101
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Smith-Ryan AE, Woessner MN, Melvin MN, Wingfield HL, Hackney AC. The effects of beta-alanine supplementation on physical working capacity at heart rate threshold. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 34:397-404. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory; Department of Exercise and Sport Science; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Mary N. Woessner
- Frederick R. Cobb Non-invasive Vascular Research Lab; Duke Center for Living; Durham NC USA
| | - Malia N. Melvin
- Applied Physiology Laboratory; Department of Exercise and Sport Science; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Hailee L. Wingfield
- Applied Physiology Laboratory; Department of Exercise and Sport Science; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Anthony C. Hackney
- Applied Physiology Laboratory; Department of Exercise and Sport Science; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
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102
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STEGEN SANNE, BLANCQUAERT LAURA, EVERAERT INGE, BEX TINE, TAES YOURI, CALDERS PATRICK, ACHTEN ERIC, DERAVE WIM. Meal and Beta-Alanine Coingestion Enhances Muscle Carnosine Loading. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:1478-85. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31828ab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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103
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Meeus M, Nijs J, Hermans L, Goubert D, Calders P. The role of mitochondrial dysfunctions due to oxidative and nitrosative stress in the chronic pain or chronic fatigue syndromes and fibromyalgia patients: peripheral and central mechanisms as therapeutic targets? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1081-9. [PMID: 23834645 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.818657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia (FM) are characterized by persistent pain and fatigue. It is hypothesized that reactive oxygen species (ROS), caused by oxidative and nitrosative stress, by inhibiting mitochondrial function can be involved in muscle pain and central sensitization as typically seen in these patients. AREAS COVERED The current evidence regarding oxidative and nitrosative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in CFS and FM is presented in relation to chronic widespread pain. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown in leukocytes of CFS patients and in muscle cells of FM patients, which could explain the muscle pain. Additionally, if mitochondrial dysfunction is also present in central neural cells, this could result in lowered ATP pools in neural cells, leading to generalized hypersensitivity and chronic widespread pain. EXPERT OPINION Increased ROS in CFS and FM, resulting in impaired mitochondrial function and reduced ATP in muscle and neural cells, might lead to chronic widespread pain in these patients. Therefore, targeting increased ROS by antioxidants and targeting the mitochondrial biogenesis could offer a solution for the chronic pain in these patients. The role of exercise therapy in restoring mitochondrial dysfunction remains to be explored, and provides important avenues for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Meeus
- University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Pain in Motion Research Group, Antwerp, Belgium.
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104
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Banerjee S, Poddar MK. Platelet monoamine oxidase-A activity and aging: effect of carnosine. J Physiol Sci 2013; 63:279-85. [PMID: 23657886 PMCID: PMC10717806 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-013-0264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Platelet mitochondrial MAO-A activity of male albino rats (Wistar strain) was significantly inhibited with an inhibition of its only V max during aging. This age-induced inhibition of platelet MAO-A activity became reversed following the application of higher dosages (2.0-2.5 μg/kg/day, i.t. for 21 consecutive days) of carnosine. Though carnosine at lower dosage (0.5 μg/kg/day, i.t. for 21 consecutive days) was ineffective to platelet mitochondrial MAO-A activity in both young and aged rats, at higher dosages (2.0-2.5 μg/kg/day, i.t. for 21 consecutive days) under similar condition this enzyme activity was significantly enhanced. Carnosine at 1.0 μg/kg/day, i.t. for 21 consecutive days significantly enhanced MAO-A activity only in aged (18 and 24 months) rats. These results suggest that carnosine withdraws the aging-induced inhibition of mammalian blood platelet MAO-A activity and restores its activity towards that (MAO-A activity) observed in young mammalian blood platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, B.C. Road, Kolkata, 700 019 India
| | - M. K. Poddar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, B.C. Road, Kolkata, 700 019 India
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105
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de Salles Painelli V, Roschel H, de Jesus F, Sale C, Harris RC, Solis MY, Benatti FB, Gualano B, Lancha AH, Artioli GG. The ergogenic effect of beta-alanine combined with sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity swimming performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:525-32. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of beta-alanine (BA) alone (study A) and in combination with sodium bicarbonate (SB) (study B) on 100- and 200-m swimming performance. In study A, 16 swimmers were assigned to receive either BA (3.2 g·day−1 for 1 week and 6.4 g·day−1 for 4 weeks) or placebo (PL; dextrose). At baseline and after 5 weeks of supplementation, 100- and 200-m races were completed. In study B, 14 were assigned to receive either BA (3.2 g·day−1 for 1 week and 6.4 g·day−1 for 3 weeks) or PL. Time trials were performed once before and twice after supplementation (with PL and SB), in a crossover fashion, providing 4 conditions: PL-PL, PL-SB, BA-PL, and BA-SB. In study A, BA supplementation improved 100- and 200-m time-trial performance by 2.1% (p = 0.029) and 2.0% (p = 0.0008), respectively. In study B, 200-m time-trial performance improved in all conditions, compared with presupplementation, except the PL-PL condition (PL-SB, +2.3%; BA-PL, +1.5%; BA-SB, +2.13% (p < 0.05)). BA-SB was not different from BA-PL (p = 0.21), but the probability of a positive effect was 78.5%. In the 100-m time-trial, only a within-group effect for SB was observed in the PL-SB (p = 0.022) and BA-SB (p = 0.051) conditions. However, 6 of 7 athletes swam faster after BA supplementation. The probability of BA having a positive effect was 65.2%; when SB was added to BA, the probability was 71.8%. BA and SB supplementation improved 100- and 200-m swimming performance. The coingestion of BA and SB induced a further nonsignificant improvement in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor de Salles Painelli
