101
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McMahon SJ, McGarry CK, Butterworth KT, Jain S, O’Sullivan JM, Hounsell AR, Prise KM. Cellular signalling effects in high precision radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:4551-64. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/11/4551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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102
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Poleszczuk J, Krzywon A, Forys U, Widel M. Connecting radiation-induced bystander effects and senescence to improve radiation response prediction. Radiat Res 2015; 183:571-7. [PMID: 25844948 DOI: 10.1667/rr13907.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
For the last two decades radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBEs) have attracted significant attention due to their possible implications for radiotherapy. However, despite extensive research, the molecular pathways associated with RIBEs are still not completely known. In the current study we investigated the role of senescence in the bystander response. Irradiated (2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy) human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT116) with p53(+/+) (wild-type) or p53(-/-) (knockout) gene were co-incubated with nonirradiated cells of the same type. Clonogenic and senescence assays were used for both irradiated and co-incubated bystander cell populations. We also performed additional measurements on the number of remaining cells after the whole co-incubation period. For radiation doses larger than 2 Gy we observed much larger fractions of senescent cells in p53-positive populations compared to their p53-negative counterparts (15.81% vs. 3.63% in the irradiated population; 2.89% vs. 1.05% in the bystander population; 8 Gy; P < 0.05). Statistically significant differences between cell lines in the clonogenic cell surviving fraction were observed for doses higher than 4 Gy (1.61% for p53(+/+) vs. 0.19% for p53(-/-) in irradiated population; 3.57% for +/+ vs. 50.39% for -/- in bystander population; 8 Gy; P < 0.05). Our main finding was that the number of senescent cells in the irradiated population correlated strongly with the clonogenic cell surviving fraction (R = -0.98, P < 0.001) and the number of senescent cells (R = 0.97, P < 0.001) in the bystander population. We also extended the standard linear-quadratic radiation response model by incorporating the influence of the signals released by the senescent cells, which accurately described the radiation response in the bystander population. Our findings suggest that radiation-induced senescence might be a key player in RIBE, i.e., the strength of RIBE depends on the amount of radiation-induced senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Poleszczuk
- a College of Inter-faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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103
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Fernandez-Palomo C, Bräuer-Krisch E, Laissue J, Vukmirovic D, Blattmann H, Seymour C, Schültke E, Mothersill C. Use of synchrotron medical microbeam irradiation to investigate radiation-induced bystander and abscopal effects in vivo. Phys Med 2015; 31:584-95. [PMID: 25817634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The question of whether bystander and abscopal effects are the same is unclear. Our experimental system enables us to address this question by allowing irradiated organisms to partner with unexposed individuals. Organs from both animals and appropriate sham and scatter dose controls are tested for expression of several endpoints such as calcium flux, role of 5HT, reporter assay cell death and proteomic profile. The results show that membrane related functions of calcium and 5HT are critical for true bystander effect expression. Our original inter-animal experiments used fish species whole body irradiated with low doses of X-rays, which prevented us from addressing the abscopal effect question. Data which are much more relevant in radiotherapy are now available for rats which received high dose local irradiation to the implanted right brain glioma. The data were generated using quasi-parallel microbeams at the biomedical beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble France. This means we can directly compare abscopal and "true" bystander effects in a rodent tumour model. Analysis of right brain hemisphere, left brain and urinary bladder in the directly irradiated animals and their unirradiated partners strongly suggests that bystander effects (in partner animals) are not the same as abscopal effects (in the irradiated animal). Furthermore, the presence of a tumour in the right brain alters the magnitude of both abscopal and bystander effects in the tissues from the directly irradiated animal and in the unirradiated partners which did not contain tumours, meaning the type of signal was different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Fernandez-Palomo
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Elke Bräuer-Krisch
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean Laissue
- University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dusan Vukmirovic
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | | | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Schültke
- Department of Radiotherapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Südring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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104
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Tomita M, Maeda M. Mechanisms and biological importance of photon-induced bystander responses: do they have an impact on low-dose radiation responses. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2015; 56:205-19. [PMID: 25361549 PMCID: PMC4380047 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the biological effect of low linear energy transfer (LET), low-dose and/or low-dose-rate ionizing radiation is essential in ensuring radiation safety. Over the past two decades, non-targeted effects, which are not only a direct consequence of radiation-induced initial lesions produced in cellular DNA but also of intra- and inter-cellular communications involving both targeted and non-targeted cells, have been reported and are currently defining a new paradigm in radiation biology. These effects include radiation-induced adaptive response, low-dose hypersensitivity, genomic instability, and radiation-induced bystander response (RIBR). RIBR is generally defined as a cellular response that is induced in non-irradiated cells that receive bystander signals from directly irradiated cells. RIBR could thus play an important biological role in low-dose irradiation conditions. However, this suggestion was mainly based on findings obtained using high-LET charged-particle radiations. The human population (especially the Japanese, who are exposed to lower doses of radon than the world average) is more frequently exposed to low-LET photons (X-rays or γ-rays) than to high-LET charged-particle radiation on a daily basis. There are currently a growing number of reports describing a distinguishing feature between photon-induced bystander response and high-LET RIBR. In particular, photon-induced bystander response is strongly influenced by irradiation dose, the irradiated region of the targeted cells, and p53 status. The present review focuses on the photon-induced bystander response, and discusses its impact on the low-dose radiation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tomita
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado Kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Munetoshi Maeda
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado Kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan Proton Medical Research Group, Research and Development Department, The Wakasa Wan Energy Research Center, 64-52-1 Nagatani, Tsuruga-shi, Fukui 914-0192, Japan
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105
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Morgan WF, Sowa MB. Non-targeted effects induced by ionizing radiation: Mechanisms and potential impact on radiation induced health effects. Cancer Lett 2015; 356:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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106
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Chevalier F, Hamdi DH, Saintigny Y, Lefaix JL. Proteomic overview and perspectives of the radiation-induced bystander effects. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 763:280-93. [PMID: 25795126 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Radiation proteomics is a recent, promising and powerful tool to identify protein markers of direct and indirect consequences of ionizing radiation. The main challenges of modern radiobiology is to predict radio-sensitivity of patients and radio-resistance of tumor to be treated, but considerable evidences are now available regarding the significance of a bystander effect at low and high doses. This "radiation-induced bystander effect" (RIBE) is defined as the biological responses of non-irradiated cells that received signals from neighboring irradiated cells. Such intercellular signal is no more considered as a minor side-effect of radiotherapy in surrounding healthy tissue and its occurrence should be considered in adapting radiotherapy protocols, to limit the risk for radiation-induced secondary cancer. There is no consensus on a precise designation of RIBE, which involves a number of distinct signal-mediated effects within or outside the irradiated volume. Indeed, several cellular mechanisms were proposed, including the secretion of soluble factors by irradiated cells in the extracellular matrix, or the direct communication between irradiated and neighboring non-irradiated cells via gap junctions. This phenomenon is observed in a context of major local inflammation, linked with a global imbalance of oxidative metabolism which makes its analysis challenging using in vitro model systems. In this review article, the authors first define the radiation-induced bystander effect as a function of radiation type, in vitro analysis protocols, and cell type. In a second time, the authors present the current status of protein biomarkers and proteomic-based findings and discuss the capacities, limits and perspectives of such global approaches to explore these complex intercellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Chevalier
- LARIA - iRCM - DSV - CEA, GANIL, Campus Jules Horowitz, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 55027, Caen 14076, France.
