101
|
Chao CC, Kan D, Lo TH, Lu KS, Chien CL. Induction of neural differentiation in rat C6 glioma cells with taxol. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00414. [PMID: 26665000 PMCID: PMC4667627 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is a common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor. Several anticancer drugs affect GBM (glioblastoma multiforme) cells on cell growth and morphology. Taxol is one of the widely used antineoplastic drugs against many types of solid tumors, such as breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers. However, the effect of taxol on GBM cells remains unclear and requires further investigation. METHODS Survival rate of C6 glioma cells under different taxol concentrations was quantified. To clarify the differentiation patterns of rat C6 glioma cells under taxol challenge, survived glioma cells were characterized by immunocytochemical, molecular biological, and cell biological approaches. RESULTS After taxol treatment, not only cell death but also morphological changes, including cell elongation, cellular processes thinning, irregular shapes, and fragmented nucleation or micronuclei, occurred in the survived C6 cells. Neural differentiation markers NFL (for neurons), β III-tubulin (for neurons), GFAP (for astrocytes), and CNPase (for oligodendrocytes) were detected in the taxol-treated C6 cells. Quantitative analysis suggested a significant increase in the percentage of neural differentiated cells. The results exhibited that taxol may trigger neural differentiation in C6 glioma cells. Increased expression of neural differentiation markers in C6 cells after taxol treatment suggest that some anticancer drugs could be applied to elimination of the malignant cancer cells as well as changing proliferation and differentiation status of tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chuan Chao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Daphne Kan
- Center of Genomic Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ta-Hsuan Lo
- Center of Genomic Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chung-Liang Chien
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan; Center of Genomic Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Martin K, Schreiner J, Zippelius A. Modulation of APC Function and Anti-Tumor Immunity by Anti-Cancer Drugs. Front Immunol 2015; 6:501. [PMID: 26483791 PMCID: PMC4586505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs), are central to the initiation and regulation of anti-cancer immunity. However, in the immunosuppressive environment within a tumor APCs may antagonize anti-tumor immunity by inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs) or anergy of effector T cells due to lack of efficient costimulation. Hence, in an optimal setting, anti-cancer drugs have the power to reduce tumor size and thereby may induce the release of tumor antigens and, at the same time, modulate APC function toward efficient priming of antigen-specific effector T cells. Selected cytotoxic agents may revert APC dysfunction either by directly maturing DCs or through induction of immunogenic tumor cell death. Furthermore, specific cytotoxic agents may support adaptive immunity by selectively depleting regulatory subsets, such as Tregs or myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Perspectively, this will allow developing effective combination strategies with novel immunotherapies to exert complementary pressure on tumors via direct toxicity as well as immune activation. We, here, review our current knowledge on the capacity of anti-cancer drugs to modulate APC functions to promote durable anti-cancer immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kea Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Jens Schreiner
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland ; Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
|
104
|
Paclitaxel and Its Evolving Role in the Management of Ovarian Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015. [PMID: 26137480 DOI: 10.1155/2015/413076] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel, a class of taxane with microtubule stabilising ability, has remained with platinum based therapy, the standard care for primary ovarian cancer management. A deeper understanding of the immunological basis and other potential mechanisms of action together with new dosing schedules and/or routes of administration may potentiate its clinical benefit. Newer forms of taxanes, with better safety profiles and higher intratumoural cytotoxicity, have yet to demonstrate clinical superiority over the parent compound.
Collapse
|
105
|
Paclitaxel and Its Evolving Role in the Management of Ovarian Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015. [PMID: 26137480 DOI: 10.1155/2015/413076]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel, a class of taxane with microtubule stabilising ability, has remained with platinum based therapy, the standard care for primary ovarian cancer management. A deeper understanding of the immunological basis and other potential mechanisms of action together with new dosing schedules and/or routes of administration may potentiate its clinical benefit. Newer forms of taxanes, with better safety profiles and higher intratumoural cytotoxicity, have yet to demonstrate clinical superiority over the parent compound.
