1
|
Bossert M, Trimaille I, Cagnon L, Chabaud B, Gueneau C, Spathis P, Wolf PE, Rolley E. Surface tension of cavitation bubbles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300499120. [PMID: 37023124 PMCID: PMC10104516 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300499120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied homogeneous cavitation in liquid nitrogen and normal liquid helium. We monitor the fluid content in a large number of independent mesopores with an ink-bottle shape, either when the fluid in the pores is quenched to a constant pressure or submitted to a pressure decreasing at a controlled rate. For both fluids, we show that, close enough to their critical point, the cavitation pressure threshold is in good agreement with the Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT). In contrast, at lower temperatures, deviations are observed, consistent with a reduction of the surface tension for bubbles smaller than two nanometers in radius. For nitrogen, we could accurately measure the nucleation rate as a function of the liquid pressure down to the triple point, where the critical bubble radius is about one nanometer. We find that CNT still holds, provided that the curvature dependence of the surface tension is taken into account. Furthermore, we evaluate the first- and second-order corrections in curvature, which are in reasonable agreement with recent calculations for a Lennard-Jones fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Bossert
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ParisF-75005, France
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, ParisF-75005, France
| | - I. Trimaille
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ParisF-75005, France
| | - L. Cagnon
- Institut Néel, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, GrenobleF-38042, France
| | - B. Chabaud
- Institut Néel, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, GrenobleF-38042, France
| | - C. Gueneau
- Institut Néel, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, GrenobleF-38042, France
| | - P. Spathis
- Institut Néel, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, GrenobleF-38042, France
| | - P. E. Wolf
- Institut Néel, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, GrenobleF-38042, France
| | - E. Rolley
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, ParisF-75005, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Doebele V, Benoit-Gonin A, Souris F, Cagnon L, Spathis P, Wolf PE, Grosman A, Bossert M, Trimaille I, Rolley E. Direct Observation of Homogeneous Cavitation in Nanopores. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:255701. [PMID: 33416391 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.255701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on the evaporation of hexane from porous alumina and silicon membranes. These membranes contain billions of independent nanopores tailored to an ink-bottle shape, where a cavity several tens of nanometers in diameter is separated from the bulk vapor by a constriction. For alumina membranes with narrow enough constrictions, we demonstrate that cavity evaporation proceeds by cavitation. Measurements of the pressure dependence of the cavitation rate follow the predictions of the bulk, homogeneous, classical nucleation theory, definitively establishing the relevance of homogeneous cavitation as an evaporation mechanism in mesoporous materials. Our results imply that porous alumina membranes are a promising new system to study liquids in a deeply metastable state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Doebele
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - A Benoit-Gonin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - F Souris
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - L Cagnon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - P Spathis
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - P E Wolf
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - A Grosman
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - M Bossert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - I Trimaille
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - E Rolley
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schöbitz M, De Riz A, Martin S, Bochmann S, Thirion C, Vogel J, Foerster M, Aballe L, Menteş TO, Locatelli A, Genuzio F, Le-Denmat S, Cagnon L, Toussaint JC, Gusakova D, Bachmann J, Fruchart O. Erratum: Fast Domain Wall Motion Governed by Topology and Œrsted Fields in Cylindrical Magnetic Nanowires [Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 217201 (2019)]. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:249901. [PMID: 33412077 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.249901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.217201.
Collapse
|
4
|
Guillet T, Zucchetti C, Barbedienne Q, Marty A, Isella G, Cagnon L, Vergnaud C, Jaffrès H, Reyren N, George JM, Fert A, Jamet M. Observation of Large Unidirectional Rashba Magnetoresistance in Ge(111). Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:027201. [PMID: 32004027 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.027201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Relating magnetotransport properties to specific spin textures at surfaces or interfaces is an intense field of research nowadays. Here, we investigate the variation of the electrical resistance of Ge(111) grown epitaxially on semi-insulating Si(111) under the application of an external magnetic field. We find a magnetoresistance term that is linear in current density j and magnetic field B, hence, odd in j and B, corresponding to a unidirectional magnetoresistance. At 15 K, for I=10 μA (or j=0.33 A m^{-1}) and B=1 T, it represents 0.5% of the zero field resistance, a much higher value compared to previous reports on unidirectional magnetoresistance (UMR). We ascribe the origin of this magnetoresistance to the interplay between the externally applied magnetic field and the pseudomagnetic field generated by the current applied in the spin-splitted subsurface states of Ge(111). This unidirectional magnetoresistance is independent of the current direction with respect to the Ge crystal axes. It progressively vanishes, either using a negative gate voltage due to carrier activation into the bulk (without spin-splitted bands), or by increasing the temperature due to the Rashba energy splitting of the subsurface states lower than ∼58k_{B}. We believe that UMR could be used as a powerful probe of the spin-orbit interaction in a wide range of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Guillet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG-SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - C Zucchetti
- LNESS-Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Q Barbedienne
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - A Marty
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG-SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - G Isella
- LNESS-Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - L Cagnon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut NEEL, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - C Vergnaud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG-SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - H Jaffrès
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - N Reyren
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - J-M George
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - A Fert
