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Lee D, Choe S, Park H, Jeon HK, Chai JY, Sohn WM, Yong TS, Min DY, Rim HJ, Eom KS. Complete mitochondrial genome of Haplorchis taichui and comparative analysis with other trematodes. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:719-26. [PMID: 24516279 PMCID: PMC3916463 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial genomes have been extensively studied for phylogenetic purposes and to investigate intra- and interspecific genetic variations. In recent years, numerous groups have undertaken sequencing of platyhelminth mitochondrial genomes. Haplorchis taichui (family Heterophyidae) is a trematode that infects humans and animals mainly in Asia, including the Mekong River basin. We sequenced and determined the organization of the complete mitochondrial genome of H. taichui. The mitochondrial genome is 15,130 bp long, containing 12 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs, a small and a large subunit), and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Like other trematodes, it does not encode the atp8 gene. All genes are transcribed from the same strand. The ATG initiation codon is used for 9 protein-coding genes, and GTG for the remaining 3 (nad1, nad4, and nad5). The mitochondrial genome of H. taichui has a single long non-coding region between trnE and trnG. H. taichui has evolved as being more closely related to Opisthorchiidae than other trematode groups with maximal support in the phylogenetic analysis. Our results could provide a resource for the comparative mitochondrial genome analysis of trematodes, and may yield genetic markers for molecular epidemiological investigations into intestinal flukes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Lee
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Seongjun Choe
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Hansol Park
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Kyu Jeon
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-70-51, Korea
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Duk-Young Min
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-746, Korea
| | - Han-Jong Rim
- Department of Parasitology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Keeseon S Eom
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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102
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Saijuntha W, Duenngai K, Tantrawatpan C. Zoonotic echinostome infections in free-grazing ducks in Thailand. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:663-7. [PMID: 24516271 PMCID: PMC3916455 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Free-grazing ducks play a major role in the rural economy of Eastern Asia in the form of egg and meat production. In Thailand, the geographical location, tropical climate conditions and wetland areas of the country are suitable for their husbandry. These environmental factors also favor growth, multiplication, development, survival, and spread of duck parasites. In this study, a total of 90 free-grazing ducks from northern, central, and northeastern regions of Thailand were examined for intestinal helminth parasites, with special emphasis on zoonotic echinostomes. Of these, 51 (56.7%) were infected by one or more species of zoonotic echinostomes, Echinostoma revolutum, Echinoparyphium recurvatum, and Hypoderaeum conoideum. Echinostomes found were identified using morphological criteria when possible. ITS2 sequences were used to identify juvenile and incomplete worms. The prevalence of infection was relatively high in each region, namely, north, central, and northeast region was 63.2%, 54.5%, and 55.3%, respectively. The intensity of infection ranged up to 49 worms/infected duck. Free-grazing ducks clearly play an important role in the life cycle maintenance, spread, and transmission of these medically important echinostomes in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerachai Saijuntha
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute (WRBRI), Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Kunyarat Duenngai
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phetchabun Rajabhat University, Phetchabun 67000, Thailand
| | - Chairat Tantrawatpan
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. ; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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103
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Uddin Khan S, Atanasova KR, Krueger WS, Ramirez A, Gray GC. Epidemiology, geographical distribution, and economic consequences of swine zoonoses: a narrative review. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2:e92. [PMID: 26038451 PMCID: PMC3880873 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2013.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We sought to review the epidemiology, international geographical distribution, and economic consequences of selected swine zoonoses. We performed literature searches in two stages. First, we identified the zoonotic pathogens associated with swine. Second, we identified specific swine-associated zoonotic pathogen reports for those pathogens from January 1980 to October 2012. Swine-associated emerging diseases were more prevalent in the countries of North America, South America, and Europe. Multiple factors were associated with the increase of swine zoonoses in humans including: the density of pigs, poor water sources and environmental conditions for swine husbandry, the transmissibility of the pathogen, occupational exposure to pigs, poor human sanitation, and personal hygiene. Swine zoonoses often lead to severe economic consequences related to the threat of novel pathogens to humans, drop in public demand for pork, forced culling of swine herds, and international trade sanctions. Due to the complexity of swine-associated pathogen ecology, designing effective interventions for early detection of disease, their prevention, and mitigation requires an interdisciplinary collaborative “One Health” approach from veterinarians, environmental and public health professionals, and the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Uddin Khan
