101
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Oral treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus 64 during the early postnatal period improves the health of adult rats with TNBS-induced colitis. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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102
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Zong G, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Bai H, Yang Q, Ben J, Zhang H, Li X, Zhu X, Chen Q. SR-A1 suppresses colon inflammation and tumorigenesis through negative regulation of NF-κB signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:335-343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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103
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Wang K, Lv Q, Miao YM, Qiao SM, Dai Y, Wei ZF. Cardamonin, a natural flavone, alleviates inflammatory bowel disease by the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation via an AhR/Nrf2/NQO1 pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:494-509. [PMID: 30071202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-colitis effect and underlying mechanisms of cardamonin, a natural flavone isolated from Alpinia katsumadai Hayata. The results showed that oral cardamonin significantly inhibited dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)- and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in mice, evidenced by improvement of disease activity index scores, myeloperoxidase activity, length shortening and histopathological changes of colons. A rectal administration of cardamonin also exhibited marked anti-colitis effect, suggesting that oral cardamonin might function in a prototype form. Cardamonin down-regulated levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, ASC, cleaved IL-1β in colons of colitis mice. In vitro, cardamonin inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in THP-1 and bone marrow-derived macrophages. It acted as an AhR activator, enhanced dissociation of AhR/HSP90 complexes, association of AhR/ARNT complexes, AhR nuclear translocation, XRE reporter gene activity, and AhR/ARNT/XRE DNA binding activity in THP-1 cells. The AhR antagonist CH223191 obviously abolished NLRP3 inflammasome activation inhibited by cardamonin. Furthermore, cardamonin elevated levels of Nrf2 and its target genes NQO1, Trx1, SOD2, HO-1, and the effect on NQO1 was the most obvious. The relationship of cardamonin-adjusted AhR activation, expressions of Nrf2 and NQO1, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation was confirmed by using CH223191, siAhR, ML385 and siNQO1, respectively. Finally, CH223191 was shown to abolish amelioration of cardamonin on DSS- and TNBS-induced colitis, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and up-regulation of Nrf2 and NQO1 levels in colons. Taken together, cardamonin ameliorated colitis in mice through the activation of AhR/Nrf2/NQO1 pathway and consequent inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qi Lv
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu-Meng Miao
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Si-Miao Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zhi-Feng Wei
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Travelli C, Colombo G, Mola S, Genazzani AA, Porta C. NAMPT: A pleiotropic modulator of monocytes and macrophages. Pharmacol Res 2018; 135:25-36. [PMID: 30031171 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the bottleneck enzyme of the NAD salvage pathway and thereby is a controller of intracellular NAD concentrations. It has been long known that the same enzyme can be secreted by a number of cell types and acts as a cytokine, although its receptor is at present unknown. Investigational compounds have been developed that target the enzymatic activity as well as the extracellular action (i.e. neutralizing antibodies). The present contribution reviews the evidence that links intracellular and extracellular NAMPT to myeloid biology, for example governing monocyte/macrophage differentiation, polarization and migration. Furthermore, it reviews the evidence that links this protein to some disorders in which myeloid cells have a prominent role (acute infarct, inflammatory bowel disease, acute lung injury and rheumatoid arthritis) and the data showing that inhibition of the enzymatic activity or the neutralization of the cytokine is beneficial in preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Travelli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Giorgia Colombo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Mola
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Armando A Genazzani
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
| | - Chiara Porta
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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105
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Zai K, Hirota M, Yamada T, Ishihara N, Mori T, Kishimura A, Suzuki K, Hase K, Katayama Y. Therapeutic effect of vitamin D 3-containing nanostructured lipid carriers on inflammatory bowel disease. J Control Release 2018; 286:94-102. [PMID: 30017723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D3, 1,25(OH)2D3 has been found to exert multiple effects on the suppression of progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Vitamin D3 has been gathering attention as a therapy for IBD. However, the clinical trials conducted to date revealed that a relatively high dosage of vitamin D3 was required to see a significant therapeutic effect. Thus, effective formulation and delivery of vitamin D3 to colonic inflammatory lesions will be required. Herein we describe the preparation of a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) for the encapsulation of 1,25(OH)2D3 for colonic delivery via oral administration. The optimized fabrication procedure enabled the incorporation of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the NLC by minimizing the destruction of chemically unstable 1,25(OH)2D3. The obtained NLCs orally delivered 1,25(OH)2D3 to the colon in mice and maintained a high concentration of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the colonic tissue for at least 12 h. The NLC showed multiple effects on the suppression of symptoms of colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate, namely maintaining crypt structure, reducing the tissue concentration of inflammatory cytokines, suppressing the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and augmenting anti-inflammatory CX3CR1high macrophages. Our NLCs containing 1,25(OH)2D3 may be an alternative treatment for IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Zai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masato Hirota
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamada
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Narumi Ishihara
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suzuki
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan; Division of Mucosal Barrierology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Katayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Centre for Advanced Medicine Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Rd., Chung Li 32023, Taiwan, PR China.
