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Sowa SW, Qian Y, Aron KL, Xu P, Langsdorf E, Warrack B, Aranibar N, Tremml G, Xu J, McVey D, Reily M, Khetan A, Borys MC, Li ZJ. Metabolomic and quality data for early and late passages of an antibody-producing industrial CHO cell line. Data Brief 2020; 33:106591. [PMID: 33318978 PMCID: PMC7724160 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we provide four data sets for an industrial Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line producing antibodies during a 14-day bioreactor run. This cell line was selected for further evaluation because of its significant titer loss as the cells were passaged over time. Four conditions that differed in cell bank ages were run for this dataset. Specifically, cells were passaged to passage 12, 21, 25, and 37 and then used in this experiment. Once the run commenced the following datasets were gathered: 1). Glycosylation data for each reactor 2). Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) data for the antibodies produced which allowed for the identification of high and low molecular weight species in the samples (N-Glycan and SEC data was taken on day 14 only). 3/4). Metabolites levels measured using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) for all reactors over the time course of days 1, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 14. We also provide a graph of the glutamine levels for cells of different ages as an example of the utility of the data. These metabolomics data provide relative amounts for 36 metabolites (NMR) and 109 metabolites (LC-MS) over the 14-day time course. These data were collected in connection with a co-submitted paper [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Sowa
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Yueming Qian
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Aron
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Ping Xu
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Erik Langsdorf
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bethanne Warrack
- Drug Development and Preclinical Studies, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Nelly Aranibar
- Drug Development and Preclinical Studies, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Gabi Tremml
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jianlin Xu
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Duncan McVey
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Michael Reily
- Drug Development and Preclinical Studies, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Michael C. Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA
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Huang Z, Xu J, Yongky A, Morris CS, Polanco AL, Reily M, Borys MC, Li ZJ, Yoon S. CHO cell productivity improvement by genome-scale modeling and pathway analysis: Application to feed supplements. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Morris C, Polanco A, Yongky A, Xu J, Huang Z, Zhao J, McFarland KS, Park S, Warrack B, Reily M, Borys MC, Li Z, Yoon S. Bigdata analytics identifies metabolic inhibitors and promoters for productivity improvement and optimization of monoclonal antibody (mAb) production process. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-00318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRecent advances in metabolite quantification and identification have enabled new research into the detection and control of titer inhibitors and promoters. This paper presents a bigdata analytics study to identify both inhibitors and promoters using multivariate data analysis of metabolomics data. By applying multi-way partial least squares (PLS) model to metabolite data from four fed-batch bioreactor conditions where feed formulation and selection agent concentrations varied, metabolites which exhibited the most significant impact on titer during cultivation were ranked from highest to lowest. The model outputs were then constrained to reduce the number of statistically relevant inhibitors or promoters to the top ten, which were used to conduct metabolic pathway analysis. Furthermore, a method is presented for identifying amino acids that prevent the accumulation of the inhibitors and/or enhance the formation of promoters during production. Finally, the metabolomics and pathway analysis results were integrated and validated with transcriptomics data to characterize metabolic changes occurring among different growth conditions. From these results, new feeding strategies were implemented which resulted in increased fed-batch production titer. Methodology from this work could be applied to future process optimization strategies for biotherapeutic production.