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA ; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA ; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Whitney S Krueger
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA ; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alejandro Ramirez
- Veterinary Diagnosis and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University , Iowa, IA 5011, USA
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA ; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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104
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Fredensborg BL, Ramirez JJ, Partida L. Acanthoparyphiumsp. and Other Metazoan Symbionts of the American Oyster,Crassostrea virginica, from South Texas. J Parasitol 2013; 99:1129-32. [DOI: 10.1645/12-164.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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105
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Lee JJ, Kim D, Pyo KH, Kim MK, Kim HJ, Chai JY, Shin EH. STAT6 expression and IL-13 production in association with goblet cell hyperplasia and worm expulsion of Gymnophalloides seoi from C57BL/6 mice. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:589-94. [PMID: 24327788 PMCID: PMC3857510 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In intestinal helminth infections, Th2 immune respones are generally associated with mucin secretion for worm expulsion from the host intestine. In particular, IL-4 and IL-13 are the important cytokines related with intestinal mucus production via STAT6 signalling in nematode infections. However, this perspective has never been studied in Gymnophalloides seoi infection. The present study aimed to observe the STAT6 signalling and cytokine responses in C57BL/6 mice, a mouse strain resistant to infection with this trematode. The results showed that worm expulsion occurred actively during days 1-2 post-infection (PI), when goblet cells began to proliferate in the small intestine. The STAT6 gene expression in the mouse spleen became remarkable from day 2 PI. Moreover, G. seoi infection induced a significant increase of IL-13 from day 4 PI in the spleen of infected mice. Our results suggested that goblet cell hyperplasia and worm expulsion in G. seoi-infected mice should be induced by STAT6 signalling, in which IL-13 may be involved as a dominant triggering cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Joo Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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106
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Panic G, Ingram K, Keiser J. Development of an in vitro drug sensitivity assay based on newly excysted larvae of Echinostoma caproni. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:237. [PMID: 23941505 PMCID: PMC3751362 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Echinostomiasis is one of the major food-borne trematodiases and the species Echinostoma caproni serves as a useful model for trematocidal drug discovery. The current in vitro drug sensitivity assay uses adult E. caproni worms that are incubated with candidate drugs and scored microscopically for viability at 72 hrs. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of newly excysted larvae (NEL) of E. caproni for in vitro drug testing, which would be faster, more cost effective and more ethical compared to adult worm assays. Methods Larvae were obtained by collecting metacercariae from snails and triggering their excystation using the trypsin-bile salt excystation method. Studies concerning various parameters of this chemical transformation process as well as appropriate NEL culturing conditions were carried out and findings evaluated. NEL and adult worms were incubated with praziquantel, tribendimidine, albendazole and quinine and evaluated microscopically 72 hrs post-incubation. In addition, the colorimetric markers resazurin, CellTiter-Glo® and Vybrant® were tested as an alternative assay read-out method. Results The chemical excystation method successfully induced E. caproni metacercariae to excyst at a rate of about 20-60%. NEL remained viable in culture medium for 5–7 days. The results of an in vitro drug assay using NEL mirrored the results of an assay using adult worms incubated with the same drugs. None of the markers could reliably produce signals proportional to NEL viability or cytotoxicity without significant complications. Conclusion NEL are adequate for in vitro drug testing. Challenges remain in further improving the excystation yield and the practicability of the assay setup. Resolving these issues could also improve read-outs using colorimetric markers. Using NEL is in alignment with the 3 R rules of the ethical use of laboratory animals and can greatly increase the rate and affordability with which drugs are screened in vitro against this intestinal trematode.
