101
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Dettmann F, Warner D, Buitenhuis B, Kargo M, Kjeldsen AMH, Nielsen NH, Lefebvre DM, Santschi DE. Fatty Acid Profiles from Routine Milk Recording as a Decision Tool for Body Weight Change of Dairy Cows after Calving. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1958. [PMID: 33114197 PMCID: PMC7690826 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cows mobilize body reserves during early lactation, which is reflected in the milk fatty acid (FA) profile. Milk FA can be routinely predicted by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and be, thus, used to develop an early indicator for bodyweight change (BWC) in early lactating cows in commercial dairy farms. Cow records from 165 herds in Denmark between 2015 and 2017 were used with bodyweight (BW) records at each milking from floor scales in automatic milking systems. Milk FA in monthly test-day samples was predicted by FTIR. Predictions of BWC were based on a random forest model and included parity, stage of lactation, and test day milk production and components (fat, protein, and FA). Bodyweight loss was mainly explained by decreased short-chain FA (C4:0-C10:0) and increased C18:0 FA. The root mean square error (RMSE) of prediction after cross-validation was 1.79 g/kg of BW (R2 of 0.94). Model evaluation with previously unseen BWC records resulted in reduced prediction performance (RMSE of 2.33 g/kg of BW; R2 of 0.31). An early warning system may be implemented for cows with a large BW loss during early lactation based on milk FA profiles, but model performance should be improved, ideally by using the full FTIR milk spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Dettmann
- Lactanet, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3R4, Canada; (F.D.); (D.W.); (D.M.L.)
- LKV Niedersachsen e.V., 26789 Leer, Germany
| | - Daniel Warner
- Lactanet, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3R4, Canada; (F.D.); (D.W.); (D.M.L.)
| | - Bart Buitenhuis
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (B.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Morten Kargo
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (B.B.); (M.K.)
- SEGES, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark;
| | | | | | - Daniel M. Lefebvre
- Lactanet, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3R4, Canada; (F.D.); (D.W.); (D.M.L.)
| | - Debora E. Santschi
- Lactanet, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3R4, Canada; (F.D.); (D.W.); (D.M.L.)
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102
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Xin H, Xu Y, Chen Y, Chen G, Steele MA, Guan LL. Short communication: Odd-chain and branched-chain fatty acid concentrations in bovine colostrum and transition milk and their stability under heating and freezing treatments. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11483-11489. [PMID: 33041035 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) are found in bovine milk and have some positive influences on human and animal health, their concentrations in bovine colostrum and transition milk have not been reported. In this study, we reported the OCFA and BCFA concentrations in colostrum and transition milk and their stability after heating or freezing treatments (or both), which are processes commonly applied in dairy calf management. Milk samples were collected from 12 Holstein dairy cows (6 primiparous and 6 multiparous) at the first milking (colostrum), fifth milking (transition milk), and ninth milking (mature milk) after calving, respectively, and were used for fatty acid analysis using gas chromatography. The sum concentration of OCFA and BCFA (termed OBCFA) was 134 mg/100 g of milk in the colostrum, which was 24% and 35% lower than that in the transition milk and mature milk, respectively. Among these fatty acids detected, C15:0 and C17:0 were the top 2 abundant fatty acids in all milk types, accounting for 20 to 25% and 21 to 24% of the total concentration of OBCFA, respectively. Additionally, anteiso-C17:0 was the most abundant BCFA, followed by iso-C17:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, iso-C15:0, iso-C18:0, and iso-C14:0 in 3 types of milk. Significant interactions between milk type and cow parity were observed for all OCFA and BCFA concentrations. The milk samples were also treated with heating (at 65°C for 60 min), freezing (at -20°C for 30 d), and heating and freezing (at 65°C for 60 min and then at -20°C for 30 d), and milk OCFA and BCFA concentrations were similar between these treatments. In conclusion, the OBCFA concentration was lower in colostrum, compared with transition and mature milks, and it remained stable after heating and freezing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangshu Xin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Michael A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
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103
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Szura G, Schäfers S, von Soosten D, Meyer U, Klüß J, Breves G, Dänicke S, Rehage J, Ruda L. Gain and loss of subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue depot mass of German Holstein dairy cows with different body conditions during the transition period. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:12015-12032. [PMID: 33010909 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) and abdominal adipose tissue (AAT) depots are mobilized during the fresh cow period (FCP) and early lactation period (ELP) to counteract the negative energy balance (NEB). Earlier studies suggested that fat depots contribute differently to lipomobilization and may vary in functionality. Differences between the adipose depots might influence the development of metabolic disorders. Thus, the gain and loss of subcutaneous and abdominal adipose depot masses in Holstein cows with lower and higher body condition (mean body condition scores: 3.48 and 3.87, respectively) were compared in the period from d -42 to d 70 relative to parturition in this study. Animals of the 2 experimental groups represented adequately conditioned and overconditioned cows. Estimated depot mass (eDM) of SCAT, AAT, retroperitoneal, omental, and mesenteric adipose depots of 31 pluriparous German Holstein cows were determined via ultrasonography at d -42, 7, 28, and 70 relative to parturition. The cows were grouped according to the eDM of SCAT on d -42 [low body condition (LBC) group: n = 16, mean eDM 8.6 kg; high body condition (HBC) group: n = 15, mean eDM 15.6 kg]. Average daily change (prepartum gain and postpartum loss) in depot masses during dry period (DP; from d -42 to d 7), FCP (d 7 to d 28), and ELP (d 28 to d 70) were calculated and daily dry matter intake and lactation performance recorded. Cows of this study stored about 2 to 3 times more fat in AAT than in SCAT depots. After parturition, on average more adipose tissue mass was lost from the AAT than the SCAT depot (0.23 kg/d vs. 0.14 kg/d). Cows with high compared with low body condition had similar gains in AAT (0.33 kg/d) and SCAT (0.14 kg/d) masses during the DP but mobilized significantly more adipose tissue mass from both depots after calving (AAT, HBC vs. LBC: 0.30 vs. 0.17 kg/d; SCAT, HBC vs. LBC: 0.19 vs. 0.10 kg/d). Correlation analysis indicated a functional disparity between AAT and SCAT. In the case of AAT (R2 = 0.36), the higher the gain in adipose mass during DP, the higher the loss in FCP, but this was not the case for SCAT. During FCP, a greater NEB resulted in greater loss of mass from SCAT (R2 = 0.18). In turn, greater mobilization of SCAT mass led to a higher calculated feed efficiency (R2 = 0.18). However, AAT showed no such correlations. On the other hand, during ELP, loss of both SCAT and AAT mass correlated positively with feed efficiency (R2 = 0.35 and 0.33, respectively). The results indicate that feed efficiency may not be an adequate criterion for performance evaluation in cows during NEB. Greater knowledge of functional disparities between AAT and SCAT depots may improve our understanding of excessive lipomobilization and its consequences for metabolic health and performance of dairy cows during the transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Szura
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Schäfers
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - D von Soosten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - U Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Klüß
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - G Breves
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Rehage
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - L Ruda
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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104
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Fukumori R, Taguchi T, Oetzel GR, Oikawa S. Performance evaluation of a newly designed on-farm blood testing system for determining blood non-esterified fatty acid and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2020; 135:247-252. [PMID: 33129573 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate a newly designed on-farm blood testing system (OFBTS) for monitoring blood concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in dairy cows. Blood samples from 230 Holstein dairy cows between -86 and 343 days in milk were collected. A drop of whole blood was used to determine NEFA and BHBA using the OFBTS. Plasma from the remaining blood was used to determine both analytes using a commercial kit (gold standard). In the repeatability of the OFBTS, the intra-assay CV for NEFA and BHBA were 1.3% and 4.5%, and the inter-assay CV were 1.8% and 2.9%, respectively. The slope and coefficient of determination of OFBTS analysis of NEFA compared to the gold standard were 0.92 and 0.94. Those for BHBA were 0.94 and 0.98. Mean of the difference between the gold standard laboratory assays and OFBTS of NEFA and BHBA were 0.021 and 0.019, respectively. However, the bias became substantial for NEFA in the higher concentration ranges (>1.2 mEq/L). The sensitivity and specificity of NEFA were 93.2% and 99.4% at a cutpoint of 0.4 mEq/L, and 87.9% and 100% at 0.6 mEq/L. Those of BHBA were 86.2% and 99.0% at a cutpoint of 1.0 mM, and 94.7% and 99.5% at 1.2 mM. The reaction time for the NEFA to reach 0.6 mEq/L was 7 min. The BHBA reaction reached 1.2 mM within 2 min. In conclusion, the OFBTS has excellent performance for evaluating blood NEFA or BHBA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Fukumori
- Department of Veterinary Herd Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | | | - Garrett R Oetzel
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shin Oikawa
- Department of Veterinary Herd Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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105
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Klein SL, Scheper C, May K, König S. Genetic and nongenetic profiling of milk β-hydroxybutyrate and acetone and their associations with ketosis in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10332-10346. [PMID: 32952022 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ketosis is a metabolic disorder of increasing importance in high-yielding dairy cows, but accurate population-wide binary health trait recording is difficult to implement. Against this background, proper Gaussian indicator traits, which can be routinely measured in milk, are needed. Consequently, we focused on the ketone bodies acetone and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), measured via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in milk. In the present study, 62,568 Holstein cows from large-scale German co-operator herds were phenotyped for clinical ketosis (KET) according to a veterinarian diagnosis key. A sub-sample of 16,861 cows additionally had first test-day observations for FTIR acetone and BHB. Associations between FTIR acetone and BHB with KET and with test-day traits were studied phenotypically and quantitative genetically. Furthermore, we estimated SNP marker effects for acetone and BHB (application of genome-wide association studies) based on 40,828 SNP markers from 4,384 genotyped cows, and studied potential candidate genes influencing body fat mobilization. Generalized linear mixed models were applied to infer the influence of binary KET on Gaussian-distributed acetone and BHB (definition of an identity link function), and vice versa, such as the influence of acetone and BHB on KET (definition of a logit link function). Additionally, linear models were applied to study associations between BHB, acetone and test-day traits (milk yield, fat percentage, protein percentage, fat-to-protein ratio and somatic cell score) from the first test-day after calving. An increasing KET incidence was statistically significant associated with increasing FTIR acetone and BHB milk concentrations. Acetone and BHB concentrations were positively associated with fat percentage, fat-to-protein ratio and somatic cell score. Bivariate linear animal models were applied to estimate genetic (co)variance components for KET, acetone, BHB and test-day traits within parities 1 to 3, and considering all parities simultaneously in repeatability models. Pedigree-based heritabilities were quite small (i.e., in the range from 0.01 in parity 3 to 0.07 in parity 1 for acetone, and from 0.03-0.04 for BHB). Heritabilites from repeatability models were 0.05 for acetone, and 0.03 for BHB. Genetic correlations between acetone and BHB were moderate to large within parities and considering all parities simultaneously (0.69-0.98). Genetic correlations between acetone and BHB with KET from different parities ranged from 0.71 to 0.99. Genetic correlations between acetone across parities, and between BHB across parities, ranged from 0.55 to 0.66. Genetic correlations between KET, acetone, and BHB with fat-to-protein ratio and with fat percentage were large and positive, but negative with milk yield. In genome-wide association studies, we identified SNP on BTA 4, 10, 11, and 29 significantly influencing acetone, and on BTA 1 and 16 significantly influencing BHB. The identified potential candidate genes NRXN3, ACOXL, BCL2L11, HIBADH, KCNJ1, and PRG4 are involved in lipid and glucose metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-L Klein
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - C Scheper
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - K May
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - S König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany.