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Tian J, He Q, Oliveira C, Qian Y, Egan S, Xu J, Qian N, Langsdorf E, Warrack B, Aranibar N, Reily M, Borys M, Li ZJ. Increased MSX level improves biological productivity and production stability in multiple recombinant GS CHO cell lines. Eng Life Sci 2020; 20:112-125. [PMID: 32874175 PMCID: PMC7447880 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing cell culture productivity of recombinant proteins via process improvements is the primary focus for research groups within biologics manufacturing. Any recommendations to improve a manufacturing process obviously must be effective, but also be robust, scalable, and with product quality comparable to the original process. In this study, we report that three different GS-/- CHO cell lines developed in media containing a standard concentration of the selection agent methionine sulfoximine (MSX), but then exposed to increased MSX concentrations during seed train expansion, achieved titer increases of 10-19%. This result was observed in processes already considerably optimized. Expanding the cells with a higher MSX concentration improved cell line production stability with increased culture age. Production cultures in 500-L and 1000-L bioreactors replicated laboratory results using 5-L bioreactors, demonstrating process robustness and scalability. Furthermore, product quality attributes of the final drug substance using the higher MSX process were comparable with those from cells expanded in media with the standard selection MSX concentration. Subsequent mechanistic investigations confirmed that the cells were not altered at the genetic level in terms of integration profiles or gene copy number, nor transcriptional levels of glutamine synthetase, heavy chain, or light chain genes. This study provides an effective and applicable strategy to improve the productivity of therapeutic proteins for biologics manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tian
- Biologics Process DevelopmentGlobal Product Development and Supply, Bristol‐Myers Squibb CompanyDevensMAUSA
| | - Qin He
- Biologics Process DevelopmentGlobal Product Development and Supply, Bristol‐Myers Squibb CompanyDevensMAUSA
| | - Christopher Oliveira
- Biologics Process DevelopmentGlobal Product Development and Supply, Bristol‐Myers Squibb CompanyDevensMAUSA
| | - Yueming Qian
- Biologics Process DevelopmentGlobal Product Development and Supply, Bristol‐Myers Squibb CompanyDevensMAUSA
| | - Susan Egan
- Biologics Process DevelopmentGlobal Product Development and Supply, Bristol‐Myers Squibb CompanyDevensMAUSA
| | - Jianlin Xu
- Biologics Process DevelopmentGlobal Product Development and Supply, Bristol‐Myers Squibb CompanyDevensMAUSA
| | - Nan‐Xin Qian
- Biologics Process DevelopmentGlobal Product Development and Supply, Bristol‐Myers Squibb CompanyDevensMAUSA
| | - Erik Langsdorf
- Molecular & Cellular ScienceBristol‐Myers Squibb CompanyPrincetonNJUSA
| | - Bethanne Warrack
- Drug Development and Preclinical StudiesBristol‐Myers Squibb CompanyPrincetonNJUSA
| | - Nelly Aranibar
- Drug Development and Preclinical StudiesBristol‐Myers Squibb CompanyPrincetonNJUSA
| | - Michael Reily
- Drug Development and Preclinical StudiesBristol‐Myers Squibb CompanyPrincetonNJUSA
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Process DevelopmentGlobal Product Development and Supply, Bristol‐Myers Squibb CompanyDevensMAUSA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Process DevelopmentGlobal Product Development and Supply, Bristol‐Myers Squibb CompanyDevensMAUSA
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Liu J, Curtin J, You D, Hillerman S, Li-Wang B, Eraslan R, Xie J, Swanson J, Ho CP, Oppenheimer S, Warrack BM, McNaney CA, Nelson DM, Blum J, Kim T, Fereshteh M, Reily M, Shipkova P, Murtaza A, Sanjuan M, Hunt JT, Salter-Cid L. Critical role of kinase activity of hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 in anti-tumor immune surveillance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212670. [PMID: 30913212 PMCID: PMC6435129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has fundamentally changed the landscape of cancer treatment. Despite the encouraging results with the checkpoint modulators, response rates vary widely across tumor types, with a majority of patients exhibiting either primary resistance without a significant initial response to treatment or acquired resistance with subsequent disease progression. Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cell linages and serves as a negative regulator in T cells and dendritic cells (DC). While HPK1 gene knockout (KO) studies suggest its role in anti-tumor immune responses, the involvement of kinase activity and thereof its therapeutic potential remain unknown. To investigate the potential of pharmacological intervention using inhibitors of HPK1, we generated HPK1 kinase dead (KD) mice which carry a single loss-of-function point mutation in the kinase domain and interrogated the role of kinase activity in immune cells in the context of suppressive factors or the tumor microenvironment (TME). Our data provide novel findings that HKP1 kinase activity is critical in conferring suppressive functions of HPK1 in a wide range of immune cells including CD4+, CD8+, DC, NK to Tregs, and inactivation of kinase domain was sufficient to elicit robust anti-tumor immune responses. These data support the concept that an HPK1 small molecule kinase inhibitor could serve as a novel agent to provide additional benefit in combination with existing immunotherapies, particularly to overcome resistance to current treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqi Liu