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sports – Department of Biodynamics, Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 - Butanta, 05508-030, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sports – Department of Biodynamics, Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 - Butanta, 05508-030, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia de Jesus
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sports – Department of Biodynamics, Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 - Butanta, 05508-030, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Craig Sale
- Biomedical, Life and Health Sciences Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | | | - Marina Yázigi Solis
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sports – Department of Biodynamics, Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 - Butanta, 05508-030, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Braga Benatti
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sports – Department of Biodynamics, Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 - Butanta, 05508-030, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sports – Department of Biodynamics, Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 - Butanta, 05508-030, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Herbert Lancha
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sports – Department of Biodynamics, Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 - Butanta, 05508-030, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sports – Department of Biodynamics, Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 - Butanta, 05508-030, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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106
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Gemelli T, de Andrade RB, Rojas DB, Bonorino NF, Mazzola PN, Tortorelli LS, Funchal C, Filho CSD, Wannmacher CMD. Effects of β-alanine administration on selected parameters of oxidative stress and phosphoryltransfer network in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 380:161-70. [PMID: 23620342 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
β-Alanine is a β-amino acid derivative of the degradation of pyrimidine uracil and precursor of the oxidative substrate acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). The accumulation of β-alanine occurs in β-alaninemia, an inborn error of metabolism. Patients with β-alaninemia may develop neurological abnormalities whose mechanisms are far from being understood. In this study we evaluated the effects of β-alanine administration on some parameters of oxidative stress and on creatine kinase, pyruvate kinase, and adenylate kinase in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of 21-day-old rats. The animals received three peritoneal injections of β-alanine (0.3 mg /g of body weight) and the controls received the same volume (10 μL/g of body weight) of saline solution (NaCl 0.85 %) at 3 h intervals. CSF levels of β-alanine increased five times, achieving 80 μM in the rats receiving the amino acid. The results of β-alanine administration in the parameters of oxidative stress were similar in both tissues studied: reduction of superoxide dismutase activity, increased oxidation of 2',7'-dihydrodichlorofluorescein, total content of sulfhydryl and catalase activity. However, the results of the phosphoryltransfer network enzymes were similar in all enzymes, but different in the tissues studied: the β-alanine administration was able to inhibit the enzyme pyruvate kinase, cytosolic creatine kinase, and adenylate kinase activities in cerebral cortex, and increase in cerebellum. In case this also occurs in the patients, these results suggest that oxidative stress and alteration of the phosphoryltransfer network may be involved in the pathophysiology of β-alaninemia. Moreover, the ingestion of β-alanine to improve muscular performance deserves more attention in respect to possible side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanise Gemelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
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107
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Hipkiss AR, Cartwright SP, Bromley C, Gross SR, Bill RM. Carnosine: can understanding its actions on energy metabolism and protein homeostasis inform its therapeutic potential? Chem Cent J 2013; 7:38. [PMID: 23442334 PMCID: PMC3602167 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The dipeptide carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) has contrasting but beneficial effects on cellular activity. It delays cellular senescence and rejuvenates cultured senescent mammalian cells. However, it also inhibits the growth of cultured tumour cells. Based on studies in several organisms, we speculate that carnosine exerts these apparently opposing actions by affecting energy metabolism and/or protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Specific effects on energy metabolism include the dipeptide's influence on cellular ATP concentrations. Carnosine's ability to reduce the formation of altered proteins (typically adducts of methylglyoxal) and enhance proteolysis of aberrant polypeptides is indicative of its influence on proteostasis. Furthermore these dual actions might provide a rationale for the use of carnosine in the treatment or prevention of diverse age-related conditions where energy metabolism or proteostasis are compromised. These include cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and the complications of type-2 diabetes (nephropathy, cataracts, stroke and pain), which might all benefit from knowledge of carnosine's mode of action on human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hipkiss
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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108