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106
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Hajek F, Reus A, Gruber S, Plattner S, Kammer M, Baumgartner C, Smink M, Döpfer D, Hachenberg S, Mansfeld R. [Use of serum haptoglobin concentration as an indicator in animal health monitoring of dairy cows]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2020; 48:228-238. [PMID: 32823327 DOI: 10.1055/a-1208-8229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between haptoglobin concentration in the blood and the occurrence of ketosis, selected clinical parameters as well as lameness in dairy cows. MATERIAL AND METHODS The data was collected on 39 dairy farms in Bavaria over a period of 8 months. In 712 Simmental and Brown Swiss cows, clinical examinations as well as milk and blood samplings were performed between 10 and 30 days after calving. In these blood samples, the concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and haptoglobin (Hp) were determined. Analysis of the milk included milk constituents (fat, protein, urea, lactose and acetone), BHBA, NEFA and the somatic cell count (SCC). RESULTS Significant correlations were found between increased Hp-concentration on the one hand and increased NEFA levels in blood and milk (p < 0.001), increased somatic cell count (p < 0.001), lameness (p < 0.001), as well as reduced lactose content (p < 0.001) and protein content in the milk (p = 0.001) on the other hand. Animals sampled during the warmer summer months showed significantly higher serum Hp-concentrations (p < 0,001). Heifers exhibited significantly higher Hp-values than multiparous individuals (p < 0.001). By dividing the examined cows into 4 clusters, a Hp-threshold value could be determined at 0.18 mg/ml. Combined with a SCC threshold of 40 500 cells/ml milk, the majority of animals with subclinical and clinical abnormalities could be identified. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Measurement of the Hp-concentration in blood is a pertinent approach in animal health monitoring during the postpartum period. In combination with evaluations of milk amount and contents, deviations from the physiological status may be recognized and affected individuals treated early on. Haptoglobin may be used to assess the health status of the individual animal as well as an indicator of herd health in the context of animal health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hajek
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Anne Reus
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Simone Gruber
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | | | - Martin Kammer
- Landeskuratorium der Erzeugerringe für tierische Veredelung in Bayern e. V
| | | | - Moniek Smink
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Dörte Döpfer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Rolf Mansfeld
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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107
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Carretta MD, Barría Y, Borquez K, Urra B, Rivera A, Alarcón P, Hidalgo MA, Burgos RA. β-hydroxybutyrate and hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 agonists activate the AKT, ERK and AMPK pathways, which are involved in bovine neutrophil chemotaxis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12491. [PMID: 32719460 PMCID: PMC7385489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma concentrations of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), an endogenous agonist of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), is associated with an increased incidence of inflammatory diseases during lactation in dairy cows. In the early stages of this pathology, an increase in neutrophil recruitment is observed; however, the role of BHB remains elusive. This study characterized the effect of BHB and synthetic agonists of the HCA2 receptor on bovine neutrophil chemotaxis and the signaling pathways involved in this process. We demonstrated that treatment with BHB concentrations between 1.2 and 10 mM and two full selective agonists of the HCA2 receptor, MK-1903 and nicotinic acid, increased bovine neutrophil chemotaxis. We also observed that BHB and HCA2 agonists induced calcium release and phosphorylation of AKT, ERK 1/2 and AMPKα. To evaluate the role of these pathways in bovine neutrophil chemotaxis, we used the pharmacological inhibitors BAPTA-AM, pertussis toxin, U73122, LY294002, U0126 and compound C. Our results suggest that these pathways are required for HCA2 agonist-induced bovine neutrophil chemotaxis in non-physiological condition. Concentrations around 1.4 mM of BHB after calving may exert a chemoattractant effect that is key during the onset of the inflammatory process associated with metabolic disorders in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Yonathan Barría
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Katherine Borquez
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Bárbara Urra
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Andrés Rivera
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María A Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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108
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Pralle RS, Schultz NE, White HM, Weigel KA. Hyperketonemia GWAS and parity-dependent SNP associations in Holstein dairy cows intensively sampled for blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:347-357. [PMID: 32628084 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00016.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperketonemia (HYK) is a metabolic disorder that affects early postpartum dairy cows; however, there has been limited success in identifying genomic variants contributing to HYK susceptibility. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using HYK phenotypes based on an intensive screening protocol, interrogated genotype interactions with parity group (GWIS), and evaluated the enrichment of annotated metabolic pathways. Holstein cows were enrolled into the experiment after parturition, and blood samples were collected at four timepoints between 5 and 18 days postpartum. Concentration of blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) was quantified cow-side via a handheld BHB meter. Cows were labeled as a HYK case when at least one blood sample had BHB ≥ 1.2 mmol/L, and all other cows were considered non-HYK controls. After quality control procedures, 1,710 cows and 58,699 genotypes were available for further analysis. The GWAS and GWIS were performed using the forward feature select linear mixed model method. There was evidence for an association between ARS-BFGL-NGS-91238 and HYK susceptibility, as well as parity-dependent associations to HYK for BovineHD0600024247 and BovineHD1400023753. Candidate genes annotated to these single nuclear polymorphism associations have been previously associated with obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, and fatty liver in humans and rodent models. Enrichment analysis revealed focal adhesion and axon guidance as metabolic pathways contributing to HYK etiology, while genetic variation in pathways related to insulin secretion and sensitivity may affect HYK susceptibility in a parity-dependent matter. In conclusion, the present work proposes several novel marker associations and metabolic pathways contributing to genetic risk for HYK susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Pralle
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nichol E Schultz
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Heather M White
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kent A Weigel
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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109
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Moore SM, DeVries TJ. Effect of diet-induced negative energy balance on the feeding behavior of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7288-7301. [PMID: 32475669 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine how feeding behavior of dairy cows is altered in response to diet-induced negative energy balance, and if this response varies depending on dietary particle size distribution. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 30; days in milk = 59 ± 5; parity = 2.8 ± 0.19), producing 44.6 ± 1.2 kg/d of milk, were fed (on a dry matter basis) a lactating diet [net energy of lactation (NEL) = 1.66 Mcal/kg; 68% forage, including 1.8% wheat straw] during a 2-wk baseline period. To induce negative energy balance, cows were then exposed for 3 wk to 1 of 2 diets formulated for a 20% reduction in energy available for milk (NEL = 1.58 Mcal/kg; 73% forage, including 17.2% wheat straw). These diets were identical, only varying in straw chop length: (1) long straw diet (LS): straw chopped with a 10.2-cm screen, or (2) short straw diet (SS): straw chopped with a 2.54-cm screen. Cows consumed 25.6 ± 0.26 kg/d during the baseline period. Dry matter intake decreased on the experimental diets; dry matter intake was greater for the SS diet as compared with the LS diet (23.1 vs. 22.5 kg/d; standard error = 0.47). During the baseline period, cow serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and blood β-hydroxybutyrate averaged 0.27 ± 0.02 and 0.71 ± 0.05 mmol/L, respectively. During the experimental period, NEFA and β-hydroxybutyrate averaged 0.34 and 1.04 mmol/L, respectively, with a peak of NEFA (0.63 ± 0.06 mmol/L) occurring 4 d after dietary change. During baseline, cows produced 42.3 ± 0.33 kg/d of milk; milk yield was decreased for both SS cows and LS cows during the experimental period (SS = 39.0, LS = 37.8 kg/d; standard error = 0.67). On the experimental diets, cows spent more time eating (266.8 vs. 221.8 min/d), had longer meal lengths (46.9 vs. 37.5 min/meal), and consumed fewer meals (7.1 vs. 7.7 meals/d) compared with the baseline period. Within the experimental period, LS cows spent more time eating per day than SS cows (LS = 281.3, SS = 252.2 min/d). During the baseline period cows sorted against long particles (>19 mm), did not sort medium particles (8 to 19 mm), and sorted for short (4 to 8 mm) and fine (<4 mm) particles. Cows did not change sorting of long particles on the SS diet, but increased sorting against these on the LS diet. On the SS diet cows did not change their sorting of short and fine particles. On the LS diet cows increased sorting for short and fine particles. In the baseline period, no association was detected between feed sorting and serum NEFA concentration. During the experimental period, greater NEFA concentration was associated with greater sorting in favor of short particles for both the LS and SS diets. Furthermore, greater NEFA concentration was associated with greater sorting against the longest particles for both the LS and SS diets. No associations of blood and meal variables were detected during the experimental period. Overall, cows altered their feed sorting behavior in response to experiencing a diet-induced period of negative energy balance and the severity of negative energy balance was associated with the extent of that change in feed sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Moore
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - T J DeVries
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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110
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Sahar MW, Beaver A, von Keyserlingk MAG, Weary DM. Predicting Disease in Transition Dairy Cattle Based on Behaviors Measured Before Calving. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060928. [PMID: 32471094 PMCID: PMC7341500 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dairy cattle often become ill after calving. We developed models designed to predict which cows are likely to become ill based upon measures of the cows’ feeding and competitive behaviors before calving. Our models had high sensitivity (73–71%), specificity (80–84%), positive predictive values (73–77%), and negative predictive values (80–80%) for both cows that had previously calved and for those calving for the first time. We conclude that behaviors at the feed bunk before calving can predict cows at risk of becoming sick in the weeks after calving. Abstract Dairy cattle are particularly susceptible to metritis, hyperketonemia (HYK), and mastitis in the weeks after calving. These high-prevalence transition diseases adversely affect animal welfare, milk production, and profitability. Our aim was to use prepartum behavior to predict which cows have an increased risk of developing these conditions after calving. The behavior of 213 multiparous and 105 primiparous Holsteins was recorded for approximately three weeks before calving by an electronic feeding system. Cows were also monitored for signs of metritis, HYK, and mastitis in the weeks after calving. The data were split using a stratified random method: we used 70% of our data (hereafter referred to as the “training” dataset) to develop the model and the remaining 30% of data (i.e., the “test” dataset) to assess the model’s predictive ability. Separate models were developed for primiparous and multiparous animals. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve using the test dataset for multiparous cows was 0.83, sensitivity and specificity were 73% and 80%, positive predictive value (PPV) was 73%, and negative predictive value (NPV) was 80%. The area under the ROC curve using the test dataset for primiparous cows was 0.86, sensitivity and specificity were 71% and 84%, PPV was 77%, and NPV was 80%. We conclude that prepartum behavior can be used to predict cows at risk of metritis, HYK, and mastitis after calving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad W. Sahar
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (M.W.S.); (A.B.); (M.A.G.v.K.)
| | - Annabelle Beaver
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (M.W.S.); (A.B.); (M.A.G.v.K.)
- Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
| | - Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (M.W.S.); (A.B.); (M.A.G.v.K.)
| | - Daniel M. Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (M.W.S.); (A.B.); (M.A.G.v.K.)