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Joshua Curtin
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Dan You
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Stephen Hillerman
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Bifang Li-Wang
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rukiye Eraslan
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jenny Xie
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jesse Swanson
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ching-Ping Ho
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Simone Oppenheimer
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Bethanne M. Warrack
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Colleen A. McNaney
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David M. Nelson
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jordan Blum
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Taeg Kim
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mark Fereshteh
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael Reily
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Petia Shipkova
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Anwar Murtaza
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Miguel Sanjuan
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - John T. Hunt
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Luisa Salter-Cid
- Immuno-oncology Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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6
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Akhtar J, Fung B, Reily M. Blindsided by the Monospot test. Diagnosis (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/dx-2015-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A 20-year-old man developed bilateral forearm paresthesias after propping his elbows on the desk studying. He was diagnosed with ulnar neuropraxia and instructed to follow up with a neurologist. The symptoms continued and the patient was admitted for a formal workup of his neuritis. A Monospot test was positive. The patient was discharged with a diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. A comment on his complete blood count, showing absolute lymphocytosis with atypical lymphocytes and rare blasts with flow cytometry recommended, was missed, possibly due to the fact that it was not highlighted red on the electronic medical record indicating an abnormal result. A month later, an outpatient diagnosis of B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma was made on flow cytometry. This case highlights cognitive errors in diagnosis, including premature closure and failing to ‘see’ key data, as well as vulnerabilities created by data display limitations of the electronic medical record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaid Akhtar
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Emergency Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brian Fung
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Emergency Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Reily
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Emergency Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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7
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Aranibar N, Vassallo JD, Rathmacher J, Stryker S, Zhang Y, Dai J, Janovitz EB, Robertson D, Reily M, Lowe-Krentz L, Lehman-McKeeman L. Identification of 1- and 3-methylhistidine as biomarkers of skeletal muscle toxicity by nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolic profiling. Anal Biochem 2010; 410:84-91. [PMID: 21094120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic profiling identified urinary 1- and 3-methylhistidine (1- and 3-MH) as potential biomarkers of skeletal muscle toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats following 7 and 14 daily doses of 0.5 or 1mg/kg cerivastatin. These metabolites were highly correlated to sex-, dose- and time-dependent development of cerivastatin-induced myotoxicity. Subsequently, the distribution and concentration of 1- and 3-MH were quantified in 18 tissues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The methylhistidine isomers were most abundant in skeletal muscle with no fiber or sex differences observed; however, 3-MH was also present in cardiac and smooth muscle. In a second study, rats receiving 14 daily doses of 1mg/kg cerivastatin (a myotoxic dose) had 6- and 2-fold elevations in 1- and 3-MH in urine and had 11- and 3-fold increases in 1- and 3-MH in serum, respectively. Selectivity of these potential biomarkers was tested by dosing rats with the cardiotoxicant isoproterenol (0.5mg/kg), and a 2-fold decrease in urinary 1- and 3-MH was observed and attributed to the anabolic effect on skeletal muscle. These findings indicate that 1- and 3-MH may be useful urine and serum biomarkers of drug-induced skeletal muscle toxicity and hypertrophy in the rat, and further investigation into their use and limitations is warranted.