Collapse
|
106
|
Kampan NC, Madondo MT, McNally OM, Quinn M, Plebanski M. Paclitaxel and Its Evolving Role in the Management of Ovarian Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:413076. [PMID: 26137480 PMCID: PMC4475536 DOI: 10.1155/2015/413076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel, a class of taxane with microtubule stabilising ability, has remained with platinum based therapy, the standard care for primary ovarian cancer management. A deeper understanding of the immunological basis and other potential mechanisms of action together with new dosing schedules and/or routes of administration may potentiate its clinical benefit. Newer forms of taxanes, with better safety profiles and higher intratumoural cytotoxicity, have yet to demonstrate clinical superiority over the parent compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Chandralega Kampan
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3181, Australia
- Gynaeoncology Unit, Royal Women's Hospital, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Mutsa Tatenda Madondo
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3181, Australia
| | - Orla M. McNally
- Gynaeoncology Unit, Royal Women's Hospital, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Michael Quinn
- Gynaeoncology Unit, Royal Women's Hospital, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3181, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Pan W, Sun Q, Wang Y, Wang J, Cao S, Ren X. Highlights on mechanisms of drugs targeting MDSCs: providing a novel perspective on cancer treatment. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3159-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
108
|
Li Q, Prince MEP, Moyer JS. Immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2015; 51:299-304. [PMID: 25624094 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the current state of immunotherapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of the literature with emphasis on clinical trial data. RESULTS Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have long been known to be immunosuppressed. This impairment of the immune system is believed, at least in part, to underlie the poor outcomes in this patient population. Modulating the immune system to improve cancer outcomes is an attractive concept in this difficult to treat population. CONCLUSION New studies have started to unravel the mechanisms of immunosuppression and new therapies are being developed to exploit this new information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Mark E P Prince
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moyer
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Zhao Y, Burkert SC, Tang Y, Sorescu DC, Kapralov AA, Shurin GV, Shurin MR, Kagan VE, Star A. Nano-gold corking and enzymatic uncorking of carbon nanotube cups. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:675-84. [PMID: 25530234 PMCID: PMC4308760 DOI: 10.1021/ja511843w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Because
of their unique stacked, cup-shaped, hollow compartments,
nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups (NCNCs) have promising potential
as nanoscale containers. Individual NCNCs are isolated from their
stacked structure through acid oxidation and subsequent probe-tip
sonication. The NCNCs are then effectively corked with gold nanoparticles
(GNPs) by sodium citrate reduction with chloroauric acid, forming
graphitic nanocapsules with significant surface-enhanced Raman signature.
Mechanistically, the growth of the GNP corks starts from the nucleation
and welding of gold seeds on the open rims of NCNCs enriched with
nitrogen functionalities, as confirmed by density functional theory
calculations. A potent oxidizing enzyme of neutrophils, myeloperoxidase
(MPO), can effectively open the corked NCNCs through GNP detachment,
with subsequent complete enzymatic degradation of the graphitic shells.
This controlled opening and degradation was further carried out in
vitro with human neutrophils. Furthermore, the GNP-corked NCNCs were
demonstrated to function as novel drug delivery carriers, capable
of effective (i) delivery of paclitaxel to tumor-associated myeloid-derived
suppressor cells (MDSC), (ii) MPO-regulated release, and (iii) blockade
of MDSC immunosuppressive potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Umansky V, Sevko A, Gebhardt C, Utikal J. Myeloide Suppressorzellen (MDSC) beim malignen Melanom. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12411_suppl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Umansky
- Klinische Kooperationseinheit für Dermato-Onkologie; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ); Heidelberg und Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsmedizin Mannheim und Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Ruprecht-Karl Universität Heidelberg; Mannheim
| | - Alexandra Sevko
- Klinische Kooperationseinheit für Dermato-Onkologie; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ); Heidelberg und Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsmedizin Mannheim und Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Ruprecht-Karl Universität Heidelberg; Mannheim
| | - Christoffer Gebhardt
- Klinische Kooperationseinheit für Dermato-Onkologie; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ); Heidelberg und Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsmedizin Mannheim und Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Ruprecht-Karl Universität Heidelberg; Mannheim
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Klinische Kooperationseinheit für Dermato-Onkologie; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ); Heidelberg und Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsmedizin Mannheim und Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Ruprecht-Karl Universität Heidelberg; Mannheim
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Umansky V, Sevko A, Gebhardt C, Utikal J. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in malignant melanoma. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2014; 12:1021-7. [PMID: 25263083 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is known for its rapid progression, metastasis to distant organs and therapeutic resistance. Despite high melanoma immunogenicity, the results of immunotherapeutic clinical studies are mostly unsatisfactory. One explanation is the development of strong immunosuppression mediated by highly immunosuppressive regulatory leukocytes, in particular, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These cells were found to be enriched and activated in the melanoma microenvironment, inducing a profound impairment of anti-tumor immune responses and leading to the tumor progression. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of MDSC generation, migration to the tumor site and activation as well as their targeting is important for the development of novel strategies for effective melanoma immunotherapy. We suggest that such therapeutic approaches should involve the inhibition of MDSC-mediated immunosuppressive melanoma microenvironment combined with other immunologic treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Hampering immune suppressors: therapeutic targeting of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer. Cancer J 2014; 19:490-501. [PMID: 24270348 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with suppressive properties that preferentially expand in cancer. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells mainly suppress T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, inhibit natural killer cell activation, and induce the differentiation and expansion of regulatory T cells. The wide spectrum of MDSC suppressive activity in cancer and its role in tumor progression have rendered these cells a promising target for effective cancer immunotherapy. In this review we briefly discuss the origin of MDSCs and their main mechanisms of suppression and focus more on the approaches developed up to date targeting of MDSCs in tumor-bearing animals and cancer patients.
