101
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Khiaosa-Ard R, Bryner S, Scheeder M, Wettstein HR, Leiber F, Kreuzer M, Soliva C. Evidence for the inhibition of the terminal step of ruminal α-linolenic acid biohydrogenation by condensed tannins. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:177-88. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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102
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Rogosic J, Pfister JA, Provenza FD, Pavlicevic J. The effect of polyethylene glycol on intake of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep and goats1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:3491-6. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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103
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Hess H, Mera M, Tiemann T, Lascano C, Kreuzer M. In vitro assessment of the suitability of replacing the low-tannin legume Vigna unguiculata with the tanniniferous legumes Leucaena leucocephala, Flemingia macrophylla or Calliandra calothyrsus in a tropical grass diet. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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104
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He F, Pan QH, Shi Y, Duan CQ. Biosynthesis and genetic regulation of proanthocyanidins in plants. Molecules 2008; 13:2674-703. [PMID: 18971863 PMCID: PMC6245171 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13102674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs), also known as condensed tannins, are a group of polyphenolic secondary metabolites synthesized in plants as oligomers or polymers of flavan-3-ol units via the flavonoid pathway. Due to their structural complexity and varied composition, only in the recent years has the study on the biosynthesis and regulation of PAs in plants taken off, although some details of the synthetic mechanism remain unclear. This paper aims to summarize the status of research on the structures of PAs in plants, the genes encoding key enzymes of biosynthetic pathway, the transport factors, the transcriptional regulation of PA biosynthesis and the genetic manipulation of PAs. The problems of this field were also discussed, including the nature of the final "enzyme" which catalyzes the polymerization reaction of PAs and the possible mechanism of how the elementary units of flavanols are assembled in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China.
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105
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In vitro ruminal fermentation of tanniniferous tropical plants: Plant-specific tannin effects and counteracting efficiency of PEG. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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106
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Manteca X, Villalba JJ, Atwood SB, Dziba L, Provenza FD. Is dietary choice important to animal welfare? J Vet Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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107
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Spatial scales of foraging in fallow deer: Implications for associational effects in plant defences. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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108
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Shimada T. Hoarding behaviors of two wood mouse species: Different preference for acorns of two Fagaceae species. Ecol Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2001.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimada
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Momoyama, Kyoto 612‐0855, Japan
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109
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Selection for nutrients by red deer hinds feeding on a mixed forest edge. Oecologia 2008; 156:715-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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110
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Hofmann RR, Streich WJ, Fickel J, Hummel J, Clauss M. Convergent evolution in feeding types: salivary gland mass differences in wild ruminant species. J Morphol 2008; 269:240-57. [PMID: 17957712 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the ongoing debate about divergent evolutionary morphophysiological adaptations of grazing and browsing ruminants, the size of the salivary glands has received special attention. Here, we report the most comprehensive dataset on ruminant salivary glands so far, with data on the Glandula parotis (n=62 species), Gl. mandibularis (n=61), Gl. buccalis ventralis (n=44), and Gl. sublingualis (n=30). All four salivary gland complexes showed allometric scaling with body mass (BM); in all cases, the 95% confidence interval for the allometric exponent included 0.75 but did not include 1.0 (linearity); therefore, like other parameters linked to the process of food intake, salivary gland mass appears to be correlated to metabolic body weight (BM0.75), and comparisons of relative salivary gland mass between species should rather be made on the basis of BM0.75 than as a percentage of BM. In the subsequent analyses, the percentage of grass (%grass) in the natural diet was used to characterize the feeding type; the phylogenetic tree used for a controlled statistical evaluation was entirely based on mitochondrial DNA information. Regardless of phylogenetic control in the statistical treatment, there was, for all four gland complexes, a significant positive correlation of BM and gland mass, and a significant negative correlation between %grass in the natural diet and gland mass. If the Gl. parotis was analyzed either for cervid or for bovid species only, the negative correlation of gland mass and %grass was still significant in either case; an inspection of certain ruminant subfamilies, however, suggested that a convergent evolutionary adaptation can only be demonstrated if a sufficient variety of ruminant subfamilies are included in a dataset. The results support the concept that ruminant species that ingest more grass have smaller salivary glands, possibly indicating a reduced requirement for the production of salivary tannin-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinold R Hofmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin 10315, Germany
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111
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El-Meccawi S, Kam M, Brosh A, Degen A. Heat production and energy balance of sheep and goats fed sole diets of Acacia saligna and Medicago sativa. Small Rumin Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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112
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Thines NJ, Shipley LA, Bassman JH, Slusser JR, Gao W. UV-B effects on the nutritional chemistry of plants and the responses of a mammalian herbivore. Oecologia 2008; 156:125-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-0978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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113