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Jagim AR, Wright GA, Brice AG, Doberstein ST. Effects of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Sprint Endurance. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:526-32. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318256bedc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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109
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EVERAERT INGE, STEGEN SANNE, VANHEEL BERT, TAES YOURI, DERAVE WIM. Effect of Beta-Alanine and Carnosine Supplementation on Muscle Contractility in Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:43-51. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31826cdb68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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110
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Invernizzi PL, Benedini S, Saronni S, Merati G, Bosio A. The Acute Administration of Carnosine and Beta-Alanine Does Not Improve Running Anaerobic Performance and has No Effect on the Metabolic Response to Exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ape.2013.34028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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111
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New biocatalytic route for the production of enantioenriched β-alanine derivatives starting from 5- and 6-monosubstituted dihydrouracils. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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112
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Yu Z, Zhai G, Singmann P, He Y, Xu T, Prehn C, Römisch‐Margl W, Lattka E, Gieger C, Soranzo N, Heinrich J, Standl M, Thiering E, Mittelstraß K, Wichmann H, Peters A, Suhre K, Li Y, Adamski J, Spector TD, Illig T, Wang‐Sattler R. Human serum metabolic profiles are age dependent. Aging Cell 2012; 11:960-7. [PMID: 22834969 PMCID: PMC3533791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2012.00865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complexity of aging is of utmost importance. This can now be addressed by the novel and powerful approach of metabolomics. However, to date, only a few metabolic studies based on large samples are available. Here, we provide novel and specific information on age-related metabolite concentration changes in human homeostasis. We report results from two population-based studies: the KORA F4 study from Germany as a discovery cohort, with 1038 female and 1124 male participants (32–81 years), and the TwinsUK study as replication, with 724 female participants. Targeted metabolomics of fasting serum samples quantified 131 metabolites by FIA-MS/MS. Among these, 71/34 metabolites were significantly associated with age in women/men (BMI adjusted). We further identified a set of 13 independent metabolites in women (with P values ranging from 4.6 × 10−04 to 7.8 × 10−42, αcorr = 0.004). Eleven of these 13 metabolites were replicated in the TwinsUK study, including seven metabolite concentrations that increased with age (C0, C10:1, C12:1, C18:1, SM C16:1, SM C18:1, and PC aa C28:1), while histidine decreased. These results indicate that metabolic profiles are age dependent and might reflect different aging processes, such as incomplete mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. The use of metabolomics will increase our understanding of aging networks and may lead to discoveries that help enhance healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghao Yu
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Guangju Zhai
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Paula Singmann
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ying He
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, 200235 Shanghai, China
- Key Lab of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Werner Römisch‐Margl
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva Lattka
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Mittelstraß
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinz‐Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health Adjunct Associate Professor of Environmental Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität, 82152 Planegg‐Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, 24144 Education City–Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yixue Li
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, 200235 Shanghai, China
- Key Lab of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Life and Food Science Center Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising‐Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rui Wang‐Sattler
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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113
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Mateescu RG, Garmyn AJ, O'Neil MA, Tait RG, Abuzaid A, Mayes MS, Garrick DJ, Van Eenennaam AL, VanOverbeke DL, Hilton GG, Beitz DC, Reecy JM. Genetic parameters for carnitine, creatine, creatinine, carnosine, and anserine concentration in longissimus muscle and their association with palatability traits in Angus cattle1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4248-55. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-5077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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114
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Gene expression of carnosine-related enzymes and transporters in skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:1169-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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115