- Correspondence:
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111
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Ettema JF, Krogh MA, Østergaard S. Economic value of information from an alert system on physiological imbalance in fresh cows. Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:105039. [PMID: 32526548 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Physiological imbalance is an abnormal physiological condition that cannot be directly observed but is assumed to precede subclinical and clinical diseases in the beginning of lactation. Alert systems to detect the physiological imbalance in a cow using Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy in milk have been developed. The objective of this study was to estimate the value of information provided from such system with different indicator accuracies, herd prevalence and prices. A decision tree was created to model the probabilities of detection and associated costs of test outcome, intervention and occurrence of disease. We assumed that the negative effect of physiological imbalance was the development of subclinical ketosis and that this negative effect was prevented by drenching the cows with propylene glycol for 5 days. We simulated the economic impact of subclinical ketosis mediated through physiological imbalance to be $194 per case. The results showed that if the alert system was highly accurate (Se = 0.99/Sp = 0.99), and the prevalence of physiological imbalance was 30 %, the value of information provided from the system is $19 per cow-year. In case the prevalence is 5 % or 50 %, the value of information is $3 and $13, respectively. These estimates for the value do not cover the capital costs and operational costs of the alert system. This study furthermore clearly demonstrated that in order to estimate the value of information correctly, it is important to consider that drenching all cows and not drenching any of the cows are the two relevant alternative options in the absence of the alert system. In conclusion, the decision tree and sensitivity analysis developed in this study show that final economic results are highly variable to the prevalence of physiological imbalance and highest at an intermediate prevalence. Other relevant factors are the costs associated with drenching and the cost associated with treating false positives and not treating false negatives. In addition, this study highlights the benefits of simulation to pinpoint where additional information is needed to further quantify the economic value and required accuracy of an indication-based intervention system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mogens A Krogh
- Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Søren Østergaard
- Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
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112
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Bacterial Endotoxins and Their Role in Periparturient Diseases of Dairy Cows: Mucosal Vaccine Perspectives. DAIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the periparturient period there is a significant increase in the incidence of multiple metabolic and infectious diseases in dairy cows. Dairy cows are fed high-grain diets immediately after calving to support production of large amounts of milk. Mounting evidence indicates these types of diets are associated with the release of high amounts of endotoxins in the rumen fluid. If infected, the udder and uterus additionally become important sources of endotoxins during the postpartum period. There is increasing evidence that endotoxins translocate from rumen, uterus, or udder into the systemic circulation and trigger chronic low-grade inflammatory conditions associated with multiple diseases including fatty liver, mastitis, retained placenta, metritis, laminitis, displaced abomasum, milk fever, and downer cow syndrome. Interestingly, endotoxin-related diseases are triggered by a bacterial component and not by a specific bacterium. This makes prevention of these type of diseases different from classical infectious diseases. Prevention of translocation of endotoxins into the host systemic circulation needs to take priority and this could be achieved with a new approach: mucosal vaccination. In this review article, we discuss all the aforementioned issues in detail and also report some of our trials with regards to mucosal vaccination of periparturient dairy cows.
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113
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Abstract
Ketosis, characterized by high concentrations of ketone bodies in the blood, urine, and milk, affects a considerable number of cows immediately after calving. Although much is known about ketosis, dairy cows continue to be affected in every herd world-wide. Cows affected by ketosis are treated with palliative treatments after the disease is diagnosed. This is a very expensive approach and costs the dairy industry extra expenses, contributing to lower profitability of dairy herds. In this review article, we summarize the mainstream view on ketosis, classification of ketosis into three types, current diagnostic approaches to ketosis, and the economic impact of ketosis on dairy farms. Additionally, we discuss the most recent applications of the new ‘omics’ science of metabolomics in studying the etiopathology of ketosis as well as its contribution in identification of novel screening or diagnostic biomarkers of ketosis.
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114
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Benedet A, Costa A, De Marchi M, Penasa M. Heritability estimates of predicted blood β-hydroxybutyrate and nonesterified fatty acids and relationships with milk traits in early-lactation Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6354-6363. [PMID: 32359995 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At the beginning of lactation, high-producing cows commonly experience an unbalanced energy status that is often responsible for the onset of metabolic disorders and impaired health and performance. Blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) are indicators of excessive fat mobilization and circulating ketone bodies. Recently, prediction models based on mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy have been developed to assess blood BHB and NEFA from routinely collected individual milk samples. This study aimed to estimate genetic parameters of blood BHB and NEFA predicted from milk MIR spectra and to assess their phenotypic and genetic correlations with milk production and composition traits in early-lactation Holstein cows. The data set comprised the first test-day record within lactation and spectra of individual milk samples (n = 22,718) of 13,106 Holstein cows collected from 5 to 35 d in milk (DIM). Blood BHB and NEFA were predicted from milk MIR spectra using previously developed prediction models. Genetic parameters of blood metabolites and milk traits were estimated for the whole observational period (5-35 DIM) and within 6 classes of DIM. Blood BHB and NEFA showed similar genetic variation across DIM, with the highest heritability in the first 10 d after calving (0.31 ± 0.06 and 0.19 ± 0.05 for BHB and NEFA, respectively). The genetic correlation between BHB and NEFA was moderate (0.51 ± 0.05). Genetic correlations of BHB with milk yield, SCS, protein percentage, lactose percentage, and urea nitrogen content were similar to, or at least in the same direction as, the correlations of NEFA with the same traits, whereas opposite correlations were observed with fat percentage and fat-to-protein ratio. Results of the current study suggest that blood BHB and NEFA predicted from milk MIR spectra have genetic variation that is potentially exploitable for breeding purposes. Therefore, they could be used as indicator traits of hyperketonemia in a selection index aimed to reduce the susceptibility of dairy cows to metabolic disorders in early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Benedet
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - A Costa
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - M De Marchi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Penasa
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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115
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Zamuner F, DiGiacomo K, Cameron AWN, Leury BJ. Short communication: Associations between nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose in periparturient dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6672-6678. [PMID: 32331887 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to use longitudinal data to examine the relationships between blood concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and glucose during the transition period in dairy goats. Weekly blood samples were collected from Saanen goats from a commercial herd in Australia [1-7 yr; body weight 70 ± 16.0 kg; body condition score 2.5 ± 0.3; and daily milk yield 2.4 ± 0.73 L/d; all mean ± standard deviation (SD)]. The weekly prevalence of goats above hyperketonemic levels (BHB ≥0.8 mmol/L) was approximately 6 times greater postpartum than antepartum. As well, of the 935 goats sampled antepartum, 50 (5%) had at least 1 hyperketonemic event, and 823 (88%) had at least 1 event of NEFA above the threshold (≥0.3 mmol/L). Of 847 goats tested postpartum, 258 (30%) had at least 1 hyperketonemic event, and 690 goats (81%) had at least 1 event of NEFA above the threshold (≥ 0.7 mmol/L). Substantial variation was found when analyzing the mean days of maximum NEFA and maximum BHB concentrations antepartum (-11 ± 6.6 and -14 ± 7.2 d, respectively, mean ± SD) and postpartum (14 ± 6.6 and 9 ± 6.8 d, respectively, mean ± SD). We observed moderate to strong relationships between NEFA and BHB concentrations (r = 0.66) and between NEFA and glucose concentrations (r = -0.46) throughout the transition period. Our results suggested that 3 to 16 d in milk is the best sampling window for monitoring hyperketonemia in dairy goats, and that results from simultaneous BHB and glucose tests provide an improved indication of the fat mobilization and energy status of the herd when measured close to this timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zamuner
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - K DiGiacomo
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A W N Cameron
- Meredith Dairy Pty Ltd., 106 Cameron Rd., Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia
| | - B J Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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116
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Opportunities and limitations of milk mid-infrared spectra-based estimation of acetone and β-hydroxybutyrate for the prediction of metabolic stress and ketosis in dairy cows. J DAIRY RES 2020; 87:196-203. [PMID: 32308161 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029920000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Subclinical (SCK) and clinical (CK) ketosis are metabolic disorders responsible for big losses in dairy production. Although Fourier-transform mid-infrared spectrometry (FTIR) to predict ketosis in cows exposed to great metabolic stress was studied extensively, little is known about its suitability in predicting hyperketonemia using individual samples, e.g. in small dairy herds or when only few animals are at risk of ketosis. The objective of the present research was to determine the applicability of milk metabolites predicted by FTIR spectrometry in the individual screening for ketosis. In experiment 1, blood and milk samples were taken every two weeks after calving from Holstein (n = 80), Brown Swiss (n = 72) and Swiss Fleckvieh (n = 58) cows. In experiment 2, cows diagnosed with CK (n = 474) and 420 samples with blood β-hydroxybutyrate [BHB] <1.0 mmol/l were used to investigate if CK could be detected by FTIR-predicted BHB and acetone from a preceding milk control. In experiment 3, correlations between data from an in farm automatic milk analyser and FTIR-predicted BHB and acetone from the monthly milk controls were evaluated. Hyperketonemia occurred in majority during the first eight weeks of lactation. Correlations between blood BHB and FTIR-predicted BHB and acetone were low (r = 0.37 and 0.12, respectively, P < 0.0001), as well as the percentage of true positive values (11.9 and 16.6%, respectively). No association of FTIR predicted ketone bodies with the interval of milk sampling relative to CK diagnosis was found. Data obtained from the automatic milk analyser were moderately correlated with the same day FTIR-predicted BHB analysis (r = 0.61). In conclusion, the low correlations with blood BHB and the small number of true positive samples discourage the use of milk mid-infrared spectrometry analyses as the only method to predict hyperketonemia at the individual cow level.
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117
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Estimating the combined costs of clinical and subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230448. [PMID: 32255789 PMCID: PMC7138322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical ketosis (CK) and subclinical ketosis (SCK) are associated with lower milk production, lower reproductive performance, an increased culling of cows and an increased probability of other disorders. Quantifying the costs related to ketosis will enable veterinarians and farmers to make more informed decisions regarding the prevention and treatment of the disease. The overall aim of this study was to estimate the combined costs of CK and SCK using assumptions and input variables from a typical Dutch context. A herd level dynamic stochastic simulation model was developed, simulating 385 herds with 130 cows each. In the default scenario there was a CK probability of almost 1% and a SCK probability of 11%. The herds under the no risk scenario had no CK and SCK, while the herds under the high-risk scenario had a doubled probability of CK and SCK compared to the default scenario. The results from the simulation model were used to estimate the annual cash flows of the herds, including the costs related to milk production losses, treatment, displaced abomasum, mastitis, calf management, culling and feed, as well as the returns from sales of milk and calves. The difference between the annual net cash flows of farms in the no risk scenario and the default scenario provides the estimate of the herd level costs of ketosis. Average herd level costs of ketosis (CK and SCK combined) were €3,613 per year for a default farm and €7,371 per year for a high-risk farm. The costs for a single CK case were on average €709 (with 5 and 95 percentiles of €64 and €1,196, respectively), while the costs for a single SCK case were on average €150 (with 5 and 95 percentiles of €18 and €422, respectively) for the default farms. The differences in costs between cases occurred due to differences between cases (e.g., cow culled vs cow not culled, getting another disease vs not getting another disease).