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - M Jamet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG-SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schöbitz M, De Riz A, Martin S, Bochmann S, Thirion C, Vogel J, Foerster M, Aballe L, Menteş TO, Locatelli A, Genuzio F, Le-Denmat S, Cagnon L, Toussaint JC, Gusakova D, Bachmann J, Fruchart O. Fast Domain Wall Motion Governed by Topology and Œrsted Fields in Cylindrical Magnetic Nanowires. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:217201. [PMID: 31809154 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.217201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
While the usual approach to tailor the behavior of condensed matter and nanosized systems is the choice of material or finite-size or interfacial effects, topology alone may be the key. In the context of the motion of magnetic domain walls (DWs), known to suffer from dynamic instabilities with low mobilities, we report unprecedented velocities >600 m/s for DWs driven by spin-transfer torques in cylindrical nanowires made of a standard ferromagnetic material. The reason is the robust stabilization of a DW type with a specific topology by the Œrsted field associated with the current. This opens the route to the realization of predicted new physics, such as the strong coupling of DWs with spin waves above >600 m/s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Schöbitz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Spintec, 38054 Grenoble, France
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Inorganic Chemistry, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - A De Riz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Spintec, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - S Martin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Spintec, 38054 Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - S Bochmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Inorganic Chemistry, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Thirion
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - J Vogel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - M Foerster
- Alba Synchrotron Light Facility, CELLS, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Aballe
- Alba Synchrotron Light Facility, CELLS, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | - T O Menteş
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Locatelli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Genuzio
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Le-Denmat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - L Cagnon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - J C Toussaint
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - D Gusakova
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Spintec, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - J Bachmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Inorganic Chemistry, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - O Fruchart
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Spintec, 38054 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bordry N, Broggi MAS, de Jonge K, Schaeuble K, Gannon PO, Foukas PG, Danenberg E, Romano E, Baumgaertner P, Fankhauser M, Wald N, Cagnon L, Abed-Maillard S, Maby-El Hajjami H, Murray T, Ioannidou K, Letovanec I, Yan P, Michielin O, Matter M, Swartz MA, Speiser DE. Lymphatic vessel density is associated with CD8 + T cell infiltration and immunosuppressive factors in human melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1462878. [PMID: 30221058 PMCID: PMC6136869 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1462878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased density of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels correlates with poor patient survival in melanoma and other cancers, yet lymphatic drainage is essential for initiating an immune response. Here we asked whether and how lymphatic vessel density (LVD) correlates with immune cell infiltration in primary tumors and lymph nodes (LNs) from patients with cutaneous melanoma. Using immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis, we found significant positive correlations between LVD and CD8+ T cell infiltration as well as expression of the immunosuppressive molecules inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and 2,3-dioxygénase (IDO). Interestingly, similar associations were seen in tumor-free LNs adjacent to metastatic ones, indicating loco-regional effects of tumors. Our data suggest that lymphatic vessels play multiple roles at tumor sites and LNs, promoting both T cell infiltration and adaptive immunosuppressive mechanisms. Lymph vessel associated T cell infiltration may increase immunotherapy success rates provided that the treatment overcomes adaptive immune resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Bordry
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria A. S. Broggi
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaat de Jonge
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karin Schaeuble
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe O. Gannon
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Periklis G. Foukas
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Esther Danenberg
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Romano
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, FRANCE
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Fankhauser
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Noémie Wald
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Cagnon
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samia Abed-Maillard
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Maby-El Hajjami
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Timothy Murray
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kalliopi Ioannidou
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pu Yan
- Department of Pathology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurice Matter
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Murray T, Fuertes Marraco SA, Baumgaertner P, Bordry N, Cagnon L, Donda A, Romero P, Verdeil G, Speiser DE. Very Late Antigen-1 Marks Functional Tumor-Resident CD8 T Cells and Correlates with Survival of Melanoma Patients. Front Immunol 2016; 7:573. [PMID: 28018343 PMCID: PMC5150229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A major limiting factor in the success of immunotherapy is tumor infiltration by CD8+ T cells, a process that remains poorly understood. In the present study, we characterized homing receptors expressed by human melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells. Our data reveal that P-selectin binding and expression of the retention integrin, very late antigen (VLA)-1, by vaccine-induced T cells correlate with longer patient survival. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CD8+VLA-1+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are highly enriched in melanoma metastases in diverse tissues. VLA-1-expressing TIL frequently co-express CD69 and CD103, indicating tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) differentiation. We employed a mouse model of melanoma to further characterize VLA-1-expressing TIL. Our data show that VLA-1+ TRM develop in murine tumors within 2 weeks, where they exhibit increased activation status, as well as superior effector functions. In addition, in vivo blockade of either VLA-1 or CD103 significantly impaired control of subcutaneous tumors. Together, our data indicate that VLA-1+ TRM develop in tumors and play an important role in tumor immunity, presenting novel targets for the optimization of cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Murray