| | - Dounia Houria Hamdi
- LARIA - iRCM - DSV - CEA, GANIL, Campus Jules Horowitz, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 55027, Caen 14076, France
| | - Yannick Saintigny
- LARIA - iRCM - DSV - CEA, GANIL, Campus Jules Horowitz, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 55027, Caen 14076, France
| | - Jean-Louis Lefaix
- LARIA - iRCM - DSV - CEA, GANIL, Campus Jules Horowitz, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 55027, Caen 14076, France
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107
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Sun R, Sbai A, Ganem G, Boudabous M, Collin F, Marcy PY, Doglio A, Thariat J. [Non-targeted effects (bystander, abscopal) of external beam radiation therapy: an overview for the clinician]. Cancer Radiother 2014; 18:770-8. [PMID: 25451674 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is advocated in the treatment of cancer of over 50 % of patients. It has long been considered as a focal treatment only. However, the observation of effects, such as fatigue and lymphopenia, suggests that systemic effects may also occur. The description of bystander and abscopal effects suggests that irradiated cells may exert an action on nearby or distant unirradiated cells, respectively. A third type of effect that involves feedback interactions between irradiated cells was more recently described (cohort effect). This new field of radiation therapy is yet poorly understood and the definitions suffer from a lack of reproducibility in part due to the variety of experimental models. The bystander effect might induce genomic instability in non-irradiated cells and is thus extensively studied for a potential risk of radiation-induced cancer. From a therapeutic perspective, reproducing an abscopal effect by using a synergy between ionizing radiation and immunomodulatory agents to elicit or boost anticancer immune responses is an interesting area of research. Many applications are being developed in particular in the field of hypofractionated stereotactic irradiation of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sun
- Département de radiothérapie, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - A Sbai
- Centre régional d'oncologie Hassan-II, BP 2013, Oued Nachef, Oujda, Maroc
| | - G Ganem
- Centre Jean-Bernard, clinique Victor-Hugo, 9, rue Beauverger, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - M Boudabous
- Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 33, avenue Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
| | - F Collin
- UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, université Toulouse-3, 31062 Toulouse cedex 09, France; UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), 31062 Toulouse cedex 09, France
| | - P-Y Marcy
- Département de radiologie, centre Antoine-Lacassagne, 33, avenue Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
| | - A Doglio
- Unité de thérapie cellulaire et génique, faculté de médecine, université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 33, avenue Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
| | - J Thariat
- Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 33, avenue Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France; Département de radiothérapie, centre Antoine-Lacassagne, 227, avenue de la Lanterne, 06200 Nice, France.
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108
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Lee KF, Chen YC, Hsu PWC, Liu IY, Wu LSH. MicroRNA expression profiling altered by variant dosage of radiation exposure. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:456323. [PMID: 25313363 PMCID: PMC4182081 DOI: 10.1155/2014/456323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Various biological effects are associated with radiation exposure. Irradiated cells may elevate the risk for genetic instability, mutation, and cancer under low levels of radiation exposure, in addition to being able to extend the postradiation side effects in normal tissues. Radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is the focus of rigorous research as it may promote the development of cancer even at low radiation doses. Alterations in the DNA sequence could not explain these biological effects of radiation and it is thought that epigenetics factors may be involved. Indeed, some microRNAs (or miRNAs) have been found to correlate radiation-induced damages and may be potential biomarkers for the various biological effects caused by different levels of radiation exposure. However, the regulatory role that miRNA plays in this aspect remains elusive. In this study, we profiled the expression changes in miRNA under fractionated radiation exposure in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. By utilizing publicly available microRNA knowledge bases and performing cross validations with our previous gene expression profiling under the same radiation condition, we identified various miRNA-gene interactions specific to different doses of radiation treatment, providing new insights for the molecular underpinnings of radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Fang Lee
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Zhongyang Road, Section 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics, Center for Genetic Counseling, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Paul Wei-Che Hsu
- Bioinformatics Core Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y. Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Lawrence Shih-Hsin Wu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Zhongyang Road, Section 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
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109
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Liber HL, Idate R, Warner C, Bailey SM. Radiation quality and mutagenesis in human lymphoblastoid cells. Radiat Res 2014; 182:390-5. [PMID: 25184374 DOI: 10.1667/rr13817.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An interesting problem associated with studying the effects of low doses of high atomic number and energy (HZE) particles, as found in space, is that not all cells will necessarily be similarly traversed during exposure, a scenario that greatly complicates the measurement of end points that require time to develop, gene-locus mutation being a perfect example. The standard protocol for measuring mutations at the heterozygous thymidine kinase locus in human lymphoblastoid cells involves waiting three days after treatment for newly induced mutants to fully express, at which time cells are then plated in the presence of the selective agent, and mutants are counted three weeks later. This approach is acceptable as long as all cells are uniformly affected, as is the case with low-linear energy transfer (LET) ionizing radiation. However, for HZE particles some fraction of cells may not be traversed or perhaps would receive fewer than the average number of "hits", and they would continue to grow at or closer to the normal rate, thus outpacing cells that received more damage. As a result, at three days post-treatment, more heavily damaged cells will have been "diluted" by the less damaged ones, and thus the measured mutant frequency (MF) will underestimate actual mutant frequency. We therefore developed a modified approach for measuring mutation that eliminates this problem and demonstrates that the mutagenicity of 1 GeV/n Fe ions are underestimated by a factor of two when using the standard MF protocol. Furthermore, we determined the mutagenic effects of a variety of heavy ions, all of which induced mutations in a linear fashion. We found that the maximal yield of mutations (i.e., highest relative biological efficiency) was about 7.5 times higher at an LET of 70 keV/μ (400 MeV/n Si) than for gamma rays. Nontargeted mutagenicity after treatment with ionizing radiation was also investigated. For each particular ion/energy examined and in agreement with many previous studies, there was no clear evidence of a dose response for bystander mutagenesis, i.e., the MF plateaued. Interestingly, the magnitudes of the bystander MFs induced by different ion/energy combinations did vary, with bystander MFs ranging from 0.8 to 2.2× higher than the background. Furthermore, the nontargeted MFs appeared to reflect a mirror image of that for direct mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Liber
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525
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110
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Joosten A, Bochud F, Moeckli R. A critical evaluation of secondary cancer risk models applied to Monte Carlo dose distributions of 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional conformal and hybrid intensity-modulated radiation therapy for breast cancer. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:4697-722. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/16/4697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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111
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Vaziri B, Wu H, Dhawan AP, Du P, Howell RW. MIRD Pamphlet No. 25: MIRDcell V2.0 Software Tool for Dosimetric Analysis of Biologic Response of Multicellular Populations. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1557-64. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.131037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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112
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Sato T, Manabe K, Hamada N. Microdosimetric analysis confirms similar biological effectiveness of external exposure to gamma-rays and internal exposure to 137Cs, 134Cs, and 131I. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99831. [PMID: 24919099 PMCID: PMC4053446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of internal exposure to 137Cs, 134Cs, and 131I is of great public concern after the accident at the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power plant. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE, defined herein as effectiveness of internal exposure relative to the external exposure to γ-rays) is occasionally believed to be much greater than unity due to insufficient discussions on the difference of their microdosimetric profiles. We therefore performed a Monte Carlo particle transport simulation in ideally aligned cell systems to calculate the probability densities of absorbed doses in subcellular and intranuclear scales for internal exposures to electrons emitted from 137Cs, 134Cs, and 131I, as well as the external exposure to 662 keV photons. The RBE due to the inhomogeneous radioactive isotope (RI) distribution in subcellular structures and the high ionization density around the particle trajectories was then derived from the calculated microdosimetric probability density. The RBE for the bystander effect was also estimated from the probability density, considering its non-linear dose response. The RBE due to the high ionization density and that for the bystander effect were very close to 1, because the microdosimetric probability densities were nearly identical between the internal exposures and the external exposure from the 662 keV photons. On the other hand, the RBE due to the RI inhomogeneity largely depended on the intranuclear RI concentration and cell size, but their maximum possible RBE was only 1.04 even under conservative assumptions. Thus, it can be concluded from the microdosimetric viewpoint that the risk from internal exposures to 137Cs, 134Cs, and 131I should be nearly equivalent to that of external exposure to γ-rays at the same absorbed dose level, as suggested in the current recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Sato