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Clauss M, Castell JC, Kienzle E, Dierenfeld ES, Flach EJ, Behlert O, Ortmann S, Streich WJ, Hummel J, Hatt JM. The influence of dietary tannin supplementation on digestive performance in captive black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008; 91:449-58. [PMID: 17988348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Free-ranging browsers such as the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) consume a diet that contains tannins, whereas the diets offered to them in captivity consist mostly of items known to contain hardly any such secondary plant compounds. Tannins could have potentially beneficial effects, including the chelation of dietary iron (iron storage disease is a common problem in black rhinos). Here, we tested the acceptance, and the consequences on digestion variables, of a low-dose tannin supplementation in captive animals. Eight black rhinoceroses from three zoological institutions were used. Faecal output was quantified by total faecal collection. Diets fed were regular zoo diets supplemented with either tannic acid (T, hydrolysable tannin) or quebracho (Q, condensed tannins); overall tannin source intake increased at 5-15 g/kg dry matter (DM) in relation to regular zoo diets. Adaptation periods to the new diets were >2 months. Additional data were taken from one hitherto unpublished study. Data were compared to measurements in the same animals on their regular zoo diets. All animals accepted the new diets without hesitation. There was no influence of tannin supplementation on digestion coefficients of DM and its constituents, or faecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids or lactate. Water intake did not increase during tannin supplementation. Should the inclusion of dietary tannin sources be an objective in the development of diets for captive rhinoceroses, moderate doses such as used in this study are unlikely to cause relevant depressions of digestive efficiency and will not interfere with bacterial fermentation in a relevant way.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clauss
- Division of Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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114
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Duncan AJ, Poppi DP. Nutritional Ecology of Grazing and Browsing Ruminants. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-72422-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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115
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Influence of tannic acid application on alfalfa hay: in vitro rumen fermentation, serum metabolites and nitrogen balance in sheep. Animal 2008; 2:381-90. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107001486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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116
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117
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Potential mechanisms to increase shrub intake and performance of small ruminants in mediterranean shrubby ecosystems. Small Rumin Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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118
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M. Shrader A, P. Kotler B, S. Brown J, I. H. Kerley G. Providing water for goats in arid landscapes: effects on feeding effort with regard to time period, herd size and secondary compounds. OIKOS 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.16410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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119
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Nutrient composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of tropical legume mixtures with contrasting tannin contents. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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120
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Bergvall UA, Rautio P, Luotola T, Leimar O. A test of simultaneous and successive negative contrast in fallow deer foraging behaviour. Anim Behav 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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121
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Snyder LU, Luginbuhl JM, Mueller J, Conrad A, Turner K. Intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization of Robinia pseudoacacia foliage fed to growing goat wethers. Small Rumin Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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122
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Bassman JH. Ecosystem Consequences of Enhanced Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: Secondary Plant Metabolites as Mediators of Multiple Trophic Interactions in Terrestrial Plant Communities¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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123
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124
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Sauvé DG, Côté SD. Is winter diet quality related to body condition of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)? An experiment using urine profiles. CAN J ZOOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/z06-086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During winter, boreal forest herbivores have access to only poor-quality forage. On Anticosti Island (Quebec, Canada), the ongoing reduction of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.) owing to overbrowsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) may force deer to include a higher proportion of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), a browse normally avoided, in their winter diet. We tested the hypotheses that (i) deer body condition during winter and (ii) the costs of detoxification of plant secondary metabolites in the winter diet could be estimated by monitoring the 3-methylhistidine / creatinine and glucuronic acid / creatinine ratios, respectively, in urine collected in snow from white-tailed deer fawns. Doubling the amount of white spruce in the winter diet of deer (from the current 20% under natural conditions to 40%) did not increase 3-methylhistidine / creatinine ratios but increased the glucuronic acid / creatinine ratio in urine, suggesting that a diet containing more spruce was more toxic. A weak positive relationship was observed between 3-methylhistidine and percent cumulative mass loss. There was no relationship between the 3-methylhistidine / creatinine ratio and the number of days left before death, as well as no relationship between the ratio of glucuronic acid / creatinine and percent cumulative mass loss. We conclude that the costs of detoxification of plant secondary metabolites in the winter diet of white-tailed deer in boreal forests could be monitored with glucuronic acid / creatinine ratios, but that 3-methylhistidine / creatinine ratios were weak indicators of deer body condition in winter.