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | | | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Natacha Bordry
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Laurène Cagnon
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Alena Donda
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baumgaertner P, Costa Nunes C, Cachot A, Maby-El Hajjami H, Cagnon L, Braun M, Derré L, Rivals JP, Rimoldi D, Gnjatic S, Abed Maillard S, Marcos Mondéjar P, Protti MP, Romano E, Michielin O, Romero P, Speiser DE, Jandus C. Vaccination of stage III/IV melanoma patients with long NY-ESO-1 peptide and CpG-B elicits robust CD8 + and CD4 + T-cell responses with multiple specificities including a novel DR7-restricted epitope. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1216290. [PMID: 27853637 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1216290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long synthetic peptides and CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides are promising components for cancer vaccines. In this phase I trial, 19 patients received a mean of 8 (range 1-12) monthly vaccines s.c. composed of the long synthetic NY-ESO-179-108 peptide and CpG-B (PF-3512676), emulsified in Montanide ISA-51. In 18/18 evaluable patients, vaccination induced antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell and antibody responses, starting early after initiation of immunotherapy and lasting at least one year. The T-cells responded antigen-specifically, with strong secretion of IFNγ and TNFα, irrespective of patients' HLAs. The most immunogenic regions of the vaccine peptide were NY-ESO-189-102 for CD8+ and NY-ESO-183-99 for CD4+ T-cells. We discovered a novel and highly immunogenic epitope (HLA-DR7/NY-ESO-187-99); 7/7 HLA-DR7+ patients generated strong CD4+ T-cell responses, as detected directly ex vivo with fluorescent multimers. Thus, vaccination with the long synthetic NY-ESO-179-108 peptide combined with the strong immune adjuvant CpG-B induced integrated, robust and functional CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses in melanoma patients, supporting the further development of this immunotherapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Baumgaertner
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - C Costa Nunes
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - A Cachot
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - H Maby-El Hajjami
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Cagnon
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV) , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Braun
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - L Derré
- Urology Research Unit, Urology Department, University Hospital Center (CHUV) , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J-P Rivals
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, CHUV, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - D Rimoldi
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - S Gnjatic
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, USA
| | - S Abed Maillard
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV) , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Marcos Mondéjar
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M P Protti
- Tumor Immunology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - E Romano
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV) , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - O Michielin
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Romero
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D E Speiser
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Jandus
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fuertes Marraco SA, Soneson C, Cagnon L, Gannon PO, Allard M, Abed Maillard S, Montandon N, Rufer N, Waldvogel S, Delorenzi M, Speiser DE. Long-lasting stem cell-like memory CD8+ T cells with a naïve-like profile upon yellow fever vaccination. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:282ra48. [PMID: 25855494 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and persisting immune memory is essential for long-term protection from infectious and malignant diseases. The yellow fever (YF) vaccine is a live attenuated virus that mediates lifelong protection, with recent studies showing that the CD8(+) T cell response is particularly robust. Yet, limited data exist regarding the long-term CD8(+) T cell response, with no studies beyond 5 years after vaccination. We investigated 41 vaccinees, spanning 0.27 to 35 years after vaccination. YF-specific CD8(+) T cells were readily detected in almost all donors (38 of 41), with frequencies decreasing with time. As previously described, effector cells dominated the response early after vaccination. We detected a population of naïve-like YF-specific CD8(+) T cells that was stably maintained for more than 25 years and was capable of self-renewal ex vivo. In-depth analyses of markers and genome-wide mRNA profiling showed that naïve-like YF-specific CD8(+) T cells in vaccinees (i) were distinct from genuine naïve cells in unvaccinated donors, (ii) resembled the recently described stem cell-like memory subset (Tscm), and (iii) among all differentiated subsets, had profiles closest to naïve cells. Our findings reveal that CD8(+) Tscm are efficiently induced by a vaccine in humans, persist for decades, and preserve a naïveness-like profile. These data support YF vaccination as an optimal mechanistic model for the study of long-lasting memory CD8(+) T cells in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Fuertes Marraco
- Ludwig Cancer Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland. Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Soneson
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Cagnon
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Philippe O Gannon
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Allard
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Samia Abed Maillard
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Montandon
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Waldvogel
- Service Vaudois de Transfusion Sanguine de la Croix Rouge, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Ludwig Cancer Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland. Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland. Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Ludwig Cancer Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland. Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Legat A, Maby-El Hajjami H, Baumgaertner P, Cagnon L, Abed Maillard S, Geldhof C, Iancu EM, Lebon L, Guillaume P, Dojcinovic D, Michielin O, Romano E, Berthod G, Rimoldi D, Triebel F, Luescher I, Rufer N, Speiser DE. Vaccination with LAG-3Ig (IMP321) and Peptides Induces Specific CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Responses in Metastatic Melanoma Patients—Report of a Phase I/IIa Clinical Trial. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1330-40. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Baumgartner P, Nunes C, Cachot A, Hajjami H, Cagnon L, Braun M, Derré L, Rivals JP, Rimoldi D, Romano E, Michielin O, Romero P, Jandus C, Speiser DE. Vaccination with long NY-ESO-1 79-108 peptide and CpG-B leads to robust activation of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in stage III/IV melanoma patients, and a new HLA-DR7 epitope. J Immunother Cancer 2015. [PMCID: PMC4652488 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-3-s2-p437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