- Research Group for Radiation Protection, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Shirakata Shirane 2-4, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Manabe
- Research Group for Radiation Protection, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Shirakata Shirane 2-4, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo, Japan
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113
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Soleymanifard S, Toossi MTB, Samani RK, Mohebbi S. Investigation of the bystander effect in MRC5 cells after acute and fractionated irradiation in vitro. J Med Phys 2014; 39:93-7. [PMID: 24872606 PMCID: PMC4035621 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6203.131282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) has been defined as radiation responses observed in nonirradiated cells. It has been the focus of investigators worldwide due to the deleterious effects it induces in nonirradiated cells. The present study was performed to investigate whether acute or fractionated irradiation will evoke a differential bystander response in MRC5 cells. A normal human cell line (MRC5), and a human lung tumor cell line (QU-DB) were exposed to 0, 1, 2, and 4Gy of single acute or fractionated irradiation of equal fractions with a gap of 6 h. The MRC5 cells were supplemented with the media of irradiated cells and their micronucleus frequency was determined. The micronucleus frequency after single and fractionated irradiation did not vary significantly in the MRC5 cells conditioned with autologous or QU-DB cell-irradiated media, except for 4Gy where the frequency of micronucleated cells was lower in those MRC5 cells cultured in the media of QU-DB-exposed with a single dose of 4Gy. Our study demonstrates that the radiation-induced bystander effect was almost similar after single acute and fractionated exposure in MRC5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokouhozaman Soleymanifard
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ; Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Bahreyni Toossi
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ; Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Kamran Samani
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Mohebbi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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114
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Kaźmierczak U, Banaś D, Braziewicz J, Buraczewska I, Czub J, Jaskóła M, Kaźmierczak Ł, Korman A, Kruszewski M, Lankoff A, Lisowska H, Nesteruk M, Szefliński Z, Wojewódzka M. Investigation of the bystander effect in CHO-K1 cells. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2014; 19:S37-S41. [PMID: 28443197 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Investigation of the bystander effect in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO-K1) co-cultured with cells irradiated in the dose range of 0.1-4 Gy of high LET 12C ions and X-rays. BACKGROUND The radiobiological effects of charged heavy particles on a cellular or molecular level are of fundamental importance in the field of biomedical applications, especially in hadron therapy and space radiation biology. MATERIALS AND METHODS A heavy ion 12C beam from the Heavy Ion Laboratory of the University of Warsaw (HIL) was used to irradiate CHO-K1 cells. Cells were seeded in Petri dishes specially designed for irradiation purposes. Immediately after irradiation, cells were transferred into transwell culture insert dishes to enable co-culture of irradiated and non-irradiated cells. Cells from the membrane and well shared the medium but could not touch each other. To study bystander effects, a clonogenic survival assay was performed. RESULTS The survival fraction of cells co-cultured with cells irradiated with 12C ions and X-rays was not reduced. CONCLUSIONS The bystander effect was not observed in these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kaźmierczak
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Hoża 69, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Banaś
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
- Holycross Cancer Center, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Janusz Braziewicz
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
- Holycross Cancer Center, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Iwona Buraczewska
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, ul. Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Czub
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Marian Jaskóła
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. Andrzeja Sołtana 7, 05-400 Otwock, Świerk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kaźmierczak
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. Andrzeja Sołtana 7, 05-400 Otwock, Świerk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Korman
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. Andrzeja Sołtana 7, 05-400 Otwock, Świerk, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, ul. Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Rural Health, ul. Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, ul. Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Halina Lisowska
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Marta Nesteruk
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Hoża 69, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Szefliński
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5A, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Wojewódzka
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, ul. Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
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Holley AK, Miao L, St Clair DK, St Clair WH. Redox-modulated phenomena and radiation therapy: the central role of superoxide dismutases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1567-89. [PMID: 24094070 PMCID: PMC3942704 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Ionizing radiation is a vital component in the oncologist's arsenal for the treatment of cancer. Approximately 50% of all cancer patients will receive some form of radiation therapy as part of their treatment regimen. DNA is considered the major cellular target of ionizing radiation and can be damaged directly by radiation or indirectly through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed from the radiolysis of water, enzyme-mediated ROS production, and ROS resulting from altered aerobic metabolism. RECENT ADVANCES ROS are produced as a byproduct of oxygen metabolism, and superoxide dismutases (SODs) are the chief scavengers. ROS contribute to the radioresponsiveness of normal and tumor tissues, and SODs modulate the radioresponsiveness of tissues, thus affecting the efficacy of radiotherapy. CRITICAL ISSUES Despite its prevalent use, radiation therapy suffers from certain limitations that diminish its effectiveness, including tumor hypoxia and normal tissue damage. Oxygen is important for the stabilization of radiation-induced DNA damage, and tumor hypoxia dramatically decreases radiation efficacy. Therefore, auxiliary therapies are needed to increase the effectiveness of radiation therapy against tumor tissues while minimizing normal tissue injury. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Because of the importance of ROS in the response of normal and cancer tissues to ionizing radiation, methods that differentially modulate the ROS scavenging ability of cells may prove to be an important method to increase the radiation response in cancer tissues and simultaneously mitigate the damaging effects of ionizing radiation on normal tissues. Altering the expression or activity of SODs may prove valuable in maximizing the overall effectiveness of ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Holley
- 1 Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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117
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Li M, Gonon G, Buonanno M, Autsavapromporn N, de Toledo SM, Pain D, Azzam EI. Health risks of space exploration: targeted and nontargeted oxidative injury by high-charge and high-energy particles. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1501-23. [PMID: 24111926 PMCID: PMC3936510 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE During deep space travel, astronauts are often exposed to high atomic number (Z) and high-energy (E) (high charge and high energy [HZE]) particles. On interaction with cells, these particles cause severe oxidative injury and result in unique biological responses. When cell populations are exposed to low fluences of HZE particles, a significant fraction of the cells are not traversed by a primary radiation track, and yet, oxidative stress induced in the targeted cells may spread to nearby bystander cells. The long-term effects are more complex because the oxidative effects persist in progeny of the targeted and affected bystander cells, which promote genomic instability and may increase the risk of age-related cancer and degenerative diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Greater understanding of the spatial and temporal features of reactive oxygen species bursts along the tracks of HZE particles, and the availability of facilities that can simulate exposure to space radiations have supported the characterization of oxidative stress from targeted and nontargeted effects. CRITICAL ISSUES The significance of secondary radiations generated from the interaction of the primary HZE particles with biological material and the mitigating effects of antioxidants on various cellular injuries are central to understanding nontargeted effects and alleviating tissue injury. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the cellular responses to HZE particles, particularly under reduced gravity and situations of exposure to additional radiations, such as protons, should be useful in reducing the uncertainty associated with current models for predicting long-term health risks of space radiation. These studies are also relevant to hadron therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- 1 Department of Radiology, Cancer Center, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
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118
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Mukherjee D, Coates PJ, Lorimore SA, Wright EG. Responses to ionizing radiation mediated by inflammatory mechanisms. J Pathol 2014; 232:289-99. [PMID: 24254983 DOI: 10.1002/path.4299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Since the early years of the twentieth century, the biological consequences of exposure to ionizing radiation have been attributed solely to mutational DNA damage or cell death induced in irradiated cells at the time of exposure. However, numerous observations have been at variance with this dogma. In the 1950s, attention was drawn to abscopal effects in areas of the body not directly irradiated. In the 1960s reports began appearing that plasma factors induced by irradiation could affect unirradiated cells, and since 1990 a growing literature has documented an increased rate of DNA damage in the progeny of irradiated cells many cell generations after the initial exposure (radiation-induced genomic instability) and responses in non-irradiated cells neighbouring irradiated cells (radiation-induced bystander effects). All these studies have in common the induction of effects not in directly irradiated cells but in unirradiated cells as a consequence of intercellular signalling. Recently, it has become clear that all the various effects demonstrated in vivo may reflect an ongoing inflammatory response to the initial radiation-induced injury that, in a genotype-dependent manner, has the potential to contribute primary and/or ongoing damage displaced in time and/or space from the initial insult. Importantly, there is direct evidence that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment reduces such damage in vivo. These new findings highlight the importance of tissue responses and indicate additional mechanisms of radiation action, including the likelihood that radiation effects are not restricted to the initiation stage of neoplastic diseases, but may also contribute to tumour promotion and progression. The various developments in understanding the responses to radiation exposures have implications not only for radiation pathology but also for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debayan Mukherjee
