lab. Biomolecular Dynamics, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, and Institut für Biologische Informationverarbeitung 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jianqiang Qu
- Lab. Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany, Lab. Biomolecular Dynamics, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, and Institut für Biologische Informationverarbeitung 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christopher Kohl
- Lab. Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany, Lab. Biomolecular Dynamics, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, and Institut für Biologische Informationverarbeitung 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Lab. Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany, Lab. Biomolecular Dynamics, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, and Institut für Biologische Informationverarbeitung 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jo Vercammen
- Lab. Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany, Lab. Biomolecular Dynamics, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, and Institut für Biologische Informationverarbeitung 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Yves Engelborghs
- Lab. Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany, Lab. Biomolecular Dynamics, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, and Institut für Biologische Informationverarbeitung 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gensch
- Lab. Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany, Lab. Biomolecular Dynamics, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, and Institut für Biologische Informationverarbeitung 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Frans C. De Schryver
- Lab. Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany, Lab. Biomolecular Dynamics, Department Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium, and Institut für Biologische Informationverarbeitung 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
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Sperner-Unterweger B, Kohl C, Meraner V, Holzner B, Bodner T, Kemmler G. Psychopharmacological treatment in cancer patients – Interactions between biological and psychological variables? Pharmacopsychiatry 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-825519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Qu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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41
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Wolf-Klein H, Kohl C, Müllen K, Paulsen H. Biomimetic model of a plant photosystem consisting of a recombinant light-harvesting complex and a terrylene dye. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002; 41:3378-80. [PMID: 12298037 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20020916)41:18<3378::aid-anie3378>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Wolf-Klein
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Müllerweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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42
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Abstract
A hitherto unknown class of dyestuff compounds exhibiting three key characteristics, namely absorption in the near infrared (NIR) region, high photostability and good processability, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kohl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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43
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Wolf-Klein H, Kohl C, Müllen K, Paulsen H. Biomimetisches Modell eines pflanzlichen Photosystems bestehend aus einem rekombinanten Lichtsammelkomplex und einem Terrylenfarbstoff. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20020916)114:18<3526::aid-ange3526>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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44
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Fulgencio JP, Kohl C, Girard J, Pégorier JP. Effect of metformin on fatty acid and glucose metabolism in freshly isolated hepatocytes and on specific gene expression in cultured hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:439-46. [PMID: 11448453 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The short-term effect of metformin on fatty acid and glucose metabolism was studied in freshly incubated hepatocytes from 24-hr starved rats. Metformin (5 or 50 mM) had no effect on oleate or octanoate oxidation rates (CO(2)+ acid-soluble products), whatever the concentration used. Similarly, metformin had no effect on oleate esterification (triglycerides and phospholipid synthesis) regardless of whether the hepatocytes were isolated from starved (low esterification rates) or fed rats (high esterification rates). In contrast, metformin markedly reduced the rates of glucose production from lactate/pyruvate, alanine, dihydroxyacetone, and galactose. Using crossover plot experiments, it was shown that the main effect of metformin on hepatic gluconeogenesis was located upstream of the formation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Increasing the time of exposure to metformin (24 hr instead of 1 hr) led to significant changes in the expression of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Indeed, when hepatocytes were cultured in the presence of 50 to 500 microM metformin, the expression of genes encoding regulatory proteins of fatty acid oxidation (carnitine palmitoyltransferase I), ketogenesis (mitochondrial hydroxymethylgltaryl-CoA synthase), and gluconeogenesis (glucose 6-phosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) was decreased by 30 to 60%, whereas expression of genes encoding regulatory proteins involved in glycolysis (glucokinase and liver-type pyruvate kinase) was increased by 250%. In conclusion, this work suggests that metformin could reduce hepatic glucose production through short-term (metabolic) and long-term (genic) effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Fulgencio