12
|
Bordry N, Costa-Nunes CM, Cagnon L, Gannon PO, Abed-Maillard S, Baumgaertner P, Murray T, Letovanec I, Lazor R, Bouchaab H, Rufer N, Romano E, Michielin O, Speiser DE. Pulmonary sarcoid-like granulomatosis after multiple vaccinations of a long-term surviving patient with metastatic melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:1148-53. [PMID: 25277238 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune side effects are frequent in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint-targeting antibodies, but are rare with cancer vaccines. Here, we present a case report on a patient with metastatic melanoma who developed pulmonary sarcoid-like granulomatosis following repetitive vaccinations with peptides and CpG. Despite multiple metastases, including one lesion in the brain, the patient is alive and well more than 13 years after the diagnosis of metastatic disease. The strongly activated tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells showed robust long-term memory and effector functions. It is possible that long-term survival and adverse autoimmune events may become more common for vaccines inducing robust anticancer immune responses as were present in this patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Bordry
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carla-Marisa Costa-Nunes
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Cagnon
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe O Gannon
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samia Abed-Maillard
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Timothy Murray
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Igor Letovanec
- Department of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romain Lazor
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hasna Bouchaab
- Department of Oncology, CHUV and UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Romano
- Department of Oncology, CHUV and UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel E Speiser
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Meyer C, Cagnon L, Costa-Nunes CM, Baumgaertner P, Montandon N, Leyvraz L, Michielin O, Romano E, Speiser DE. Frequencies of circulating MDSC correlate with clinical outcome of melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:247-57. [PMID: 24357148 PMCID: PMC11029062 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma has a poor prognosis with high resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Recently, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab has demonstrated clinical efficacy, being the first agent to significantly prolong the overall survival of inoperable stage III/IV melanoma patients. A major aim of patient immune monitoring is the identification of biomarkers that predict clinical outcome. We studied circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in ipilimumab-treated patients to detect alterations in the myeloid cell compartment and possible correlations with clinical outcome. Lin(-) CD14(+) HLA-DR(-) monocytic MDSC were enriched in peripheral blood of melanoma patients compared to healthy donors (HD). Tumor resection did not significantly alter MDSC frequencies. During ipilimumab treatment, MDSC frequencies did not change significantly compared to baseline levels. We observed high inter-patient differences. MDSC frequencies in ipilimumab-treated patients were independent of baseline serum lactate dehydrogenase levels but tended to increase in patients with severe metastatic disease (M1c) compared to patients with metastases in skin or lymph nodes only (M1a), who had frequencies comparable to HD. Interestingly, clinical responders to ipilimumab therapy showed significantly less lin(-) CD14(+) HLA-DR(-) cells as compared to non-responders. The data suggest that the frequency of monocytic MDSC may be used as predictive marker of response, as low frequencies identify patients more likely benefitting from ipilimumab treatment. Prospective clinical trials assessing MDSC frequencies as potential biomarkers are warranted to validate these observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Meyer
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Cagnon
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carla M. Costa-Nunes
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Montandon
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loredana Leyvraz
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Romano
- Service of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Florianne Monnet‐Tschudi
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Antoinette Defaux
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Olivier Braissant
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Laurène Cagnon
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Marie‐Gabrielle Zurich
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT) Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gaggini F, Laleu B, Orchard M, Fioraso-Cartier L, Cagnon L, Houngninou-Molango S, Gradia A, Duboux G, Merlot C, Heitz F, Szyndralewiez C, Page P. Design, synthesis and biological activity of original pyrazolo-pyrido-diazepine, -pyrazine and -oxazine dione derivatives as novel dual Nox4/Nox1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6989-99. [PMID: 22041175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolo-pyrido-diazepine, -pyrazine and -oxazine dione derivatives are new chemical entities with good and attractive druglikeness properties. A series of pyrazolo-pyrido-diazepine dione analogs demonstrated to be particularly amenable to lead optimization through a couple of cycles in order to improve specificity for isoforms Nox4 and Nox1 and had excellent pharmacokinetic parameters by oral route. Several molecules such as compound 7c proved to be highly potent in in vitro assays on human lung fibroblasts differentiation as well as in curative murine models of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis with superior efficiency over Pirfenidone. Pyrazolo-pyrido-diazepine dione derivatives targeting Nox4 and Nox1 isoforms appear highly promising therapeutics for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gaggini
- Genkyotex S.A., 16 Chemin des Aulx, CH-1228 Plan-Les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Laleu B, Gaggini F, Orchard M, Fioraso-Cartier L, Cagnon L, Houngninou-Molango S, Gradia A, Duboux G, Merlot C, Heitz F, Szyndralewiez C, Page P. First in class, potent, and orally bioavailable NADPH oxidase isoform 4 (Nox4) inhibitors for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7715-30. [PMID: 20942471 DOI: 10.1021/jm100773e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design, synthesis, and optimization of first-in-class series of inhibitors of NADPH oxidase isoform 4 (Nox4), an enzyme implicated in several pathologies, in particular idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a life-threatening and orphan disease. Initially, several moderately potent pyrazolopyridine dione derivatives were found during a high-throughput screening campaign. SAR investigation around the pyrazolopyridine dione core led to the discovery of several double-digit nanomolar inhibitors in cell free assays of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, showing high potency on Nox4 and Nox1. The compounds have little affinity for Nox2 isoform and are selective for Nox4/1 isoforms. The specificity of these compounds was confirmed in an extensive in vitro pharmacological profile, as well as in a counterscreening assay for potential ROS scavenging. Concomitant benefits are good oral bioavailability and high plasma concentrations in vivo, allowing further clinical trials for the potential treatment of fibrotic diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Laleu