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118
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Gross JJ, Grossen-Rösti L, Wall SK, Wellnitz O, Bruckmaier RM. Metabolic status is associated with the recovery of milk somatic cell count and milk secretion after lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5604-5615. [PMID: 32253039 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the mammary gland in dairy cows are commonly accompanied by reduced milk production and feed intake and poor milk quality. The metabolic status of early-lactating cows is known to affect immune response to pathogens and imposed immune challenges. We investigated the extent to which metabolic status before an intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (LPS-CH) is associated with immune response, milk production, and feed intake and the recovery thereof. In 15 Holstein cows, weekly blood sampling and daily recording of dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and body weight (to calculate energy balance) was started immediately after parturition. In wk 4 after parturition, cows underwent an intramammary LPS-CH (50 μg of LPS into 1 quarter). Blood and milk samples were taken in parallel at 30- and 60-min intervals, respectively, until 10 h after the LPS application. Plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cortisol, and insulin were analyzed. In milk, serum albumin, IgG concentration, somatic cell count (SCC), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were determined. Dry matter intake and milk yield were recorded for an additional 6 d. Milk of the LPS-treated quarter was sampled at every milking for 8 d after the challenge. Based on plasma glucose concentrations in wk 1 to 4 after parturition before the LPS-CH, cows were retrospectively grouped into a high-glucose group (HG; 3.34-3.93 mmol/L, n = 7) and a low-glucose group (LG; 2.87-3.31 mmol/L, n = 8). Data were evaluated using mixed models with time, group, and time × group interaction as fixed effects and cow as repeated subject. Glucose was lower and BHB was higher in LG compared with HG before LPS-CH, whereas dry matter intake, energy balance, and SCC did not differ. During LPS-CH, SCC and LDH increased similarly in HG and LG, body temperature increased less in HG, and BHB and nonesterified fatty acids were higher in LG compared with HG. Dry matter intake declined in both groups during the day of the LPS-CH but recovered to prechallenge values faster in HG. Milk yield recovered within 2 d after the LPS-CH with no differences in morning milkings, whereas evening milk yield increased faster in HG. During 8 d after LPS-CH, SCC, LDH, IgG, and serum albumin in milk were lower in HG compared with LG. In conclusion, the level of circulating glucose and BHB concentrations in cows was associated with metabolic responses during an LPS-CH as well as the recovery of udder health and performance thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - L Grossen-Rösti
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - S K Wall
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - O Wellnitz
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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119
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Vallejo-Timarán D, Reyes-Vélez J, VanLeeuwen J, Maldonado-Estrada J, Astaiza-Martínez J. Incidence and effects of subacute ruminal acidosis and subclinical ketosis with respect to postpartum anestrus in grazing dairy cows. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03712. [PMID: 32274437 PMCID: PMC7132069 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) and Subclinical Ketosis (SCK) are two of the most prevalent metabolic diseases of dairy cows, with impacts on reproductive performance. There is scarce literature about these diseases in dairy regions in Colombia. In 29 randomly selected herds in Pasto, Colombia, 249 dairy cows were followed weekly for two months postpartum to determine: 1) incidence risk of SARA and SCK; and 2) effects of SARA and SCK on the occurrence of postpartum anestrus (PA) at two months. Samples from ruminal liquor and blood were obtained one time per cow during the first week postpartum to determine presence of SARA (pH < 5.6) and SCK (1.0-2.9 mmol/L of blood Beta-Hydroxy-Butyrate), respectively. PA diagnosis was determined with ultrasound. Pregnancy risks at 30 and 60 days post-breeding (and assumed embryo losses between these days) were determined. Risk factors associated with PA were estimated through a mixed multi-level multivariable logistic regression model, adjusting for clustering of cows within herds. The incidence risks of SARA and SCK were 23.3% and 46.2%, respectively. Simultaneous occurrence of SCK and SARA (SCASCK) was present in 5.2% of the cows. In the final multivariable model, the occurrence of SARA (Odds Ratio: OR = 39.4), SCK (OR = 47.4) and SCASCK (OR = 68.5) was associated with increased odds of PA. Feeding a transition period diet was associated with reduced odds of PA (OR = 0.15). Second parity cows had significantly lower odds of PA than first parity cows (OR = 0.21). In conclusion, inadequate pre-partum and postpartum nutritional management of the herds increased the occurrence of SARA and SCK, which had adverse effects on reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Vallejo-Timarán
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Research Group in Agricultural Sciences (GIsCA) University Foundation Autónoma de las Américas, Circular 73 No. 35 - 04, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Julián Reyes-Vélez
- Veterinary Medicine School, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, Biogenesis Research Group, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - John VanLeeuwen
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Juan Maldonado-Estrada
- Veterinary Medicine School, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, One Health Veterinary Research and Innovation - OHVRI Group, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Astaiza-Martínez
- Department of Animal Health, Livestock Sciences Faculty, University of Nariño, Internal Medicine and Veterinary Pharmacology Research Group - MIFARVET, Pasto, Colombia
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Aires A, Rocha R, Moresco R, Menegat C, Berto T, Leal M. Efeito da suplementação de colina protegida no perfil metabólico e intervalo entre parto e concepção de vacas leiteiras. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Durante o periparto, as vacas leiteiras são submetidas a uma grande demanda de energia, ao mesmo tempo em que reduzem sua ingestão de matéria seca. O balanço energético negativo, resultante dessa equação, acarreta severos transtornos metabólicos, à produção e, principalmente, à reprodução. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da colina protegida sobre os parâmetros metabólicos, o intervalo entre parto e concepção e a produção de leite em vacas no período de transição. Cinquenta e quatro vacas leiteiras foram divididas em três grupos: controle, suplementação com colina por 10 dias pré-parto (T10) e suplementação com colina por 20 dias pré-parto (T20). Após o parto, foram mensurados os teores de frutosamina, colesterol, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT) e total de oxidantes (TOS), nos dias 10, 20 e 30. Ainda foram avaliadas produção de leite e intervalo entre parto e concepção. Não houve efeito da suplementação com colina sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos e a produção. O intervalo entre parto e concepção foi menor no grupo T20. A colina suplementada por 20 dias durante o pré-parto melhorou a performance reprodutiva de vacas leiteiras
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Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Aires
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | - R.X. Rocha
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - C. Menegat
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - T. Berto
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Sturm V, Efrosinin D, Öhlschuster M, Gusterer E, Drillich M, Iwersen M. Combination of Sensor Data and Health Monitoring for Early Detection of Subclinical Ketosis in Dairy Cows. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20051484. [PMID: 32182701 PMCID: PMC7085771 DOI: 10.3390/s20051484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Subclinical ketosis is a metabolic disease in early lactation. It contributes to economic losses because of reduced milk yield and may promote the development of secondary diseases. Thus, an early detection seems desirable as it enables the farmer to initiate countermeasures. To support early detection, we examine different types of data recordings and use them to build a flexible algorithm that predicts the occurence of subclinical ketosis. This approach shows promising results and can be seen as a step toward automatic health monitoring in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Sturm
- Linz Center of Mechatronics GmbH, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Dmitry Efrosinin
- Institute of Stochastics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria;
| | | | - Erika Gusterer
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.G.); (M.D.); (M.I.)
| | - Marc Drillich
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.G.); (M.D.); (M.I.)
| | - Michael Iwersen
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.G.); (M.D.); (M.I.)
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Bonfatti V, Ho P, Pryce J. Usefulness of milk mid-infrared spectroscopy for predicting lameness score in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2534-2544. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Mineur A, Hammami H, Grelet C, Egger-Danner C, Sölkner J, Gengler N. Short communication: Investigation of the temporal relationships between milk mid-infrared predicted biomarkers and lameness events in later lactation. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4475-4482. [PMID: 32113764 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the exploration of temporal relationships between milk mid-infrared predicted biomarkers and lameness events. Lameness in dairy cows is an issue that can vary greatly in severity and is of concern for both producers and consumers. Metabolic disorders are often associated with lameness. However, lameness can arise weeks or even months after the metabolic disorder, making the detection of causality difficult. We already use mid-infrared technology to predict major milk components, such as fat or protein, during routine milk recording and for milk payment. It was recently shown that this technology can also be used to predict novel biomarkers linked to metabolic disorders in cows, such as oleic acid (18:1 cis-9), β-hydroxybutyrate, acetone, and citrate in milk. We used these novel biomarkers as proxies for metabolic issues. Other studies have explored the possibility of using mid-infrared spectra to predict metabolic diseases and found it (potentially) usable for indicating classes of metabolic problems. We wanted to explore the possible relationship between mid-infrared-based metabolites and lameness over the course of lactation. In total, data were recorded from 6,292 cows on 161 farms in Austria. Lameness data were recorded between March 2014 and March 2015 and consisted of 37,555 records. Mid-infrared data were recorded between July and December 2014 and consisted of 9,152 records. Our approach consisted of fitting preadjustments to the data using fixed effects, computing pair-wise correlations, and finally applying polynomial smoothing of the correlations for a given biomarker at a certain month in lactation and the lameness events scored on severity scale from sound or non-lame (lameness score of 1) to severely lame (lameness score of 5) throughout the lactation. The final correlations between biomarkers and lameness scores were significant, but not high. However, for the results of the present study, we should not look at the correlations in terms of absolute values, but rather as indicators of a relationship through time. When doing so, we can see that metabolic problems occurring in mo 1 and 3 seem more linked to long-term effects on hoof and leg health than those in mo 2. However, the quantity (only 1 pair-wise correlation exceeded 1,000 observations) and the quality (due to limited data, no separation according to more metabolic-related diseases could be done) of the data should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Mineur
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hedi Hammami
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Clément Grelet
- Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques (CRA-W), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Johann Sölkner
- BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Gengler
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Clinical Ketosis-Associated Alteration of Gene Expression in Holstein Cows. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020219. [PMID: 32093082 PMCID: PMC7073836 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketosis is one of the most prevalent transition metabolic disorders in dairy cows, and has been intrinsically influenced by both genetic and nutritional factors. However, altered gene expression with respective to dairy cow ketosis has not been addressed yet, especially at the genome-wide level. In this study, we recruited nine Holsteins diagnosed with clinical ketosis and ten healthy controls, for which whole blood samples were collected at both prepartum and postpartum. Four groups of blood samples were defined: from cows with ketosis at prepartum (PCK, N = 9) and postpartum (CK, N = 9), respectively, and controls at prepartum (PHC, N = 10) and postpartum (HC, N = 10). RNA-Seq approach was used for investigating gene expression, by which a total of 27,233 genes were quantified with four billion high-quality reads. Subsequently, we revealed 75 and four differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between sick and control cows at postpartum and prepartum, respectively, which indicated that sick and control cows had similar gene expression patterns at prepartum. Meanwhile, there were 95 DEGs between postpartum and prepartum for sick cows, which showed depressed changes of gene expression during this transition period in comparison with healthy cows (428 DEGs). Functional analyses revealed the associated DEGs with ketosis were mainly involved in biological stress response, ion homeostasis, AA metabolism, energy signaling, and disease related pathways. Finally, we proposed that the expression level of STX1A would be potentially used as a new biomarker because it was the only gene that was highly expressed in sick cows at both prepartum and postpartum. These results could significantly help us to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms for incidence and progression of ketosis in dairy cows.