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107
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Garg G, Bernal D, Trelis M, Forment J, Ortiz J, Valero ML, Pedrola L, Martinez-Blanch J, Esteban JG, Ranganathan S, Toledo R, Marcilla A. The transcriptome of Echinostoma caproni adults: Further characterization of the secretome and identification of new potential drug targets. J Proteomics 2013; 89:202-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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108
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Chai JY, Yong TS, Eom KS, Min DY, Jeon HK, Kim TY, Jung BK, Sisabath L, Insisiengmay B, Phommasack B, Rim HJ. Hyperendemicity of Haplorchis taichui infection among riparian people in Saravane and Champasak province, Lao PDR. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:305-11. [PMID: 23864741 PMCID: PMC3712104 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we found that Haplorchis taichui, a heterophyid intestinal fluke, is highly prevalent, with heavy worm loads, among riparian people in Saravane and Champasak province, Lao PDR. Fecal specimens were collected from 1,460 people (717 men and 743 women) in 12 riparian (Mekong river) districts and were examined by the Kato-Katz fecal smear technique. The overall helminth egg positive rate was 78.8% and 66.4% in Saravane and Champasak province, respectively. The positive rate for small trematode eggs (STE), which included H. taichui and other heterophyids, Opisthorchis viverrini, and lecithodendriids, was 69.9% and 46.3% in Saravane and Champasak province, respectively. To obtain adult flukes, 30 STE-positive people were treated with 40 mg/kg praziquantel and then purged. Whole diarrheic stools were collected 4-5 times for each person and searched for fluke specimens using a stereomicroscope. Mixed infections with various species of trematodes (H. taichui, Haplorchis pumilio, O. viverrini, Prosthodendrium molenkampi, Centrocestus formosanus, and Echinochasmus japonicus) and a species of cestode (Taenia saginata) were found. However, the worm load was exceptionally high for H. taichui compared with other trematode species, with an average of 21,565 and 12,079 specimens per infected person in Saravane and Champasak province, respectively, followed by H. pumilio (41.9 and 22.5, respectively) and O. viverrini (9.4 and 1.5, respectively). These results show that diverse species of intestinal and liver flukes are prevalent among riparian people in Saravane and Champasak province, Lao PDR, with H. taichui being the exceptionally dominant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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109
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Chai JY, Sohn WM, Yong TS, Eom KS, Min DY, Lee MY, Lim H, Insisiengmay B, Phommasack B, Rim HJ. Centrocestus formosanus(Heterophyidae): Human Infections and the Infection Source in Lao PDR. J Parasitol 2013; 99:531-6. [DOI: 10.1645/12-37.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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110
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Mati VLT, Pinto HA, Melo ALD. Experimental infection of Swiss and AKR/J mice with Centrocestus formosanus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae). Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2013; 55:133-6. [PMID: 23563770 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652013000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to better understand the biology of Centrocestus formosanus in a definitive host model, mice of Swiss and AKR/J strains were experimentally infected with 100 metacercariae of the parasite. Fourteen days post-infection, the rodents were killed and adult trematodes were recovered from the small intestine. The percentage of parasite recovery from AKR/J mice (11.4%) was significantly higher than that from Swiss mice (5.3%). Moreover, trematodes recovered from the AKR/J strain were more developed and had greater fecundity. Peculiarities concerning the mice's immune system could explain the difference in susceptibility and in worm development seen in the present study. The data obtained confirm that mice are susceptible to infection with C. formosanus and indicate that the AKR/J strain provides a more favorable environment for parasite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Luís Tenório Mati
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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111
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Belluco S, Losasso C, Maggioletti M, Alonzi CC, Paoletti MG, Ricci A. Edible Insects in a Food Safety and Nutritional Perspective: A Critical Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Belluco
- Risk Analysis Div.; Food Safety Dept.; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; viale dell'Univ. 10; 35020 - Legnaro (PD); Italy
| | - Carmen Losasso
- Risk Analysis Div.; Food Safety Dept.; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; viale dell'Univ. 10; 35020 - Legnaro (PD); Italy
| | - Michela Maggioletti
- UCSC-Allergy Unit; Complesso Integrato Columbus; Via G. Moscati 31; 00168 Rome; Italy
| | - Cristiana C. Alonzi
- UCSC-Allergy Unit; Complesso Integrato Columbus; Via G. Moscati 31; 00168 Rome; Italy
| | | | - Antonia Ricci
- Risk Analysis Div.; Food Safety Dept.; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; viale dell'Univ. 10; 35020 - Legnaro (PD); Italy
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112