- Genkyotex, S.A., 14 Chemin des Aulx, CH-1228 Plan-Les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Darques M, De la Torre Medina J, Piraux L, Cagnon L, Huynen I. Microwave circulator based on ferromagnetic nanowires in an alumina template. Nanotechnology 2010; 21:145208. [PMID: 20234085 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/14/145208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Unbiased planar microwave circulators were fabricated by electrodeposition of NiFe nanowires into porous alumina templates. Microwave properties of the devices are seen to depend drastically on the height of the nanowires and the newly developed devices exhibit improved features, compared to existing nanowire-based designs. Thanks to the high anisotropy of the nanowires, zero-field circulation modes may be observed in a frequency range from 10 to 30 GHz, with isolation as large as 30 dB, as well as low insertion losses - 5 dB, making it compatible with industrial needs for device applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Darques
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cagnon L, Braissant O. CNTF protects oligodendrocytes from ammonia toxicity: intracellular signaling pathways involved. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 33:133-42. [PMID: 18992343 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In pediatric patients, hyperammonemia can provoke irreversible damages to developing CNS like cortical atrophy, ventricular enlargement, demyelination or gray and white matter hypodensities which are concordant with alterations of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Cerebral injury triggers endogenous protective mechanisms that can prevent or limit brain damage. Understanding these mechanisms may lead to new therapeutic strategies. We investigated whether ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a cytokine-like protein expressed by astrocytes and described as an injury-associated survival factor, was up-regulated by ammonia in developing reaggregated 3D brain cell cultures. We showed that CNTF is up-regulated by ammonia exposure, through mediation of p38 MAPK activation in astrocytes. We also observed that SAPK/JNK and Erk1/2 activations in oligodendrocytes and neurons, respectively, also play indirect roles in CNTF synthesis by astrocytes. Co-treatment with exogenous CNTF demonstrated strong protective effects on oligodendrocytes, but not on neurons, against ammonia toxicity. These protective effects involved JAK/STAT, SAPK/JNK and c-jun proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurène Cagnon
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cagnon L, Braissant O. Role of caspases, calpain and cdk5 in ammonia-induced cell death in developing brain cells. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 32:281-92. [PMID: 18722528 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperammonemia in neonates and infants causes irreversible damages in the developing CNS due to brain cell loss. Elucidating the mechanisms triggering ammonia-induced cell death in CNS is necessary for the development of neuroprotective strategies. We used reaggregated developing brain cell cultures derived from fetal rat telencephalon exposed to ammonia as an experimental model. Ammonia induced neuronal and oligodendroglial death, triggered apoptosis and activated caspases and calpain. Probably due to calpain activation, ammonia caused the cleavage of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator, p35, to p25, the cdk5/p25 complex being known to lead to neurodegeneration. Roscovitine, a cdk5 inhibitor, protected neurons from ammonia-induced cell death. However, roscovitine also impaired axonal growth, probably through inhibition of the remaining cdk5/p35 activity, which is involved in neurite outgrowth. Thus, cdk5 appears as a promising therapeutic target for treating hyperammonemic newborns and infants, especially if one develops specific cdk5/p25 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurène Cagnon
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Braissant O, Cagnon L, Monnet-Tschudi F, Speer O, Wallimann T, Honegger P, Henry H. Ammonium alters creatine transport and synthesis in a 3D culture of developing brain cells, resulting in secondary cerebral creatine deficiency. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:1673-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
21
|
Cagnon L, Braissant O. Hyperammonemia-induced toxicity for the developing central nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:183-97. [PMID: 17881060 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In pediatric patients, hyperammonemia can be caused by various acquired or inherited disorders such as urea cycle deficiencies or organic acidemias. The brain is much more susceptible to the deleterious effects of ammonium during development than in adulthood. Hyperammonemia can provoke irreversible damages to the developing central nervous system that lead to cortical atrophy, ventricular enlargement and demyelination, responsible for cognitive impairment, seizures and cerebral palsy. Until recently, the mechanisms leading to these irreversible cerebral damages were poorly understood. Using experimental models allowing the analysis of the neurotoxic effects of ammonium on the developing brain, these last years have seen the emergence of new clues showing that ammonium exposure alters several amino acid pathways and neurotransmitter systems, as well as cerebral energy metabolism, nitric oxide synthesis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial permeability transition and signal transduction pathways. Those alterations may explain neuronal loss and impairment of axonal and dendritic growth observed in the different models of congenital hyperammonemia. Some neuroprotective strategies such as the potential use of NMDA receptor antagonists, nitric oxide inhibitors, creatine and acetyl-l-carnitine have been suggested to counteract these toxic effects. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms involved in the chain of events leading to neuronal dysfunction under hyperammonemia may be useful to develop new potential strategies for neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurène Cagnon