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125
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Shimada T, Saitoh T, Sasaki E, Nishitani Y, Osawa R. Role of Tannin-Binding Salivary Proteins and Tannase-Producing Bacteria in the Acclimation of the Japanese Wood Mouse to Acorn Tannins. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:1165-80. [PMID: 16770711 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied the defense mechanisms against the negative effects of tannins in acorns by using the Japanese wood mouse (Apodemus speciosus) and acorns of a Japanese deciduous oak Quercus crispula, which contain 9.9% tannins on a dry weight basis. For the experiment, we allocated 26 wood mice into two groups: acclimated (N = 12) and nonacclimated (N = 14). Mice in the nonacclimated group were fed only acorns for 10 d after 4 wk of receiving a tannin-free diet. In contrast, mice in the acclimated group received ca. 3 g acorns daily in addition to the tannin-free diet for the first 4 wk, then they were fed only acorns for 10 d. Body weight, food intake, and digestibility were monitored. In addition, the amount of salivary proline-rich proteins (PRPs) and abundance of tannase-producing bacteria (TPB) in the feces of mice were measured. Of the 14 mice in the nonacclimated group, 8 died, whereas only 1 of the 12 in the acclimated group died. During the first 5 d of feeding acorns only, mice in the nonacclimated group lost, on average, 17.5% of their body mass, while those in the acclimated group lost only 2.5%. Food intake, dry matter digestibility, and nitrogen digestibility were higher in the acclimated group than in the nonacclimated group. The results indicate that wood mice can mitigate the negative effects of tannins by acclimation. Path analysis revealed that increased secretion of PRPs and abundance of Lactobacillus type of TPB might explain the acclimation to tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimada
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Momoyama, Kyoto, Japan.
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126
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Iason GR, Villalba JJ. Behavioral strategies of mammal herbivores against plant secondary metabolites: the avoidance-tolerance continuum. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:1115-32. [PMID: 16770708 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We review the evidence for behavioral avoidance of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) and identify how, and the circumstances under which it occurs. Behavioral strategies of avoidance of PSM can only be fully understood in relation to the underlying physiological processes or constraints. There is considerable evidence that animals learn to avoid PSMs on the basis of negative postingestive effects. The extent to which this process determines foraging choices is limited by the ability of animals to experience the consequences of their behaviors and associate particular cues in foods with their specific effects in the body. The proposed learning mechanisms require that animals must at least "sample" plants that contain PSMs. They do not completely avoid PSMs, but there is evidence that they restrict their ingestion to within limits that they are physiologically able to tolerate, and that the amounts of PSM ingested result from a balance between toxicological considerations and the nutrient content of the plant material. These limits are influenced by the kinetics of PSM elimination, which underlies patterns of bite and patch selection from plant parts to landscapes. We suggest that altering spatial location of feeding (to alternative food patches or alternative foods within patches, including plant parts), and temporal distribution of feeding activity, by either cessation of feeding or by continuing to feed, but on alternative foods, can both lead to reduction of the intake and toxic effects of PSMs. We propose that the strategy of avoidance or reduction of intake of PSMs coevolved with the animal's ability to physiologically tolerate their ingestion, and that avoidance and tolerance are inversely related (the avoidance-tolerance continuum). The animals' propensity and ability to seek alternatives also vary with the dispersion of their food resources. Further work is required to test these proposals and integrate temporal and spatial aspects of foraging behavior and its nutritional consequences in relation to PSMs.