- Centre for Oncology and Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
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119
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Wang H, Vassiliev O. Microdosimetric characterisation of radiation fields for modelling tissue response in radiotherapy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER THERAPY AND ONCOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.0201.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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120
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The biological effect of large single doses: a possible role for non-targeted effects in cell inactivation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84991. [PMID: 24465461 PMCID: PMC3898915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Novel radiotherapy techniques increasingly use very large dose fractions. It has been argued that the biological effect of large dose fractions may differ from that of conventional fraction sizes. The purpose was to study the biological effect of large single doses. MATERIAL AND METHODS Clonogenic cell survival of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells was determined after direct X-ray irradiation, irradiation of feeder cells, or transfer of conditioned medium (CM). Cell-cycle distributions and the apoptotic sub-G1 fraction were measured by flow cytometry. Cytokines in CM were quantified by a cytokine antibody array. γH2AX foci were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS The surviving fraction of MCF7 cells irradiated in vitro with 12 Gy showed an 8.5-fold decrease (95% c.i.: 4.4-16.3; P<0.0001) when the density of irradiated cells was increased from 10 to 50×10(3) cells per flask. Part of this effect was due to a dose-dependent transferrable factor as shown in CM experiments in the dose range 5-15 Gy. While no effect on apoptosis and cell cycle distribution was observed, and no differentially expressed cytokine could be identified, the transferable factor induced prolonged expression of γH2AX DNA repair foci at 1-12 h. CONCLUSIONS A dose-dependent non-targeted effect on clonogenic cell survival was found in the dose range 5-15 Gy. The dependence of SF on cell numbers at high doses would represent a "cohort effect" in vivo. These results support the hypothesis that non-targeted effects may contribute to the efficacy of very large dose fractions in radiotherapy.
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121
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Non-targeted radiation effects in vivo: a critical glance of the future in radiobiology. Cancer Lett 2013; 356:34-42. [PMID: 24333869 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE), demonstrate the induction of biological non-targeted effects in cells which have not directly hit by radiation or by free radicals produced by ionization events. Although RIBE have been demonstrated using a variety of biological endpoints the mechanism(s) of this phenomenon still remain unclear. The controversial results of the in vitro RIBE and the evidence of non-targeted effects in various in vivo systems are discussed. The experimental evidence on RIBE, indicate that a more analytical and mechanistic in depth approach is needed to secure an answer to one of the most intriguing questions in radiobiology.
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122
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McMahon SJ, McGarry CK, Butterworth KT, O'Sullivan JM, Hounsell AR, Prise KM. Implications of Intercellular Signaling for Radiation Therapy: A Theoretical Dose-Planning Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 87:1148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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123
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Asur R, Butterworth KT, Penagaricano JA, Prise KM, Griffin RJ. High dose bystander effects in spatially fractionated radiation therapy. Cancer Lett 2013; 356:52-7. [PMID: 24246848 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traditional radiotherapy of bulky tumors has certain limitations. Spatially fractionated radiation therapy (GRID) and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) are examples of advanced modulated beam therapies that help in significant reductions in normal tissue damage. GRID refers to the delivery of a single high dose of radiation to a large treatment area that is divided into several smaller fields, while IMRT allows improved dose conformity to the tumor target compared to conventional three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. In this review, we consider spatially fractionated radiotherapy approaches focusing on GRID and IMRT, and present complementary evidence from different studies which support the role of radiation induced signaling effects in the overall radiobiological rationale for these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Asur
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Karl T Butterworth
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Jose A Penagaricano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
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124
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Choi VWY, Yu KN. Embryos of the zebrafish Danio rerio in studies of non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation. Cancer Lett 2013; 356:91-104. [PMID: 24176822 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of embryos of the zebrafish Danio rerio as an in vivo tumor model for studying non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation was reviewed. The zebrafish embryo is an animal model, which enables convenient studies on non-targeted effects of both high-linear-energy-transfer (LET) and low-LET radiation by making use of both broad-beam and microbeam radiation. Zebrafish is also a convenient embryo model for studying radiobiological effects of ionizing radiation on tumors. The embryonic origin of tumors has been gaining ground in the past decades, and efforts to fight cancer from the perspective of developmental biology are underway. Evidence for the involvement of radiation-induced genomic instability (RIGI) and the radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) in zebrafish embryos were subsequently given. The results of RIGI were obtained for the irradiation of all two-cell stage cells, as well as 1.5 hpf zebrafish embryos by microbeam protons and broad-beam alpha particles, respectively. In contrast, the RIBE was observed through the radioadaptive response (RAR), which was developed against a subsequent challenging dose that was applied at 10 hpf when <0.2% and <0.3% of the cells of 5 hpf zebrafish embryos were exposed to a priming dose, which was provided by microbeam protons and broad-beam alpha particles, respectively. Finally, a perspective on the field, the need for future studies and the significance of such studies were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V W Y Choi
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - K N Yu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
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125
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Campa A, Balduzzi M, Dini V, Esposito G, Tabocchini MA. The complex interactions between radiation induced non-targeted effects and cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 356:126-36. [PMID: 24139968 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Radiation induced non-targeted effects have been widely investigated in the last two decades for their potential impact on low dose radiation risk. In this paper we will give an overview of the most relevant aspects related to these effects, starting from the definition of the low dose scenarios. We will underline the role of radiation quality, both in terms of mechanisms of interaction with the biological matter and for the importance of charged particles as powerful tools for low dose effects investigation. We will focus on cell communication, representing a common feature of non-targeted effects, giving also an overview of cancer models that have explicitly considered such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Campa
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione Roma1, Gruppo Collegato Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Balduzzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione Roma1, Gruppo Collegato Sanità, Rome, Italy; Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Dini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione Roma1, Gruppo Collegato Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione Roma1, Gruppo Collegato Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonella Tabocchini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione Roma1, Gruppo Collegato Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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126
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Autsavapromporn N, Suzuki M, Funayama T, Usami N, Plante I, Yokota Y, Mutou Y, Ikeda H, Kobayashi K, Kobayashi Y, Uchihori Y, Hei TK, Azzam EI, Murakami T. Gap junction communication and the propagation of bystander effects induced by microbeam irradiation in human fibroblast cultures: the impact of radiation quality. Radiat Res 2013; 180:367-75. [PMID: 23987132 PMCID: PMC4058832 DOI: 10.1667/rr3111.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying the bystander effects of low doses/low fluences of low- or high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation is relevant to radiotherapy and radiation protection. Here, we investigated the role of gap-junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in the propagation of stressful effects in confluent normal human fibroblast cultures wherein only 0.036-0.144% of cells in the population were traversed by primary radiation tracks. Confluent cells were exposed to graded doses from monochromatic 5.35 keV X ray (LET ~6 keV/μm), 18.3 MeV/u carbon ion (LET ~103 keV/μm), 13 MeV/u neon ion (LET ~380 keV/μm) or 11.5 MeV/u argon ion (LET ~1,260 keV/μm) microbeams in the presence or absence of 18-α-glycyrrhetinic acid (AGA), an inhibitor of GJIC. After 4 h incubation at 37°C, the cells were subcultured and assayed for micronucleus (MN) formation. Micronuclei were induced in a greater fraction of cells than expected based on the fraction of cells targeted by primary radiation, and the effect occurred in a dose-dependent manner with any of the radiation sources. Interestingly, MN formation for the heavy-ion microbeam irradiation in the absence of AGA was higher than in its presence at high mean absorbed doses. In contrast, there were no significant differences in cell cultures exposed to X-ray microbeam irradiation in presence or absence of AGA. This showed that the inhibition of GJIC depressed the enhancement of MN formation in bystander cells from cultures exposed to high-LET radiation but not low-LET radiation. Bystander cells recipient of growth medium harvested from 5.35 keV X-irradiated cultures experienced stress manifested in the form of excess micronucleus formation. Together, the results support the involvement of both junctional communication and secreted factor(s) in the propagation of radiation-induced stress to bystander cells. They highlight the important role of radiation quality and dose in the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narongchai Autsavapromporn