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106
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Das P, Rampal R, Udinia S, Kumar T, Pilli S, Wari N, Ahmed IK, Kedia S, Gupta SD, Kumar D, Ahuja V. Selective M1 macrophage polarization in granuloma-positive and granuloma-negative Crohn's disease, in comparison to intestinal tuberculosis. Intest Res 2018; 16:426-435. [PMID: 30090042 PMCID: PMC6077298 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2018.16.3.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Classical M1 macrophage activation exhibits an inflammatory phenotype while alternative M2 macrophage activation exhibits an anti-inflammatory phenotype. We aimed to determine whether there are discriminant patterns of macrophage polarization in Crohn's disease (CD) and intestinal tuberculosis (iTB). METHODS Colonic mucosal biopsies from 29 patients with iTB, 50 with CD, and 19 controls were examined. Dual colored immunohistochemistry was performed for iNOS/CD68 (an M1φ marker) and CD163/CD68 (an M2φ marker), and the ratio of M1φ to M2φ was assessed. To establish the innate nature of macrophage polarization, we analyzed the extent of mitochondrial depolarization, a key marker of inflammatory responses, in monocyte-derived macrophages obtained from CD and iTB patients, following interferon-γ treatment. RESULTS M1φ polarization was more prominent in CD biopsies (P=0.002) than in iTB (P=0.2) and control biopsies. In granuloma-positive biopsies, including those in CD, M1φ predominance was significant (P=0.001). In iTB, the densities of M1φ did not differ between granuloma-positive and granuloma-negative biopsies (P=0.1). Interestingly, higher M1φ polarization in CD biopsies correlated with high inflammatory response exhibited by peripheral blood-derived monocytes from these patients. CONCLUSIONS Proinflammatory M1φ polarization was more common in colonic mucosa of CD patients, especially in the presence of mucosal granulomas. Further characterization of the innate immune system could help in clarifying the pathology of iTB and CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Das
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritika Rampal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutritions, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonakshi Udinia
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Kumar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sucharita Pilli
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutritions, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nahid Wari
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutritions, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Imtiaz Khan Ahmed
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutritions, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Kedia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutritions, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutritions, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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107
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Che X, Park KC, Park SJ, Kang YH, Jin HA, Kim JW, Seo DH, Kim DK, Kim TI, Kim WH, Kim SW, Cheon JH. Protective effects of guggulsterone against colitis are associated with the suppression of TREM-1 and modulation of macrophages. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29543509 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00027.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1)-expressing intestinal macrophages are significantly increased in the colons of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We focused here on the effects of guggulsterone on macrophage modulation in colitis as a potential therapeutic molecule in human IBD and explore the underlying mechanisms. Gene expression in macrophages was examined and wound-healing assay using HT-29 cells was performed. Colitis in wild-type and IL-10-, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-, and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-deficient mice was induced via the administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) into the colon. In both in vitro and in vivo experiments, guggulsterone suppressed intestinal inflammation amplified by TREM-1 stimulation, in which the suppression of NF-κB, activating protein-1, and proteasome pathways was involved. In the TNBS-induced colitis model, guggulsterone reduced disease activity index scores and TREM-1 expression, stimulated IL-10 production, and improved survival in wild-type mice. These effects were not observed in IL-10-, TLR4-, and MyD88-deficient mice. Guggulsterone also suppressed M1 polarization, yet induced the M2 phenotype in macrophages from IBD patients as well as from mice. These findings indicate that guggulsterone blocks the hyperactivation of macrophages via TREM-1 suppression and induces M2 polarization via IL-10 mediated by the TLR4 signaling pathway. Furthermore, this study provides a new rationale for the therapeutic potential of guggulsterone in the treatment of IBD. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that guggulsterone attenuates triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1)-mediated hyperactivation of macrophages and polarizes macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. This was mediated by IL-10 and partly Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways. Overall, these data support that guggulsterone as a natural plant sterol modulates macrophage phenotypes in colitis, which may be of novel therapeutic importance in inflammatory bowel disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Che
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Ki Cheong Park
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Soo Jung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - You Hyun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hyun A Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Joo Wan Kim
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dong Hyuk Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Dae Kyu Kim
- Chadwick International School , Seoul , Korea
| | - Tae Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Won Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Seung Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
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108
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Human intestinal pro-inflammatory CD11c highCCR2 +CX3CR1 + macrophages, but not their tolerogenic CD11c -CCR2 -CX3CR1 - counterparts, are expanded in inflammatory bowel disease. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1114-1126. [PMID: 29743615 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although macrophages (Mϕ) maintain intestinal immune homoeostasis, there is not much available information about their subset composition, phenotype and function in the human setting. Human intestinal Mϕ (CD45+HLA-DR+CD14+CD64+) can be divided into subsets based on the expression of CD11c, CCR2 and CX3CR1. Monocyte-like cells can be identified as CD11chighCCR2+CX3CR1+ cells, a phenotype also shared by circulating CD14+ monocytes. On the contrary, their Mϕ-like tissue-resident counterparts display a CD11c-CCR2-CX3CR1- phenotype. CD11chigh monocyte-like cells produced IL-1β, both in resting conditions and after LPS stimulation, while CD11c- Mϕ-like cells produced IL-10. CD11chigh pro-inflammatory monocyte-like cells, but not the others, were increased in the inflamed colon from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Tolerogenic IL-10-producing CD11c- Mϕ-like cells were generated from monocytes following mucosal conditioning. Finally, the colonic mucosa recruited circulating CD14+ monocytes in a CCR2-dependent manner, being such capacity expanded in IBD. Mϕ subsets represent, therefore, transition stages from newly arrived pro-inflammatory monocyte-like cells (CD11chighCCR2+CX3CR1+) into tolerogenic tissue-resident (CD11c-CCR2-CX3CR1-) Mϕ-like cells as reflected by the mucosal capacity to recruit circulating monocytes and induce CD11c- Mϕ. The process is nevertheless dysregulated in IBD, where there is an increased migration and accumulation of pro-inflammatory CD11chigh monocyte-like cells.