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Pyo KH, Kang EY, Hwang YS, Jun HC, Sohn WM, Cho SH, Lee WJ, Chai JY, Shin EH. Species identification of medically important trematodes in aquatic food samples using PCR-RFLP targeting 18S rRNA. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:290-2. [PMID: 23379283 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors describe a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method targeting the 18S rRNA gene for the species detection of medically important trematode infecting fish and oysters, and suggest that this PCR-RFLP method based on a specific Tre-18 primer and the restriction enzymes, Acc1, Ava2, Msp1, and Hinf1, is useful for the detection of parasites in aquatic food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ho Pyo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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113
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Nissen S, Thamsborg SM, Kania PW, Leifsson PS, Dalsgaard A, Johansen MV. Population dynamics and host reactions in young foxes following experimental infection with the minute intestinal fluke, Haplorchis pumilio. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:4. [PMID: 23289937 PMCID: PMC3543356 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections with fish-borne zoonotic trematodes (FZT) including the minute intestinal fluke, Haplorchis pumilio, are highly prevalent in Southeast Asia. However, little is known about the infection dynamics and clinical symptoms in the final hosts which include a range of animal species and man. We aimed to generate such information using an experimental model with H. pumilio in foxes. METHOD Eight commercially bred foxes were each orally infected with 2000 H. pumilio metacercariae. Another three foxes served as uninfected controls. Faecal examination for eggs was performed twice weekly. The body weight was measured, standard haematological and biochemical analysis were performed regularly. All foxes were euthanized at day 56 post infection (p.i.). Adult worms were quantified and location in the small intestine noted. RESULTS Anorexia was observed in all infected foxes starting day 12 p.i. and lasting for approximately a week. A weight loss was noticed in the infected group in weeks 3-6 p.i. Five of eight infected foxes excreted H. pumilio eggs day 9 p.i. onwards, the remaining three started on day 13 p.i. Mean (± SD) faecal egg counts showed an initial peak at day 16-20 with a maximum of 1443 ± 1176 eggs per gram of faeces (epg), where after a stable egg output around 4-500 epg was seen. Worm burdens ranged between 116-2070 adult flukes with a mean (± SD) worm recovery of 948 ± 666. The majority of worms were found in the lower part of the jejunum. Total white blood cell and lymphocyte counts were significant lower in the infected group from first week p.i. onwards and throughout the study period. A significantly lower level of eosinophils was found in week 2 p.i. and transient anaemia was seen in week 2 and 4 p.i. CONCLUSION This study showed a short prepatency period, an initial peak in egg excretion, establishment of infection in all animals with predilection site in the lower jejunum and a marked but transient clinical effect of the infection. The findings on egg output and prepatency should be taken into consideration when control programs targeting dogs and other reservoir hosts are to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Nissen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Genetic differentiation of Artyfechinostomum malayanum and A. sufrartyfex (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:437-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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115
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Lee JJ, Jung BK, Lim H, Lee MY, Choi SY, Shin EH, Chai JY. Comparative morphology of minute intestinal fluke eggs that can occur in human stools in the republic of Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2012; 50:207-13. [PMID: 22949747 PMCID: PMC3428565 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The egg morphology of minute intestinal flukes (MIF) that can occur as human infections in the Republic of Korea, i.e., Metagonimus yokogawai, M. miyatai, M. takahashii, Heterophyes nocens, Heterophyopsis continua, Stellantchasmus falcatus, Stictodora fuscata, Pygidiopsis summa, and Gymnophalloides seoi, was studied in comparison with Clonorchis sinensis. The adult worms were obtained from residents of endemic areas, and their intrauterine eggs were studied and measured using light microscopy; the length, width, length-width ratio (LWR), and Faust-Meleney index (FMI). Several specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and before gold-coating, the uterine portion of each fluke was etched with a sharp pin in order to expose the eggs. The MIF eggs were ovoid, pyriform, or elliptical with a size range of 21-35×12-21 µm. S. fuscata eggs revealed the highest FMI (largest in the area) and lowest LWR, whereas P. summa eggs showed the lowest FMI and medium LWR. SEM revealed that G. seoi and S. fuscata had remarkably clean shell surface lacking the muskmelon-like structure which is prominent in C. sinensis eggs. In Metagonimus spp., H. continua, H. nocens, and S. falcatus eggs, minute surface ridges were recognizable though less prominent compared with C. sinensis. On the surface of P. summa eggs, thread-like curly structures were characteristically seen. The results revealed that important differential keys for MIF eggs include the length, width, area (FMI), shape of the eggs, and the extent of the muskmelon-like structure or ridges on their shell surface and operculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Joo Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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116
