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Role of estrogen receptor-dependent upregulation of P38 MAPK/heme oxygenase 1 in resveratrol-mediated attenuation of intestinal injury after trauma-hemorrhage. Shock 2011; 35:517-23. [PMID: 21192278 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e318209e931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol protects against organ injury caused by trauma-hemorrhage, although the mechanism remains unknown. We have previously shown that it exerts protective effects in the liver via estrogen receptors and their signaling. Thus, we set out to determine whether resveratrol-mediated estrogen receptor-dependent p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/heme oxygenase 1 activation protects the intestine after trauma-hemorrhage. To study this, male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent trauma-hemorrhage (mean blood pressure, ~ 40 mmHg for 90 min) followed by fluid resuscitation. Animals were pretreated with an estrogen receptor antagonist (ICI 182,780), a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB-203580), or a heme oxygenase enzyme antagonist (chromium-mesoporphyrin) 30 min before vehicle or resveratrol (30 mg/kg) administration, followed by resuscitation, and were killed 2 h thereafter. Intestinal water content, myeloperoxidase activity, and TNF-α, IL-6, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) 1, and CINC-3 levels and edema of the lung were measured. Mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, positive maximal pressure of left ventricular increase (+dP/dtmax), and negative maximal pressure of left ventricular decrease (-dP/dtmax) were also determined. Intestinal p38 MAPK activity and heme oxygenase 1 expression were also determined. Trauma-hemorrhage led to an increase in intestinal water content, myeloperoxidase activity, and TNF-α, IL-6, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, CINC-1, and CINC-3 levels. This was accompanied by a decrease in intestinal p38 MAPK activity. Administration of resveratrol improved all of the above parameters. Resveratrol treatment also increased intestinal heme oxygenase 1 expression as compared with vehicle-treated trauma-hemorrhaged rats. Administration of ICI 182,780, SB-203850, or chromium-mesoporphyrin with resveratrol abolished the resveratrol-mediated improvement of the above parameters. Resveratrol administration also attenuated trauma-hemorrhage-induced cardiac dysfunction and edema of the lung. These results suggest that estrogen receptor-dependent upregulation of the p38 MAPK/heme oxygenase 1 pathway plays a critical role in mediating the salutary effects of resveratrol on shock-induced intestinal injury.
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Roy SK, Chen Q, Fu J, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Resveratrol inhibits growth of orthotopic pancreatic tumors through activation of FOXO transcription factors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25166. [PMID: 21980390 PMCID: PMC3181262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The forkhead transcription factors of the O class (FOXO) play a direct role in cellular proliferation, oxidative stress response, and tumorigenesis. The objectives of this study were to examine whether FOXOs regulate antitumor activities of resveratrol in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Pancreatic cancer cell lines were treated with resveratrol. Cell viability, colony formation, apoptosis and cell cycle were measured by XTT, soft agar, TUNEL and flow cytometry assays, respectively. FOXO nuclear translocation, DNA binding and transcriptional activities were measured by fluorescence technique, gelshift and luciferase assay, respectively. Mice were orthotopically implanted with PANC1 cells and orally gavaged with resveratrol. The components of PI3K and ERK pathways, FOXOs and their target gene expressions were measured by the Western blot analysis. Resveratrol inhibited cell viability and colony formations, and induced apoptosis through caspase-3 activation in four pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2, Hs766T, and AsPC-1). Resveratrol induced cell cycle arrest by up-regulating the expression of p21/CIP1, p27/KIP1 and inhibiting the expression of cyclin D1. Resveratrol induced apoptosis by up-regulating Bim and activating caspase-3. Resveratrol inhibited phosphorylation of FOXOs, and enhanced their nuclear translocation, FOXO-DNA binding and transcriptional activities. The inhibition of PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways induced FOXO transcriptional activity and apoptosis. Furthermore, deletion of FOXO genes abrogated resveratrol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Finally, resveratrol-treated mice showed significant inhibition in tumor growth which was associated with reduced phosphorylation of ERK, PI3K, AKT, FOXO1 and FOXO3a, and induction of apoptosis and FOXO target genes. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that inhibition of ERK and AKT pathways act together to activate FOXO transcription factors which are involved in resveratrol-mediated pancreatic tumor growth suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit K. Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Qinghe Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Junsheng Fu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Sharmila Shankar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Rakesh K. Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