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109
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Mazieiro R, Frizon RR, Barbalho SM, Goulart RDA. Is Curcumin a Possibility to Treat Inflammatory Bowel Diseases? J Med Food 2018; 21:1077-1085. [PMID: 29957091 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are mainly represented by Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis that are characterized by chronic and relapsing inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal system. Curcuma longa L. is a plant with several medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory effects, and curcumin is the most important compound derived from its rhizomes. As curcumin has remarkable anti-inflammatory actions, the aim of this work is to review the potential use of this compound in IBD patients. We consulted MEDLINE (PubMed/PMC), and the literature search was performed with the following combinations of terms "Inflammatory Bowel Diseases" and "Curcumin," "Crohn's Disease" and "Curcumin," "Ulcerative colitis" and "Curcumin." The inclusion criteria were articles that showed original studies with human models and the exclusion criteria were not full-text articles, articles not in English, poster presentations, letters, editorials, and articles not available. Curcumin interacts with receptors, growth and transcription factors, cytokines, enzymes, and genes leading to inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, inducible nitric oxide synthase, transcriptional nuclear factor kappa B, and many other molecules associated with inflammatory processes. These molecules are critical factors in the positive regulation of inflammatory cytokines in inflammatory diseases, suggesting that curcumin may be considered as a new therapeutic agent for patients with IBD. Curcumin is a natural anti-inflammatory agent that represents an attractive, safe and inexpensive alternative for the treatment of IBD. Nevertheless, it is necessary to know the efficient and safe dose and consider its poor absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Mazieiro
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Medical School of Marília, UNIMAR, Marília , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Reis Frizon
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Medical School of Marília, UNIMAR, Marília , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Medical School of Marília, UNIMAR, Marília , São Paulo, Brazil .,2 Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Food Technology School , Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
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110
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111
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Kumawat AK, Yu C, Mann EA, Schridde A, Finnemann SC, Mowat AM. Expression and characterization of αvβ5 integrin on intestinal macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1181-1187. [PMID: 29676784 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the intestine, but the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated fully. Here, we show for the first time that mature intestinal macrophages in mouse intestine express high levels of αvβ5 integrin, which acts as a receptor for the uptake of apoptotic cells and can activate molecules involved in several aspects of tissue homeostasis such as angiogenesis and remodeling of the ECM. αvβ5 is not expressed by other immune cells in the intestine, is already present on intestinal macrophages soon after birth, and its expression is not dependent on the microbiota. In adults, αvβ5 is induced during the differentiation of monocytes in response to the local environment and it confers intestinal macrophages with the ability to promote engulfment of apoptotic cells via engagement of the bridging molecule milk fat globule EGF-like molecule 8. In the absence of αvβ5, there are fewer monocytes in the mucosa and mature intestinal macrophages have decreased expression of metalloproteases and IL 10. Mice lacking αvβ5 on haematopoietic cells show increased susceptibility to chemical colitis and we conclude that αvβ5 contributes to the tissue repair by regulating the homeostatic properties of intestinal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Kumawat
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Mann
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Anika Schridde
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Silvia C Finnemann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Allan McI Mowat
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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112
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Dionne S, Duchatelier CF, Seidman EG. The influence of vitamin D on M1 and M2 macrophages in patients with Crohn's disease. Innate Immun 2018; 23:557-565. [PMID: 28770666 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917721965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective bacterial clearance by macrophages plays an important role in Crohn's disease (CD). Phenotypes and functions of inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 have not been studied in CD. Vitamin D supplementation reduces the severity of CD by unclear mechanisms. We studied macrophage characteristics in CD and controls and the effects of 1,25 vitamin D (1,25D). PBMC were isolated from CD patients and controls. M1 and M2 were generated by culturing of monocytes with GM-CSF and M-CSF, respectively. CD M1 and M2 showed normal phagocytosis and chemotaxis to CCL2 and fMLP. LPS-induced production of TNF-α, IL-12p40 and IL-10 was comparable between groups. Phagocytosis was unaltered with 1,25D; migration only increased marginally. M1 produced more IL-12p40 and TNF-α; IL-10 was greater in M2. 1,25D markedly decreased IL-12p40 by M1 and M2. 1,25D decreased TNF-α in CD M1; IL-10 levels were unaffected. M2 express F13A1, PTGS2, CD163, CXCL10, CD14 and MMP2, whereas TGF-β, CCL1 and CYP27B1 expression was higher in M1. Marker expression was similar between CD and controls. M1 and M2 markers were not differentially modulated by 1,25D. CD macrophages are not functionally or phenotypically different vs. CONTROLS 1,25D markedly decreased pro-inflammatory M1 cytokines but did not modulate polarization to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Dionne
- Centre of Excellence in IBD, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carl-Frederic Duchatelier
- Centre of Excellence in IBD, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ernest G Seidman
- Centre of Excellence in IBD, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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113