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Pyo KH, Kang EY, Jung BK, Moon JH, Chai JY, Shin EH. Depressed neuronal growth associated protein (GAP)-43 expression in the small intestines of mice experimentally infected with Neodiplostomum seoulense. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2012; 50:89-93. [PMID: 22451741 PMCID: PMC3309059 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neodiplostomum seoulense (Digenea: Neodiplostomidae) is an intestinal trematode that can cause severe mucosal pathology in the small intestines of mice and even mortality of the infected mice within 28 days after infection. We observed neuronal growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) expression in the myenteric plexus of the small intestinal wall of N. seoulense-infected mice until day 35 post-infection (PI). BALB/c mice were infected with 200 or 500 N. seoulense metacercariae isolated from naturally infected snakes and were killed every 7 days for immunohistochemical demonstration of GAP-43 in the small intestines. N. seoulense-infected mice showed remarkable dilatation of intestinal loops compared with control mice through days 7-28 PI. Conversely, GAP-43 expression in the mucosal myenteric plexus was markedly (P<0.05) reduced in the small intestines of N. seoulense-infected mice during days 7-28 PI and was slightly normalized at day 35 PI. From this study, it is evident that neuronal damage occurs in the intestinal mucosa of N. seoulense-infected mice. However, the correlation between intestinal pathology, including the loop dilatation, and depressed GAP-43 expression remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ho Pyo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Development of mitochondrial loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of the small liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (Opisthorchiidae; Trematoda; Platyhelminthes). J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1178-84. [PMID: 22322346 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.06277-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA sequences offer major advantages over the more usual nuclear targets for loop-mediated isothermal amplification approaches (mito-LAMP) because multiple copies occur in every cell. Four LAMP primers [F3, FIP(F1c+F2), BIP(B1c+B2), and B3] were designed based on the mitochondrial nad1 sequence of Opisthorchis viverrini and used for a highly specific assay (mito-OvLAMP) to distinguish DNA of O. viverrini from that of another opisthorchiid (Clonorchis sinensis) and other trematodes (Haplorchis pumilio, Haplorchis taichui, Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantica). Conventional PCR was applied using F3/B3 primer pairs to verify the specificity of the primers for O. viverrini DNA templates. All LAMP-positive samples could be detected with the naked eye in sunlight, by gel electrophoresis (stained with ethidium bromide), and by addition of SYBR green I to the product in sunlight or under UV light. Only DNA from O. viverrini yielded amplification products by LAMP (and by PCR verification), and the LAMP limit of detection was as little as 100 fg (10(-4) ng DNA), indicating that this assay is 10 to 100 times more sensitive than PCR. Field testing was done using representative egg and metacercarial samples collected from localities where the fluke is endemic. With the advantages of simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity, and cost effectiveness, mito-OvLAMP is a good tool for molecular detection and epidemiology studies in regions or countries where O. viverrini is endemic, which can lead to more effective control of opisthorchiasis and trematodiasis.
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118
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Vaughan JA, Tkach VV, Greiman SE. Neorickettsial endosymbionts of the digenea: diversity, transmission and distribution. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2012; 79:253-97. [PMID: 22726644 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398457-9.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Digeneans are endoparasitic flatworms with complex life cycles and distinct life stages that parasitize different host species. Some digenean species harbour bacterial endosymbionts known as Neorickettsia (Order Rickettsiales, Family Anaplasmataceae). Neorickettsia occur in all life stages and are maintained by vertical transmission. Far from benign however, Neorickettsia may also be transmitted horizontally by digenean parasites to their vertebrate definitive hosts. Once inside, Neorickettsia can infect macrophages and other cell types. In some vertebrate species (e.g. dogs, horses and humans), neorickettsial infections cause severe disease. Taken from a mostly parasitological perspective, this article summarizes our current knowledge on the transmission ecology of neorickettsiae, both for pathogenic species and for neorickettsiae of unknown pathogenicity. In addition, we discuss the diversity, phylogeny and geographical distribution of neorickettsiae, as well as their possible evolutionary associations with various groups of digeneans. Our understanding of neorickettsiae is at an early stage and there are undoubtedly many more neorickettsial endosymbioses with digeneans waiting to be discovered. Because neorickettsiae can infect vertebrates, it is particularly important to examine digenean species that regularly infect humans. Rapid advances in molecular tools and their application towards bacterial identification bode well for our future progress in understanding the biology of Neorickettsia.