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, CI 02/33, Avenue Pierre-Decker 2, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Verret L, Goutagny R, Fort P, Cagnon L, Salvert D, Léger L, Boissard R, Salin P, Peyron C, Luppi PH. A role of melanin-concentrating hormone producing neurons in the central regulation of paradoxical sleep. BMC Neurosci 2003; 4:19. [PMID: 12964948 PMCID: PMC201018 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-4-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Accepted: 09/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptidergic neurons containing the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and the hypocretins (or orexins) are intermingled in the zona incerta, perifornical nucleus and lateral hypothalamic area. Both types of neurons have been implicated in the integrated regulation of energy homeostasis and body weight. Hypocretin neurons have also been involved in sleep-wake regulation and narcolepsy. We therefore sought to determine whether hypocretin and MCH neurons express Fos in association with enhanced paradoxical sleep (PS or REM sleep) during the rebound following PS deprivation. Next, we compared the effect of MCH and NaCl intracerebroventricular (ICV) administrations on sleep stage quantities to further determine whether MCH neurons play an active role in PS regulation. RESULTS Here we show that the MCH but not the hypocretin neurons are strongly active during PS, evidenced through combined hypocretin, MCH, and Fos immunostainings in three groups of rats (PS Control, PS Deprived and PS Recovery rats). Further, we show that ICV administration of MCH induces a dose-dependent increase in PS (up to 200%) and slow wave sleep (up to 70%) quantities. CONCLUSION These results indicate that MCH is a powerful hypnogenic factor. MCH neurons might play a key role in the state of PS via their widespread projections in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Verret
- CNRS UMR5167, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon (IFR 19), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 7 Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 LYON Cedex 08, FRANCE
| | - Romain Goutagny
- CNRS UMR5167, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon (IFR 19), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 7 Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 LYON Cedex 08, FRANCE
| | - Patrice Fort
- CNRS UMR5167, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon (IFR 19), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 7 Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 LYON Cedex 08, FRANCE
| | - Laurène Cagnon
- CNRS UMR5167, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon (IFR 19), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 7 Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 LYON Cedex 08, FRANCE
| | - Denise Salvert
- CNRS UMR5167, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon (IFR 19), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 7 Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 LYON Cedex 08, FRANCE
| | - Lucienne Léger
- CNRS UMR5167, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon (IFR 19), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 7 Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 LYON Cedex 08, FRANCE
| | - Romuald Boissard
- CNRS UMR5167, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon (IFR 19), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 7 Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 LYON Cedex 08, FRANCE
| | - Paul Salin
- CNRS UMR5167, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon (IFR 19), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 7 Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 LYON Cedex 08, FRANCE
| | - Christelle Peyron
- CNRS UMR5167, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon (IFR 19), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 7 Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 LYON Cedex 08, FRANCE
| | - Pierre-Hervé Luppi
- CNRS UMR5167, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon (IFR 19), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 7 Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 LYON Cedex 08, FRANCE
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gündel A, Cagnon L, Gomes C, Morrone A, Schmidt J, Allongue P. In- situ magnetic measurements of electrodeposited ultrathin Co, Ni and Fe/Au(111) layers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1039/b100547m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
24
|
Abstract
The HIV regulatory proteins Tat and Rev have a nucleolar localization property in human cells. However, no functional role has been attributed to this localization. Recently it has been demonstrated that expression of Rev induces nucleolar relocalization of some protein factors involved in Rev export. Because the function of Rev is to bind HIV RNA and facilitate transport of singly spliced and unspliced RNA to the cytoplasm, it is likely that the nucleolus plays a critical role in HIV-1 RNA export. As a test for trafficking of HIV-1 RNAs into the nucleolus, a hammerhead ribozyme that specifically cleaves HIV-1 RNA was inserted into the body of the U16 small nucleolar RNA, resulting in accumulation of the ribozyme within the nucleoli of human cells. HeLa CD4(+) and T cells expressing this nucleolar localized ribozyme exhibit dramatically suppressed HIV-1 replication. The results presented here suggest a trafficking of HIV-1 RNA through the nucleoli of human cells, thus posing a different paradigm for lentiviral RNA processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Michienzi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, and Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3011, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cagnon L, Rossi JJ. Downregulation of the CCR5 beta-chemokine receptor and inhibition of HIV-1 infection by stable VA1-ribozyme chimeric transcripts. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev 2000; 10:251-61. [PMID: 10984119 DOI: 10.1089/108729000421439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The CCR5 beta-chemokine receptor is the coreceptor for macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) strains of HIV-1 and appears to be the principal coreceptor during early stages of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Approximately 1%-2% of the Western European Caucasian population is homozygous for a 32-bp deletion in the coding region of the CCR5 gene, rendering them less susceptible to HIV infection. These individuals still harbor a normal immune response, thereby making CCR5 an attractive cellular target for anti-HIV therapies. Based on the natural population studies, reduction in CCR5 expression should not affect the physiologic function of the modified cells but should interfere with their susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. To downregulate this receptor, we have designed a hammerhead ribozyme (RZ) that specifically targets the CCR5 mRNA and lacks complementarity to other members of the chemokine receptor gene family. For expression of this highly specific ribozyme, we have taken advantage of the stable transcripts afforded by transcription from the RNA polymerase III (pol III)-based adenoviral VA1 gene. Importantly, the VA1-chimeric ribozyme is stably expressed with a half-life of almost 6 hours. Using this expression system, we show up to 70% downregulation of the elevated levels of CCR5 receptor in the HOS-CD4.CCR5 cell line. The monocytic cell line PM1 was stably transduced with the chimeric VA1 ribozyme constructs. In these cells, substantial resistance to challenge with an M-tropic but not a T-tropic HIV viral strain was observed, demonstrating specificity in downregulating the CCR5 coreceptor. The VA1-CCR5 ribozyme chimeras described in this study should prove useful in both studies of CCR5 receptor function and therapeutic intervention of monocytotropic HIV-1 infection. The VA1 vector described in this study is well suited for the stable cytoplasmic expression of other ribozyme constructs