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Steury MD, Kang HJ, Lee T, Lucas PC, McCabe LR, Parameswaran N. G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2-deficient mice are protected from dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:407-415. [PMID: 29570431 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00006.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a serine/threonine kinase and plays a key role in different disease processes. Previously, we showed that GRK2 knockdown enhances wound healing in colonic epithelial cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that ablation of GRK2 would protect mice from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute colitis. To test this, we administered DSS to wild-type (GRK2+/+) and GRK2 heterozygous (GRK+/-) mice in their drinking water for 7 days. As predicted, GRK2+/- mice were protected from colitis as demonstrated by decreased weight loss (20% loss in GRK2+/+ vs. 11% loss in GRK2+/-). lower disease activity index (GRK2+/+ 9.1 vs GRK2+/- 4.1), and increased colon lengths (GRK2+/+ 4.7 cm vs GRK2+/- 5.3 cm). To examine the mechanisms by which GRK2+/- mice are protected from colitis, we investigated expression of inflammatory genes in the colon as well as immune cell profiles in colonic lamina propria, mesenteric lymph node, and in bone marrow. Our results did not reveal differences in immune cell profiles between the two genotypes. However, expression of inflammatory genes was significantly decreased in DSS-treated GRK2+/- mice compared with GRK2+/+. To understand the mechanisms, we generated myeloid-specific GRK2 knockout mice and subjected them to DSS-induced colitis. Similar to whole body GRK2 heterozygous knockout mice, myeloid-specific knockout of GRK2 was sufficient for the protection from DSS-induced colitis. Together our results indicate that deficiency of GRK2 protects mice from DSS-induced colitis and further suggests that the mechanism of this effect is likely via GRK2 regulation of inflammatory genes in the myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Steury
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Ho Jun Kang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Taehyung Lee
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Peter C Lucas
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura R McCabe
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
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Zhu Y, Zhou J, Feng Y, Chen L, Zhang L, Yang F, Zha H, Wang X, Han X, Shu C, Wan YY, Li QJ, Guo B, Zhu B. Control of Intestinal Inflammation, Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis, and Macrophage Polarization by Fibrinogen-Like Protein 2. Front Immunol 2018; 9:87. [PMID: 29441068 PMCID: PMC5797584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (Fgl2) is critical for immune regulation in the inflammatory state. Elevated Fgl2 levels are observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but little is known about its functional significance. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of Fgl2 in the development of intestinal inflammation and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Here, we report that Fgl2 deficiency increased susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and CAC in a mouse model. During colitis development, the expression of the membrane-bound and secreted forms of Fgl2 (mFgl2 and sFgl2, respectively) in the colon were increased and predominantly expressed by colonic macrophages. In addition, using bone marrow chimeric mice, we determined that Fgl2 function in colitis is strictly related to its expression in the hematopoietic cells. Loss of Fgl2 induced the polarization of M1, but suppressed that of M2 both in vivo and in vitro, independent of intestinal inflammation. Thus, Fgl2 suppresses intestinal inflammation and CAC development through its role in macrophage polarization and may serve as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases, including IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liying Chen
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Longhui Zhang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haoran Zha
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chi Shu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yisong Y Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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115
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Chen L, You Q, Hu L, Gao J, Meng Q, Liu W, Wu X, Xu Q. The Antioxidant Procyanidin Reduces Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Macrophages and Ameliorates Experimental Colitis in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1910. [PMID: 29354126 PMCID: PMC5760499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a real clinical challenge. Despite intense investigation, the mechanisms of IBD remain substantially unidentified. Some inflammatory conditions, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling pathways, are reported to contribute to the development and maintenance of IBD. Regulation of their common upstream signaling, that is, reactive oxygen species (ROS), may be important to control the progression of IBD. In the present study, we found that procyanidin, a powerful antioxidation flavonoid, has a significant effect on ROS clearance on THP-1 macrophages after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS-combined adenosine triphosphate stimulation, thus downregulating MMP9 expression, suppressing NF-κB signaling, and interrupting the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Moreover, our in vivo data showed that procyanidin attenuated Dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis in a dose-dependent fashion by suppressing the expression of MMP9, NF-κB, and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in colonic tissues in mice. Overall, our results suggested that targeting ROS could be a potential therapeutic choice for colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian You
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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116