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Liu P, Ge X, Ding H, Jiang H, Christensen BM, Li J. Role of glutamate decarboxylase-like protein 1 (GADL1) in taurine biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40898-906. [PMID: 23038267 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.393728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript concerns the tissue-specific transcription of mouse and cattle glutamate decarboxylase-like protein 1 (GADL1) and the biochemical activities of human GADL1 recombinant protein. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that GADL1 appears late in evolution, only being found in reptiles, birds, and mammals. RT-PCR determined that GADL1 mRNA is transcribed at high levels in mouse and cattle skeletal muscles and also in mouse kidneys. Substrate screening determined that GADL1, unlike its name implies, has no detectable GAD activity, but it is able to efficiently catalyze decarboxylation of aspartate, cysteine sulfinic acid, and cysteic acid to β-alanine, hypotaurine, and taurine, respectively. Western blot analysis verified the presence of GADL1 in mouse muscles, kidneys, C2C12 myoblasts, and C2C12 myotubes. Incubation of the supernatant of fresh muscle or kidney extracts with cysteine sulfinic acid resulted in the detection of hypotaurine or taurine in the reaction mixtures, suggesting the possible involvement of GADL1 in taurine biosynthesis. However, when the tissue samples were incubated with aspartate, no β-alanine production was observed. We proposed several possibilities that might explain the inactivation of ADC activity of GADL1 in tissue protein extracts. Although β-alanine-producing activity was not detected in the supernatant of tissue protein extracts, its potential role in β-alanine synthesis cannot be excluded. There are several inhibitors of the ADC activity of GADL1 identified. The discovery of GADL1 biochemical activities, in conjunction with its expression and activities in muscles and kidneys, provides some tangible insight toward establishing its physiological function(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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116
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Smith-Ryan AE, Fukuda DH, Stout JR, Kendall KL. High-Velocity Intermittent Running. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:2798-805. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318267922b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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117
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Vistoli G, Carini M, Aldini G. Transforming dietary peptides in promising lead compounds: the case of bioavailable carnosine analogs. Amino Acids 2012; 43:111-26. [PMID: 22286834 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability of carnosine to prevent advanced glycoxidation end products (AGEs) and advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) formation, on the one hand, and the convincing evidence that these compounds act as pathogenetic factors, on the other hand, strongly support carnosine as a promising therapeutic agent for oxidative-based diseases. The mechanism/s by which carnosine inhibits AGEs and ALEs is still under investigation but an emerging hypothesis is that carnosine acts by deactivating the AGEs and ALEs precursors and in particular the reactive carbonyl species (RCS) generated by both lipid and sugar oxidation. The ability of carnosine to inhibit AGEs and ALEs formation and the corresponding biological effects has been demonstrated in several in vitro studies and in some animal models. However, such effects are in line of principle, limited in humans, due to the effect of serum carnosinase (absent in rodents), which catalyzes the carnosine hydrolysis to its constitutive amino acids. Such a limitation has prompted a great interest in the design of carnosine derivatives, which maintaining (or improving) the reactivity with RCS, are more resistant to carnosinase. The present paper intends to critically review the most recent studies oriented to obtaining carnosine derivatives, optimized in terms of reactivity with RCS, selectivity (no reaction with physiological aldehydes) and the pharmacokinetic profile (mainly through an enhanced resistance to carnosinase hydrolysis). The review also includes a brief description of AGEs and ALEs as drug targets and the evidence so far reported regarding the ability of carnosine as inhibitor of AGEs and ALEs formation and the proposed reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pietro Pratesi, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
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118
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Caruso J, Charles J, Unruh K, Giebel R, Learmonth L, Potter W. Ergogenic effects of β-alanine and carnosine: proposed future research to quantify their efficacy. Nutrients 2012; 4:585-601. [PMID: 22852051 PMCID: PMC3407982 DOI: 10.3390/nu4070585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
β-alanine is an amino acid that, when combined with histidine, forms the dipeptide carnosine within skeletal muscle. Carnosine and β-alanine each have multiple purposes within the human body; this review focuses on their roles as ergogenic aids to exercise performance and suggests how to best quantify the former’s merits as a buffer. Carnosine normally makes a small contribution to a cell’s total buffer capacity; yet β-alanine supplementation raises intracellular carnosine concentrations that in turn improve a muscle’s ability to buffer protons. Numerous studies assessed the impact of oral β-alanine intake on muscle carnosine levels and exercise performance. β-alanine may best act as an ergogenic aid when metabolic acidosis is the primary factor for compromised exercise performance. Blood lactate kinetics, whereby the concentration of the metabolite is measured as it enters and leaves the vasculature over time, affords the best opportunity to assess the merits of β-alanine supplementation’s ergogenic effect. Optimal β-alanine dosages have not been determined for persons of different ages, genders and nutritional/health conditions. Doses as high as 6.4 g day−1, for ten weeks have been administered to healthy subjects. Paraesthesia is to date the only side effect from oral β-alanine ingestion. The severity and duration of paraesthesia episodes are dose-dependent. It may be unwise for persons with a history of paraesthesia to ingest β-alanine. As for any supplement, caution should be exercised with β-alanine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Caruso
- Exercise & Sports Science Program, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA; (J.C.); (K.U.); (R.G.); (L.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-918-631-2924; Fax: +1-918-631-2068
| | - Jessica Charles
- Exercise & Sports Science Program, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA; (J.C.); (K.U.); (R.G.); (L.L.)
| | - Kayla Unruh
- Exercise & Sports Science Program, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA; (J.C.); (K.U.); (R.G.); (L.L.)
| | - Rachel Giebel
- Exercise & Sports Science Program, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA; (J.C.); (K.U.); (R.G.); (L.L.)
| | - Lexis Learmonth
- Exercise & Sports Science Program, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA; (J.C.); (K.U.); (R.G.); (L.L.)