as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Cagnon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bai J, Gorantla S, Banda N, Cagnon L, Rossi J, Akkina R. Characterization of anti-CCR5 ribozyme-transduced CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro and in a SCID-hu mouse model in vivo. Mol Ther 2000; 1:244-54. [PMID: 10933940 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular entry of HIV is mediated by the specific interaction of viral envelope glycoproteins with the cell-surface marker CD4 and a chemokine receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4). Individuals with a 32-base-pair (bp) deletion in the CCR5 coding region, which results in a truncated peptide, show resistance to HIV-1 infection. This suggests that the downregulation of CCR5 expression on target cells may prevent HIV infection. Therefore, ribozymes that inhibit the CCR5 expression offer a novel approach for anti-HIV gene therapy. To assess the effect of an anti-CCR5 ribozyme (R5Rbz) on macrophage differentiation, CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells were transduced with a retroviral vector carrying RSRbz and allowed to differentiate in the presence of appropriate cytokines. R5Rbz-transduced CD34+ cells differentiated normally into mature macrophages that carried CD14 and CD4 surface markers, expressed the anti-CCR5 ribozyme, and showed significant resistance to viral infection upon challenge with the HIV-1 BaL strain. Using an in vivo thymopoiesis model, the effect of RSRbz on stem cell differentiation into thymocytes was evaluated by reconstituting SCID-hu mice thymic grafts with ribozyme-transduced CD34+ cells. FACS analysis of cell biopsies at 4 and 6 weeks postengraftment for HLA, CD4, and CD8 markers showed comparable levels of reconstitution and similar percentages of subpopulations of thymocytes between grafts receiving R5Rbz-transduced and control CD34+ cells. RT-PCR assays demonstrated the expression of the anti-CCR5 ribozyme in CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ thymocyte subsets derived from RSRbz-transduced CD34+ cells. These results indicate that anti-CCR5 ribozyme can be introduced into hematopoietic stem cells without adverse effects on their subsequent lineage-specific differentiation and maturation. The expression of anti-CCR5 ribozymes in HIV-1 target cells offers a novel gene therapy strategy to control HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bai
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Browning CM, Cagnon L, Good PD, Rossi J, Engelke DR, Markovitz DM. Potent inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gene expression and virus production by an HIV-2 tat activation-response RNA decoy. J Virol 1999; 73:5191-5. [PMID: 10233987 PMCID: PMC112569 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.6.5191-5195.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/1998] [Accepted: 02/28/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tat activation-response region (TAR) decoys have been developed for use in gene therapy for people infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). When a TAR RNA decoy is overexpressed, it will bind Tat, thus leaving less of this crucial protein to bind to and activate the natural transcriptional promoter of HIV-1. Previous TAR decoy constructs have used HIV-1 TAR. However, recent epidemiological and biological data began to suggest that the TAR region from the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) may suppress HIV-1 transcription and hence replication. We created a vector which overexpresses TAR-2 under the control of the human U6 small nuclear RNA gene promoter and here show that the U6-TAR-2 decoy construct potently inhibits both HIV-2 and HIV-1 gene expression. Further, this decoy construct is able to markedly suppress HIV-1 replication. Thus, we have directly proven that TAR-2 can suppress HIV-1 replication and suggest that the HIV-2 TAR decoy may prove useful for combating HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Browning
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Westaway SK, Cagnon L, Chang Z, Li S, Li H, Larson GP, Zaia JA, Rossi JJ. Virion encapsidation of tRNA(3Lys)-ribozyme chimeric RNAs inhibits HIV infection. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev 1998; 8:185-97. [PMID: 9669656 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.1998.8.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Retroviruses require a specific host cellular tRNA primer for initiation of first-strand DNA synthesis. This primer is bound by viral proteins and copackaged into virions. We have exploited this property in the design and testing of an antiviral ribozyme fused to tRNA(3Lys), the primer used for lentiviral replication, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2). The chimera consists of tRNA(3Lys) covalently attached to a hammerhead ribozyme, which is targeted to the region immediately upstream of the primer binding site of the HIV-1 genome. The tRNA-ribozyme chimeric transcript is catalytically active in vitro and is efficiently bound by HIV reverse transcriptase with an affinity similar to that of tRNA(3Lys). We have expressed the chimeric RNAs from either the tRNA(3Lys) intragenic RNA polymerase III promoter or from a human U6 snRNA promoter. The U6 promoter results in up to 10-fold enhanced expression of the tRNA-ribozyme. Most importantly, the tRNA(3Lys)-ribozymes are encapsidated in HIV-1 virions such that they are effective in substantially reducing the level of infectious virus produced from cells cotransfected with HIV-1 proviral DNA. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using this novel strategy to reduce HIV infectivity and more generally indicate the potential power of using the retroviral primer tRNAs as tools for expressing and delivering ribozymes and other antiretroviral RNAs to the virion capsid.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- HIV/drug effects
- HIV/genetics
- HIV/physiology
- HIV Reverse Transcriptase/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Small Nuclear/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/pharmacology
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Ribosomes/genetics
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Virion/physiology
- Virus Replication/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Westaway
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010-3011, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Affiliation(s)
- L Cagnon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cagnon L, Cucchiarini M, Lefebvre JC, Doglio A. Protection of a T-cell line from human immunodeficiency virus replication by the stable expression of a short antisense RNA sequence carried by a shuttle RNA molecule. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995; 9:349-58. [PMID: 7541291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus VA1 gene is efficiently transcribed by RNA polymerase III and gives rise to a small highly ordered RNA. To inhibit replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a chimeric VA1 RNA molecule was designed that contained a short antisense RNA sequence complementary to a conserved region of the HIV-1 rev encoding mRNA (28 nucleotides). This sequence, which was inserted into a projecting loop of the VA1 RNA central domain, was mainly single stranded and available for binding with its complementary sequence. The chimeric VA1 antisense was abundantly expressed in human cells constituting 3% of mRNA and promoted strong and specific inhibition of HIV-1 gene replication. The stable expression of antisense RNA in human T cells (CEM) protected these cells from HIV-1 multiplication for at least 3 months. No side effects were detected because of the lack of antisense effect upon replication of the closely related HIV-2. The VA1 gene may provide a suitably compact gene cassette for the intracellular expression of short antisense RNA directed against HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Cagnon