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119
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De NV, Le TH. Human infections of fish-borne trematodes in Vietnam: Prevalence and molecular specific identification at an endemic commune in Nam Dinh province. Exp Parasitol 2011; 129:355-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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120
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Chai JY, Sohn WM, Na BK, Nguyen VD. Echinostoma revolutum: metacercariae in Filopaludina snails from Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam, and adults from experimental hamsters. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2011; 49:449-55. [PMID: 22355218 PMCID: PMC3279689 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We detected metacercariae of Echinostoma revolutum in Filopaludina sp. snails purchased from a local market in Nam Dinh Province for the first time in Vietnam. Adult flukes were harvested from experimentally infected hamsters at days 14 and 17 post-infection. The metacercariae were round, 170-190 µm (n = 15) in diameter, with a cyst wall thickness of about 12 µm. A total of 37 collar spines were arranged around the head collar, and large excretory granules were seen in 2 canals of the excretory bladder. The 14-day old adult flukes were elongated, ventrally curved, and 5.0-7.2 × 0.8-1.3 mm (n = 20). The head collar had a total of 37 collar spines arranged in 2 alternating rows, including 5 corner spines on each side. The cirrus sac contained a saccular seminal vesicle, a prostatic gland, and an unarmed cirrus. Two tandem testes were smooth or slightly lobed. Eggs were ovoid to elliptical, 110-118 × 70-75 µm. These morphological characters were similar to those of E. revolutum and E. jurini. We tentatively identified it as E. revolutum because the validity of E. jurini remains to be elucidated. The taxonomic relationship of E. revolutum and E. jurini is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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121
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Lier
- Avdeling for mikrobiologi og smittevern, Universitetssykehuset Nord-Norge, Tromsø, Norway.
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122
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Toledo R, Bernal MD, Marcilla A. Proteomics of foodborne trematodes. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1485-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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123
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Sohn WM, Kim HJ, Yong TS, Eom KS, Jeong HG, Kim JK, Kang AR, Kim MR, Park JM, Ji SH, Sinuon M, Socheat D, Chai JY. Echinostoma ilocanum infection in Oddar Meanchey Province, Cambodia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2011; 49:187-90. [PMID: 21738278 PMCID: PMC3121079 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fecal examinations using the Kato Katz technique were performed on a total of 1,287 villagers (945 students and 342 general inhabitants) of Oddar Meanchey Province, Cambodia in May 2007 and November 2009. The overall intestinal helminth egg positive rate was 23.9%, and the most prevalent helminth species was hookworms (21.6%). Other helminth eggs detected included echinostomes (1.0%), Enterobius vermicularis (0.8%), small trematode eggs (0.7%), which may include Opisthorchis viverrini and Haplorchis spp., and Hymenolepis nana (0.4%). In order to recover adult echinostomes, we treated 2 patients with 10-15 mg/kg praziquantel and purged. Total 14 adult echinostomes, 1 and 13 worms from each patient, were collected. The echinostomes characteristically had 49-51 collar spines and 2 round or slightly lobated testes. They were identified as Echinostoma ilocanum (Garrison, 1908) Odhner, 1911. So far as literature are concerned, this is the first record on the discovery of human E. ilocanum infection in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea
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Hu Y, Liu J, Xia D, Chen S. Simultaneous analysis of foodborne pathogenic bacteria by an oligonucleotide microarray assay. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 52:27-34. [PMID: 21656816 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and accurate method for simultaneous identification of foodborne infectious pathogens was developed based on oligonucleotide microarray technology. The proposed identification method is based on PCR amplification of the target region of the groEL genes with degenerate primers, followed by the PCR products hybridization with oligonucleotide probes specific for species. The groEL gene amplification products of seventeen species of pathogenic bacteria were hybridized to the oligonucleotide array. Hybridization results were analyzed with digoxigenin-linked enzyme reaction. Results indicated that fifteen species of pathogenic bacteria showed high sensitivity and specificity for the oligonucleotide array, while two other species gave cross-reaction with the E. coli. Our results suggested that microarray analysis of foodborne infectious pathogens might be very useful for simultaneous identification of bacterial pathogens. The oligonucleotide array can also be applied to samples collected in clinical settings of foodborne infections. The superiority of oligonucleotide array over other tests lies on its rapidity, accuracy and efficiency in the diagnosis, treatment and control of foodborne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Hu
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China.