- Endocrinologie, Métabolisme et Développement, UPR 1524 CNRS, ICGM, Service du Pr Girard, 24 rue du Faubourg ST Jacques 75014 Paris, France
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45
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Louet JF, Chatelain F, Decaux JF, Park EA, Kohl C, Pineau T, Girard J, Pegorier JP. Long-chain fatty acids regulate liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I gene (L-CPT I) expression through a peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha)-independent pathway. Biochem J 2001; 354:189-97. [PMID: 11171094 PMCID: PMC1221643 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3540189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (L-CPT I) catalyses the transfer of long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) for translocation across the mitochondrial membrane. Expression of the L-CPT I gene is induced by LCFAs as well as by lipid-lowering compounds such as clofibrate. Previous studies have suggested that the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is a common mediator of the transcriptional effects of LCFA and clofibrate. We found that free LCFAs rather than acyl-CoA esters are the signal metabolites responsible for the stimulation of L-CPT I gene expression. Using primary culture of hepatocytes we found that LCFAs failed to stimulate L-CPT I gene expression both in wild-type and PPARalpha-null mice. These results suggest that the PPARalpha-knockout mouse does not represent a suitable model for the regulation of L-CPT I gene expression by LCFAs in the liver. Finally, we determined that clofibrate stimulates L-CPT I through a classical direct repeat 1 (DR1) motif in the promoter of the L-CPT I gene while LCFAs induce L-CPT I via elements in the first intron of the gene. Our results demonstrate that LCFAs can regulate gene expression through PPARalpha-independent pathways and suggest that the regulation of gene expression by dietary lipids is more complex than previously proposed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Clofibrate/pharmacology
- DNA Primers
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Liver/enzymology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Louet
- Endocrinologie Métabolisme et Développement, CNRS UPR 1524, 9, rue Jules Hetzel, 92190 Meudon, France
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46
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47
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Le May C, Pineau T, Bigot K, Kohl C, Girard J, Pégorier JP. Reduced hepatic fatty acid oxidation in fasting PPARalpha null mice is due to impaired mitochondrial hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase gene expression. FEBS Lett 2000; 475:163-6. [PMID: 10869548 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucose and fatty acid metabolism (oxidation versus esterification) has been measured in hepatocytes isolated from 24 h starved peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) null and wild-type mice. In PPARalpha null mice, the development of hypoglycemia during starvation was due to a reduced capacity for hepatic gluconeogenesis secondary to a 70% lower rate of fatty acid oxidation. This was not due to inappropriate expression of the hepatic CPT I gene, which was similar in both genotypes, but to impaired mitochondrial hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase gene expression in the PPARalpha null mouse liver. We also demonstrate that hepatic steatosis of fasting PPARalpha null mice was not due to enhanced triglyceride synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Le May
- Endocrinologie Métabolisme et Développement, UPR 1524 CNRS, Meudon, France
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48
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Kohl C, Steinkellner M. Prediction of pharmacokinetic drug/drug interactions from In vitro data: interactions of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug lornoxicam with oral anticoagulants. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28:161-8. [PMID: 10640513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP2C9 is involved in the metabolism of the oral anticoagulants warfarin, phenprocoumon, and acenocoumarol. It is also responsible for the 5'-hydroxylation of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug lornoxicam. Therefore, lornoxicam and the oral anticoagulants are potential inhibitors of their metabolism. Their inhibitory potency was investigated in microsomes from six human livers. An approach to predict pharmacokinetic interactions of lornoxicam from in vitro inhibition data was developed. Where possible, the forecasts were verified by comparison with data from clinical interaction studies. The following increases in steady-state plasma concentrations or areas under the plasma concentration-time curve of the oral anticoagulants by concomitant lornoxicam medication were predicted (values in parentheses are for healthy volunteers): (S)-warfarin, 1. 58-fold (1.32-fold for racemate); racemic-acenocoumarol, 1.28-fold (1.09-fold); (R)-acenocoumarol, 1.10-fold (1.0-fold); racemic-phenprocoumon, 1.11-fold (1.18-fold); and (S)-phenprocoumon, 1.13-fold (1.24-fold). Lornoxicam 5'-hydroxylation was competitively inhibited in vitro by both phenprocoumon (K(i) = 1.2 +/- 0.4 microM) and acenocoumarol (K(i) = 5.5 +/- 3.5 microM). The present results indicate that relatively close predictions of the interactions of lornoxicam with oral anticoagulants from in vitro data are possible under the assumption that hepatic lornoxicam concentrations are similar to its total plasma concentrations. The degree of pharmacokinetic interactions exhibited by oral anticoagulants and lornoxicam is dependent on the respective contribution of CYP2C9 to their total clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kohl
- Department of Drug Disposition, Nycomed Austria, Linz, Austria.