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Basoglu A, Baspinar N, Tenori L, Licari C, Gulersoy E. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolome profile evaluation in dairy cows with and without displaced abomasum. Vet Q 2020; 40:1-15. [PMID: 31858882 PMCID: PMC6968509 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1707907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Displaced abomasum (DA) is a condition of dairy cows that severely impacts animal welfare and causes huge economic losses. Objective To assess the metabolic status of the disease using metabolomics in serum, urine and liver samples aimed at both water soluble and lipid soluble fractions. Methods Fifty Holstein multiparous cows with DA (42 left, 8 right) and 20 clinically healthy Holstein multiparous cows were used. Left DA was associated with concomitant ketosis in 19 animals and right in two. NMR-based metabolomics approach and hematological and biochemical analyses were performed. Statistical analysis was carried out on 1H-NMR data after they have been normalized using PQN method. Results Contrary to generated PCA score plots the OPLS-supervised method revealed differences between healthy animals and diseased ones based on serum water-soluble samples. While water and lipid soluble metabolites decreased in serum samples, fatty acid fractions and cholesterol were increased in liver samples in DA affected cows. The metabolomic and chemical profiles clearly revealed that cows with DA (especially with LDA) were at risk of ketosis and fatty liver. Serum hippuric acid concentration was significantly higher in healthy cows in comparison with LDA, whereas serum glycine concentration was reported higher for healthy when compared to RDA affected animals. Conclusion A biochemical network and pathway mapping revealed ‘valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis’ and ‘phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis’ as the most probable altered metabolic pathway in DA condition. Serum was advocated as the optimal biological matrix for the 1H-NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Basoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Nuri Baspinar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Leonardo Tenori
- Interuniversitary Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metalloproteins (C.I.R.M.M.P.), Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Cristina Licari
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Erdem Gulersoy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
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Zou H, Hu R, Dong X, Shah AM, Wang Z, Ma J, Peng Q, Xue B, Wang L, Zhang X, Zeng S, Wang X, Shi J, Li F. Lipid Catabolism in Starved Yak Is Inhibited by Intravenous Infusion of β-Hydroxybutyrate. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010136. [PMID: 31952136 PMCID: PMC7022817 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Yak, which is the predominant and semi-domesticated livestock on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, suffers severe starvation and body weight reduction in the cold season because of the harsh highland environment. Lipids are important energy sources to starvation animals. β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) that is derived from lipid decomposition as the primary ketone body is with the function not only to provide energy for animals as energy materials, but also regulate lipid metabolism as signaling molecular. However, the effects of starvation and BHBA on lipid metabolism and its mechanism are still unclear for ruminant animals. Herein, we investigated the effects of starvation and intravenous infusion of BHBA solution on Yak growth, serum biochemistry, hormones, subcutaneous adipocyte morphology, fatty acid composition, activity of enzymes related to lipid metabolism, and signal pathway. The results showed that starvation promoted lipid catabolism and BHBA infusion up-regulated the mRNA expression of receptor GPR109A in subcutaneous adipose tissue, inhibited the Cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)/Protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway, and inhibited lipolysis. Our study was beneficial for enriching the nutrition regulation theory of yaks and improving their growth potential. Abstract Lipid is the chief energy source for starved animals. β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) is the main ketone body produced by lipid decomposition. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell experiment, it was found that BHBA could be used not only as an energy substance, but also as a ligand of GPR109A for regulating lipid metabolism. However, whether BHBA can regulate lipid metabolism of yaks, and its effective concentration and signal pathway are not clear. This study investigated the effects and mechanism of starvation and BHBA on the lipid metabolism of yak. Eighteen male Jiulong yaks were selected and then randomly divided into three groups: normal feeding group (NG), starvation group (SG), and starvation with BHBA infusion group (SBG). The yaks in the NG group were freely fed during the trial, while the yaks in the SG and SBG groups fasted; from 7th to 9th days of the experiment, the NG and SG were infused continuous with 0.9% normal saline and SBG was infused 1.7 mmol/L BHBA solution respectively. The blood samples were collected on the 0th, 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th day of experiment. The subcutaneous adipose tissue of all the yaks in this study were taken from live bodies after infusion. Serum glucose, lipid metabolites, hormone concentrations, and mRNA and protein expressions of key factors of lipid metabolism and signaling pathway in subcutaneous adipose tissue were measured. The results showed that, as compared with NG, starvation significantly reduced the body weight of yak in SG, and significantly increased the concentration of BHBA in serum and the mRNA expression of PKA and CREB1 in subcutaneous adipose tissue, while the mRNA expression of MEK, PKC, ERK1/2, the area of adipocytes, and the proportion of saturated fatty acid were decreased. Whereas, further increase of BHBA concentration through infusion promoted the mRNA expression of GPR109A receptor in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of SBG, inhibited the mRNA expression of AC and PKA, and decreased the phosphorylation protein abundance of CREB1, and significantly increased the diameter and area of adipocytes. These findings suggest that starvation led to enhanced lipid catabolism in yaks. An increasing BHBA concentration could increase the mRNA expression of GPR109A receptor in subcutaneous adipose tissue and inhibit the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway and lipid decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zou
- “Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production” University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 61130, China; (H.Z.); (R.H.); (X.D.); (A.M.S.); (J.M.); (Q.P.); (B.X.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.W.); (J.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Rui Hu
- “Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production” University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 61130, China; (H.Z.); (R.H.); (X.D.); (A.M.S.); (J.M.); (Q.P.); (B.X.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.W.); (J.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Xianwen Dong
- “Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production” University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 61130, China; (H.Z.); (R.H.); (X.D.); (A.M.S.); (J.M.); (Q.P.); (B.X.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.W.); (J.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Ali Mujtaba Shah
- “Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production” University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 61130, China; (H.Z.); (R.H.); (X.D.); (A.M.S.); (J.M.); (Q.P.); (B.X.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.W.); (J.S.); (F.L.)
- Department of Livestock Production, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- “Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production” University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 61130, China; (H.Z.); (R.H.); (X.D.); (A.M.S.); (J.M.); (Q.P.); (B.X.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.W.); (J.S.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jian Ma
- “Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production” University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 61130, China; (H.Z.); (R.H.); (X.D.); (A.M.S.); (J.M.); (Q.P.); (B.X.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.W.); (J.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Quanhui Peng
- “Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production” University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 61130, China; (H.Z.); (R.H.); (X.D.); (A.M.S.); (J.M.); (Q.P.); (B.X.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.W.); (J.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Bai Xue
- “Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production” University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 61130, China; (H.Z.); (R.H.); (X.D.); (A.M.S.); (J.M.); (Q.P.); (B.X.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.W.); (J.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Lizhi Wang
- “Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production” University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 61130, China; (H.Z.); (R.H.); (X.D.); (A.M.S.); (J.M.); (Q.P.); (B.X.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.W.); (J.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Xiangfei Zhang
- “Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production” University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 61130, China; (H.Z.); (R.H.); (X.D.); (A.M.S.); (J.M.); (Q.P.); (B.X.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.W.); (J.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Shaoyu Zeng
- “Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production” University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 61130, China; (H.Z.); (R.H.); (X.D.); (A.M.S.); (J.M.); (Q.P.); (B.X.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.W.); (J.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Xueying Wang
- “Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production” University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 61130, China; (H.Z.); (R.H.); (X.D.); (A.M.S.); (J.M.); (Q.P.); (B.X.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.W.); (J.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Junhua Shi
- “Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production” University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 61130, China; (H.Z.); (R.H.); (X.D.); (A.M.S.); (J.M.); (Q.P.); (B.X.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.W.); (J.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Fengpeng Li
- “Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production” University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 61130, China; (H.Z.); (R.H.); (X.D.); (A.M.S.); (J.M.); (Q.P.); (B.X.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.W.); (J.S.); (F.L.)
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Pralle RS, White HM. Symposium review: Big data, big predictions: Utilizing milk Fourier-transform infrared and genomics to improve hyperketonemia management. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3867-3873. [PMID: 31954582 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Negative animal health and performance outcomes are associated with disease incidences that can be labor-intensive, costly, and cumbersome for many farms. Amelioration of unfavorable outcomes through early detection and treatment of disease has emphasized the value of improving health monitoring. Although the value is recognized, detecting hyperketonemia (HYK) is still difficult for many farms to do practically and efficiently. Increasing data streams available to farms presents opportunities to use data to better monitor cow and herd health; however, challenges remain with regard to validating, integrating, and interpreting data. During the transition to lactation period, useful data are presented in the form of milk production and composition, milk Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) wavelength absorbance, cow management records, and genomics, which have been employed to monitor postpartum onset of HYK. Attempts to predict postpartum HYK from test-day milk and performance variables incorporated into multiple linear regression models have demonstrated sufficient accuracy to monitor monthly herd prevalence; however, they lacked the sensitivity and specificity for individual cow diagnostics. Subsequent artificial neural network prediction models employing FTIR data and milk composition variables achieved 83 and 81% sensitivity and specificity for individual cow diagnostics. Although these results fail to reach the diagnostic goals of 90%, they are achieved without individual cow blood samples, which may justify acceptance of lower performance. The caveat is that these models depend on milk analysis, which is traditionally done every 4 weeks. This infrequent sampling allows for a single diagnostic sample for about half of the fresh cows. Benefits to farms are greatly improved if postpartum cows can be milk-tested weekly. Additionally, this allows for close monitoring of somatic cell count and may open the door for use of other herd health monitoring tools. Future improvements in these models may be achievable by maximizing sensitivity at the expense of specificity and may be most economical in disorders for which the cost of treatment is less than that of mistreating (e.g., HYK). Genomic predictions for HYK may be improved by incorporating genome-wide associated SNP and further utilized for precision management of HYK risk groups. Development and validation of HYK prediction models may provide producers with individual cow and herd-level management tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Pralle
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - H M White
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706.
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Sahar MW, Beaver A, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG. Feeding behavior and agonistic interactions at the feed bunk are associated with hyperketonemia and metritis diagnosis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:783-790. [PMID: 31668443 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyperketonemia and metritis are common in the weeks after calving. This study tested if feeding and agonistic behaviors before calving were associated with the development of hyperketonemia (HYK) and metritis after calving. Holstein cows on 5 commercial farms were monitored for HYK (as identified using a cow-side β-hydroxybutyrate test) and metritis (using visual and olfactory assessment of vaginal discharge); both tests were conducted twice a week for 2 wk. Based on this assessment, we selected a balanced sample of cows that remained healthy (no signs of illness; n = 20), cows diagnosed with either HYK (n = 20) or metritis (n = 20), and cows with both HYK and metritis (n = 20). Video recordings from the 8 wk before calving (scored every 2 wk for 90 min immediately after fresh feed delivery) were used to evaluate feeding behavior and competition at the feed bunk. Feeding behavior before calving was associated with postpartum diagnosis of HYK and metritis. Specifically, cows that spent less time eating had higher odds of HYK and metritis. Odds of remaining healthy (compared with becoming sick with at least 1 condition) increased by 1.3 times for every additional 15 min spent eating. Additionally, cows that were involved in fewer agonistic interactions prepartum were more likely to be diagnosed with both conditions during the postpartum period. Odds of remaining healthy (compared with becoming sick with at least one condition) increased by 1.9 times for every 6 additional interactions. We conclude that prepartum feeding and agonistic behaviors can be used to identify animals at risk of HYK and metritis postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad W Sahar
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Annabelle Beaver
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Daniel M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Marina A G von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4.