| | - William Potter
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA;
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Miyaji T, Sato M, Maemura H, Takahata Y, Morimatsu F. Expression profiles of carnosine synthesis-related genes in mice after ingestion of carnosine or ß-alanine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2012; 9:15. [PMID: 22510233 PMCID: PMC3407494 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-9-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carnosine is a dipeptide that improves exercise performance. The carnosine synthesis mechanism through carnosine and ß-alanine ingestion remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the tissue distribution of carnosine synthase, ATP-grasp domain-containing protein-1 (ATPGD1) mRNA, and ATPGD1 and carnosine specific dipeptidase (CN1) gene expression profiles in mice that were given carnosine or ß-alanine orally. Methods ddY mice (7-week-old) were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6 to 8 animals per group) and were orally given 2 g/kg body weight of carnosine, ß-alanine, or water. After 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, or 360 min of treatment, the tissues (brain, blood, liver, kidneys, olfactory bulbs, hindleg muscles) were collected. The obtained tissues measured the expression of ATPGD1 and CN1 genes using quantitative PCR methods. Results The ATPGD1 gene was expressed in muscle and to a lesser extent in brain. The expression of ATPGD1 in the vastus lateralis muscle increased significantly at 180 min (P = 0.023) after carnosine ingestion and 60 (P = 0.023) and 180 min (P = 0.025) after ß-alanine ingestion. Moreover, the carnosine group showed a significantly increased renal expression of the CN1 gene 60 min after ingestion (P = 0.0015). Conclusions The ATPGD1 gene showed high expression levels in brain and muscle. The ß-alanine or carnosine administration significantly increased ATPGD1 and CN1 expression in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Miyaji
- Research and Development Center, Nippon Meat Packers, Inc,, 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2646, Japan.
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Boldyrev AA. Carnosine: New concept for the function of an old molecule. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:313-26. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912040013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dutka TL, Lamboley CR, McKenna MJ, Murphy RM, Lamb GD. Effects of carnosine on contractile apparatus Ca2+ sensitivity and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release in human skeletal muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112:728-36. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01331.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in potential ergogenic and therapeutic effects of increasing skeletal muscle carnosine content, although its effects on excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in human muscle have not been defined. Consequently, we sought to characterize what effects carnosine, at levels attained by supplementation, has on human muscle fiber function, using a preparation with all key EC coupling proteins in their in situ positions. Fiber segments, obtained from vastus lateralis muscle of human subjects by needle biopsy, were mechanically skinned, and their Ca2+ release and contractile apparatus properties were characterized. Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile apparatus was significantly increased by 8 and 16 mM carnosine (increase in pCa50 of 0.073 ± 0.007 and 0.116 ± 0.006 pCa units, respectively, in six type I fibers, and 0.063 ± 0.018 and 0.103 ± 0.013 pCa units, respectively, in five type II fibers). Caffeine-induced force responses were potentiated by 8 mM carnosine in both type I and II fibers, with the potentiation in type II fibers being entirely explicable by the increase in Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile apparatus caused by carnosine. However, the potentiation of caffeine-induced responses caused by carnosine in type I fibers was beyond that expected from the associated increase in Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile apparatus and suggestive of increased Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. Thus increasing muscle carnosine content likely confers benefits to muscle performance in both fiber types by increasing the Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile apparatus and possibly also by aiding Ca2+ release in type I fibers, helping to lessen or slow the decline in muscle performance during fatiguing stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. L. Dutka
- Department of Zoology, La Trobe University; and
| | - C. R. Lamboley
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M. J. McKenna
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - G. D. Lamb
- Department of Zoology, La Trobe University; and
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Huang J, Zhang L, Tang H. Solid-state NMR analyses reveal the structure dependence of the molecular dynamics for ω-amino acids. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:2096-103. [PMID: 22251439 DOI: 10.1021/jp211623n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecular dynamics of metabolites is structure dependent and vitally important for the interactive functions in their potential applications as natural materials. To understand the relationship between molecular structure and dynamics, the molecular motions of four structurally related ω-amino acids (β-alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, 5-aminovaleric acid, and 6-aminocaproic acid) were investigated by measuring their proton spin-lattice relaxation times (T(1), T(1ρ)) as a function of temperature (180-440 K). (13)C CPMAS NMR and DSC analyses were performed to obtain complementary information. All of these ω-amino acids showed no phase transition in the temperature range studied but had outstandingly long proton T(1) at 300 MHz and even at 20 MHz for the deuterated forms. The molecular dynamics of all these ω-amino acids were dominated by the reorientation motions of amino groups and backbone motions except in β-alanine. The activation energies for amino group reorientations were positively correlated with the strength of hydrogen bonds involving these groups in the crystals and the carbon-chain lengths, whereas such energies for the backbone motions were inversely correlated with the carbon-chain lengths. These findings provided essential information for the molecular dynamics of ω-amino acids and demonstrated the combined solid-state NMR methods as a useful approach for understanding the structural dependence of molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Wuhan 430071, PR China