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49
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Thumelin S, Kohl C, Girard J, Pégorier JP. Atypical expression of mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase in subcutaneous adipose tissue of male rats. J Lipid Res 1999; 40:1071-7. [PMID: 10357839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mRNAs encoding mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (mtHMG-CoA synthase), the rate limiting enzyme in ketone body production, are highly expressed in subcutaneous (SC) and, to a lesser extent, in peri-epididymal (PE) rat adipose tissues. This atypical mtHMG-CoA synthase gene expression is dependent on the age (from 9 weeks of age) and sex (higher in male than in female) of the rats. In contrast, the expression of mtHMG-CoA synthase in SC adipose deposit is independent of the nutritional state (fed versus starved) or of the thermic environment (24 degrees C versus 4 degrees C). The expression of mtHMG-CoA synthase is suppressed in SC fat pads of castrated male rats whereas treatment of castrated rats with testosterone restores a normal level of expression. Moreover, testosterone injection induces the expression mtHMG-CoA synthase in SC adipose tissue of age-matched females. The presence of the mtHMG-CoA synthase immunoreactive protein confers to mitochondria isolated from SC adipose deposits, the capacity to produce ketone bodies at a rate similar to that found in liver mitochondria (SC = 13.7 +/- 0.7, liver = 16.4 +/- 1.4 nmol/min/mg prot). mtHMG-CoA synthase is expressed in the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) whatever the adipose deposit considered. While acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is only expressed in mature adipocytes, the other lipogenic enzymes, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and citrate cleavage enzyme (CCE), are expressed both in SVF cells and mature adipocytes. The expression of lipogenic enzyme genes is markedly reduced in adipocytes but not in SVF cells isolated from 48-h starved male rats. When SVF is subfractionated, mtHMG-CoA synthase mRNAs are mainly recovered in two fractions containing poorly digested structures such as microcapillaries whereas the lowest expression is found in the pre-adipocyte fraction. Interestingly, FAS and CCE mRNAs co-segregate with mtHMG-CoA synthase mRNA. The possible physiological relevance of such atypical expression of mtHMG-CoA synthase is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thumelin
- Endocrinologie Métabolisme et Développement, UPR 1524 CNRS, 9, rue Jules Hetzel, 92190 Meudon, France
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50
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Cohen I, Kohl C, McGarry JD, Girard J, Prip-Buus C. The N-terminal domain of rat liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 mediates import into the outer mitochondrial membrane and is essential for activity and malonyl-CoA sensitivity. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:29896-904. [PMID: 9792707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.45.29896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (L-CPT1), an integral outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) protein, is the key regulatory enzyme of fatty acid oxidation and is inhibited by malonyl-CoA. In vitro import of L-CPT1 into the OMM requires the presence of mitochondrial receptors and is stimulated by ATP but is membrane potential-independent. Its N-terminal domain (residues 1-150), which contains two transmembrane segments, possesses all of the information for mitochondrial targeting and OMM insertion. Deletion of this domain abrogates protein targeting, whereas its fusion to non-OMM-related proteins results in their mitochondrial targeting and OMM insertion in a manner similar to L-CPT1. Functional analysis of chimeric CPTs expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows that this domain also mediates in vivo protein insertion into the OMM. When the malonyl-CoA-insensitive CPT2 was anchored at the OMM either by a specific OMM signal anchor sequence (pOM29) or by the N-terminal domain of L-CPT1, its activity remains insensitive to malonyl-CoA inhibition. This indicates that malonyl-CoA sensitivity is an intrinsic property of L-CPT1 and that its N-terminal domain cannot confer malonyl-CoA sensitivity to CPT2. Replacement of the N-terminal domain by pOM29 results in a less folded and less active protein, which is also malonyl-CoA-insensitive. Thus, in addition to its role in mitochondrial targeting and OMM insertion, the N-terminal domain of L-CPT1 is essential to maintain an optimal conformation for both catalytic function and malonyl-CoA sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cohen
- Endocrinologie, Métabolisme, et Développement, CNRS-UPR 1524, 9 Rue J. Hetzel, 92190 Meudon, France
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