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Thiruvengadam M, Venkidasamy B, Subramanian U. Up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow assay for quantitative detection of β-hydroxybutyrate in biological samples. Anal Biochem 2019; 591:113546. [PMID: 31863728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a novel up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow (UPT-LF) assay was developed as a point of care testing method for the rapid and quantitative detection of β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in milk and serum samples. BHB is one of the most important serum molecular markers not only in ketosis but also for other metabolic disorders in bovines. The developed UPT-LF assay has high sensitivity compared with existing kits in the market for BHB quantification. The detection limit of UPT-BHB- LF assay, with a coefficient of variation (CV) < 10% was 0.01 mM, which is lower than the clinical diagnosis cutoff value of serum BHB (1 mM); while 0.1 mM is the standard level of BHB in milk samples. The relatively good stability and reproducibility of UPT-LF assay with CV<10% results for both serum and milk samples at various storage temperatures demonstrates the superiority of this method and therefore it could be used as a point of care method for the quantitative detection of BHB in the biological samples for veterinary applications. The claimed performance of this assay along with a shorter detection time makes it a viable point-of-care method for the quantitative detection of BHB in the biological samples of veterinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India
| | - Umadevi Subramanian
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, 600051, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Thiruvengadam M, Venkidasamy B, Selvaraj D, Samynathan R, Subramanian U. Sensitive screen-printed electrodes with the colorimetric zone for simultaneous determination of mastitis and ketosis in bovine milk samples. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 203:111746. [PMID: 31884349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine metabolic diseases are silent clinical conditions caused by a disturbance in normal cellular metabolic processes majorly due to the demand for nutrients, physiological stress and inflammation in lactating animals. Even though these are non-devastating diseases, conditions like mastitis and ketosis highly influence cow's lactation and fertility performance that leads to economic losses. Hence, in the present study, a combined detection including a sensitive paper-based colorimetric device for the rapid determination of somatic cells (SCC) and electrochemical detection of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the milk samples has been developed. The working range was 1 × 105 to 2 × 106 for SCC and 0.05 to 2.5 mM BHB in which the normal and extreme cases of mastitis and ketosis values exist. The detection method is based on reaction using substrate 5-Bromo-indoxyl acetate (5BIA) and enzyme (BHB dehydrogenase) for the enzymes (esterase) and substrate (BHB) present in the milk samples during mastitis and ketosis respectively. An increase in blue color development was associated with an increase in the number of SCC; likewise, the increased voltage denoted the increase concentration of BHB in the samples. The repeatability was evaluated, and the % relative standard deviation (RSD) value <8.0 (n = 12). The limit of detection (LOD) was close to that achieved by a desktop spectrophotometer. The applicability of the developed kit demonstrated good sensitivity that can be deployed for other biological samples of interest. The proposed method provides a rapid, sensitive and promising tool for the regular monitoring of cows as a point of care tests (POC) at the field level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046, India
| | - Divya Selvaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046, India
| | - Ramkumar Samynathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046, India
| | - Umadevi Subramanian
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai 600051, Tamil Nadu, India.
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131
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Luke T, Nguyen T, Rochfort S, Wales W, Richardson C, Abdelsayed M, Pryce J. Genomic prediction of serum biomarkers of health in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11142-11152. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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132
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Yadav BK, Singh VK, Singh SK. Lipid mobilization and serum metabolites dynamics of Sahiwal cows during the transition period. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1629094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brajesh K. Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura, India
| | - Vivek K. Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura, India
| | - Shanker K. Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura, India
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133
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Leal Yepes FA, Mann S, Martens EM, Velasco-Bolaños J, Ceballos-Marquez A, Puerto S, Gómez MI, McArt JAA. Blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and early lactation management strategies on pasture-based dairy farms in Colombia. Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104855. [PMID: 31864169 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The increasing global demand for food requires sustainable solutions to close the gap in agricultural yield between industrialized and non-industrialized countries. Our objectives in this cross-sectional study were to: 1) characterize farm populations, milk yield, and early lactation management strategies of dairy cows in three different regions of Colombia, and 2) determine the association of these management strategies with blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations in the first 42 days in milk (DIM). Dairy herds (n = 56) in the Antioquia, Caldas, and Cundinamarca regions of Colombia were visited once from May through July 2018. A survey was administered to farm owners to collect demographic, management, and herd nutrition information. Blood samples from dairy cows (n = 880) between calving and 42 DIM were used to measure blood BHB concentration. Associations between management and nutritional strategies and blood BHB concentration were examined using mixed models. Prevalence of hyperketonemia was calculated as the number of samples with BHB concentration ≥1.2 mmol/L divided by the total number of samples. The estimated diet composition for early lactation dairy cows was 65.5% pasture and 31.8% commercial concentrates. The farm median milk yield, protein concentration, and fat concentration were 21.0 kg (range = 13.1-36 kg), 3.2% (range = 2.7-4.1%), and 3.5% (range = 3.0-4.1%), respectively. Milk yield least squares means (95% confidence interval; CI) differed by region: 21.7 (20.3, 23.2), 18.5 (17.0, 20.2), and 20.3 (18.5, 22.4) kg in Antioquia, Caldas, and Cundinamarca, respectively. Median blood BHB concentration was 0.5 and ranged from 0.1-4.4 mmol/L; blood BHB concentration was not different among the three regions. Pasture fertilization, increased parity, and BCS were associated with changes in blood BHB concentration. The overall prevalence of hyperketonemia was 4.5%. Geographical region affected the prevalence of hyperketonemia at 2.5%, 4.0%, and 10.2% in Antioquia, Caldas, and Cundinamarca, respectively. Mean stocking density (95% CI) was greater in Cundinamarca than Antioquia or Caldas at 3.3 (2.2, 5.0), 2.8 (2.1, 3.9) and 1.7 (1.2, 2.6) animals per ha, respectively, and was associated with hyperketonemia prevalence. Farms that abruptly stop milking cows at dry-off had 80% of the hyperketonemia events in the study. Pasture-based dairies in Colombia had lower blood BHB concentrations and estimated milk yield compared with confined production systems in temperate zones. However, geographical region, stocking density, and abrupt cessation of milking at dry-off were associated with prevalence of hyperketonemia in pasture-based dairies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Leal Yepes
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Sabine Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Martens
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Juan Velasco-Bolaños
- Faculty of Agricultural Research Sciences, CLEV Research Group, Universidad De Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Ceballos-Marquez
- Faculty of Agricultural Research Sciences, CLEV Research Group, Universidad De Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Sergio Puerto
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Miguel I Gómez
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jessica A A McArt
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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134
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Izumi K, Fukumori R, Oikawa S, Oba M. Short communication: Effects of butyrate supplementation on the productivity of lactating dairy cows fed diets differing in starch content. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11051-11056. [PMID: 31629511 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of butyrate supplementation on the dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and blood metabolites of lactating dairy cows fed diets differing in starch content. Eight Holstein cows after peak lactation (58.6 ± 9.96 d in milk; mean ± SD) were blocked by parity and assigned to 1 of 2 Latin squares (4 × 4) balanced for carryover effects with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments differed by dietary starch content (20.6 vs. 27.5%) and butyrate supplementation (butyrate vs. control) with 21-d periods. Experimental diets contained 36 and 30% corn silage, 18 and 15% grass silage, and 46 and 55% concentrates, respectively, for low starch and high starch diets, on a dry matter (DM) basis. Butyrate was provided as Gustor BP70 WS (Norel S.A., Madrid, Spain), containing 70% sodium butyrate and 30% fatty acid mixture, at 2% of dietary DM (providing butyrate at 1.1% of dietary DM), and control premix contained 70% wheat bran and 30% fatty acid mixture. Interaction effects between dietary starch content and butyrate supplementation were not observed for primary response variables, and milk yield was not affected by treatment. Butyrate supplementation increased serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentration compared with control (0.706 vs. 0.930 mM), but did not exceed 1.2 mM, a commonly accepted value for subclinical ketosis, and DMI was not affected. Cows fed butyrate had increased milk fat content (4.58 vs. 4.37%) and milk fat yield (1.51 vs. 1.42 kg/d), tended to have increased 4% fat-corrected milk yield (35.9 vs. 34.3 kg/d) and feed efficiency (1.56 vs. 1.50; 4% fat-corrected milk yield/DMI), and had decreased milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration (10.8 vs. 11.7 mg/dL) compared with control. Cows fed high starch diets tended to have increased DMI (23.3 vs. 22.5 kg/d), increased milk protein yield (1.13 vs. 1.05 kg/d), and decreased MUN concentration (10.3 vs. 12.2 mg/dL). Inclusion of butyrate at 1.1% of dietary DM increased milk fat production and decreased MUN concentration without affecting DMI or increasing the risk of subclinical ketosis, regardless of dietary starch content.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Izumi
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan 069-8501
| | - R Fukumori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan 069-8501
| | - S Oikawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan 069-8501
| | - M Oba
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5.
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135
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Effects of Ketosis in Dairy Cows on Blood Biochemical Parameters, Milk Yield and Composition, and Digestive Capacity. J Vet Res 2019; 63:555-560. [PMID: 31934667 PMCID: PMC6950442 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to characterise the effects of ketosis on milk yield and composition and digestive capacity in transition dairy cows. Material and Methods Seven ketotic and seven healthy cows were housed in individual stalls for six days. Samples of plasma, milk, refused total mixed ration, and faeces were collected, and the blood biochemical parameters, milk yield and composition, dry matter intake, and faecal dry matter (FDM) production were determined. Results Compared with healthy cows, the ketotic cows had significantly higher concentrations of milk fat and citrate, but lower levels of milk protein and lactose. The cows exhibited a need for acid detergent fibre in forage and better digestion of neutral detergent fibre, starch, crude protein, and phosphorus than healthy cows, but more fat and gross energy were excreted in their faeces. Ketotic cows had higher energy-corrected milk yields and lower FDM than healthy cows. Conclusion Lower feed intake coinciding with the requirement to maintain high milk production is considered to be the cause of ketosis in dairy cows. Ketotic cows exhibited lower dry matter fat digestion.