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127
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Shaw RA, Villalba JJ, Provenza FD. Resource Availability and Quality Influence Patterns of Diet Mixing by Sheep. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:1267-78. [PMID: 16770717 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In grazing systems, forage availability is a function of herbivore density, which can influence an animal's ability to be selective. In turn, the influence of food availability on selectivity has the potential to influence plant biodiversity. We hypothesized that the ability of herbivores to mix toxin-containing foods in their diets is a function of the availability of nontoxic foods and the nutritional characteristics of the toxin-containing foods. We evaluated this hypothesis in two trials simulating different diet qualities (high-quality foods in trial 1, low-quality foods in trial 2). Within each trial, the four treatment groups were offered with different amounts of nutritious, familiar foods-10, 30, 50, and 70% of ad libitum intake-but were offered with ad libitum access to toxin-containing foods. Each lamb was presented with five foods, including three toxin-containing unfamiliar foods (terpenes, tannins, and oxalates) and two nutritious familiar foods (alfalfa and barley). In trial 1, as the availability of nutritious familiar foods decreased, animals ate more of all three toxin-containing foods. As the availability of nutritious alternatives increased, the pattern of selection shifted from terpenes to tannins and oxalates. In trial 2, animals also ate more toxins as the availability of nutritious alternatives decreased, but their pattern of diet mixing changed. Low availability of nutritious alternatives resulted in the animals eating more oxalates. During preference tests when all five foods were offered ad libitum, animals fed with 10, 30, 50, and 70% of ad libitum intake from trial 1 ate 49, 47, 41, and 38% of the three toxin-containing foods, respectively. The lower diet quality in trial 2 affected intake of the toxin-containing foods such that animals fed with 10, 30, 50, and 70% of ad libitum intake ate 37, 36, 29, and 27%, respectively, of the three toxin-containing foods. Thus, the quality of toxin-containing foods and the availability of nutritious alternatives interacted to modify the pattern of diet mixing by lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Shaw
- Department of Forest, Range and Wildlife Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, 84322-5230, USA.
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128
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The dissociation of the fluid and particle phase in the forestomach as a physiological characteristic of large grazing ruminants: an evaluation of available, comparable ruminant passage data. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-005-0024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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129
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HUTCHINGS MICHAELR, JUDGE JOHANNA, GORDON IAINJ, ATHANASIADOU SPIRIDOULA, KYRIAZAKIS ILIAS. Use of trade-off theory to advance understanding of herbivore-parasite interactions. Mamm Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2006.00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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130
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131
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Bergman M, Iason GR, Hester AJ. Feeding patterns by roe deer and rabbits on pine, willow and birch in relation to spatial arrangement. OIKOS 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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132
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Stolter C, Ball JP, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Lieberei R, Ganzhorn JU. Winter browsing of moose on two different willow species: food selection in relation to plant chemistry and plant response. CAN J ZOOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/z05-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the selection criteria of moose, Alces alces (L., 1758), feeding on two willow species, Salix phylicifolia L. and Salix myrsinifolia Salisb., and whether these willows respond chemically. We correlated winter twig browsing with the concentrations of primary and secondary plant compounds in twigs and new leaves. Furthermore, we investigated 12 specific phenolics in twigs of S. phylicifolia. During winter, moose browsed twigs with low concentrations of phenolic compounds. Additionally, we found significant negative correlations between browsing and the concentration of 7 of the 12 specific phenolic compounds in S. phylicifolia. Most importantly, even though ours was a field study and had many potential sources of variation, a multivariate analysis revealed that these specific phenolics predicted 47% of the variation in moose browsing. The two willows reacted in different chemical ways to moose browsing, but both showed signs of defensive response in early spring and compensation growth in summer. Our data demonstrate the importance of plant secondary chemicals for feeding behaviour of moose and underline the importance of working at a species level in studies of plantanimal interactions, especially with the chemically heterogeneous willows.