Collapse
|
113
|
Baccatin III, a precursor for the semisynthesis of paclitaxel, inhibits the accumulation and suppressive activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor-bearing mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:487-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
114
|
Subbotin VM. Dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy: the stagnant approach and a theoretical solution. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:834-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
115
|
André N, Carré M, Pasquier E. Metronomics: towards personalized chemotherapy? Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014; 11:413-31. [PMID: 24913374 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Since its inception in 2000, metronomic chemotherapy has undergone major advances as an antiangiogenic therapy. The discovery of the pro-immune properties of chemotherapy and its direct effects on cancer cells has established the intrinsic multitargeted nature of this therapeutic approach. The past 10 years have seen a marked rise in clinical trials of metronomic chemotherapy, and it is increasingly combined in the clinic with conventional treatments, such as maximum-tolerated dose chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as with novel therapeutic strategies, such as drug repositioning, targeted agents and immunotherapy. We review the latest advances in understanding the complex mechanisms of action of metronomic chemotherapy, and the recently identified factors associated with disease resistance. We comprehensively discuss the latest clinical data obtained from studies performed in both adult and paediatric populations, and highlight ongoing clinical trials. In this Review, we foresee the future developments of metronomic chemotherapy and specifically its potential role in the era of personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas André
- Service d'Hématologie & Oncologie Pédiatrique, AP-HM, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Manon Carré
- INSERM UMR 911, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Eddy Pasquier
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, PO Box 81, Randwick NSW 2031, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Abstract
The expansion of immunosuppressive cells represents a cardinal strategy deployed by tumors to escape from detection and elimination by the immune system. Regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), major components of these inhibitory cellular networks, have drawn intense scrutiny in recent years. In patients with cancer and in animal tumor models, these suppressor cells accumulate in the tumor microenvironment, secondary lymphoid tissues, and in the blood. Equipped with the ability to suppress innate and adaptive anticancer immunity, these cells also foster disease development by promoting tumor neoangiogenesis and by enhancing cancer metastasis. They therefore represent major impediments for anticancer therapies, particularly for immune-based interventions. Recent work has provided evidence that beyond their direct cytotoxic or cytostatic effects on cancer cells, several conventional chemotherapeutic drugs and agents used in targeted therapies can promote the elimination or inactivation of suppressive Tregs or MDSCs, resulting in enhanced antitumor immunity. We analyze findings pertinent to this concept, discuss the possible molecular bases underlying the selective targeting of these immunosuppressive cells by antineoplastic agents, and consider current challenges and future prospects related to the integration of these molecules into more efficient anticancer chemoimmunotherapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darya Alizadeh
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Biology Graduate Program; and Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics and Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nicolas Larmonier
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Biology Graduate Program; and Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics and Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, ArizonaAuthors' Affiliations: Cancer Biology Graduate Program; and Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics and Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Goh C, Narayanan S, Hahn YS. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: the dark knight or the joker in viral infections? Immunol Rev 2014; 255:210-21. [PMID: 23947357 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature cells of myeloid origin, frequently found in tumor microenvironments and in the blood of cancer patients. In recent years, MDSCs have also been found in non-cancer settings, including a number of viral infections. The evasion of host immunity employed by viruses to establish viral persistence strikingly parallels mechanisms of tumor escape, prompting investigations into the generation and function of MDSCs in chronic viral infections. Importantly, analogous to the tumor microenvironment, MDSCs effectively suppress antiviral host immunity by limiting the function of several immune cells including T cells, natural killer cells, and antigen-presenting cells. In this article, we review studies on the mechanisms of MDSC generation, accumulation, and survival in an effort to understand their emergent importance in viral infections. We include a growing list of viral infections in which MDSCs have been reported. Finally, we discuss how MDSCs might play a role in establishing chronic viral infections and identify potential therapeutics that target MDSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Goh