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Rubio CA, Langner C, Schmidt PT. Partial to complete abrogation of the subepithelial macrophage barrier against the gut microbiota in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's colitis. Histopathology 2017; 72:580-587. [PMID: 29023984 DOI: 10.1111/his.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The integrity of the band of indigenous macrophages in the subepithelial layer of the lamina propria (SLP) is crucial in preventing the commensal gut microbiota from attacking the host. The breakdown of the SLP macrophage barrier results in microbiota inflow and improper immune responses; this might lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). During inflammation, the SLP macrophage barrier is reinforced by inflammation-elicited macrophages (IEMs), which are derived from blood-circulating monocytes. The aim was to explore the characteristics of the SLP macrophage band in a cohort of biopsies without inflammation, in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission (UCre), and in patients with right-sided Crohn's colitis (RCC). METHODS AND RESULTS Endoscopic biopsies were taken from endoscopically normal descending colon in 247 patients; 80 with IBD (27 UCre and 53 RCC), and 167 without IBD [90 had colonic diarrhoea, 63 were enrolled in a colorectal cancer (CRC) surveillance programme, seven had microscopic colitis in remission, and seven had miscellaneous colonic ailments]. Sections showed no inflammatory changes; they were immunostained with CD68. Among patients with UCre and RCC, the SLP band of CD68+ macrophages was fragmented or minute in 59% (47/80) and negative in 9% (7/80). In contrast, only 31% (51/167) of the biopsies from control patients had a fragmented/minute SLP band of CD68+ macrophages, and none had a negative SLP band of CD68+ macrophages (IBD versus controls, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The finding that the SLP macrophage barrier was fragmented to totally abrogated in UCre and RCC patients suggests a longlasting defect in the SLP CD68+ macrophage barrier in these patients. The lack of ongoing inflammation in colonic biopsies should rule out the participation of bone marrow-derived IEMs in the abrogation of the SLP macrophage barrier reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Rubio
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cord Langner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter T Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Digestive Diseases, University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
AbstractDespite the fact that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has still no recognised therapy, treatments which have proven at least mildly successful in improving IBD symptoms include anti-inflammatory drugs and monoclonal antibodies targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines. Resveratrol, a natural (poly)phenol found in grapes, red wine, grape juice and several species of berries, has been shown to prevent and ameliorate intestinal inflammation. Here, we discuss the role of resveratrol in the improvement of inflammatory disorders involving the intestinal mucosa. The present review covers three specific aspects of resveratrol in the framework of inflammation: (i) its content in food; (ii) its intestinal absorption and metabolism; and (iii) its anti-inflammatory effects in the intestinal mucosa in vitro and in the very few in vivo studies present to date. Actually, if several studies have shown that resveratrol may down-regulate mediators of intestinal immunity in rodent models, only two groups have performed intervention studies in human subjects using resveratrol as an agent to improve IBD conditions. The effects of resveratrol should be further investigated by conducting well-designed clinical trials, also taking into account different formulations for the delivery of the bioactive compound.
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118
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Rabbi MF, Eissa N, Munyaka PM, Kermarrec L, Elgazzar O, Khafipour E, Bernstein CN, Ghia JE. Reactivation of Intestinal Inflammation Is Suppressed by Catestatin in a Murine Model of Colitis via M1 Macrophages and Not the Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol 2017; 8:985. [PMID: 28871257 PMCID: PMC5566981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While there is growing awareness of a relationship between chromogranin-A (CHGA) and susceptibility to inflammatory conditions, the role of human catestatin [(hCTS); CHGA352–67] in the natural history of established inflammatory bowel disease is not known. Recently, using two different experimental models, we demonstrated that hCTS-treated mice develop less severe acute colitis. We have also shown the implication of the macrophages in this effect. The aims of this study were to determine (1) whether hCTS treatment could attenuate the reactivation of inflammation in adult mice with previously established chronic colitis; (2) whether this effect is mediated through macrophages or the gut microbiota. Quiescent colitis was induced in 7–8-week-old C57BL6 mice using four cycles (2–4%) of dextran sulfate sodium. hCTS (1.5 mg/kg/day) treatment or vehicle started 2 days before the last induction of colitis and continuing for 7 days. At sacrifice, macro- and microscopic scores were determined. Colonic pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and TNF- α], anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF- β), classically activated (M1) (iNOS, Mcp1), and alternatively activated (M2) (Ym1, Arg1) macrophages markers were studied using ELISA and/or RT-qPCR. In vitro, peritoneal macrophages isolated from naïve mice and treated with hCTS (10−5 M, 12 h) were exposed to either lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/ml, 12 h) to polarize M1 macrophages or to IL-4/IL-13 (20 ng/ml) to polarize M2 macrophages. M1/M2 macrophage markers along with cytokine gene expression were determined using RT-qPCR. Feces and mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM) samples were collected, and the V4 region of 16 s rRNA was sequenced. Micro- and macroscopic scores, colonic IL-6, IL-1β, TNF- α, and M1 macrophages markers were significantly decreased in the hCTS-treated group. Treatment did not have any effect on colonic IL-10, TGF-β, and M2 markers nor modified the bacterial richness, diversity, or the major phyla in colitic fecal and MAM samples. In vitro, pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, as well as their gene expression, were significantly reduced in hCTS-treated M1 macrophages. hCTS treatment did not affect M2 macrophage markers. These findings suggest that hCTS treatment attenuates the severity of inflammatory relapse through the modulation of the M1 macrophages and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad F Rabbi
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Children Research Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nour Eissa
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Children Research Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Peris M Munyaka
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Omar Elgazzar