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136
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Benedet A, Franzoi M, Penasa M, Pellattiero E, De Marchi M. Prediction of blood metabolites from milk mid-infrared spectra in early-lactation cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11298-11307. [PMID: 31521353 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows commonly experience an unbalanced energy status in early lactation, and this condition can lead to the onset of several metabolic disorders. Blood metabolic profile testing is a valid tool to monitor and detect the most common early lactation disorders, but blood sampling and analysis are time-consuming and expensive, and the procedure is invasive and stressful for the cows. Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy is routinely used to analyze milk composition, being a cost-effective and nondestructive method. The present study aimed to assess the feasibility of using routine milk MIR spectra for the prediction of main blood metabolites in dairy cows, and to investigate associations between measured blood metabolites and milk traits. Twenty herds of Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss, or Simmental cows located in Northeast Italy were visited 1 to 4 times between December 2017 and June 2018, and blood and milk samples were collected from all lactating cows within 35 d in milk. Concentrations of main blood metabolites and milk MIR spectra were recorded from 295 blood and milk samples and used to develop prediction models for blood metabolic traits through backward interval partial least squares analysis. Blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), urea, and nonesterified fatty acids were the most predictable traits, with coefficients of determination of 0.63, 0.58, and 0.52, respectively. On the contrary, predictive performance for blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and glutamic pyruvic transaminase were not accurate. Associations of blood BHB and urea with their respective contents in milk were moderate to strong, whereas all other correlations were weak. Predicted blood BHB showed an improved performance in detecting cows with hyperketonemia (blood BHB ≥ 1.2 mmol/L), compared with commercial calibration equation for milk BHB. Results highlighted the opportunity of using milk MIR spectra to predict blood metabolites and thus to collect routine information on the metabolic status of early-lactation cows at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Benedet
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - M Franzoi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Penasa
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - E Pellattiero
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M De Marchi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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137
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Meyerholz MM, Rohmeier L, Eickhoff T, Hülsebusch A, Jander S, Linden M, Macias L, Koy M, Heimes A, Gorríz-Martín L, Segelke D, Engelmann S, Schmicke M, Hoedemaker M, Petzl W, Zerbe H, Schuberth HJ, Kühn C. Genetic selection for bovine chromosome 18 haplotypes associated with divergent somatic cell score affects postpartum reproductive and metabolic performance. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9983-9994. [PMID: 31521359 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of animals to periparturient diseases has a great effect on the economic efficiency of dairy industries, on the frequency of antibiotic treatment, and on animal welfare. The use of selection for breeding cows with reduced susceptibility to diseases offers a sustainable tool to improve dairy cattle farming. Several studies have focused on the association of distinct bovine chromosome 18 genotypes or haplotypes with performance traits. The aim of this study was to test whether selection of Holstein Friesian heifers via SNP genotyping for alternative paternal chromosome 18 haplotypes associated with favorable (Q) or unfavorable (q) somatic cell scores influences postpartum reproductive and metabolic diseases. Thirty-six heifers (18 Q and 18 q) were monitored from 3 wk before calving until necropsy on d 39 (± 4 d) after calving. Health status and rectal temperature were measured daily, and body condition score and body weight were assessed once per week. Blood samples were drawn twice weekly, and levels of insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, insulin-like growth factor-I, growth hormone, and β-hydroxybutyrate were measured. Comparisons between the groups were performed using Fisher's exact test, chi-squared test, and the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS. Results showed that Q-heifers had reduced incidence of metritis compared with q-heifers and were less likely to develop fever. Serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate were lower and insulin-like growth factor-I plasma concentrations were higher in Q- compared with q-heifers. However, the body condition score and withers height were comparable between haplotypes, but weight loss tended to be lower in Q-heifers compared with q-heifers. No differences between the groups were detected concerning retained fetal membranes, uterine involution, or onset of cyclicity. In conclusion, selection of chromosome 18 haplotypes associated with a reduced somatic cell score resulted in a decreased incidence of postpartum reproductive and metabolic diseases in this study. The presented data add to the existing knowledge aimed at avoiding negative consequences of genetic selection strategies in dairy cattle farming. The underlying causal mechanisms modulated by haplotypes in the targeted genomic region and immune competence necessitate further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Meyerholz
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - L Rohmeier
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - T Eickhoff
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - A Hülsebusch
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Jander
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Linden
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Leibniz University, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - L Macias
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - M Koy
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - A Heimes
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - L Gorríz-Martín
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - D Segelke
- Vereinigte Informationssysteme Tierhaltung w.V. (VIT) Verden, 27283 Verden (Aller), Germany
| | - S Engelmann
- Institute for Microbiology, Technical University, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Microbial Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - W Petzl
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - H Zerbe
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - H-J Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ch Kühn
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; Agricultural and Environmental Faculty, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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138
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Gross JJ, Schwinn AC, Schmitz-Hsu F, Barenco A, Neuenschwander TFO, Drögemüller C, Bruckmaier RM. The APOB loss-of-function mutation of Holstein dairy cattle does not cause a deficiency of cholesterol but decreases the capacity for cholesterol transport in circulation. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10564-10572. [PMID: 31477289 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The loss-of-function mutation of the apolipoprotein (APO) B gene (APOB) in Holstein cattle accounts for increased losses in calves that are homozygous for this mutation. Heterozygous carriers of the APOB mutation are clinically healthy but show decreased concentrations of plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins. So far, the metabolic effects of the mutation have only been investigated in heterozygous calves, bulls, and nonlactating females. In high-yielding dairy cows, a marked decrease in cholesterol concentration in plasma during early lactation is part of the usual metabolic changes. Given the essential role of cholesterol in fatty acid and lipid metabolism, a specific effect of the APOB mutation on metabolism and performance in dairy cows is expected. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different APOB genotypes on metabolic parameters, hepatic metabolism, and lactation and reproductive performance. Twenty pairs of full siblings with similar age, performance, and calving were investigated. Both animals of each pair were kept on the same farm and consisted of a heterozygous carrier (CDC) and a noncarrier (CDF) of the APOB mutation associated with cholesterol deficiency. Blood samples were taken in early (25.5 ± 4.7 d in milk) and mid lactation (158.2 ± 11.1 d in milk; mean ± SD), and analyzed for nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, insulin-like growth factor-1, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, triacylglycerols, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and phospholipids. The evaluation of milk production, milk gross composition, and lactation persistency was based on official Dairy Herd Improvement Association recordings. Cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations were lower in CDC cows than in CDF cows in early and mid lactation. Metabolic parameters, triacylglycerol concentration in plasma, and lactation and reproductive performance did not differ between CDC cows and CDF cows. The low cholesterol concentrations associated with the APOB mutation in heterozygous carriers are not because of a primary deficiency of cholesterol at a cellular level, as the term "cholesterol deficiency" suggests, but rather a consequence of reduced capacity for its transport in circulation. Overall, the data of the present study suggest that, despite the presence of the APOB mutation, cholesterol is not limiting for animals' metabolic adaptation and performance in heterozygous Holstein cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A-C Schwinn
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - A Barenco
- Swissherdbook, 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | | | - C Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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139
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Alvarenga E, Moreira G, Facury Filho E, Leme F, Moreira T, Carvalho A. Evaluation of different sites for blood collection for β-hydroxybutyrate assessment in dairy cows using hand-held meter. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - F.O.P. Leme
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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140
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Ježek J, Cincović MR, Nemec M, Belić B, Djoković R, Klinkon M, Starič J. Beta-hydroxybutyrate in milk as screening test for subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. Pol J Vet Sci 2019; 20:507-512. [PMID: 29166271 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2017-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ketosis is a very frequent metabolic disease in dairy cows, resulting in lower milk production, impaired fertility and increased frequency of other diseases. The course of the disease is often subclinical, so early detection is very important. The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between the concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate in blood and milk and to determine the cut-off value in milk for detection of subclinical ketosis. The study included 94 cows, which were in the first third of lactation. Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations were measured in blood and milk serum using a biochemical analyser. The average concentration of BHB in the blood serum samples was 1.14 mmol/L while in the milk it was about ten times lower at 0.117 mmol/L. A statistically significant positive correlation between the concentration of BHB in blood and milk (r=0.705, p<0.001) was found. In cows with BHB in blood below 2.0 mmol/L a stronger correlation between blood and milk BHB was established (r=0.658, p<0.001) than in cows with blood BHB above 2.0 mmol/L (r=-0.292, p=0.206). Therefore, BHB in milk is a very suitable indicator in the diagnosis of subclinical ketosis as there is a good correlation between BHB in the blood and milk of cows with subclinical ketosis. The cut-off concentration of BHB in milk set at ≥0.080 mmol/L (AUC=0.91±0.03; p<0.001) is a significant indicator for subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. The sensitivity of the test was 94% and specificity 74%. Beta-hydroxybutyrate in milk is a good indicator of subclinical ketosis in dairy cows and can be measured accurately with a biochemical analyser.
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141
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Nayeri S, Schenkel F, Fleming A, Kroezen V, Sargolzaei M, Baes C, Cánovas A, Squires J, Miglior F. Genome-wide association analysis for β-hydroxybutyrate concentration in Milk in Holstein dairy cattle. BMC Genet 2019; 20:58. [PMID: 31311492 PMCID: PMC6636026 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketosis in dairy cattle has been shown to cause a high morbidity in the farm and substantial financial losses to dairy farmers. Ketosis symptoms, however, are difficult to identify, therefore, the amount of ketone bodies (mainly β-hydroxybutyric acid, BHB) is used as an indicator of subclinical ketosis in cows. It has also been shown that milk BHB concentrations have a strong correlation with ketosis in dairy cattle. Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) has recently became a fast, cheap and high-throughput method for analyzing milk components. The aim of this study was to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on the MIR-predicted milk BHB to identify genomic regions, genes and pathways potentially affecting subclinical ketosis in North American Holstein dairy cattle. RESULTS Several significant regions were identified associated with MIR-predicted milk BHB concentrations (indicator of subclinical ketosis) in the first lactation (SCK1) and second and later lactations (SCK2) in Holstein dairy cows. The strongest association was located on BTA6 for SCK1 and BTA14 on SCK2. Several SNPs on BTA6 were identified in regions and variants reported previously to be associated with susceptibility to ketosis and clinical mastitis in Jersey and Holstein dairy cattle, respectively. One highly significant SNP on BTA14 was found within the DGAT1 gene with known functions on fat metabolism and inflammatory response in dairy cattle. A region on BTA6 and three SNPs on BTA20 were found to overlap between SCK1 and SCK2. However, a novel region on BTA20 (55-63 Mb) for SCK2 was also identified, which was not reported in previous association studies. Enrichment analysis of the list of candidate genes within the identified regions for MIR-predicted milk BHB concentrations yielded molecular functions and biological processes that may be involved in the inflammatory response and lipid metabolism in dairy cattle. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study confirmed several SNPs and genes identified in previous studies as associated with ketosis susceptibility and immune response, and also found a novel region that can be used for further analysis to identify causal variations and key regulatory genes that affect clinical/ subclinical ketosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Nayeri
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - F. Schenkel
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - A. Fleming
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
- Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, ON N1K 1E5 Canada
| | - V. Kroezen
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - M. Sargolzaei
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
- Select Sires Inc., Plain City, OH 43064 USA
| | - C. Baes
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - A. Cánovas
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - J. Squires
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - F. Miglior
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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142
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Palmitic Acid and β-Hydroxybutyrate Induce Inflammatory Responses in Bovine Endometrial Cells by Activating Oxidative Stress-Mediated NF-κB Signaling. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132421. [PMID: 31266188 PMCID: PMC6650895 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketosis is a nutritional metabolic disease in dairy cows, and researches indicated that ketonic cows always accompany reproductive problems. When ketosis occurs, the levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in the blood increase significantly. Palmitic acid (PA) is a main component of saturated fatty acids composing NEFA. The aim of this study was to investigate whether high levels of PA and BHBA induce inflammatory responses and regulatory mechanisms in bovine endometrial cells (BEND). Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative real-time PCR, and western blotting, we evaluated oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory factors, and the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway in cultured BEND cells treated with different concentrations of PA, BHBA, pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC, an NF-κB pathway inhibitor), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC, an antioxidant). The content of malondialdehyde was significantly higher, the content of glutathione was lower, and antioxidant activity-glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity-was lower in treated cells compared with control cells. PA- and BHBA-induced oxidative stress activated the NF-κB signaling pathway and upregulated the release of pro-inflammatory factors. Moreover, PA- and BHBA-induced activation of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses was inhibited by PDTC and NAC. High concentrations of PA and BHBA induce inflammatory responses in BEND cells by activating oxidative stress-mediated NF-κB signaling.