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Fernández A, Oliver L, Alvarez R, Hernández A, Raymond J, Fernández LE, Mesa C. Very small size proteoliposomes abrogate cross-presentation of tumor antigens by myeloid-derived suppressor cells and induce their differentiation to dendritic cells. J Immunother Cancer 2014; 2:5. [PMID: 24829762 PMCID: PMC4019907 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are among the major obstacles that adjuvants for cancer vaccines have to overcome. These cells cross-present tumor-associated antigens (TAA) to naive T lymphocytes with a tolerogenic outcome. Very Small Size Proteoliposomes (VSSP) is used as adjuvant by four therapeutic cancer vaccines currently in Phase I and II clinical trials. We previously found that VSSP reduces the suppressive function of MDSCs, then activating antigen-specific CTL responses in tumor-bearing (TB) mice, with the consequent reduction of tumor growth. However the mechanistic explanation for the immunomodulatory effect of this adjuvant in TB hosts has not been addressed before. Methods TB mice were inoculated with VSSP and MDSCs isolated and characterized by their expression of Arg1 and Nos2 genes by RT-PCR. The effect of VSSP on antigen cross-presentation by MDSCs, regulatory T cells (Tregs) expansion and MDSCs differentiation towards dendritic cells (DCs) was analyzed by FACS. Student’s t test or ANOVA and Tukey’s tests were used for statistical analyses. Results After inoculating VSSP into TB mice, a significant reduction of Arg1 and Nos2 gene expression was observed in recovered MDSCs. Concurrently the ability of these cells to induce down-regulation of CD3ζ chain on T cells was lost. Likewise in mice inoculated with the adjuvant lower percentages of Tregs were detected. In vitro, VSSP treatment was enough to differentiate MDSCs into phenotypically mature DCs, eliminating the former suppressive effect. Noteworthy, in vivo administration of VSSP to OVA-expressing (EG.7) TB mice abrogated this model antigen cross-presentation by splenic MDSCs. Similar results were obtained even when OVA antigen was administered into these TB mice formulated in VSSP. On the contrary, immunization with the same protein in polyI:C did not change the percentage of MDSCs expressing SIINFEKL/H-2Kb complexes, whereas a concomitant injection of VSSP aborted the limitations of polyI:C in this setting. Conclusions Altogether, these results indicate that VSSP has the peculiar capacity of inhibiting TAA cross-presentation and certain suppressive mechanisms on MDSCs which in turn, combined with the ability to induce differentiation of these cells into antigen-presenting cells (APCs), sustains this adjuvant as an ideal immunomodulator for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audry Fernández
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St and 15th Ave., Atabey, Playa, P.O. Box 16040, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Liliana Oliver
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St and 15th Ave., Atabey, Playa, P.O. Box 16040, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Rydell Alvarez
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St and 15th Ave., Atabey, Playa, P.O. Box 16040, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Arletty Hernández
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St and 15th Ave., Atabey, Playa, P.O. Box 16040, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Judith Raymond
- Systems Biology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St and 15th Ave., Atabey, Playa, P.O. Box 16040, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Luis E Fernández
- Innovation Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St and 15th Ave., Atabey, Playa, P.O. Box 16040, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Circe Mesa
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St and 15th Ave., Atabey, Playa, P.O. Box 16040, Havana 11600, Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Meyer C, Cagnon L, Costa-Nunes CM, Baumgaertner P, Montandon N, Leyvraz L, Michielin O, Romano E, Speiser DE. Frequencies of circulating MDSC correlate with clinical outcome of melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:247-57. [PMID: 24357148 PMCID: PMC11029062 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma has a poor prognosis with high resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Recently, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab has demonstrated clinical efficacy, being the first agent to significantly prolong the overall survival of inoperable stage III/IV melanoma patients. A major aim of patient immune monitoring is the identification of biomarkers that predict clinical outcome. We studied circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in ipilimumab-treated patients to detect alterations in the myeloid cell compartment and possible correlations with clinical outcome. Lin(-) CD14(+) HLA-DR(-) monocytic MDSC were enriched in peripheral blood of melanoma patients compared to healthy donors (HD). Tumor resection did not significantly alter MDSC frequencies. During ipilimumab treatment, MDSC frequencies did not change significantly compared to baseline levels. We observed high