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jean Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Children Research Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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119
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Bryant AH, Bevan RJ, Spencer-Harty S, Scott LM, Jones RH, Thornton CA. Expression and function of NOD-like receptors by human term gestation-associated tissues. Placenta 2017; 58:25-32. [PMID: 28962692 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors or NOD-like receptors (NLRs) have been implicated in several disease pathologies associated with inflammation. Since local and systemic inflammation is a hallmark of both term and preterm labour, a role for NLRs at the materno-fetal interface has been postulated. METHODS Gene expression and immunolocalisation of NLR family members in human placenta, choriodecidua, and amnion were examined. Tissue explants were used to examine the response to activators of NOD1 (Tri-DAP), NOD2 (MDP) and NLRP3 (nigericin). Cell/tissue-free supernatants were examined for the production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 using specific ELISAs. RESULTS Expression of transcripts for NOD1, NOD2, NLRP3, NLRC4, NLRX1, NLRP1 and NAIP and protein expression of NOD1, NOD2 and NLRP3 were a broad feature of all term gestation-associated tissues. Production of cytokines was increased significantly in response to all ligands in placenta and choriodecidua, except for MDP-induced IL-10. Similarly, there was a significant in the amnion except for MDP induced IL-1β and IL-10 response to either agonist. IL-1β production was dependent on caspase-1 regardless of agonist used or tissue examined. DISCUSSION Term human gestation-associated tissues express functional NLRs which likely play a role in both sterile and pathogen-driven inflammatory responses at the materno-fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aled H Bryant
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Ryan J Bevan
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Samantha Spencer-Harty
- Histopathology Department, Singleton Hospital, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Louis M Scott
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Ruth H Jones
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Catherine A Thornton
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, UK.
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120
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Yang Y, Zhou Y, Hu J, Luo F, Xie Y, Shen Y, Bian W, Yin Z, Li H, Zhang X. Ficolin-A/2, acting as a new regulator of macrophage polarization, mediates the inflammatory response in experimental mouse colitis. Immunology 2017; 151:433-450. [PMID: 28380665 PMCID: PMC5506452 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ficolin-2 (FCN-2) and mouse ficolin-A (FCN-A, a ficolin-2-like molecule in mouse) are activators of the lectin complement pathway, present in normal plasma and usually associated with infectious diseases, but little is known about the role of FCN-A/2 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In our present study, we found that patients with IBD exhibited much higher serum FCN-2 levels than healthy controls. In the dextran sulphate sodium-induced acute colitis mouse model, FCN-A knockout mice showed much milder disease symptoms with less histological damage, lower expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)], chemokines (CXCL1/2/10 and CCL4) and higher levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 compared with wild-type mice. We demonstrated that FCN-A/2 exacerbated the inflammatory pathogenesis of IBD by stimulating M1 polarization through the TLR4/MyD88/MAPK/NF-κB signalling pathway in macrophages. Hence, our data suggest that FCN-A/2 may be used as a novel therapeutic target for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Fei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research InstituteHubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of ImmunologyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Yi‐Dan Zhou
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignILUSA
| | - Jia‐Chen Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology/HepatologyZhongnan HospitalWuhan University School of MedicineWuhanChina
| | - Feng‐Ling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research InstituteHubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of ImmunologyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research InstituteHubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of ImmunologyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Yan‐Ying Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research InstituteHubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of ImmunologyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Wen‐Xiu Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research InstituteHubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of ImmunologyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Zhi‐Nan Yin
- Biomedical Translational Research InstituteJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Hong‐Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research InstituteHubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of ImmunologyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xiao‐Lian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research InstituteHubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of ImmunologyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhanChina
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121
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Diversity and functions of intestinal mononuclear phagocytes. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:845-864. [PMID: 28378807 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal lamina propria (LP) contains a diverse array of mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) subsets, including conventional dendritic cells (cDC), monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages (mφ) that collectively play an essential role in mucosal homeostasis, infection and inflammation. In the current review we discuss the function of intestinal cDC and monocyte-derived MNP, highlighting how these subsets play several non-redundant roles in the regulation of intestinal immune responses. While much remains to be learnt, recent findings also underline how the various populations of MNP adapt to deal with the challenges specific to their environment. Understanding these processes should help target individual subsets for 'fine tuning' immunological responses within the intestine, a process that may be of relevance both for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and for optimized vaccine design.