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Stellingwerff T, Decombaz J, Harris RC, Boesch C. Optimizing human in vivo dosing and delivery of β-alanine supplements for muscle carnosine synthesis. Amino Acids 2012; 43:57-65. [PMID: 22358258 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interest into the effects of carnosine on cellular metabolism is rapidly expanding. The first study to demonstrate in humans that chronic β-alanine (BA) supplementation (~3-6 g BA/day for ~4 weeks) can result in significantly augmented muscle carnosine concentrations (>50%) was only recently published. BA supplementation is potentially poised for application beyond the niche exercise and performance-enhancement field and into other more clinical populations. When examining all BA supplementation studies that directly measure muscle carnosine (n=8), there is a significant linear correlation between total grams of BA consumed (of daily intake ranges of 1.6-6.4 g BA/day) versus both the relative and absolute increases in muscle carnosine. Supporting this, a recent dose-response study demonstrated a large linear dependency (R2=0.921) based on the total grams of BA consumed over 8 weeks. The pre-supplementation baseline carnosine or individual subjects' body weight (from 65 to 90 kg) does not appear to impact on subsequent carnosine synthesis from BA consumption. Once muscle carnosine is augmented, the washout is very slow (~2%/week). Recently, a slow-release BA tablet supplement has been developed showing a smaller peak plasma BA concentration and delayed time to peak, with no difference in the area under the curve compared to pure BA in solution. Further, this slow-release profile resulted in a reduced urinary BA loss and improved retention, while at the same time, eliciting minimal paraesthesia symptoms. However, our complete understanding of optimizing in vivo delivery and dosing of BA is still in its infancy. Thus, this review will clarify our current knowledge of BA supplementation to augment muscle carnosine as well as highlight future research questions on the regulatory points of control for muscle carnosine synthesis.
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Hobson RM, Saunders B, Ball G, Harris RC, Sale C. Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis. Amino Acids 2012; 43:25-37. [PMID: 22270875 PMCID: PMC3374095 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to the well-defined role of β-alanine as a substrate of carnosine (a major contributor to H+ buffering during high-intensity exercise), β-alanine is fast becoming a popular ergogenic aid to sports performance. There have been several recent qualitative review articles published on the topic, and here we present a preliminary quantitative review of the literature through a meta-analysis. A comprehensive search of the literature was employed to identify all studies suitable for inclusion in the analysis; strict exclusion criteria were also applied. Fifteen published manuscripts were included in the analysis, which reported the results of 57 measures within 23 exercise tests, using 18 supplementation regimes and a total of 360 participants [174, β-alanine supplementation group (BA) and 186, placebo supplementation group (Pla)]. BA improved (P = 0.002) the outcome of exercise measures to a greater extent than Pla [median effect size (IQR): BA 0.374 (0.140–0.747), Pla 0.108 (−0.019 to 0.487)]. Some of that effect might be explained by the improvement (P = 0.013) in exercise capacity with BA compared to Pla; no improvement was seen for exercise performance (P = 0.204). In line with the purported mechanisms for an ergogenic effect of β-alanine supplementation, exercise lasting 60–240 s was improved (P = 0.001) in BA compared to Pla, as was exercise of >240 s (P = 0.046). In contrast, there was no benefit of β-alanine on exercise lasting <60 s (P = 0.312). The median effect of β-alanine supplementation is a 2.85% (−0.37 to 10.49%) improvement in the outcome of an exercise measure, when a median total of 179 g of β-alanine is supplemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Hobson
- Biomedical, Life and Health Sciences Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
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Carnosine derivatives: new multifunctional drug-like molecules. Amino Acids 2011; 43:153-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Décombaz J, Beaumont M, Vuichoud J, Bouisset F, Stellingwerff T. Effect of slow-release β-alanine tablets on absorption kinetics and paresthesia. Amino Acids 2011; 43:67-76. [PMID: 22139410 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oral β-alanine (βA) doses larger than 800 mg commonly result in unpleasant sensory symptoms (paresthesia). However, the association of form (pure vs. slow-release) with side-effects has not been fully described. The aim of this single-blinded, randomized three-arm clinical trial was to compare plasma kinetics and symptoms following βA bolus administration in solution or in slow-release tablet form. Eleven healthy adults ingested 1.6 g of a pure βA reference solution (REF), 1.6 g in slow-release βA tablets (TAB) or a placebo (PLA) after an overnight fast. During the next 6 h, urinary and plasma βA concentrations were measured and questionnaires about intensity, nature (pins and needles, itching, flushing, irritation, numbness, soreness), and spatial distribution of unusual sensations were filled in. TAB resulted in a smaller peak plasma concentration than REF (82 vs. 248 μmol L(-1), p<0.001), delayed time to peak (1.0 vs. 0.5 h, p<0.01) no difference in area under the curve, reduced loss in urine (202 vs. 663 μmol, p<0.0001), and improved retention (98.9 vs. 96.3%, p<0.001). Symptoms described as "pins and needles" were perceived rapidly on the skin of the arms and trunk after REF (Tmax=15 min) and their time course nearly mimicked plasma concentrations. Maximum intensity scores were weaker with TAB ("very low") than with REF ("low", p<0.001), while TAB and PLA did not differ with respect to side-effects. In summary, ingesting 1.6 g βA in slow-release tablets rather than pure in solution results in slower absorption kinetics, improved whole body retention and sensory side-effects that cannot be differentiated from PLA.