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Steelman LS, Navolanic P, Chappell WH, Abrams SL, Wong EWT, Martelli AM, Cocco L, Stivala F, Libra M, Nicoletti F, Drobot LB, Franklin RA, McCubrey JA. Involvement of Akt and mTOR in chemotherapeutic- and hormonal-based drug resistance and response to radiation in breast cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:3003-15. [PMID: 21869603 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.17.17119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the response of breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic and hormonal based drugs and radiation is clearly important as these are common treatment approaches. Signaling cascades often involved in chemo-, hormonal- and radiation resistance are the Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and p53 pathways. In the following studies we have examined the effects of activation of the Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascade in the response of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic- and hormonal-based drugs and radiation. Activation of Akt by introduction of conditionally-activated Akt-1 gene could result in resistance to chemotherapeutic and hormonal based drugs as well as radiation. We have determined that chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin or the hormone based drug tamoxifen, both used to treat breast cancer, resulted in the activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway which is often associated with a pro-proliferative, anti-apoptotic response. In drug sensitive MCF-7 cells which have wild-type p53; ERK, p53 and downstream p21 (Cip-1 ) were induced upon exposure to doxorubicin. In contrast, in the drug resistant cells which expressed activated Akt-1, much lower levels of p53 and p21 (Cip1) were induced upon exposure to doxorubicin. These results indicate the involvement of the Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and p53 pathways in the response to chemotherapeutic and hormonal based drugs. Understanding how breast cancers respond to chemo- and hormonal-based therapies and radiation may enhance the ability to treat breast cancer more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Chappell WH, Steelman LS, Long JM, Kempf RC, Abrams SL, Franklin RA, Bäsecke J, Stivala F, Donia M, Fagone P, Malaponte G, Mazzarino MC, Nicoletti F, Libra M, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Mijatovic S, Montalto G, Cervello M, Laidler P, Milella M, Tafuri A, Bonati A, Evangelisti C, Cocco L, Martelli AM, McCubrey JA. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR inhibitors: rationale and importance to inhibiting these pathways in human health. Oncotarget 2011; 2:135-64. [PMID: 21411864 PMCID: PMC3260807 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascades are often activated by genetic alterations in upstream signaling molecules such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Integral components of these pathways, Ras, B-Raf, PI3K, and PTEN are also activated/inactivated by mutations. These pathways have profound effects on proliferative, apoptotic and differentiation pathways. Dysregulation of these pathways can contribute to chemotherapeutic drug resistance, proliferation of cancer initiating cells (CICs) and premature aging. This review will evaluate more recently described potential uses of MEK, PI3K, Akt and mTOR inhibitors in the proliferation of malignant cells, suppression of CICs, cellular senescence and prevention of aging. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways play key roles in the regulation of normal and malignant cell growth. Inhibitors targeting these pathways have many potential uses from suppression of cancer, proliferative diseases as well as aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Chappell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
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Closer association of mitochondria with lipid droplets in hepatocytes and activation of Kupffer cells in resveratrol-treated senescence-accelerated mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:475-89. [PMID: 21818579 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol has been extensively investigated because of its beneficial effects in delaying age-related diseases, thus extending the lifespan, possibly by mimicking calorie restriction. For this study, cell biological techniques were used to examine how resveratrol influenced hepatocytes in a senescence-accelerated mouse P10 (SAMP10), treated from 35 to 55 weeks of age, with special emphasis on the relationship between mitochondria and lipid droplets. Survival ratio, body weight and food intake of SAMP10 did not differ significantly between the control and resveratrol-treated groups. Compared with the control, the treated livers were altered significantly, as follows. Lipid droplets were reduced and mitochondria were increased in number in hepatocytes. Phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and the expression of both the mitochondrial ATP synthase β subunit and Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD2) were increased. Mitochondria, expressing more SOD2, were more tightly associated with lipid droplets, suggesting the enhancement of lipolysis through the activation of mitochondrial functions. Cathepsin D expression was less in hepatocytes but enhanced in Kupffer cells, which were increased in number and size with more numerous lysosome-related profiles. Together, resveratrol may activate mitochondria resulting in consuming lipids, and may also activate Kupffer cells by which a beneficial milieu for hepatocytes may be created. Both might be related to improvement in the functioning of the liver, which is the organ that is central to metabolic regulation.