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cucchiarini M, Cagnon L, Giordanengo V, Doglio A, Lefebvre JC. Induction by human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 of degradation of CD4 but not of a CD4 mutant unable to bind viral envelope glycoproteins. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995; 8:427-36. [PMID: 7697438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 appears to use a multiple gene strategy to regulate CD4 receptor expression, which emphasizes the importance of this regulation in the viral life cycle. The cytoplasmic interaction between gp160 and CD4 is probably the major event governing CD4 down-regulation, although other viral proteins, such as Nef (CD4 cell surface localization) and Vpu (CD4 degradation), are thought to participate as well. Because of the lack of vpu in HIV-2, we investigated the effects of two HIV-2 isolates (ROD 10 and EHO) on CD4 expression in the CEM T-cell line. We found that these HIV-2 strains induce CD4 degradation to a similar extent as that induced by an HIV-1 isolate (BRU). To assess the role of each viral protein involved in CD4 regulation (gp, Nef and Vpu), we developed cell lines expressing a mutated form of CD4 unable to efficiently bind gp160, in addition to their endogenous CD4. Using this system, we provide evidence that the mutated CD4 is always expressed in HIV-1-, and HIV-2-infected cells, independent of the presence of Nef, while the endogenous CD4 is completely lost. These results highlight the key role of intracytoplasmic gp-CD4 interaction, explaining in vitro the CD4 down-regulation in T-cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cucchiarini
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Immunodeficiency caused by HIV infection probably results from profound dysregulation of normal T lymphocyte properties by the virus. Despite description of the virus cytopathicity and numerous modifications in T cell functions, such as perturbation of antigen receptor signaling, CD4 downregulation, and induction of apoptosis, the precise mechanisms underlying the disruption of normal immune responses have not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we show that HIV-1-infected lymphocytes of the CEM cell line (either latent or virus-producing) and HIV-1-infected CD4+ lymphocytes have several membrane proteins with altered glycosylation patterns. Using lectins with specificity for different carbohydrate moieties, we could demonstrate the presence of two exposed nonsialylated disaccharides: a terminal Gal beta 1-->3GalNAc and a terminal Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc. In particular, CD45, one of the major T cell glycoproteins, appeared to be partially sialylated on N- and O-linked carbohydrate moieties. Concerning the latter, PNA lectin which recognizes nonsialylated terminal Gal beta 1-->3GalNAc might precipitate up to 75% of the total tyrosine phosphatase activity displayed by CD45 molecules from one latently HIV-1-infected CEM cell line. Since CD45 glycoproteins are thought to play an important regulatory role in cell-to-cell interactions owing to their variable extracellular region and because they may regulate membrane signaling through their intracellular phosphatase domains, we suggest that these altered CD45 molecules may present an abnormal signal for natural ligands such as the B-cell-specific surface receptor CD22, thus perturbing the normal immune response in HIV-1-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de Virologie, U.E.R. de Médecine, Nice, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Madinier I, Doglio A, Cagnon L, Lefèbvre JC, Monteil RA. Epstein-Barr virus DNA detection in gingival tissues of patients undergoing surgical extractions. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992; 30:237-43. [PMID: 1324707 DOI: 10.1016/0266-4356(92)90266-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The main oral manifestation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is hairy leukoplakia, a lesion associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and occasionally in other immunocompromised patients. However, the recent literature describes the presence of viral genome in clinically normal oral tissues. The purpose of this work was to investigate these occult EBV infections in gingival epithelium. The Southern blot method with 32P-radiolabelled DNA probes under stringent conditions was applied to 20 interproximal gingival papillae specimens and revealed homologous EBV sequences in 4 of 10 AIDS patients as well as in 4 of 10 HIV negative patients. In order to determine whether EBV has a predilection for the gingival tissues, samples of nasal, laryngeal and oral mucosa, other than gingival mucosa, were collected from 10 HIV-negative patients undergoing surgical treatment for a variety of clinical conditions. None of these extra-periodontal mucosal specimens contained homologous EBV DNAs, except an edentulous palatal gingival specimen. With the present detection of EBV DNAs in the gingival tissues of patients undergoing surgical extractions, it would be of interest to investigate more systematically these subclinical infections in order to determine their exact implications in oral disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Madinier
- Laboratoire de Pathobiologie Orale, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Madinier I, Doglio A, Cagnon L, Lefèbvre JC, Monteil RA. Southern blot detection of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) DNA sequences in gingival tissues. J Periodontol 1992; 63:667-73. [PMID: 1324303 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1992.63.8.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The highly sensitive and specific methods of molecular biology emphasize the frequency of subclinical infections in the genital tract tissues by the human papillomaviruses (HPVs). The purpose of this work was to investigate occult viral infections by the HPV type 6, 11, 16, and 18 in the gingival tissues. The Southern blot method with 32P-radiolabeled DNA probes applied under stringent conditions to 20 interproximal gingival papilla specimens revealed homologous viral sequences in 1 of 6 cases of adult periodontitis (HPV 16), 1 of 2 cases of rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP) (HPV 6/HPV 11), 2 of 2 cases of acute gingivitis in psychiatric institutionalized patients (HPV 6; HPV 6/HPV 11), and 2 of 10 cases of acute gingivitis in AIDS patients (HPV 6/HPV 11/HPV 16; HPV 6). No periodontal or extra-periodontal specimen hybridized with the HPV 18 probe. Simultaneous hybridization with two or three HPV types was common (3/6 cases). The present detection of HPV 6, 11, 16 DNAs or related-DNAs in periodontal tissues without obvious clinical signs of viral infection suggests that the gingival epithelium may act as a reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Madinier
- Laboratoire de Pathobiologie Orale, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|