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143
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Macrae AI, Burrough E, Forrest J, Corbishley A, Russell G, Shaw DJ. Risk factors associated with excessive negative energy balance in commercial United Kingdom dairy herds. Vet J 2019; 250:15-23. [PMID: 31383415 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed risk factors associated with excessive negative energy balance (eNEB) in UK dairy cows between April 2006 and March 2015. Blood samples were analysed for β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose. Following removal of all potential duplicate cows, a final dataset of 69,161 unique individual cows was obtained including biochemical results, individual cow and feed data. Generalised linear mixed-effect models and multivariable classification tree-based models showed that individual cow risk factors for eNEB included: (1) days relative to predicted calving date (dry cows); (2) days in milk (lactating cows); (3) body condition score (BCS; lactating cows ≥ BCS 4; OR 2.1); (4) milk yield (around 40 L per day); (5) parity (first lactation heifers; odds ratio [OR] 0.46 compared to older cows during lactation); and (6) chronic inflammatory conditions as assessed by globulin concentrations ≥ 50 g/L (OR 0.79 for cows with evidence of chronic inflammation). There was a higher prevalence during April to October (OR 1.19), and the lowest prevalence was in November. Feeding grass silage and wholecrop (silage made from cereal crops) to dry cows was associated with a reduced prevalence of eNEB, whereas access to grazed grass was associated with a higher prevalence in both the dry period (OR 1.32) and lactation (OR 1.33). Knowledge of the risk factors associated with eNEB in commercial dairy herds assists in both the implementation of herd monitoring programs and reduction of eNEB in dairy herds, with associated reductions in the risk of periparturient diseases and improved dairy cow performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Macrae
- Dairy Herd Health and Productivity Service, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - E Burrough
- Dairy Herd Health and Productivity Service, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - J Forrest
- Dairy Herd Health and Productivity Service, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - A Corbishley
- Dairy Herd Health and Productivity Service, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - G Russell
- Dairy Herd Health and Productivity Service, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - D J Shaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
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144
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Mann S, McArt J, Abuelo A. Production‐related metabolic disorders of cattle: ketosis, milk fever and grass staggers. IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.l3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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145
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Kato J, Odate T, Kim YH, Ichijo T, Sato S. Effects of feeding management on disease incidence and blood metabolites in dairy herds in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:958-967. [PMID: 31142681 PMCID: PMC6656801 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to identify the effect of feeding management on disease incidence and blood metabolite levels in dairy herds in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. A generalized
linear model approach was used to identify the risk factors for ketosis and displaced abomasum (DA) in dairy herds (n=30), and metabolic profile test (MPT) results were compared to verify
the involvement of the factors. Consequently, the proportion of corn silage (CS) with ≥30% of dry matter (DM) fed to cows during the lactation period was confirmed as the most reliable risk
factor for ketosis, while no risk factor was identified for DA. Meanwhile, the incidence rates of ketosis and DA were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the herds that were
fed CS (n=20) than in those fed a non-CS diet (n=10). When the MPT results of the herds fed with CS containing ≥30% of DM (HCS group, n=4; 76 cows), with CS containing <30% of DM (LCS
group, n=14; 285 cows), and a non-CS diet (NCS group, n=12; 236 cows) were compared, the HCS group showed higher beta-hydroxybutyric and lower blood urea nitrogen concentrations for until 49
days after parturition. Overall, feeding cows with CS diets containing over 30% of DM might increase their risk of developing negative energy and protein balances, thereby resulting in
increasing incidences of ketosis in the Iwate Prefecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junro Kato
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Iwate Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Oshu, Iwate 023-0023, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Odate
- Iwate Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Oshu, Iwate 023-0023, Japan
| | - Yo-Han Kim
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ichijo
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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146
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Association between feed sorting and the prevalence of metabolic disorders in Hungarian large-scale dairy herds. J DAIRY RES 2019; 86:162-164. [PMID: 31113526 DOI: 10.1017/s002202991900027x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This research communication describes the possible association between feed sorting and the risk of metabolic disorders in dairy cows. Feed sorting, that is selecting smaller size TMR particles over longer length fibers, can lead to imbalanced energy input. In addition, sorting can lead to lower nutritive value of leftover TMR. To detect a possible relationship between TMR sorting and the occurrence of metabolic disorders in large-scale herds, TMR separation and metabolic profile tests were performed in 22 Hungarian dairies. Feed sorting was defined as >5% alteration in the mass proportion of any of the TMR fractions between the time of feed distribution and 5-6 h later. The prevalence of ketosis and subclinical acidosis differed between feed sorting and non-sorting groups. Inhomogeneous TMR seems to be a predisposing factor for imbalanced energy status. TMR homogeneity measurements should be routinely included in herd health monitoring.
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147
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Sensor based eating time variables of dairy cows in the transition period related to the time to first service. Prev Vet Med 2019; 169:104694. [PMID: 31311645 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In dairy cattle, reproductive diseases and infertility are some of the most important reasons for culling, where postpartum negative energy balance (NEB) reduces reproductive performance. This single cohort observational study reports the association between eating time and the interval between calving and first service in 2036 dairy cows on 17 commercial farms in The Netherlands. Cows were equipped with a commercially available neck sensor (Nedap, Groenlo, The Netherlands), that measured the time cows spent eating, from 28 days (d) before until 28 d after parturition. Primiparous cows spent a mean of +45 minutes (min) eating time per day ante partum and +15 min eating time post partum more than multiparous cows. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze eating time variables in relation to the interval between calving and first service. From 4 weeks before until 4 weeks after calving eating time variables per week were used. Weeks -4, -3 + 3 and +4 were used as weeks with stable eating time patterns and therefore the mean eating time per week and the standard deviation of the mean eating time per week were used. Weeks -2, -1, +1 and +2 were addressed as periods with unstable eating patterns and therefore the slope in eating time per week and the residual variance of the slope per week were modeled. Significant results were the mean eating time in week -4 and +3 where in both weeks higher eating time lead to a higher hazard for first service. Difference between primiparous and multiparous cows were also significant with a higher hazard for first service for primiparous cows. Week 4 post partum presented a significant difference between eating time of primiparous cows and multiparous cows. These results display how eating time variables in the transition period could be related to the interval between calving and first service, and that there is a relation between mean eating time in week -4, +3, +4 and the interval between calving and first insemination.
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148
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Bonfatti V, Turner SA, Kuhn-Sherlock B, Luke TDW, Ho PN, Phyn CVC, Pryce JE. Prediction of blood β-hydroxybutyrate content and occurrence of hyperketonemia in early-lactation, pasture-grazed dairy cows using milk infrared spectra. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6466-6476. [PMID: 31079906 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of milk infrared spectra to predict blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration for use as a management tool for cow metabolic health on pasture-grazed dairy farms and for large-scale phenotyping for genetic evaluation purposes. The study involved 542 cows (Holstein-Friesian and Holstein-Friesian × Jersey crossbreds), from 2 farms located in the Waikato and Taranaki regions of New Zealand that operated under a seasonal-calving, pasture-based dairy system. Milk infrared spectra were collected once a week during the first 5 wk of lactation. A blood "prick" sample was taken from the ventral labial vein of each cow 3 times a week for the first 5 wk of lactation. The content of BHB in blood was measured immediately using a handheld device. After outlier elimination, 1,910 spectra records and corresponding BHB measures were used for prediction model development. Partial least square regression and partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to develop prediction models for quantitative determination of blood BHB content and for identifying cows with hyperketonemia (HYK). Both quantitative and discriminant predictions were developed using the phenotypes and infrared spectra from two-thirds of the cows (randomly assigned to the calibration set) and tested using the remaining one-third (validation set). A moderate accuracy was obtained for prediction of blood BHB. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the prediction model in calibration was 0.56, with a root mean squared error of prediction of 0.28 mmol/L and a ratio of performance to deviation, calculated as the ratio of the standard deviation of the partial least squares model calibration set to the standard error of prediction, of 1.50. In the validation set, the R2 was 0.50, with root mean squared error of prediction values of 0.32 mmol/L, which resulted in a ratio of performance to deviation of 1.39. When the reference test for HYK was defined as blood concentration of BHB ≥1.2 mmol/L, discriminant models indicated that milk infrared spectra correctly classified 76% of the HYK-positive cows and 82% of the HYK-negative cows. The quantitative models were not able to provide accurate estimates, but they could differentiate between high and low BHB concentrations. Furthermore, the discriminant models allowed the classification of cows with reasonable accuracy. This study indicates that the prediction of blood BHB content or occurrence of HYK from milk spectra is possible with moderate accuracy in pasture-grazed cows and could be used during routine milk testing. Applicability of infrared spectroscopy is not likely suited for obtaining accurate BHB measurements at an individual cow level, but discriminant models might be used in the future as herd-level management tools for classification of cows that are at risk of HYK, whereas quantitative models might provide large-scale phenotypes to be used as an indicator trait for breeding cows with improved metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bonfatti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - S-A Turner
- DairyNZ Ltd., 3240 Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - T D W Luke
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 3083 Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - P N Ho
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 3083 Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - C V C Phyn
- DairyNZ Ltd., 3240 Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - J E Pryce
- DairyNZ Ltd., 3240 Hamilton, New Zealand; School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, 3083 Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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149
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Klein SL, Scheper C, Brügemann K, Swalve HH, König S. Phenotypic relationships, genetic parameters, genome-wide associations, and identification of potential candidate genes for ketosis and fat-to-protein ratio in German Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6276-6287. [PMID: 31056336 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Energy demand for milk production in early lactation exceeds energy intake, especially in high-yielding Holstein cows. Energy deficiency causes increasing susceptibility to metabolic disorders. In addition to several blood parameters, the fat-to-protein ratio (FPR) is suggested as an indicator for ketosis, because a FPR >1.5 refers to high lipolysis. The aim of this study was to analyze phenotypic, quantitative genetic, and genomic associations between FPR and ketosis. In this regard, 8,912 first-lactation Holstein cows were phenotyped for ketosis according to a veterinarian diagnosis key. Ketosis was diagnosed if the cow showed an abnormal carbohydrate metabolism with increased content of ketone bodies in the blood or urine. At least one entry for ketosis in the first 6 wk after calving implied a score = 1 (diseased); otherwise, a score = 0 (healthy) was assigned. The FPR from the first test-day was defined as a Gaussian distributed trait (FPRgauss), and also as a binary response trait (FPRbin), considering a threshold of FPR = 1.5. After imputation and quality controls, 45,613 SNP markers from the 8,912 genotyped cows were used for genomic studies. Phenotypically, an increasing ketosis incidence was associated with significantly higher FPR, and vice versa. Hence, from a practical trait recording perspective, first test-day FPR is suggested as an indicator for ketosis. The ketosis heritability was slightly larger when modeling the pedigree-based relationship matrix (pedigree-based: 0.17; SNP-based: 0.11). For FPRbin, heritabilities were larger when modeling the genomic relationship matrix (pedigree-based: 0.09; SNP-based: 0.15). For FPRgauss, heritabilities were almost identical for both pedigree and genomic relationship matrices (pedigree-based: 0.14; SNP-based: 0.15). Genetic correlations between ketosis with FPRbin and FPRgauss using either pedigree- or genomic-based relationship matrices were in a moderate range from 0.39 to 0.71. Applying genome-wide association studies, we identified the specific SNP rs109896020 (BTA 5, position: 115,456,438 bp) significantly contributing to ketosis. The identified potential candidate gene PARVB in close chromosomal distance is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans. The most important SNP contributing to FPRbin was located within the DGAT1 gene. Different SNP significantly contributed to ketosis and FPRbin, indicating different mechanisms for both traits genomically.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-L Klein
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany.
| | - C Scheper
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - K Brügemann
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - H H Swalve
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - S König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
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150
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Sun HZ, Plastow G, Guan LL. Invited review: Advances and challenges in application of feedomics to improve dairy cow production and health. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5853-5870. [PMID: 31030919 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cattle science has evolved greatly over the past century, contributing significantly to the improvement in milk production achieved today. However, a new approach is needed to meet the increasing demand for milk production and address the increased concerns about animal health and welfare. It is now easy to collect and access large and complex data sets consisting of molecular, physiological, and metabolic data as well as animal-level data (such as behavior). This provides new opportunities to better understand the mechanisms regulating cow performance. The recently proposed concept of feedomics could help achieve this goal by increasing our understanding of interactions between the different components or levels and their impact on animal production. Feedomics is an emerging field that integrates a range of omics technologies (e.g., genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, metagenomics, and metatranscriptomics) to provide these insights. In this way, we can identify the best strategies to improve overall animal productivity, product quality, welfare, and health. This approach can help research communities elucidate the complex interactions among nutrition, environment, management, animal genetics, metabolism, physiology, and the symbiotic microbiota. In this review, we summarize the outcomes of the most recent research on omics in dairy cows and highlight how an integrated feedomics approach could be applied in the future to improve dairy cow production and health. Specifically, we focus on 2 topics: (1) improving milk yield and milk quality, and (2) understanding metabolic physiology in transition dairy cows, which are 2 important challenges faced by the dairy industry worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Z Sun
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5
| | - G Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5
| | - L L Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5.
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