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Flammer JR, Kennedy MA, Reily M, Chinenov Y, Ivashkiv LB, Rogatsky I. PL2-6 A dual action of glucocorticoids on the type I interferon network. Cytokine 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.07.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Walker GS, Atherton J, Bauman J, Kohl C, Lam W, Reily M, Lou Z, Mutlib A. Determination of Degradation Pathways and Kinetics of Acyl Glucuronides by NMR Spectroscopy. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:876-86. [PMID: 17536843 DOI: 10.1021/tx600297u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronides have been implicated in the toxicity of many xenobiotics and marketed drugs. These toxicities are hypothesized to be a consequence of covalent binding of the reactive forms of the acyl glucuronide to proteins. Reactive intermediates of the acyl glucuronide arise from the migration of the aglycone leading to other positional and stereoisomers under physiological conditions. In order to screen for the potential liabilities of these metabolites during the early phase of pharmaceutical development, an NMR method based on the disappearance of the anomeric resonance of the O-1-acyl glucuronide was used to monitor the degradation kinetics of 11 structurally diverse acyl glucuronides, including those produced from the known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The acyl glucuronides were either chemically synthesized or were isolated from biological matrices (bile, urine, and liver microsomal extracts). The half-lives attained utilizing this method were found to be comparable to those reported in the literature. NMR analysis also enabled the delineation of the two possible pathways of degradation: acyl migration and hydrolytic cleavage. The previously characterized 1H resonances of acyl migrated products are quite distinguishable from those that arise from hydrolysis. The NMR method described here could be used to rank order acyl glucuronide forming discovery compounds based on the potential reactivity of the conjugates and their routes of decomposition under physiological conditions. Furthermore, we have shown that in vitro systems such as liver microsomal preparations can be used to generate sufficient quantities of acyl glucuronides from early discovery compounds for NMR characterization. This is particularly important, as we often have limited supply of early discovery compounds to conduct in vivo studies to generate sufficient quantities of acyl glucuronides for further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Walker
- Pfizer, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48015, USA.
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Annesley TM, Kurzyniec S, Nordblom GD, Buchanan N, Pool W, Reily M, Talaat R, Roberts WL. Glucuronidation of prodrug reactive site: isolation and characterization of oxymethylglucuronide metabolite of fosphenytoin. Clin Chem 2001; 47:910-8. [PMID: 11325896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This investigation was undertaken to identify the structure of a novel immunoreactive metabolite derived from fosphenytoin that has been hypothesized previously as present in sera from renally impaired patients receiving this prodrug. METHODS The metabolite was isolated from uremic sera using solid-phase extraction and HPLC. Structural analysis was performed using HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), deuterium exchange, and chemical derivatization. Immunoreactivity was evaluated using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay. RESULTS The metabolite had a parent ion at m/z 457 in the negative-ion mode and fragmented to yield the m/z 251 of phenytoin, as well as other mass fragments of phenytoin. Mass fragments associated with glucuronic acid were also present. The chromatographic peak corresponding to this metabolite demonstrated immunoreactivity sufficient to lead to falsely increased reported values for phenytoin immunoassays. The observed immunoreactivity was also proportional to the relative concentration of the metabolite in collected fractions. Analysis by NMR indicated the presence of phenyl groups with chemical shifts identical to those of phenytoin, as well as the presence of a methylene bridge, which was consistent with the same methylene bridge present on the phosphate ester of fosphenytoin. Comparative analysis of serum samples from renally impaired patients receiving phenytoin vs fosphenytoin using multiple reaction monitoring quantification demonstrated that this metabolite was associated with fosphenytoin administration. CONCLUSIONS A unique immunoreactive oxymethylglucuronide metabolite derived from fosphenytoin has been isolated from sera from uremic patients receiving this prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Annesley
- University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0054, USA.
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11
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Annesley TM, Kurzyniec S, Nordblom GD, Buchanan N, Pool W, Reily M, Talaat R, Roberts WL. Glucuronidation of Prodrug Reactive Site: Isolation and Characterization of Oxymethylglucuronide Metabolite of Fosphenytoin. Clin Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/47.5.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: This investigation was undertaken to identify the structure of a novel immunoreactive metabolite derived from fosphenytoin that has been hypothesized previously as present in sera from renally impaired patients receiving this prodrug.
Methods: The metabolite was isolated from uremic sera using solid-phase extraction and HPLC. Structural analysis was performed using HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), deuterium exchange, and chemical derivatization. Immunoreactivity was evaluated using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay.