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133
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Lehman SM, Mayor M, Wright PC. Ecogeographic size variations in Sifakas: a test of the resource seasonality and resource quality hypotheses. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2005; 126:318-28. [PMID: 15386235 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ecogeographic size variations have been documented in some but not all sifakas. Few morphometric or body weight data have been available for two critically endangered subspecies of diademed sifakas: Perrier's sifakas (Propithecus diadema perrieri) and silky sifakas (Propithecus diadema candidus). The objectives of our study were to determine size variations in sifakas and if these variations are related to resource quality and/or resource seasonality. P. d. perrieri and P. d. candidus were captured, weighed, and measured in northern Madagascar. Body weights and morphometrics were compared with other subspecies of diademed sifakas and indris (Indri indri). Differences in body weights and morphometrics between taxa are particularly pronounced for P. d. perrieri compared to P. d. diadema, P. d. edwardsi, and I. indri. Most morphometrics varied in comparisons between P. d. candidus and the other Indriidae (P. d. diadema, P. d. edwardsi, and I. indri). Average body size in sifakas is positively correlated with annual rainfall and negatively correlated with length of dry season. Sifaka body size is not correlated with protein-to-fiber ratios. Thus, size variations in sifakas are related to resource seasonality rather than resource quality. The relationships between the temporal availability of food resources and sifaka body size reflect complex and regionally varying causalities. Detailed, longitudinal information on the ecological factors underlying food selection and nutrient requirements in sifakas are needed to determine the relationship between ecogeographic variables and body size in sifakas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Lehman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada.
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134
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135
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Intake, digestibility and passage rate in Menz sheep fed tef (Eragrostis tef) straw supplemented with dried leaves of selected multipurpose trees, their mixtures or wheat bran. Small Rumin Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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136
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Feed intake, digestion kinetics and rumen volatile fatty acids in Menz rams supplemented with Lablab purpureus or graded levels of Leucaena pallida 14203 and Sesbania sesban 1198. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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137
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Rooke T, Danell K, Bergström R, Skarpe C, Hjältén J. Defensive traits of savanna trees - the role of shoot exposure to browsers. OIKOS 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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138
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Pérez-Barberia FJ, Elston DA, Gordon IJ, Illius AW. The evolution of phylogenetic differences in the efficiency of digestion in ruminants. Proc Biol Sci 2004; 271:1081-90. [PMID: 15293863 PMCID: PMC1691694 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates, for the first time (to our knowledge) for any animal group, the evolution of phylogenetic differences in fibre digestibility across a wide range of feeds that differ in potential fibre digestibility (fibre to lignin ratio) in ruminants. Data, collated from the literature, were analysed using a linear mixed model that allows for different sources of random variability, covariates and fixed effects, as well as controlling for phylogenetic relatedness. This approach overcomes the problem of defining boundaries to separate different ruminant feeding styles (browsers, mixed feeders and grazers) by using two covariates that describe the browser-grazer continuum (proportion of grass and proportion of browse in the natural diet of a species). The results indicate that closely related species are more likely to have similar values of fibre digestibility than species that are more distant in the phylogenetic tree. Body mass did not have any significant effect on fibre digestibility. Fibre digestibility is estimated to increase with the proportion of grass and to decrease with the proportion of browse in the natural diet that characterizes the species. We applied an evolutionary model to infer rates of evolution and ancestral states of fibre digestibility; the model indicates that the rate of evolution of fibre digestibility accelerated across time. We suggest that this could be caused by a combination of increasing competition among ruminant species and adaptation to diets rich in fibre, both related to climatically driven environmental changes in the past few million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Pérez-Barberia
- Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland (BioSS), The Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK.