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122
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Biagioli M, Carino A, Cipriani S, Francisci D, Marchianò S, Scarpelli P, Sorcini D, Zampella A, Fiorucci S. The Bile Acid Receptor GPBAR1 Regulates the M1/M2 Phenotype of Intestinal Macrophages and Activation of GPBAR1 Rescues Mice from Murine Colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:718-733. [PMID: 28607110 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
GPBAR1 (TGR5 or M-BAR) is a G protein-coupled receptor for secondary bile acids that is highly expressed in monocytes/macrophages. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of GPBAR1 in mediating leukocyte trafficking in chemically induced models of colitis and investigate the therapeutic potential of BAR501, a small molecule agonist for GPBAR1. These studies demonstrated that GPBAR1 gene ablation enhanced the recruitment of classically activated macrophages in the colonic lamina propria and worsened the severity of inflammation. In contrast, GPBAR1 activation by BAR501 reversed intestinal inflammation in the trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid and oxazolone models by reducing the trafficking of Ly6C+ monocytes from blood to intestinal mucosa. Exposure to BAR501 shifted intestinal macrophages from a classically activated (CD11b+, CCR7+, F4/80-) to an alternatively activated (CD11b+, CCR7-, F4/80+) phenotype, reduced the expression of inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL2 mRNAs), and attenuated the wasting syndrome and severity of colitis (≈70% reduction in the Colitis Disease Activity Index). The protective effect was lost in Gpbar1-/- mice. Exposure to BAR501 increased the colonic expression of IL-10 and TGF-β mRNAs and the percentage of CD4+/Foxp3+ cells. The beneficial effects of BAR501 were lost in Il-10-/- mice. In a macrophage cell line, regulation of IL-10 by BAR501 was GPBAR1 dependent and was mediated by the recruitment of CREB to its responsive element in the IL-10 promoter. In conclusion, GPBAR1 is expressed in circulating monocytes and colonic macrophages, and its activation promotes a IL-10-dependent shift toward an alternatively activated phenotype. The targeting of GPBAR1 may offer therapeutic options in inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Biagioli
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Sabrina Cipriani
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Paolo Scarpelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Daniele Sorcini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples 80181, Italy; and
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy
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123
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Rogler G. Resolution of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2:521-530. [PMID: 28606878 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(17)30031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease at present mainly targets mediators of inflammation to stop or suppress pro-inflammatory processes. Typical examples are steroids, suppression of T cells by thioguanine nucleotides, or antibodies against cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor, interleukin 12, or interleukin 23. In addition to suppression of inflammation, development of therapeutic strategies that support resolution of inflammation or that actively resolve inflammation might be desirable. Resolution of inflammation is now seen as an active process involving specific mediators (eg, lipid mediators or specific cytokines) that is mandatory to restore organ function and completely shut down inflammation. The molecular pathways involved in resolution of inflammation have been investigated in recent years and could be adopted in treatment strategies for inflammatory bowel disease. Among these approaches are anti-integrin strategies and means to produce or locally increase restitution or resolution factors, such as restoration of the activity of transforming growth factor-β by anti-SMAD7 antisense oligonucleotides. The potential role of inflammation-resolving lipid mediators (eg, resolvins), however, still warrants further study and clinical development. This Review focuses on the specific role of active resolution of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease pathophysiology. Potential therapeutic targets based on these pathways are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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124
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Kmieć Z, Cyman M, Ślebioda TJ. Cells of the innate and adaptive immunity and their interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:1-16. [PMID: 28126697 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract that includes two major phenotypes, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis that are characterized by different clinical features and different course of the immune response. The exact aetiology of IBD still remains unknown, although it is thought that the diseases result from an excessive immune response directed against microbial or environmentally derived antigens which can be triggered by the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. In this review we present immune mechanisms and interactions between cells of the immune system and tissue environment that contribute to the development and progression of IBD in humans. Since dysregulation of the intestinal immune response is a hallmark of chronic inflammatory conditions, we characterize cells of the innate and adaptive immunity involved in the pathogenesis of IBD and their cross-talks. We describe various subclasses of recently discovered innate lymphoid cells, as well as dendritic cells, macrophages and T cells, including Th17, Th22 and T regulatory cells, present in the intestinal lamina propria and cytokine-mediated regulation of the immune response in IBD, highlighting the role of IL-22 and IL-17A/IL-23 axis. Insights into novel therapeutic modalities targeting certain elements of the immune pathways important for the pathogenesis of IBD have been also shortly presented.