Results: The metabolite had a parent ion at m/z 457 in the negative-ion mode and fragmented to yield the m/z 251 of phenytoin, as well as other mass fragments of phenytoin. Mass fragments associated with glucuronic acid were also present. The chromatographic peak corresponding to this metabolite demonstrated immunoreactivity sufficient to lead to falsely increased reported values for phenytoin immunoassays. The observed immunoreactivity was also proportional to the relative concentration of the metabolite in collected fractions. Analysis by NMR indicated the presence of phenyl groups with chemical shifts identical to those of phenytoin, as well as the presence of a methylene bridge, which was consistent with the same methylene bridge present on the phosphate ester of fosphenytoin. Comparative analysis of serum samples from renally impaired patients receiving phenytoin vs fosphenytoin using multiple reaction monitoring quantification demonstrated that this metabolite was associated with fosphenytoin administration.
Conclusions: A unique immunoreactive oxymethylglucuronide metabolite derived from fosphenytoin has been isolated from sera from uremic patients receiving this prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Annesley
- University of Michigan Medical Center, Room 2G332, 1500 East Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0054
| | | | | | - Nathan Buchanan
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - William Pool
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Michael Reily
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Rasmy Talaat
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - William L Roberts
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
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Domagala JM, Gogliotti R, Sanchez JP, Stier MA, Musa K, Song Y, Loo J, Reily M, Tummino P, Harvey P, Hupe D, Sharmeen L, Mack D, Scholten J, Saunders J, McQuade T. 2,2'-Dithiobisbenzamides and 2-benzisothiazolones, two new classes of antiretroviral agents: SAR and mechanistic considerations. Drug Des Discov 1997; 15:49-61. [PMID: 9332831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Substituted 2,2'-dithiobisbenzamides and 2-benzisothiazolones were prepared and shown to possess low microM activity with high therapeutic indices against HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV in cell culture. The mechanism of antiviral action was determined to be directed toward the nucleocapsid protein (NCp7), which contains two zinc fingers and plays vital roles in the viral life cycle. The "active sulfides" of this study cause the extrusion of zinc from these zinc fingers. Structure-activity relationships of the 2,2'-dithiobisbenzamides reveal that the disulfide bond and the ortho benzamide functional groups are essential for activity, with the best compounds having a carboxylic acid, carboxamide, or sulfonamide substituent. The 2-benzisothiazolones are formed from the disulfides both chemically and in vivo and their SAR mimics that of the 2,2'-dithiobisbenzamides. The antiviral activity of the disulfides may require cyclization to the isothiazolones. Two agents, PD 159206 and PD 161374, which showed good antiviral activity, physical properties, and excellent pharmacokinetics in mice, were selected for advanced studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Domagala
- Department of Chemistry, Parke Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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Radulovic L, Woolf T, Bjorge S, Taylor C, Reily M, Bockbrader H, Chang T. Identification of a pyridinium metabolite in human urine following a single oral dose of 1-[2-[bis[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]ethyl]- 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid monohydrochloride, a gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake inhibitor. Chem Res Toxicol 1993; 6:341-4. [PMID: 8318656 DOI: 10.1021/tx00033a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Single-dose administration of 50 mg of 1-[2-[bis[4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]ethyl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3- pyridinecarboxylic acid monohydrochloride resulted in temporary neurological and psychological symptoms in two subjects. Because of the nature of adverse effects, urine from a subject who received CI-966 orally was extracted to investigate the metabolism of CI-966 in man. An unknown urinary component was identified as a pyridinium metabolite of CI-966 based on HPLC-MS and 1H and 19F NMR. Structural confirmation was achieved by chromatographic and spectroscopic comparisons to a reference standard. In several in vitro screens and preclinical studies, the pyridinium metabolite appears to possess minimal pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Radulovic
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Department Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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Klutchko S, Hamby JM, Reily M, Taylor MD, Hodges JC. Synthesis of Amino 1,3-Diols. Ring Opening of N-Acyl Activated Lactams with Carbon Nucleophiles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919308013294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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