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Minois N, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Madeo F. Polyamines in aging and disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:716-32. [PMID: 21869457 PMCID: PMC3184975 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are polycations that interact with negatively charged molecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins. They play multiple roles in cell growth, survival and proliferation. Changes in polyamine levels have been associated with aging and diseases. Their levels decline continuously with age and polyamine (spermidine or high-polyamine diet) supplementation increases life span in model organisms. Polyamines have also been involved in stress resistance. On the other hand, polyamines are increased in cancer cells and are a target for potential chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we bring together these various results and draw a picture of the state of our knowledge on the roles of polyamines in aging, stress and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Minois
- University of St Andrews, School of Biology, St Andrews, Fife, UK.
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Burstein MT, Beach A, Richard VR, Koupaki O, Gomez-Perez A, Goldberg AA, Kyryakov P, Bourque SD, Glebov A, Titorenko VI. Interspecies Chemical Signals Released into the Environment May Create Xenohormetic, Hormetic and Cytostatic Selective Forces that Drive the Ecosystemic Evolution of Longevity Regulation Mechanisms. Dose Response 2011; 10:75-82. [PMID: 22423230 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.11-011.titorenko] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various organisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, plants and animals) within an ecosystem can synthesize and release into the environment certain longevity-extending small molecules. Here we hypothesize that these interspecies chemical signals can create xenohormetic, hormetic and cytostatic selective forces driving the ecosystemic evolution of longevity regulation mechanisms. In our hypothesis, following their release into the environment by one species of the organisms composing an ecosystem, such small molecules can activate anti-aging processes and/or inhibit pro-aging processes in other species within the ecosystem. The organisms that possess the most effective (as compared to their counterparts of the same species) mechanisms for sensing the chemical signals produced and released by other species and for responding to such signals by undergoing certain hormetic and/or cytostatic life-extending changes to their metabolism and physiology are expected to live longer then their counterparts within the ecosystem. Thus, the ability of a species of the organisms composing an ecosystem to undergo life-extending metabolic or physiological changes in response to hormetic or cytostatic chemical compounds released to the ecosystem by other species: 1) increases its chances of survival; 2) creates selective forces aimed at maintaining such ability; and 3) enables the evolution of longevity regulation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T Burstein
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
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108
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109
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Sridharan S, Jain K, Basu A. Regulation of autophagy by kinases. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:2630-54. [PMID: 24212825 PMCID: PMC3757434 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3022630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of self-degradation that maintains cellular viability during periods of metabolic stress. Although autophagy is considered a survival mechanism when faced with cellular stress, extensive autophagy can also lead to cell death. Aberrations in autophagy are associated with several diseases, including cancer. Therapeutic exploitation of this process requires a clear understanding of its regulation. Although the core molecular components involved in the execution of autophagy are well studied there is limited information on how cellular signaling pathways, particularly kinases, regulate this complex process. Protein kinases are integral to the autophagy process. Atg1, the first autophagy-related protein identified, is a serine/threonine kinase and it is regulated by another serine/threonine kinase mTOR. Emerging studies suggest the participation of many different kinases in regulating various components/steps of this catabolic process. This review focuses on the regulation of autophagy by several kinases with particular emphasis on serine/threonine protein kinases such as mTOR, AMP-activated protein kinase, Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK, p38 and JNK) and protein kinase C that are often deregulated in cancer and are important therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savitha Sridharan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center and Institute for Cancer Research, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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Singh NP, Singh UP, Hegde VL, Guan H, Hofseth L, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) suppresses EL4 tumor growth by induction of apoptosis involving reciprocal regulation of SIRT1 and NF-κB. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1207-18. [PMID: 21520490 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Understanding the molecular mechanisms through which natural products and dietary supplements exhibit anticancer properties is crucial and can lead to drug discovery and chemoprevention. The current study sheds new light on the mode of action of resveratrol (RES), a plant-derived polyphenolic compound, against EL-4 lymphoma growth. METHODS AND RESULTS Immuno-compromised NOD/SCID mice injected with EL-4 tumor cells and treated with RES (100 mg/kg body weight) showed delayed development and progression of tumor growth and increased mean survival time. RES caused apoptosis in EL4 cells through activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and upregulation of Fas and FasL expression in vitro. Blocking of RES-induced apoptosis in EL4 cells by FasL mAb, cleavage of caspases and PARP, and release of cytochorme c, demonstrated the participation of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis. RES also induced upregulation of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog, 1 (SIRT1) and downregulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in EL4 cells. siRNA-mediated downregulation of SIRT1 in EL4 cells increased the activation of NF-κB but decreased RES-mediated apoptosis, indicating the critical role of SIRT1 in apoptosis via blocking activation of NF-κB. CONCLUSION These data suggest that RES-induced SIRT1 upregulation promotes tumor cell apoptosis through negative regulation of NF-κB, leading to suppression of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra P Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Rajapakse AG, Yepuri G, Carvas JM, Stein S, Matter CM, Scerri I, Ruffieux J, Montani JP, Ming XF, Yang Z. Hyperactive S6K1 mediates oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in aging: inhibition by resveratrol. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19237. [PMID: 21544240 PMCID: PMC3081344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/S6K1 signalling emerges as a critical regulator of aging. Yet, a role of mTOR/S6K1 in aging-associated vascular endothelial dysfunction remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of S6K1 in aging-associated endothelial dysfunction and effects of the polyphenol resveratrol on S6K1 in aging endothelial cells. We show here that senescent endothelial cells displayed higher S6K1 activity, increased superoxide production and decreased bioactive nitric oxide (NO) levels than young endothelial cells, which is contributed by eNOS uncoupling. Silencing S6K1 in senescent cells reduced superoxide generation and enhanced NO production. Conversely, over-expression of a constitutively active S6K1 mutant in young endothelial cells mimicked endothelial dysfunction of the senescent cells through eNOS uncoupling and induced premature cellular senescence. Like the mTOR/S6K1 inhibitor rapamycin, resveratrol inhibited S6K1 signalling, resulting in decreased superoxide generation and enhanced NO levels in the senescent cells. Consistent with the data from cultured cells, an enhanced S6K1 activity, increased superoxide generation, and decreased bioactive NO levels associated with eNOS uncoupling were also detected in aortas of old WKY rats (aged 20–24 months) as compared to the young animals (1–3 months). Treatment of aortas of old rats with resveratrol or rapamycin inhibited S6K1 activity, oxidative stress, and improved endothelial NO production. Our data demonstrate a causal role of the hyperactive S6K1 in eNOS uncoupling leading to endothelial dysfunction and vascular aging. Resveratrol improves endothelial function in aging, at least in part, through inhibition of S6K1. Targeting S6K1 may thus represent a novel therapeutic approach for aging-associated vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angana G. Rajapakse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gautham Yepuri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - João M. Carvas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sokrates Stein
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian M. Matter
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Scerri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean Ruffieux
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Montani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Xiu-Fen Ming
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular lysosomal (vacuolar) degradation process that is characterized by the formation of double-membrane vesicles, known as autophagosomes, which sequester cytoplasm. As autophagy is involved in cell growth, survival, development and death, the levels of autophagy must be properly regulated, as indicated by the fact that dysregulated autophagy has been linked to many human pathophysiologies, such as cancer, myopathies, neurodegeneration, heart and liver diseases, and gastrointestinal disorders. Substantial progress has recently been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the autophagy machinery, and in the regulation of autophagy. However, many unanswered questions remain, such as how the Atg1 complex is activated and the function of PtdIns3K is regulated, how the ubiquitin-like conjugation systems participate in autophagy and the mechanisms of phagophore expansion and autophagosome formation, how the network of TOR signaling pathways regulating autophagy are controlled, and what the underlying mechanisms are for the pro-cell survival and the pro-cell death effects of autophagy. As several recent reviews have comprehensively summarized the recent progress in the regulation of autophagy, we focus in this Commentary on the main unresolved questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Chen
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA
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113
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Foster DA. Reduced mortality and moderate alcohol consumption: the phospholipase D-mTOR connection. Cell Cycle 2011; 9:1291-4. [PMID: 20372065 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.7.11145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have suggested that moderate alcohol consumption reduces mortality. There is also substantial evidence that lifespan is extended with suppression of TOR (target of rapamycin). It was reported recently that rapamycin is able to extend the lifespan of a mammal--implicating the mammalian TOR (mTOR). mTOR has a requirement for the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA), which is generated by phospholipase D (PLD). Therefore, in principle, suppression of PLD would be similar to treatment with rapamycin. Significantly, PLD utilizes ethanol preferentially over water in the hydrolysis reaction that ordinarily generates PA. In the presence of ethanol, phosphatidyl-ethanol is generated at the expense of PA leading to the suppression of mTOR. This reaction, known as the transphosphatidylation reaction, provides a mechanistic basis for the reduced mortality observed with moderate consumption of alcohol--that being the suppression of mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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Altman JK, Sassano A, Kaur S, Glaser H, Kroczynska B, Redig AJ, Russo S, Barr S, Platanias LC. Dual mTORC2/mTORC1 targeting results in potent suppressive effects on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) progenitors. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4378-88. [PMID: 21415215 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether mTORC2 and rapamycin-insensitive (RI)-mTORC1 complexes are present in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and to examine the effects of dual mTORC2/mTORC1 inhibition on primitive AML leukemic progenitors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Combinations of different experimental approaches were used, including immunoblotting to detect phosphorylated/activated forms of elements of the mTOR pathway in leukemic cell lines and primary AML blasts; cell-proliferation assays; direct assessment of mRNA translation in polysomal fractions of leukemic cells; and clonogenic assays in methylcellulose to evaluate leukemic progenitor-colony formation. RESULTS mTORC2 complexes are active in AML cells and play critical roles in leukemogenesis. RI-mTORC1 complexes are also formed and regulate the activity of the translational repressor 4E-BP1 in AML cells. OSI-027 blocks mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities and suppresses mRNA translation of cyclin D1 and other genes that mediate proliferative responses in AML cells. Moreover, OSI-027 acts as a potent suppressor of primitive leukemic precursors from AML patients and is much more effective than rapamycin in eliciting antileukemic effects in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Dual targeting of mTORC2 and mTORC1 results in potent suppressive effects on primitive leukemic progenitors from AML patients. Inhibition of the mTOR catalytic site with OSI-027 results in suppression of both mTORC2 and RI-mTORC1 complexes and elicits much more potent antileukemic responses than selective mTORC1 targeting with rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Altman
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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115
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Li Y, Xu S, Giles A, Nakamura K, Lee JW, Hou X, Donmez G, Li J, Luo Z, Walsh K, Guarente L, Zang M. Hepatic overexpression of SIRT1 in mice attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress and insulin resistance in the liver. FASEB J 2011; 25:1664-79. [PMID: 21321189 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-173492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of human type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Although SIRT1 has a therapeutic effect on metabolic deterioration in T2DM, the precise mechanisms by which SIRT1 improves insulin resistance remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that adenovirus-mediated overexpression of SIRT1 in the liver of diet-induced insulin-resistant low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice and of genetically obese ob/ob mice attenuates hepatic steatosis and ameliorates systemic insulin resistance. These beneficial effects were associated with decreased mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity, inhibited the unfolded protein response (UPR), and enhanced insulin receptor signaling in the liver, leading to decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis and improved glucose tolerance. The tunicamycin-induced splicing of X-box binding protein-1 and expression of GRP78 and CHOP were reduced by resveratrol in cultured cells in a SIRT1-dependent manner. Conversely, SIRT1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts challenged with tunicamycin exhibited markedly increased mTORC1 activity and impaired ER homeostasi and insulin signaling. These effects were abolished by mTORC1 inhibition by rapamycin in human HepG2 cells. These studies indicate that SIRT1 serves as a negative regulator of UPR signaling in T2DM and that SIRT1 attenuates hepatic steatosis, ameliorates insulin resistance, and restores glucose homeostasis, largely through the inhibition of mTORC1 and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
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Fleming A, Noda T, Yoshimori T, Rubinsztein DC. Chemical modulators of autophagy as biological probes and potential therapeutics. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:9-17. [PMID: 21164513 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for protein degradation that is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis in man. Autophagy has unexpected pleiotropic functions that favor survival of the cell, including nutrient supply under starvation, cleaning of the cellular interior, defense against infection and antigen presentation. Moreover, defective autophagy is associated with a diverse range of disease states, including neurodegeneration, cancer and Crohn's disease. Here we discuss the roles of mammalian autophagy in health and disease and highlight recent advances in pharmacological manipulation of autophagic pathways as a therapeutic strategy for a variety of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeleen Fleming
- Department of Medical Genetics, and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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117
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Chung S, Yao H, Caito S, Hwang JW, Arunachalam G, Rahman I. Regulation of SIRT1 in cellular functions: role of polyphenols. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 501:79-90. [PMID: 20450879 PMCID: PMC2930135 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is known to deacetylate histones and non-histone proteins including transcription factors thereby regulating metabolism, stress resistance, cellular survival, cellular senescence/aging, inflammation-immune function, endothelial functions, and circadian rhythms. Naturally occurring dietary polyphenols, such as resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, and catechins, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties via modulating different pathways, such as NF-kappaB- and mitogen activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathways. In addition, these polyphenols have also been shown to activate SIRT1 directly or indirectly in a variety of models. Therefore, activation of SIRT1 by polyphenols is beneficial for regulation of calorie restriction, oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular senescence, autophagy/apoptosis, autoimmunity, metabolism, adipogenesis, circadian rhythm, skeletal muscle function, mitochondria biogenesis and endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we describe the regulation of SIRT1 by dietary polyphenols in various cellular functions in response to environmental and pro-inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoon Chung