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masao Suzuki
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoo Funayama
- Microbeam Radiation Biology Group, Medical and Biotechnological Application Division, Quantum Beam Sciences Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Takasaki, 370-1292, Japan
| | - Noriko Usami
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Ianik Plante
- University Space Research Association, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058
| | - Yuichiro Yokota
- Microbeam Radiation Biology Group, Medical and Biotechnological Application Division, Quantum Beam Sciences Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Takasaki, 370-1292, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mutou
- Microbeam Radiation Biology Group, Medical and Biotechnological Application Division, Quantum Beam Sciences Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Takasaki, 370-1292, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ikeda
- Microbeam Radiation Biology Group, Medical and Biotechnological Application Division, Quantum Beam Sciences Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Takasaki, 370-1292, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kobayashi
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kobayashi
- Microbeam Radiation Biology Group, Medical and Biotechnological Application Division, Quantum Beam Sciences Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Takasaki, 370-1292, Japan
| | - Yukio Uchihori
- Research, Development and Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tom K. Hei
- Center of Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Edouard I. Azzam
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Takeshi Murakami
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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127
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Sprung CN, Ivashkevich A, Forrester HB, Redon CE, Georgakilas A, Martin OA. Oxidative DNA damage caused by inflammation may link to stress-induced non-targeted effects. Cancer Lett 2013; 356:72-81. [PMID: 24041866 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A spectrum of radiation-induced non-targeted effects has been reported during the last two decades since Nagasawa and Little first described a phenomenon in cultured cells that was later called the "bystander effect". These non-targeted effects include radiotherapy-related abscopal effects, where changes in organs or tissues occur distant from the irradiated region. The spectrum of non-targeted effects continue to broaden over time and now embrace many types of exogenous and endogenous stressors that induce a systemic genotoxic response including a widely studied tumor microenvironment. Here we discuss processes and factors leading to DNA damage induction in non-targeted cells and tissues and highlight similarities in the regulation of systemic effects caused by different stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Alesia Ivashkevich
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen B Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christophe E Redon
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandros Georgakilas
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga A Martin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and the University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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128
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Brady D, O'Sullivan JM, Prise KM. What is the Role of the Bystander Response in Radionuclide Therapies? Front Oncol 2013; 3:215. [PMID: 23967404 PMCID: PMC3746502 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radionuclide therapy for cancer is undergoing a renaissance, with a wide range of radionuclide and clinical delivery systems currently under investigation. Dosimetry at the cellular and sub-cellular level is complex with inhomogeneity and incomplete targeting of all cells such that some tumor cells will receive little or no direct radiation energy. There is now sufficient preclinical evidence of a Bystander response which can modulate the biology of these un-irradiated cells with current research demonstrating both protective and inhibitory responses. Dependence upon fraction of irradiated cells has also been found and the presence of functional gap junctions appears to be import for several Bystander responses. The selection of either high or low LET radionuclides may be critical. While low LET radionuclides appear to have a Bystander response proportional to dose, the dose-response from high LET radionuclides are more complex. In media transfer experiments a “U” shaped response curve has been demonstrated for high LET treatments. However this “U” shaped response has not been seen with co-culture experiments and its relevance remains uncertain. For high LET treatments there is a suggestion that dose rate effects may also be important with inhibitory effects noted with 125I labelling study and a stimulatory seen with 123I labelling in one study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Brady
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
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129
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Mechanisms of radiation toxicity in transformed and non-transformed cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15931-58. [PMID: 23912235 PMCID: PMC3759894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation damage to biological systems is determined by the type of radiation, the total dosage of exposure, the dose rate, and the region of the body exposed. Three modes of cell death—necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy—as well as accelerated senescence have been demonstrated to occur in vitro and in vivo in response to radiation in cancer cells as well as in normal cells. The basis for cellular selection for each mode depends on various factors including the specific cell type involved, the dose of radiation absorbed by the cell, and whether it is proliferating and/or transformed. Here we review the signaling mechanisms activated by radiation for the induction of toxicity in transformed and normal cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of radiation toxicity is critical for the development of radiation countermeasures as well as for the improvement of clinical radiation in cancer treatment.
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130
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Butterworth KT, McMahon SJ, Hounsell AR, O'Sullivan JM, Prise KM. Bystander signalling: exploring clinical relevance through new approaches and new models. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2013; 25:586-92. [PMID: 23849503 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Classical radiation biology research has centred on nuclear DNA as the main target of radiation-induced damage. Over the past two decades, this has been challenged by a significant amount of scientific evidence clearly showing radiation-induced cell signalling effects to have important roles in mediating overall radiobiological response. These effects, generally termed radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBEs) have challenged the traditional DNA targeted theory in radiation biology and highlighted an important role for cells not directly traversed by radiation. The multiplicity of experimental systems and exposure conditions in which RIBEs have been observed has hindered precise definitions of these effects. However, RIBEs have recently been classified for different relevant human radiation exposure scenarios in an attempt to clarify their role in vivo. Despite significant research efforts in this area, there is little direct evidence for their role in clinically relevant exposure scenarios. In this review, we explore the clinical relevance of RIBEs from classical experimental approaches through to novel models that have been used to further determine their potential implications in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Butterworth
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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131
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Seidi K, Zarghami N, Jahanban-Esfahlan R. Proposed approach for revealing unknown mediators of the abscopal effect. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HYPOTHESES AND IDEAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmhi.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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132
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Mancuso M, Leonardi S, Giardullo P, Pasquali E, Tanori M, De Stefano I, Casciati A, Naus CC, Pazzaglia S, Saran A. Oncogenic radiation abscopal effects in vivo: interrogating mouse skin. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 86:993-9. [PMID: 23755921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the tissue dependence in transmission of abscopal radiation signals and their oncogenic consequences in a radiosensitive mouse model and to explore the involvement of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in mediating radiation tumorigenesis in off-target mouse skin. METHODS AND MATERIALS Patched1 heterozygous (Ptch1(+/-)) mice were irradiated at postnatal day 2 (P2) with 10 Gy of x-rays. Individual lead cylinders were used to protect the anterior two-thirds of the body, whereas the hindmost part was directly exposed to radiation. To test the role of GJICs and their major constituent connexin43 (Cx43), crosses between Ptch1(+/-) and Cx43(+/-) mice were similarly irradiated. These mouse groups were monitored for their lifetime, and skin basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) were counted and recorded. Early responses to DNA damage - Double Strand Breaks (DSBs) and apoptosis - were also evaluated in shielded and directly irradiated skin areas. RESULTS We report abscopal tumor induction in the shielded skin of Ptch1(+/-) mice after partial-body irradiation. Endpoints were induction of early nodular BCC-like tumors and macroscopic infiltrative BCCs. Abscopal tumorigenesis was significantly modulated by Cx43 status, namely, Cx43 reduction was associated with decreased levels of DNA damage and oncogenesis in out-of-field skin, suggesting a key role of GJIC in transmission of oncogenic radiation signals to unhit skin. CONCLUSIONS Our results further characterize the nature of abscopal responses and the implications they have on pathologic processes in different tissues, including their possible underlying mechanistic bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Mancuso
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy.