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139
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Does acclimation reduce the negative effects of acorn tannins in the wood mouseApodemus speciosus? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03192521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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140
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Bassman JH. INVITED REVIEW - Ecosystem Consequences of Enhanced Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: Secondary Plant Metabolites as Mediators of Multiple Trophic Interactions in Terrestrial Plant Communities¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004; 79:382-98. [PMID: 15191046 DOI: 10.1562/si-03-24.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential role of ultraviolet-B (UV-B)-induced secondary plant metabolites as mediators of multiple trophic responses in terrestrial ecosystems is considered through review of the major classes of secondary metabolites, the pathways for their biosynthesis, interactions with primary and secondary consumers and known UV effects on their induction. Gross effects of UV-B radiation on plant growth and survival under realistic spectral balances in the field have been generally lacking, but subtle changes in carbon allocation and partitioning induced by UV-B, in particular production of secondary metabolites, can affect ecosystem-level processes. Secondary metabolites are important in plant-herbivore interactions and may affect pathogens. They act as feeding or oviposition deterrents to generalists and nonadapted specialists, but adapted specialists are stimulated to feed by these same compounds, which they detoxify and often sequester for use against their predators. This provides a route for tritrophic effects of enhanced UV-B radiation whereby herbivory may be increased while predation on the herbivore is simultaneously reduced. It is in this context that secondary metabolites may manifest their most important role. They can be the demonstrable mechanism establishing cause and effect at higher trophic levels because the consequences of their induction can be established at all trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Bassman
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6410, USA.
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Provenza F, Villalba J, Dziba L, Atwood S, Banner R. Linking herbivore experience, varied diets, and plant biochemical diversity. Small Rumin Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(03)00143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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143
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Villalba JJ, Provenza FD, Banner RE. Influence of macronutrients and polyethylene glycol on intake of a quebracho tannin diet by sheep and goats. J Anim Sci 2002; 80:3154-64. [PMID: 12542156 DOI: 10.2527/2002.80123154x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined if supplemental macronutrients or polyethylene glycol (PEG) influenced intake of a tannin diet. Sheep (lambs 5 mo age, 36 kg) and goats (kids 7 mo age, 32 kg) were fed supplements high in either energy or protein or offered a choice between the two supplements before and after receiving a meal containing 15% quebracho tannin. The effect of PEG, a compound that attenuates the negative effects of tannins, was assessed by offering PEG while animals consumed the tannin diet for 4 h/d. Intake of the tannin diet was influenced by both macronutrients and PEG. Animals that chose their own supplements or that received the high-protein supplement, consumed more of the tannin diet than animals fed the high-energy supplement: 34 and 36 vs 31 g/kg(0.75) (lambs) and 41 and 39 vs 34 g/kg(0.75) (kids), respectively (P < 0.05). Animals supplemented with PEG ate much more of the tannin diet than unsupplemented animals: 70 vs 39 g/kg(0.75) (lambs) and 63 vs 34 g/kg(0.75) (kids), respectively (P < 0.001). Sheep and goats consumed more tannin food when given PEG than when supplemented with macronutrients (51 and 38 g/kg(0.75), P < 0.001). Sheep and goats offered a choice between supplements consumed more CP than animals fed the high-energy supplement and more ME than animals fed the high-protein supplement (P < 0.05). In so doing, they selected a combination of foods that yielded a more balanced intake of macronutrients, while achieving high levels of intake of the tannin food. Sheep and goats can be used as an environmentally safe and economically sound means to reduce the abundance of tannin-rich vegetation. Macronutrients and PEG enhance use of tannin-containing plants, which may increase production of alternate forages and create a more diverse mix of species in a plant community.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Villalba
- Department of Rangeland Resources, Utah State University, Logan 84322-5230, USA.
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144
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Martínez T. Summer feeding strategy of Spanish ibexCapra pyrenaica and domestic sheepOvis aries in south-eastern Spain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03192472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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145
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Campbell TA, Ford WM, Hale PE, Wentworth JM, Johnson AS, Miller KV. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF YELLOW-POPLAR FLOWERS TO DEER IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS. SOUTHEAST NAT 2002. [DOI: 10.1656/1528-7092(2002)001[0425:nvoypf]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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146
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147
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Villalba JJ, Provenza FD, Bryant JP. Consequences of the interaction between nutrients and plant secondary metabolites on herbivore selectivity: benefits or detriments for plants? OIKOS 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.970214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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148
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Shipley LA, Felicetti L. Fiber digestibility and nitrogen requirements of blue duikers (Cephalophus monticola). Zoo Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.10025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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