inter-patient differences. MDSC frequencies in ipilimumab-treated patients were independent of baseline serum lactate dehydrogenase levels but tended to increase in patients with severe metastatic disease (M1c) compared to patients with metastases in skin or lymph nodes only (M1a), who had frequencies comparable to HD. Interestingly, clinical responders to ipilimumab therapy showed significantly less lin(-) CD14(+) HLA-DR(-) cells as compared to non-responders. The data suggest that the frequency of monocytic MDSC may be used as predictive marker of response, as low frequencies identify patients more likely benefitting from ipilimumab treatment. Prospective clinical trials assessing MDSC frequencies as potential biomarkers are warranted to validate these observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Meyer
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Cagnon
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carla M. Costa-Nunes
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Montandon
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loredana Leyvraz
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Romano
- Service of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Rolinski J, Hus I. Breaking immunotolerance of tumors: a new perspective for dendritic cell therapy. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 11:311-8. [PMID: 24495309 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2013.865094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of dendritic cells (DC) in cancer immunotherapy is based on their potent abilities to present antigens, so they can act as 'natural adjuvants' to enhance immunogenicity of tumor antigens and stimulate specific cytotoxic T-cells. Large amounts of DC can be generated from bone marrow, neonatal cord blood, and peripheral blood CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells, or from peripheral blood monocytes. The DC can then be pulsed with tumor antigens and re-infused. In vitro, antigen-pulsed DC can stimulate allogeneic T-cell proliferation and induction of autologous specific cytotoxic T-cells; in vivo, the cells inhibit the growth of tumors or protect hosts (i.e. mice) from development of inoculated tumors. The results of preliminary clinical trials have shown that DC vaccines are safe and elicit immune responses; however, the rates of clinical responses are low. It has become quite clear that one key reason for unsatisfactory clinical results is tumor-induced immunosuppression. Among the factors contributing to this type of immunosuppression are populations of regulatory cells including: T-regulatory (T(reg)) cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), and DC expressing 2,3-dioxygenase indoleamine (IDO-DC). This review presents an overview of the current understanding about populations of regulatory cells and the most current research efforts directed to overcome immunosuppressive activity due to the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
|
121
|
Mikyšková R, Indrová M, Vlková V, Bieblová J, Šímová J, Paračková Z, Pajtasz-Piasecka E, Rossowska J, Reiniš M. DNA demethylating agent 5-azacytidine inhibits myeloid-derived suppressor cells induced by tumor growth and cyclophosphamide treatment. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:743-753. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0813435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
122
|
Baniyash M, Sade-Feldman M, Kanterman J. Chronic inflammation and cancer: suppressing the suppressors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:11-20. [PMID: 23990173 PMCID: PMC11029780 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation typical to various chronic diseases is associated with immunosuppression, mediated primarily by immature myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). A variety of factors induce MDSC differentiation arrest, thus manipulating the host's immune function and suppressing the innate and adaptive immune systems, as reflected by their impaired status associated with down-regulated expression of the CD247 molecule. Such chronic inflammation-induced immunosuppressive features are also found in many tumors, generating tumor micro- and macro-environments that act as critical barriers to effective anti-tumor responses and therapies. This knowledge offers new and novel candidate immune targets for therapeutic interventions, in combination with more conventional approaches as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and cancer cell targeted therapy. Therapeutic manipulation of chronic inflammation during cancer development is likely to enhance efficacy of treatments such as vaccinations, and adoptive T cell transfer, thus switching the chronic pro-cancer inflammatory environments into an anti-cancer milieu. Based on the functional relevance of immune networking in tumors, it is advantageous to merge monitoring immune biomarkers into the traditional patient's categorization and treatment regiments, which will provide new prognostic and/or predictive tools to clinical practice. A better identification of environmental and tumor-specific inflammatory mechanisms will allow directing the clinical management of cancer toward a more personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Baniyash