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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118
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Goldberg AA, Kyryakov P, Bourque SD, Titorenko VI. Xenohormetic, hormetic and cytostatic selective forces driving longevity at the ecosystemic level. Aging (Albany NY) 2010; 2:461-70. [PMID: 20693605 PMCID: PMC2954037 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
We recently found that lithocholic acid (LCA), a bile acid, extends yeast longevity. Unlike mammals, yeast do not synthesize bile acids. We therefore propose that bile acids released into the environment by mammals may act as interspecies chemical signals providing longevity benefits to yeast and, perhaps, other species within an ecosystem.
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119
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Akieda-Asai S, Zaima N, Ikegami K, Kahyo T, Yao I, Hatanaka T, Iemura SI, Sugiyama R, Yokozeki T, Eishi Y, Koike M, Ikeda K, Chiba T, Yamaza H, Shimokawa I, Song SY, Matsuno A, Mizutani A, Sawabe M, Chao MV, Tanaka M, Kanaho Y, Natsume T, Sugimura H, Date Y, McBurney MW, Guarente L, Setou M. SIRT1 Regulates Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Release by Enhancing PIP5Kgamma Activity through Deacetylation of Specific Lysine Residues in Mammals. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11755. [PMID: 20668706 PMCID: PMC2909264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SIRT1, a NAD-dependent deacetylase, has diverse roles in a variety of organs such as regulation of endocrine function and metabolism. However, it remains to be addressed how it regulates hormone release there. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we report that SIRT1 is abundantly expressed in pituitary thyrotropes and regulates thyroid hormone secretion. Manipulation of SIRT1 level revealed that SIRT1 positively regulated the exocytosis of TSH-containing granules. Using LC/MS-based interactomics, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K)gamma was identified as a SIRT1 binding partner and deacetylation substrate. SIRT1 deacetylated two specific lysine residues (K265/K268) in PIP5Kgamma and enhanced PIP5Kgamma enzyme activity. SIRT1-mediated TSH secretion was abolished by PIP5Kgamma knockdown. SIRT1 knockdown decreased the levels of deacetylated PIP5Kgamma, PI(4,5)P(2), and reduced the secretion of TSH from pituitary cells. These results were also observed in SIRT1-knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicated that the control of TSH release by the SIRT1-PIP5Kgamma pathway is important for regulating the metabolism of the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Akieda-Asai
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Ikegami
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kahyo
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yao
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Shun-ichiro Iemura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Biomedicinal Information Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rika Sugiyama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeaki Yokozeki
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Eishi
- Department of Human Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morio Koike
- Department of Human Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoji Ikeda
- Department of Bone and Joint Disease, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Chiba
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Yamaza
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Isao Shimokawa
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Si-Young Song
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Teikyo University Chica Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizutani
- Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Motoji Sawabe
- Department of Pathology and Bioresource Center for Geriatric Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moses V. Chao
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kanaho
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Biomedicinal Information Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sugimura
- Department of Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yukari Date
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Michael W. McBurney
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Leonard Guarente
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Blagosklonny MV, Campisi J, Sinclair DA, Bartke A, Blasco MA, Bonner WM, Bohr VA, Brosh RM, Brunet A, Depinho RA, Donehower LA, Finch CE, Finkel T, Gorospe M, Gudkov AV, Hall MN, Hekimi S, Helfand SL, Karlseder J, Kenyon C, Kroemer G, Longo V, Nussenzweig A, Osiewacz HD, Peeper DS, Rando TA, Rudolph KL, Sassone-Corsi P, Serrano M, Sharpless NE, Skulachev VP, Tilly JL, Tower J, Verdin E, Vijg J. Impact papers on aging in 2009. Aging (Albany NY) 2010; 2:111-21. [PMID: 20351400 PMCID: PMC2871240 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The editorial board of Aging reviews research papers published in 2009, which they
believe have or will have a significant impact on aging research. Among many
others, the topics include genes that accelerate aging or in contrast promote
longevity in model organisms, DNA damage responses and telomeres, molecular
mechanisms of life span extension by calorie restriction and pharmacologic
interventions into aging. The emerging message in 2009 is that aging is not
random but determined by a genetically-regulated longevity network and can be
decelerated both genetically and pharmacologically.