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Reduced muscle carnosine content in type 2, but not in type 1 diabetic patients. Amino Acids 2011; 43:21-4. [PMID: 22120670 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Carnosine is present in high concentrations in skeletal muscle where it contributes to acid buffering and functions also as a natural protector against oxidative and carbonyl stress. Animal studies have shown an anti-diabetic effect of carnosine supplementation. High carnosinase activity, the carnosine degrading enzyme in serum, is a risk factor for diabetic complications in humans. The aim of the present study was to compare the muscle carnosine concentration in diabetic subjects to the level in non-diabetics. Type 1 and 2 diabetic patients and matched healthy controls (total n=58) were included in the study. Muscle carnosine content was evaluated by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (3 Tesla) in soleus and gastrocnemius. Significantly lower carnosine content (-45%) in gastrocnemius muscle, but not in soleus, was shown in type 2 diabetic patients compared with controls. No differences were observed in type 1 diabetic patients. Type II diabetic patients display a reduced muscular carnosine content. A reduction in muscle carnosine concentration may be partially associated with defective mechanisms against oxidative, glycative and carbonyl stress in muscle.
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Smith AE, Stout JR, Kendall KL, Fukuda DH, Cramer JT. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: the effects of β-alanine supplementation in women. Amino Acids 2011; 43:77-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Gualano B, Lugaresi R, de Salles Painelli V, Painelli de Salles V, Queiroz ACC, Artioli G, Roschel H, Otaduy MC, Leite CDC, Lancha AH. Creatine supplementation does not augment muscle carnosine content in type 2 diabetic patients. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36:764-7. [PMID: 21999299 DOI: 10.1139/h11-083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether creatine supplementation affects muscle carnosine content in type 2 diabetic patients. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either creatine (5 g·day(-1)) or placebo in a double-blind fashion. At baseline and after 12 weeks, carnosine content was evaluated in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles by using a 1H-MRS technique. No changes were found in gastrocnemius (p = 0.81) and soleus (p = 0.85). We concluded that creatine supplementation does not augment muscle carnosine content in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gualano
- School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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SALE CRAIG, SAUNDERS BRYAN, HUDSON SEAN, WISE JOHNA, HARRIS ROGERC, SUNDERLAND CAROLINED. Effect of β-Alanine Plus Sodium Bicarbonate on High-Intensity Cycling Capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:1972-8. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182188501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stellingwerff T, Anwander H, Egger A, Buehler T, Kreis R, Decombaz J, Boesch C. Effect of two β-alanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine synthesis and washout. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2461-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Neuroprotective features of carnosine in oxidative driven diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 32:258-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Stellingwerff T, Maughan RJ, Burke LM. Nutrition for power sports: Middle-distance running, track cycling, rowing, canoeing/kayaking, and swimming. J Sports Sci 2011; 29 Suppl 1:S79-89. [PMID: 21793766 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.589469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
A well designed diet is the foundation upon which optimal training and performance can be developed. However, as long as competitive sports have existed, athletes have attempted to improve their performance by ingesting a variety of substances. This practice has given rise to a multi-billion-dollar industry that aggressively markets its products as performance enhancing, often without objective, scientific evidence to support such claims. While a number of excellent reviews have evaluated the performance-enhancing effects of most dietary supplements, less attention has been paid to the performance-enhancing claims of dietary supplements in the context of team-sport performance. Dietary supplements that enhance some types of athletic performance may not necessarily enhance team-sport performance (and vice versa). Thus, the first aim of this review is to critically evaluate the ergogenic value of the most common dietary supplements used by team-sport athletes. The term dietary supplements will be used in this review and is defined as any product taken by the mouth, in addition to common foods, that has been proposed to have a performance-enhancing effect; this review will only discuss substances that are not currently banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Evidence is emerging to support the performance-enhancing claims of some, but not all, dietary supplements that have been proposed to improve team-sport-related performance. For example, there is good evidence that caffeine can improve single-sprint performance, while caffeine, creatine and sodium bicarbonate ingestion have all been demonstrated to improve multiple-sprint performance. The evidence is not so strong for the performance-enhancing benefits of β-alanine or colostrum. Current evidence does not support the ingestion of ribose, branched-chain amino acids or β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, especially in well trained athletes. More research on the performance-enhancing effects of the dietary supplements highlighted in this review needs to be conducted using team-sport athletes and using team-sport-relevant testing (e.g. single- and multiple-sprint performance). It should also be considered that there is no guarantee that dietary supplements that improve isolated performance (i.e. single-sprint or jump performance) will remain effective in the context of a team-sport match. Thus, more research is also required to investigate the effects of dietary supplements on simulated or actual team-sport performance. A second aim of this review was to investigate any health issues associated with the ingestion of the more commonly promoted dietary supplements. While most of the supplements described in the review appear safe when using the recommended dose, the effects of higher doses (as often taken by athletes) on indices of health remain unknown, and further research is warranted. Finally, anecdotal reports suggest that team-sport athletes often ingest more than one dietary supplement and very little is known about the potential adverse effects of ingesting multiple supplements. Supplements that have been demonstrated to be safe and efficacious when ingested on their own may have adverse effects when combined with other supplements. More research is required to investigate the effects of ingesting multiple supplements (both on performance and health).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) and School of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Baguet A, Everaert I, De Naeyer H, Reyngoudt H, Stegen S, Beeckman S, Achten E, Vanhee L, Volkaert A, Petrovic M, Taes Y, Derave W. Effects of sprint training combined with vegetarian or mixed diet on muscle carnosine content and buffering capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:2571-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mujika I, Burke LM. Nutrition in team sports. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2011; 57 Suppl 2:26-35. [PMID: 21346334 DOI: 10.1159/000322700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Team sports are based on intermittent high-intensity activity patterns, but the exact characteristics vary between and within codes, and from one game to the next. Despite the challenge of predicting exact game demands, performance in team sports is often dependent on nutritional factors. Chronic issues include achieving ideal levels of muscle mass and body fat, and supporting the nutrient needs of the training program. Acute issues, both for training and in games, include strategies that allow the player to be well fuelled and hydrated over the duration of exercise. Each player should develop a plan of consuming fluid and carbohydrate according to the needs of their activity patterns, within the breaks that are provided in their sport. In seasonal fixtures, competition varies from a weekly game in some codes to 2-3 games over a weekend road trip in others, and a tournament fixture usually involves 1-3 days between matches. Recovery between events is a major priority, involving rehydration, refuelling and repair/adaptation activities. Some sports supplements may be of value to the team athlete. Sports drinks, gels and liquid meals may be valuable in allowing nutritional goals to be met, while caffeine, creatine and buffering agents may directly enhance performance.
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Baguet A, Bourgois J, Vanhee L, Achten E, Derave W. Important role of muscle carnosine in rowing performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:1096-101. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00141.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the presence of carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) in millimolar concentrations in human skeletal muscle is poorly understood. Chronic oral β-alanine supplementation is shown to elevate muscle carnosine content and improve anaerobic exercise performance during some laboratory tests, mainly in the untrained. It remains to be determined whether carnosine loading can improve single competition-like events in elite athletes. The aims of the present study were to investigate if performance is related to the muscle carnosine content and if β-alanine supplementation improves performance in highly trained rowers. Eighteen Belgian elite rowers were supplemented for 7 wk with either placebo or β-alanine (5 g/day). Before and following supplementation, muscle carnosine content in soleus and gastrocnemius medialis was measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and the performance was evaluated in a 2,000-m ergometer test. At baseline, there was a strong positive correlation between 100-, 500-, 2,000-, and 6,000-m speed and muscle carnosine content. After β-alanine supplementation, the carnosine content increased by 45.3% in soleus and 28.2% in gastrocnemius. Following supplementation, the β-alanine group was 4.3 s faster than the placebo group, whereas before supplementation they were 0.3 s slower ( P = 0.07). Muscle carnosine elevation was positively correlated to 2,000-m performance enhancement ( P = 0.042 and r = 0.498). It can be concluded that the positive correlation between baseline muscle carnosine levels and rowing performance and the positive correlation between changes in muscle carnosine and performance improvement suggest that muscle carnosine is a new determinant of rowing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Baguet
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University; and
| | - Jan Bourgois
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University; and
| | - Lander Vanhee
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University; and
| | - Eric Achten
- Department of Radiology, Ghent Institute for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University; and
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Vegetarianism, female gender and increasing age, but not CNDP1 genotype, are associated with reduced muscle carnosine levels in humans. Amino Acids 2010; 40:1221-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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