- Faculty of Medicine, Israel-Canada Medical Research Institute, The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University, POB: 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Frey B, Rubner Y, Kulzer L, Werthmöller N, Weiss EM, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. Antitumor immune responses induced by ionizing irradiation and further immune stimulation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:29-36. [PMID: 24052136 PMCID: PMC11028436 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The therapy of cancer emerged as multimodal treatment strategy. The major mode of action of locally applied radiotherapy (RT) is the induction of DNA damage that triggers a network of events that finally leads to tumor cell cycle arrest and cell death. Along with this, RT modifies the phenotype of the tumor cells and their microenvironment. Either may contribute to the induction of specific and systemic antitumor immune responses. The latter are boosted when additional immune therapy (IT) is applied at distinct time points during RT. We will focus on therapy-induced necrotic tumor cell death that is immunogenic due to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns. Immune-mediated distant bystander (abscopal) effects of RT when combined with dendritic cell-based IT and the role of fractionation of radiation in the induction of immunogenic tumor cell death will be discussed. Autologous whole-tumor-cell-based vaccines generated by high hydrostatic pressure technology will be introduced and the influence of cytokines and the immune modulator AnnexinA5 on the ex vivo generated or in situ therapy-induced vaccine efficacy will be outlined. RT should be regarded as immune adjuvant for metastatic disease and as a tool for the generation of an in situ vaccine when applied at distinct fractionation doses or especially in combination with IT to generate immune memory against the tumor. To identify the most beneficial combination and chronology of RT with IT is presumably one of the biggest challenges of innovative tumor research and therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Rubner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kulzer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Werthmöller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Weiss
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo S. Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Landreneau JP, Shurin MR, Agassandian MV, Keskinov AA, Ma Y, Shurin GV. Immunological Mechanisms of Low and Ultra-Low Dose Cancer Chemotherapy. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2013; 8:57-64. [PMID: 24293116 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-013-0141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, anticancer chemotherapy has been generally considered to be strongly immunosuppressive. However, increasing evidence suggests that certain chemotherapeutic agents rely on the induction of antitumor immune responses, in both experimental animal models and patients with cancer. Many of these chemotherapeutic agents exert immunogenic effects via the induction and release of immunostimulatory "danger" signals from dying cancerous cells when used in low doses. New data suggests that several common chemotherapeutic agents may also display direct stimulating effects on immune cells even when applied in ultra-low concentrations (chemoimmunomodulation). Importantly, it is becoming clear that both immune effector cells and immune regulatory cells can be targeted by various chemotherapeutic agents to produce favorable antitumor immune responses. Therefore, utilizing cancer drugs to enhance host antitumor immunity should be considered a feasible therapeutic approach; and recent characterization of the immunomodulatory mechanisms of anticancer chemotherapy using both new and traditional cytotoxic agents suggests that combinations of these approaches with "classical" immunomodulatory agents could lead to a viable new therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Landreneau
- Department of Pathology, Divisions of Experimental Pathology and Clinical Immunopathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, S732 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Zitvogel L, Galluzzi L, Smyth MJ, Kroemer G. Mechanism of action of conventional and targeted anticancer therapies: reinstating immunosurveillance. Immunity 2013; 39:74-88. [PMID: 23890065 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapeutics and targeted antineoplastic agents have been developed based on the simplistic notion that cancer constitutes a cell-autonomous genetic or epigenetic disease. However, it is becoming clear that many of the available anticancer drugs that have collectively saved millions of life-years mediate therapeutic effects by eliciting de novo or reactivating pre-existing tumor-specific immune responses. Here, we discuss the capacity of both conventional and targeted anticancer therapies to enhance the immunogenic properties of malignant cells and to stimulate immune effector cells, either directly or by subverting the immunosuppressive circuitries that preclude antitumor immune responses in cancer patients. Accumulating evidence indicates that the therapeutic efficacy of several antineoplastic agents relies on their capacity to influence the tumor-host interaction, tipping the balance toward the activation of an immune response specific for malignant cells. We surmise that the development of successful anticancer therapies will be improved and accelerated by the immunological characterization of candidate agents.