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121
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SIRT1 negatively regulates the mammalian target of rapamycin. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9199. [PMID: 20169165 PMCID: PMC2821410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The IGF/mTOR pathway, which is modulated by nutrients, growth factors, energy status and cellular stress regulates aging in various organisms. SIRT1 is a NAD+ dependent deacetylase that is known to regulate caloric restriction mediated longevity in model organisms, and has also been linked to the insulin/IGF signaling pathway. Here we investigated the potential regulation of mTOR signaling by SIRT1 in response to nutrients and cellular stress. We demonstrate that SIRT1 deficiency results in elevated mTOR signaling, which is not abolished by stress conditions. The SIRT1 activator resveratrol reduces, whereas SIRT1 inhibitor nicotinamide enhances mTOR activity in a SIRT1 dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SIRT1 interacts with TSC2, a component of the mTOR inhibitory-complex upstream to mTORC1, and regulates mTOR signaling in a TSC2 dependent manner. These results demonstrate that SIRT1 negatively regulates mTOR signaling potentially through the TSC1/2 complex.
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122
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Baur JA. Biochemical effects of SIRT1 activators. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1804:1626-34. [PMID: 19897059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SIRT1 is the closest mammalian homologue of enzymes that extend life in lower organisms. Its role in mammals is incompletely understood, but includes modulation of at least 34 distinct targets through its nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent deacetylase activity. Recent experiments using small molecule activators and genetically engineered mice have provided new insight into the role of this enzyme in mammalian biology and helped to highlight some of the potentially relevant targets. The most widely employed activator is resveratrol, a small polyphenol that improves insulin sensitivity and vascular function, boosts endurance, inhibits tumor formation, and ameliorates the early mortality associated with obesity in mice. Many of these effects are consistent with modulation of SIRT1 targets, such as PGC1alpha and NFkappaB, however, resveratrol can also activate AMPK, inhibit cyclooxygenases, and influence a variety of other enzymes. A novel activator, SRT1720, as well as various methods to manipulate NAD(+) metabolism, are emerging as alternative methods to increase SIRT1 activity, and in many cases recapitulate effects of resveratrol. At present, further studies are needed to more directly test the role of SIRT1 in mediating beneficial effects of resveratrol, to evaluate other strategies for SIRT1 activation, and to confirm the specific targets of SIRT1 that are relevant in vivo. These efforts are especially important in light of the fact that SIRT1 activators are entering clinical trials in humans, and "nutraceutical" formulations containing resveratrol are already widely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Baur
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Hands SL, Proud CG, Wyttenbach A. mTOR's role in ageing: protein synthesis or autophagy? Aging (Albany NY) 2009; 1:586-97. [PMID: 20157541 PMCID: PMC2806042 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate ageing are currently under scrutiny because ageing is linked to many human diseases. The nutrient sensing TOR pathway is emerging as a key regulator of ageing. TOR signaling is complex affecting several crucial cellular functions and two such functions, which show clear effects on ageing, are protein synthesis and autophagy. In this article we discuss the relative importance of both these processes in ageing, identify how TOR regulates translation and autophagy and speculate on links between the TOR signaling network and ageing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Hands
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Boldrewood Campus, Basset Crescent East,
SO16 7PX,
UK
| | - Christopher G. Proud
- School of Biological Sciences, Human Genetics
Division, University of Southampton, Duthie Building, Southampton General
Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Andreas Wyttenbach
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Boldrewood Campus, Basset Crescent East,
SO16 7PX,
UK
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124
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Blagosklonny MV. Inhibition of S6K by resveratrol: in search of the purpose. Aging (Albany NY) 2009; 1:511-4. [PMID: 20157534 PMCID: PMC2806036 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Blagosklonny
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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