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133
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Kadhim M, Salomaa S, Wright E, Hildebrandt G, Belyakov OV, Prise KM, Little MP. Non-targeted effects of ionising radiation--implications for low dose risk. Mutat Res 2013; 752:84-98. [PMID: 23262375 PMCID: PMC4091999 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-DNA targeted effects of ionising radiation, which include genomic instability, and a variety of bystander effects including abscopal effects and bystander mediated adaptive response, have raised concerns about the magnitude of low-dose radiation risk. Genomic instability, bystander effects and adaptive responses are powered by fundamental, but not clearly understood systems that maintain tissue homeostasis. Despite excellent research in this field by various groups, there are still gaps in our understanding of the likely mechanisms associated with non-DNA targeted effects, particularly with respect to systemic (human health) consequences at low and intermediate doses of ionising radiation. Other outstanding questions include links between the different non-targeted responses and the variations in response observed between individuals and cell lines, possibly a function of genetic background. Furthermore, it is still not known what the initial target and early interactions in cells are that give rise to non-targeted responses in neighbouring or descendant cells. This paper provides a commentary on the current state of the field as a result of the non-targeted effects of ionising radiation (NOTE) Integrated Project funded by the European Union. Here we critically examine the evidence for non-targeted effects, discuss apparently contradictory results and consider implications for low-dose radiation health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Sisko Salomaa
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, P.O. Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric Wright
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK
| | - Guido Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Südring 75, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Oleg V Belyakov
- Hevesy Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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134
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Ermakov AV, Konkova MS, Kostyuk SV, Izevskaya VL, Baranova A, Veiko NN. Oxidized extracellular DNA as a stress signal in human cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:649747. [PMID: 23533696 PMCID: PMC3606786 DOI: 10.1155/2013/649747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The term "cell-free DNA" (cfDNA) was recently coined for DNA fragments from plasma/serum, while DNA present in in vitro cell culture media is known as extracellular DNA (ecDNA). Under oxidative stress conditions, the levels of oxidative modification of cellular DNA and the rate of cell death increase. Dying cells release their damaged DNA, thus, contributing oxidized DNA fragments to the pool of cfDNA/ecDNA. Oxidized cell-free DNA could serve as a stress signal that promotes irradiation-induced bystander effect. Evidence points to TLR9 as a possible candidate for oxidized DNA sensor. An exposure to oxidized ecDNA stimulates a synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that evokes an adaptive response that includes transposition of the homologous loci within the nucleus, polymerization and the formation of the stress fibers of the actin, as well as activation of the ribosomal gene expression, and nuclear translocation of NF-E2 related factor-2 (NRF2) that, in turn, mediates induction of phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, the oxidized DNA is a stress signal released in response to oxidative stress in the cultured cells and, possibly, in the human body; in particular, it might contribute to systemic abscopal effects of localized irradiation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei V. Ermakov
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Mosskvorechie street 1, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Marina S. Konkova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Mosskvorechie street 1, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Kostyuk
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Mosskvorechie street 1, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Vera L. Izevskaya
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Mosskvorechie street 1, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Ancha Baranova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Mosskvorechie street 1, Moscow 115478, Russia
- Center for the Study of Chronic Metabolic Diseases, School of System Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Natalya N. Veiko
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Mosskvorechie street 1, Moscow 115478, Russia
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135
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Dose and Spatial Effects in Long-Distance Radiation Signaling In Vivo: Implications for Abscopal Tumorigenesis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 85:813-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.07.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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136
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Fernandez-Palomo C, Schültke E, Smith R, Bräuer-Krisch E, Laissue J, Schroll C, Fazzari J, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Bystander effects in tumor-free and tumor-bearing rat brains following irradiation by synchrotron X-rays. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:445-53. [PMID: 23363251 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.766770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) is a radiosurgery concept in the preclinical stage, developed mainly for brain tumor treatment. Experimental studies suggest that with MRT a better therapeutic index can be obtained than with homogenous field radiotherapy, but the underlying cellular mechanisms need further understanding. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE) in rats after exposing one brain hemisphere to either MRT or homogenous synchrotron radiation (HSR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy and tumor-bearing Wistar rats were exposed to doses of 17.5, 35, 70 or 350 Gy, applied either as MRT or HSR to the right cerebral hemisphere. Rats were euthanized at 4, 8 and 12 hours after irradiation to assess the release of bystander signals. Brains and urinary bladders were dissected, and explants for bystander clonogenic reporter assays were set up. RESULTS Clonogenic survival showed that RIBE occurred in both the non-irradiated brain hemisphere and in bladder of normal and tumor-bearing rats, while the irradiated hemisphere showed the direct effects of radiation. CONCLUSION The RIBE observed in our reporter cells shows that both MRT and HSR yield a demonstrable abscopal effect after high doses of irradiation; presumably as part of a systemic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Fernandez-Palomo
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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137
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McMahon SJ, Butterworth KT, Trainor C, McGarry CK, O'Sullivan JM, Schettino G, Hounsell AR, Prise KM. A kinetic-based model of radiation-induced intercellular signalling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54526. [PMID: 23349919 PMCID: PMC3551852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that intercellular communication can cause significant variations in cellular responses to genotoxic stress. The radiation-induced bystander effect is a prime example of this effect, where cells shielded from radiation exposure see a significant reduction in survival when cultured with irradiated cells. However, there is a lack of robust, quantitative models of this effect which are widely applicable. In this work, we present a novel mathematical model of radiation-induced intercellular signalling which incorporates signal production and response kinetics together with the effects of direct irradiation, and test it against published data sets, including modulated field exposures. This model suggests that these so-called “bystander” effects play a significant role in determining cellular survival, even in directly irradiated populations, meaning that the inclusion of intercellular communication may be essential to produce robust models of radio-biological outcomes in clinically relevant in vivo situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J McMahon
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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138
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Tomita M, Maeda M, Kobayashi K, Matsumoto H. Dose response of soft X-ray-induced bystander cell killing affected by p53 status. Radiat Res 2013; 179:200-7. [PMID: 23289390 DOI: 10.1667/rr3010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A radiation-induced bystander response, which is generally defined as a cellular response that is induced in nonirradiated cells that received bystander signals from directly irradiated cells within an irradiated cell population. In our earlier X-ray microbeam studies, bystander cell killing in normal human fibroblasts had a parabolic relationship to the irradiation dose. To elucidate the role of p53 in the bystander cell killing, the effects were assessed using human non-small cell lung cancer cells expressing wild-type or temperature-sensitive mutated p53. The surviving fraction of bystander wild-type p53 cells showed a parabolic relationship to the irradiation dose; survival was steeply reduced up to 0.45 Gy, recovered toward to 2 Gy, and remained at control levels up to 5 Gy. In contrast, in the mutated p53 cells at a nonpermissive temperature, the surviving fraction was steeply reduced up to 1 Gy and remained at the reduced level up to 5 Gy. When the mutated p53 cells were incubated at a permissive temperature, the decrease in the surviving fraction at 2 Gy was suppressed. The wild-type p53 cells were not only restrained in releasing bystander signals at 2 Gy, but were also resistant to the signals released by the mutated p53 cells. These results suggest that the X-ray-induced bystander cell killing depends on both the irradiation dose and the p53 status of the targeted cells and the bystander cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tomita
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado Kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan.