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125
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First report of human infection with Gynaecotyla squatarolae and first Korean record of Haplorchis pumilio in a patient. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:227-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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126
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Chai JY, Yong TS, Eom KS, Min DY, Shin EH, Banouvong V, Insisiengmay B, Insisiengmay S, Phommasack B, Rim HJ. Prevalence of the intestinal flukes Haplorchis taichui and H. yokogawai in a mountainous area of Phongsaly Province, Lao PDR. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2010; 48:339-42. [PMID: 21234239 PMCID: PMC3018586 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Phongsaly Province, located in the northernmost area of Lao PDR, was previously suggested to be endemic for the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini infection. To confirm, or rule out, this suggestion, the Phonxay village in the Khoua District, Phongsaly Province, was selected for a survey. Ten volunteers (8 men and 2 women aged 31-57 years) who consumed raw freshwater fish and had gastrointestinal troubles were treated with a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) and pyrantel pamoate (10 mg/kg) and purged with magnesium sulfate to recover any worm parasites. Eight of the 10 volunteers expelled 1 or more species of trematodes, nematodes, or cestodes (worm positive rate; 80%). The worms were morphologically identified as H. taichui (861 worms from 8 people), H. yokogawai (59 from 6 people), Phaneropsolus bonnei (1 from 1 person), Trichostrongylus sp. (2 from 2 people), Ascaris lumbricoides (2 from 1 person), Enterobius vermicularis (11 from 3 people), and Taenia saginata (1 strobila with scolex from 1 person). The results indicate that the mountainous area of Phongsaly Province, Lao PDR, is not endemic for the liver fluke but endemic for intestinal flukes, in particular, Haplorchis taichui and H. yokogawai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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127
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Genetic variation and relationships of four species of medically important echinostomes (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in South-East Asia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 11:375-81. [PMID: 21129506 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE) and DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene were used to genetically compare four species of echinostomes of human health importance. Fixed genetic differences among adults of Echinostoma revolutum, Echinostoma malayanum, Echinoparyphium recurvatum and Hypoderaeum conoideum were detected at 51-75% of the enzyme loci examined, while interspecific differences in CO1 sequence were detected at 16-32 (8-16%) of the 205 alignment positions. The results of the MEE analyses also revealed fixed genetic differences between E. revolutum from Thailand and Lao PDR at five (19%) of 27 loci, which could either represent genetic variation between geographically separated populations of a single species, or the existence of a cryptic (i.e. genetically distinct but morphologically similar) species. However, there was no support for the existence of cryptic species within E. revolutum based on the CO1 sequence between the two geographical areas sampled. Genetic variation in CO1 sequence was also detected among E. malayanum from three different species of snail intermediate host. Separate phylogenetic analyses of the MEE and DNA sequence data revealed that the two species of Echinostoma (E. revolutum and E. malayanum) did not form a monophyletic clade. These results, together with the large number of morphologically similar species with inadequate descriptions, poor specific diagnoses and extensive synonymy, suggest that the morphological characters used for species taxonomy of echinostomes in South-East Asia should be reconsidered according to the concordance of biology, morphology and molecular classification.
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128
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Systematics of the subfamily Haplorchiinae (Trematoda: Heterphyidae), based on nuclear ribosomal DNA genes and ITS2 region. Parasitol Int 2010; 59:460-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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129
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Saijuntha W, Tapdara S, Tantrawatpan C. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of Echinostoma revolutum and Echinostoma malayanum (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) isolated from Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(10)60153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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130
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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