Collapse
|
126
|
Ustinova EE, Shurin GV, Gutkin DW, Shurin MR. The role of TLR4 in the paclitaxel effects on neuronal growth in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56886. [PMID: 23441224 PMCID: PMC3575491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (Pac) is an antitumor agent that is widely used for treatment of solid cancers. While being effective as a chemotherapeutic agent, Pac in high doses is neurotoxic, specifically targeting sensory innervations. In view of these toxic effects associated with conventional chemotherapy, decreasing the dose of Pac has been recently suggested as an alternative approach, which might limit neurotoxicity and immunosuppression. However, it remains unclear if low doses of Pac retain its neurotoxic properties or might exhibit unusual effects on neuronal cells. The goal of this study was to analyze the concentration-dependent effect of Pac on isolated and cultured DRG neuronal cells from wild-type and TLR4 knockout mice. Three different morphological parameters were analyzed: the number of neurons which developed neurites, the number of neurites per cell and the total length of neurites per cell. Our data demonstrate that low concentrations of Pac (0.1 nM and 0.5 nM) do not influence the neuronal growth in cultures in both wild type and TLR4 knockout mice. Higher concentrations of Pac (1–100 nM) had a significant effect on DRG neurons from wild type mice, affecting the number of neurons which developed neurites, number of neurites per cell, and the length of neurites. In DRG from TLR4 knockout mice high concentrations of Pac showed a similar effect on the number of neurons which developed neurites and the length of neurites. At the same time, the number of neurites per cell, indicating the process of growth cone initiation, was not affected by high concentrations of Pac. Thus, our data showed that Pac in high concentrations has a significant damaging effect on axonal growth and that this effect is partially mediated through TLR4 pathways. Low doses of Pac are devoid of neuronal toxicity and thus can be safely used in a chemomodulation mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Ustinova
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
Sevko A, Michels T, Vrohlings M, Umansky L, Beckhove P, Kato M, Shurin GV, Shurin MR, Umansky V. Antitumor effect of paclitaxel is mediated by inhibition of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and chronic inflammation in the spontaneous melanoma model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2464-71. [PMID: 23359505 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The antitumor effects of paclitaxel are generally attributed to the suppression of microtubule dynamics resulting in defects in cell division. New data demonstrated that in ultralow noncytotoxic concentrations, paclitaxel modulated in immune cells in vitro the activity of small Rho GTPases, the key regulators of intracellular actin dynamics. However, the immunomodulatory properties of paclitaxel in vivo have not been evaluated. In this study, using the ret transgenic murine melanoma model, which mimics human cutaneous melanoma, we tested effects of ultralow noncytotoxic dose paclitaxel on functions of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), chronic inflammatory mediators, and T cell activities in the tumor microenvironment in vivo. Administration of paclitaxel significantly decreased accumulation and immunosuppressive activities of tumor-infiltrating MDSCs without alterations of the bone marrow hematopoiesis. This was associated with the inhibition of p38 MAPK activity, TNF-α and production, and S100A9 expression in MDSCs. The production of mediators of chronic inflammation in the tumor milieu also was diminished. Importantly, reduced tumor burden and increased animal survival upon paclitaxel application was mediated by the restoration of CD8 T cell effector functions. We suggest that the ability of paclitaxel in a noncytotoxic dose to block the immunosuppressive potential of MDSCs in vivo represents a new therapeutic strategy to downregulate immunosuppression and chronic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment for enhancing the efficacy of concomitant anticancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sevko
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Umansky V, Sevko A. Tumor microenvironment and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2012; 6:169-77. [PMID: 23242672 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-012-0126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor progression has been demonstrated to be supported by chronic inflammatory conditions developed in the tumor microenvironment and characterized by the long-term secretion of various inflammatory soluble factors (including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, prostaglandins etc.) and strong leukocyte infiltration. Among leukocytes infiltrating tumors, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent one of the most important players mediating immunosuppression. These cells may not only strongly inhibit an anti-tumor immune reactions mediated by T cells but also directly stimulate tumorigenesis, tumor growth and metastasis by enhancing neoangiogenesis and creating a suitable environment for the metastatic formation. This review provides an overview of interactions between MDSCs and tumor cells leading to MDSC generation, activation and migration to the tumor site, where they can strongly enhance tumor progression. Better understanding of the MDSC-tumor interplay is critical for the development of new strategies of tumor immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
| | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Sevko A, Umansky V. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells interact with tumors in terms of myelopoiesis, tumorigenesis and immunosuppression: thick as thieves. J Cancer 2012; 4:3-11. [PMID: 23386900 PMCID: PMC3564242 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression is often associated with chronic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment, which is mediated by numerous cytokines, chemokines and growth factors produced by cancer and stroma cells. All these mediators support tumor development and immunosuppression in autocrine and/or paracrine ways. Neutralization of chronic inflammatory conditions can lead to the restoration of anti-tumor immune responses. Among stroma cells infiltrating tumors, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent one of the most important players mediating immunosuppression. These cells may not only inhibit an anti-tumor immunity but also directly stimulate tumorigenesis as well as tumor growth and expansion. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of generation, migration to the tumor site and activation of MDSC is necessary for the development of new strategies of tumor immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sevko
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Kodumudi KN, Weber A, Sarnaik AA, Pilon-Thomas S. Blockade of myeloid-derived suppressor cells after induction of lymphopenia improves adoptive T cell therapy in a murine model of melanoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5147-54. [PMID: 23100512 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Administration of nonmyeloablative chemotherapeutic agents or total body irradiation (TBI) prior to adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells may reduce or eliminate immunosuppressive populations such as T regulatory cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Little is known about these populations during immune reconstitution. This study was designed to understand the reconstitution rate and function of these populations post TBI in melanoma tumor-bearing mice. Reconstitution rate and suppressive activity of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs and CD11b(+)Gr1(+) MDSC following TBI-induced lymphopenia was measured in B16 melanoma tumor-bearing mice. To ablate the rapid reconstitution of suppressive populations, we treated mice with docetaxel, a known chemotherapeutic agent that targets MDSC, in combination with adoptive T cell transfer and dendritic cell immunotherapy. Both Treg and MDSC populations exhibited rapid reconstitution after TBI-induced lymphopenia. Although reconstituted Tregs were just as suppressive as Tregs from untreated mice, MDSC demonstrated enhanced suppressive activity of CD8(+) T cell proliferation compared with endogenous MDSC from tumor-bearing mice. TBI-induced lymphopenia followed by docetaxel treatment improved the efficacy of adoptive T cell transfer and dendritic cell immunotherapy in melanoma-bearing mice, inducing a significant reduction in tumor growth and enhancing survival. Tumor regression correlated with increased CTL activity and persistence of adoptively transferred T cells. Overall, these findings suggest that TBI-induced MDSC are highly immunosuppressive and blocking their rapid reconstitution may improve the efficacy of vaccination strategies and adoptive immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krithika N Kodumudi
- Immunology Program, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Nars MS, Kaneno R. Immunomodulatory effects of low dose chemotherapy and perspectives of its combination with immunotherapy. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2471-8. [PMID: 22927096 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given that cancer is one of the main causes of death worldwide, many efforts have been directed toward discovering new treatments and approaches to cure or control this group of diseases. Chemotherapy is the main treatment for cancer; however, a conventional schedule based on maximum tolerated dose (MTD) shows several side effects and frequently allows the development of drug resistance. On the other side, low dose chemotherapy involves antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory processes that help host to fight against tumor cells, with lower grade of side effects. In this review, we present evidence that metronomic chemotherapy, based on the frequent administration of low or intermediate doses of chemotherapeutics, can be better than or as efficient as MTD. Finally, we present some data indicating that noncytotoxic concentrations of antineoplastic agents are able to both up-regulate the immune system and increase the susceptibility of tumor cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Taken together, data from the literature provides us with sufficient evidence that low concentrations of selected chemotherapeutic agents, rather than conventional high doses, should be evaluated in combination with immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Nars
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Melanoma-induced immunosuppression and its neutralization. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:319-26. [PMID: 22349515 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is characterized by a rapid progression, metastasis to distant organs, and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. Well-defined immunogenic capacities of melanoma cells should allow a successful application of different immunotherapeutic strategies. However, the overall results of immunotherapeutic clinical studies are not satisfactory. These paradoxical observations are supposed to be due to the profound immunosuppression mediated by different mechanisms dealing with alterations in tumor and surrounding stroma cells. Melanoma microenvironment has been characterized by a remarkable accumulation of highly immunosuppressive regulatory leucocytes, in particular, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Their migration, retention and high activity in the tumor lesions have been demonstrated to be induced by chronic inflammatory conditions developing in the tumor microenvironment and characterized by the long-term secretion of various inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, prostaglandins etc.) leading to further cancer progression. Here, we discuss the role of chronic inflammation in the recruitment and activation of MDSCs in melanoma lesions as well as therapeutic approaches of MDSC targeting to overcome tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment induced by chronic inflammation and enhance the efficiency of melanoma immunotherapies.
Collapse
|