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139
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Lai X, Blazer-Yost BL, Clack JW, Fears SL, Mitra S, Ntim SA, Ringham HN, Witzmann FA. Protein expression profiles of intestinal epithelial co-cultures: effect of functionalised carbon nanotube exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3. [PMID: 24228069 DOI: 10.1504/ijbnn.2013.054508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To assess the biological effects of low level, water dispersible, functionalised carbon nanotube (f-CNT) exposure in an in vitro model simulating the digestive tract, cellular protein expression was quantified and compared using label-free quantitative mass spectrometry (LFQMS). Co-cultured cells were exposed to well-characterised SWCNT-COOH, MWCNT-COOH, and MWCNT-PVP. The relative expression of 2,282 unique proteins was compared across the dose groups. 428 proteins were found to be differentially expressed. At the high dose, the extent of differential protein expression was CNT-specific and directly related to CNT colloidal stability. Cells responded to low level MWCNT-PVP exposure with three-fold greater differential expression. Bioinformatic analysis indicated significant and f-CNT-specific effects on relevant molecular and cellular functions and canonical pathways, with little overlap across f-CNT type and in the absence of overt toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyin Lai
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1345 West 16th Street, Indianapolis IN 46202, USA,
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140
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Mukherjee D, Coates PJ, Rastogi S, Lorimore SA, Wright EG. Radiation-induced bone marrow apoptosis, inflammatory bystander-type signaling and tissue cytotoxicity. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 89:139-46. [PMID: 23078404 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.741280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A study of irradiated (0.25-2 Gy) murine bone marrow has investigated the relationships between apoptotic responses of cells exposed in vivo and in vitro and between in vivo apoptosis and tissue cytotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The time course of reduction in bone marrow cellularity in vivo was determined by femoral cell counts and apoptosis measurements obtained using three commonly used assays. Inflammatory pro-apoptotic cytokine production at 24 h post-exposure in vivo was investigated using a bystander protocol. RESULTS In vivo, there is a dose- and time-dependent non-linear reduction in bone marrow cellularity up to 24 h post- irradiation not directly represented by apoptosis measurements. The majority of cells are killed within 6 h but there is on-going cell loss in vivo up to 24 h post-irradiation in the absence of elevated levels of apoptosis and associated with the induction of cytokines produced in response to the initial tumor protein 53 (p53)-dependent apoptosis. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that small increases in measured apoptosis can reflect significant intramedullary cell death and with apoptotic processes being responsible for pro-inflammatory mechanisms that can contribute to additional on-going cell death. The findings demonstrate the importance of studying tissue responses when considering the mechanisms underlying the consequences of radiation exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debayan Mukherjee
- Centre for Oncology and Molecular Medicine University of Dundee Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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141
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Abstract
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Committee 1 (C1) considers the risk of induction of cancer and heritable disease; the underlying mechanisms of radiation action; and the risks, severity, and mechanisms of induction of tissue reactions (formerly 'deterministic effects'). C1 relies upon the interpretation of current knowledge of radio-epidemiological studies; current information on the underlying mechanisms of diseases and radiation-induced disease; and current radiobiological studies at the whole animal, tissue, cell, and molecular levels. This overview will describe the activities of C1 in the context of the 2007 Recommendations of ICRP. In particular, the conclusions from the most recent C1 Task Group deliberations on radon and lung cancer, and tissue reactions will be discussed. Other activities are described in summary fashion to illustrate those areas that C1 judge to be likely to influence the development of the risk estimates and nominal risk coefficients used for radiation protection purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Preston
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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142
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Dickey JS, Baird BJ, Redon CE, Avdoshina V, Palchik G, Wu J, Kondratyev A, Bonner WM, Martin OA. Susceptibility to bystander DNA damage is influenced by replication and transcriptional activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:10274-86. [PMID: 22941641 PMCID: PMC3488239 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct cellular DNA damage may lead to genome destabilization in unexposed, bystander, cells sharing the same milieu with directly damaged cells by means of the bystander effect. One proposed mechanism involves double strand break (DSB) formation in S phase cells at sites of single strand lesions in the DNA of replication complexes, which has a more open structure compared with neighboring DNA. The DNA in transcription complexes also has a more open structure, and hence may be susceptible to bystander DSB formation from single strand lesions. To examine whether transcription predisposes non-replicating cells to bystander effect-induced DNA DSBs, we examined two types of primary cells that exhibit high levels of transcription in the absence of replication, rat neurons and human lymphocytes. We found that non-replicating bystander cells with high transcription rates exhibited substantial levels of DNA DSBs, as monitored by γ-H2AX foci formation. Additionally, as reported in proliferating cells, TGF-β and NO were found to mimic bystander effects in cell populations lacking DNA synthesis. These results indicate that cell vulnerability to bystander DSB damage may result from transcription as well as replication. The findings offer insights into which tissues may be vulnerable to bystander genomic destabilization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Dickey
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20952, USA.
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143
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Pinho C, Wong R, Sur RK, Hayward JE, Farrell TJ, Seymour C, Mothersill C. The involvement of serum serotonin levels producing radiation-induced bystander effects for an in vivo assay with fractionated high dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:791-7. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.715794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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144
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Murai T, Shibamoto Y, Nishiyama T, Baba F, Miyakawa A, Ayakawa S, Ogino H, Otsuka S, Iwata H. Organizing pneumonia after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy of the lung. Radiat Oncol 2012; 7:123. [PMID: 22853821 PMCID: PMC3480881 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-7-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Organizing pneumonia (OP), so called bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia after postoperative irradiation for breast cancer has been often reported. There is little information about OP after other radiation modalities. This cohort study investigated the clinical features and risk factors of OP after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy of the lung (SABR). Methods Patients undergoing SABR between 2004 and 2010 in two institutions were investigated. Blood test and chest computed tomography were performed at intervals of 1 to 3 months after SABR. The criteria for diagnosing OP were: 1) mixture of patchy and ground-glass opacity, 2) general and/or respiratory symptoms lasting for at least 2 weeks, 3) radiographic lesion in the lung volume receiving < 0.5 Gy, and 4) no evidence of a specific cause. Results Among 189 patients (164 with stage I lung cancer and 25 with single lung metastasis) analyzed, nine developed OP. The incidence at 2 years was 5.2% (95% confidence interval; 2.6-9.3%). Dyspnea were observed in all patients. Four had fever. These symptoms and pulmonary infiltration rapidly improved after corticosteroid therapy. Eight patients had presented with symptomatic radiation pneumonitis (RP) around the tumor 2 to 7 months before OP. The prior RP history was strongly associated with OP (hazard ratio 61.7; p = 0.0028) in multivariate analysis. Conclusions This is the first report on OP after SABR. The incidence appeared to be relatively high. The symptoms were sometimes severe, but corticosteroid therapy was effective. When patients after SABR present with unusual pneumonia, OP should be considered as a differential diagnosis, especially in patients with prior symptomatic RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Murai
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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145
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Mariotti LG, Bertolotti A, Ranza E, Babini G, Ottolenghi A. Investigation of the mechanisms underpinning IL-6 cytokine release in bystander responses: the roles of radiation dose, radiation quality and specific ROS/RNS scavengers. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:751-62. [PMID: 22709338 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.703365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the mechanisms regulating the pathways of the bystander transmission in vitro, focusing on the radiation-perturbed signalling (via Interleukine 6, IL-6) of the irradiated cells after exposure to low doses of different radiation types. MATERIALS AND METHODS An integrated 'systems radiation biology' approach was adopted. Experimentally the level of the secreted cytokine from human fibroblasts was detected with ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) method and subsequently the data were analyzed and coupled with a phenomenological model based on differential equations to evaluate the single-cell release mechanisms. RESULTS The data confirmed the important effect of radiation on the IL-6 pathway, clearly showing a crucial role of the ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) in transducing the effect of initial radiation exposure and the subsequent long-term release of IL-6. Furthermore, a systematic investigation of radiation dose/radiation quality dependence seems to indicate an increasing efficiency of high LET (Linear Energy Transfer) irradiation in the release of the cytokine. Basic hypotheses were tested, on the correlation between direct radiobiological damage and signal release and on the radiation target for this endpoint (secretion of IL-6). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the signaling pathways of IL-6. Furthermore the systems radiation biology approach here adopted, allowed us to test and verify hypotheses on the behavior of the single cell in the release of cytokine, after the exposure to different doses and different qualities of ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca G Mariotti
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia, Italy.
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146
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Mamlouk O, Balagurumoorthy P, Wang K, Adelstein SJ, Kassis AI. Bystander effect in tumor cells produced by Iodine-125 labeled human lymphocytes. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:1019-27. [PMID: 22712702 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.702297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the ability of human lymphocytes labeled with DNA-incorporated (125)I to exert an inhibitory (antiproliferative) bystander effect on co-cultured human colon adenocarcinoma LS174T cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated to synthesize DNA in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and labeled with 5-[(125)I]iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. Human colon adenocarcinoma LS174T cells were co-cultured with the (125)I-labeled lymphocytes in various ratios for 5 days and the proliferation of the LS174T cells was assessed. Further, the supernatant media from these co-cultures were: (i) Transferred to LS174T cells and their proliferation measured after 5 days, (ii) used to assess the clonogenic survival of LS174T cells, and (iii) screened for factors that suppress growth. RESULTS A significant reduction in the proliferation of LS174T cells was observed when co-cultured either with (125)I-labeled lymphocytes (56 ± 3.5%) or the supernatant media (52.5 ± 1.3%) obtained from these co-cultures. Clonogenic survival of LS174T cells grown in the supernatant media corroborated the decrease in tumor cell growth. CONCLUSION The observed reduction in the proliferation of LS174T cells in presence of (125)I-labeled lymphocytes or media obtained from such co-cultures can be attributed to an inhibitory (antiproliferative) bystander effect, probably mediated by factor(s) released from the dying (125)I-labeled lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mamlouk
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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147
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Akudugu JM, Azzam EI, Howell RW. Induction of lethal bystander effects in human breast cancer cell cultures by DNA-incorporated Iodine-125 depends on phenotype. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:1028-38. [PMID: 22489958 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.683511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study uses a three-dimensional cell culture model to investigate lethal bystander effects in human breast cancer cell cultures (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) treated with (125)I-labeled 5-iodo-2 -deoxyuridine ((125)IdU). These breast cancer cell lines respectively form metastatic xenografts in nude mice in an estrogen-dependent and independent manner. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, these cells were cultured in loosely-packed three-dimensional architecture in a Cytomatrix™ carbon scaffold. Cultures were pulse-labeled for 3 h with (125)IdU to selectively irradiate a minor fraction of cells, and simultaneously co-pulse-labeled with 0.04 mM 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) to identify the radiolabeled cells using Click-iT(®) EdU and flow cytometry. The cultures were then washed and incubated for 48 h. The cells were then harvested, serially diluted, and seeded for colony formation. Aliquots of cells were subjected to flow cytometry to determine the percentage of cells labeled with (125)IdU/EdU. Additional aliquots were used to determine the mean (125)I activity per labeled cell. The percentage of labeled cells was about 15% and 10% for MCF-7 and MDA cells, respectively. This created irradiation conditions wherein the cross-dose to unlabeled cells was small relative to the self-dose to labeled cells. The surviving fraction relative to EdU-treated controls was measured. RESULTS Survival curves indicated significant lethal bystander effect in MCF-7 cells, however, no significant lethal bystander effect was observed in MDA-MB-231 cells. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate the capacity of (125)IdU to induce lethal bystander effects in human breast cancer cells and suggest that the response depends on phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Akudugu
- Division of Radiation Research, Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA.
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148
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Hodge JW, Sharp HJ, Gameiro SR. Abscopal regression of antigen disparate tumors by antigen cascade after systemic tumor vaccination in combination with local tumor radiation. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 27:12-22. [PMID: 22283603 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation is a primary modality in cancer treatment. Radiation can also reduce tumor growth outside the treatment field, often referred to as the abscopal effect. The mechanisms and therapeutic potential of the abscopal effect have not been fully elucidated. We evaluated the role of vaccination directed against a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) in the induction and amplification of radiation induced abscopal effects. Active-specific immunotherapy with a TAA-specific vaccine regimen was used to induce and potentiate T-cell responses against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in combination with local irradiation of subcutaneous tumors. We examined the potential synergy of a poxvirus-based CEA vaccine regimen in CEA-transgenic (Tg) mice in combination with either external beam radiation or brachytherapy of local tumors. The induction of CD8(+) T cells specific for multiple TAAs not encoded by the vaccine was observed after the combination therapy. In two tumor models, the antigen cascade responses induced by vaccine and local irradiation mediated the regression of antigen negative metastases at distal subcutaneous or pulmonary sites. Clinically, local control of the primary tumor is necessary and can sometimes prevent metastases; however, irradiation generally fails to control preexisting metastases. These studies suggest that by coupling tumor irradiation with immunotherapy, the abscopal effect can transcend from anecdotal observation to a defined mechanism that can be exploited for the treatment of systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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149
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Mozdarani H. Biological complexities in radiation carcinogenesis and cancer radiotherapy: impact of new biological paradigms. Genes (Basel) 2012; 3:90-114. [PMID: 24704845 PMCID: PMC3899963 DOI: 10.3390/genes3010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although radiation carcinogenesis has been shown both experimentally and epidemiologically, the use of ionizing radiation is also one of the major modalities in cancer treatment. Various known cellular and molecular events are involved in carcinogenesis. Apart from the known phenomena, there could be implications for carcinogenesis and cancer prevention due to other biological processes such as the bystander effect, the abscopal effect, intrinsic radiosensitivity and radioadaptation. Bystander effects have consequences for mutation initiated cancer paradigms of radiation carcinogenesis, which provide the mechanistic justification for low-dose risk estimates. The abscopal effect is potentially important for tumor control and is mediated through cytokines and/or the immune system (mainly cell-mediated immunity). It results from loss of growth and stimulatory and/or immunosuppressive factors from the tumor. Intrinsic radiosensitivity is a feature of some cancer prone chromosomal breakage syndromes such as ataxia telangectiasia. Radiosensitivity is manifested as higher chromosomal aberrations and DNA repair impairment is now known as a good biomarker for breast cancer screening and prediction of prognosis. However, it is not yet known whether this effect is good or bad for those receiving radiation or radiomimetic agents for treatment. Radiation hormesis is another major concern for carcinogenesis. This process which protects cells from higher doses of radiation or radio mimic chemicals, may lead to the escape of cells from mitotic death or apoptosis and put cells with a lower amount of damage into the process of cancer induction. Therefore, any of these biological phenomena could have impact on another process giving rise to genome instability of cells which are not in the field of radiation but still receiving a lower amount of radiation. For prevention of radiation induced carcinogenesis or risk assessment as well as for successful radiation therapy, all these phenomena should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mozdarani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran P.O. Box 14115-111, Iran.
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150
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Pauwels EKJ, Bourguignon MH. Radiation dose features and solid cancer induction in pediatric computed tomography. Med Princ Pract 2012; 21:508-15. [PMID: 22472997 DOI: 10.1159/000337404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades technical advances and improvements have made computed tomography (CT) a valuable and essential tool in the array of diagnostic imaging modalities. CT uses ionizing radiation (X-rays) which may damage DNA and increase the risk of carcinogenesis. This is especially pertinent in pediatric CT as children are more radiosensitive and have a longer life expectancy than adults. The purpose of this paper is to review and elucidate the potential harmful effects of ionizing radiation in terms of solid cancer induction from pediatric CT scanning. In the light of scientific and technical developments, we will also discuss the possible strategies and ongoing efforts to reduce CT radiation exposure in pediatric patients. In this context, we will not ignore the fact that a well-justified CT scan may exceed its risk and have a favorable impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest K J Pauwels
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. ernestpauwels @ gmail.com
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