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125
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Wehner S, Engel DR. Resident macrophages in the healthy and inflamed intestinal muscularis externa. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:541-552. [PMID: 28236119 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages reside in a dense cellular network in the intestinal muscularis externa, and there is emerging evidence that the functionality of these cells determines the local microenvironment. Inflammatory responses during intestinal diseases change the homeostatic functionality of these cells causing inflammation and intestinal dysmotility. Such disturbances are not only induced by a change in the cellular composition in the intestinal muscularis but also by an altered crosstalk with the peripheral and central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the role of muscularis macrophages in the intestine in homeostasis and inflammation. We compare the functionality, the phenotype, and the origin of muscularis macrophages to their neighboring counterparts within the different layers of the intestine. We outline the cellular crosstalk with the enteric and the peripheral nervous system and summarize the current therapeutic approaches to modulate the functionality of these phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Wehner
- Department of Surgery/Immune Pathophysiology, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Daniel Robert Engel
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, Department of Immunodynamics, University Duisburg-Essen and University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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126
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Crosstalk between the gut and the liver via susceptibility loci: Novel advances in inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune liver disease. Clin Immunol 2017; 175:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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127
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Van Welden S, De Vos M, Wielockx B, Tavernier SJ, Dullaers M, Neyt S, Descamps B, Devisscher L, Devriese S, Van den Bossche L, Holvoet T, Baeyens A, Correale C, D'Alessio S, Vanhove C, De Vos F, Verhasselt B, Breier G, Lambrecht BN, Janssens S, Carmeliet P, Danese S, Elewaut D, Laukens D, Hindryckx P. Haematopoietic prolyl hydroxylase-1 deficiency promotes M2 macrophage polarization and is both necessary and sufficient to protect against experimental colitis. J Pathol 2017; 241:547-558. [PMID: 27981571 DOI: 10.1002/path.4861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins (PHDs) regulate the adaptation of cells to hypoxia. Pan-hydroxylase inhibition is protective in experimental colitis, in which PHD1 plays a prominent role. However, it is currently unknown how PHD1 targeting regulates this protection and which cell type(s) are involved. Here, we demonstrated that Phd1 deletion in endothelial and haematopoietic cells (Phd1f/f Tie2:cre) protected mice from dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, with reduced epithelial erosions, immune cell infiltration, and colonic microvascular dysfunction, whereas the response of Phd2f/+ Tie2:cre and Phd3f/f Tie2:cre mice to DSS was similar to that of their littermate controls. Using bone marrow chimeras and cell-specific cre mice, we demonstrated that ablation of Phd1 in haematopoietic cells but not in endothelial cells was both necessary and sufficient to inhibit experimental colitis. This effect relied, at least in part, on skewing of Phd1-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. These cells showed an attenuated nuclear factor-κB-dependent response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which in turn diminished endothelial chemokine expression. In addition, Phd1 deficiency in dendritic cells significantly reduced interleukin-1β production in response to LPS. Taken together, our results further support the development of selective PHD1 inhibitors for ulcerative colitis, and identify haematopoietic cells as their primary target. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martine De Vos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Heisenberg Research Group, Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon J Tavernier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Inflammation Research Centre VIB, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Melissa Dullaers
- Inflammation Research Centre VIB, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sara Neyt
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Descamps
- Infinity Imaging Laboratory (iMinds Medical IT-IBiTech-MEDISIP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sarah Devriese
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Tom Holvoet
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Baeyens
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carmen Correale
- IBD Centre, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Silvia D'Alessio
- IBD Centre, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Christian Vanhove
- Infinity Imaging Laboratory (iMinds Medical IT-IBiTech-MEDISIP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip De Vos
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Verhasselt
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georg Breier
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Inflammation Research Centre VIB, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Sophie Janssens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Inflammation Research Centre VIB, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular metabolism, Vesalius Research Centre, KU Leuven, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvio Danese
- IBD Centre, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Inflammation Research Centre VIB, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Debby Laukens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Hindryckx
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of Crohn's disease (CD), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, remains imperfectly elucidated. Consequently, the therapeutic armamentarium remains limited and has not changed the natural history of CD hitherto. Accordingly, physicians need to identify new therapeutic targets to be able to alter the intestinal damage. The most recent hypothesis considered CD as resulting from an abnormal interaction between microbiota and host immune system influenced by genetics and environmental factors. Several experimental and genetic evidence point out intestinal macrophages in CD etiology. An increase of macrophages number and the presence of granulomas are especially observed in the intestinal mucosa of patients with CD. These macrophages could be defective and particularly in responses to infectious agents like CD-associated Escherichia coli. This review focuses on, what is currently known regarding the role of macrophages, macrophages/E. coli interaction, and the impact of CD therapies on macrophages in CD. We also speculate that macrophages modulation could lead to important translational implications in CD with the end goal of promoting gut health.
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129
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Lagha AB, Grenier D. Tea polyphenols inhibit the activation of NF-κB and the secretion of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases by macrophages stimulated with Fusobacterium nucleatum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34520. [PMID: 27694921 PMCID: PMC5046134 DOI: 10.1038/srep34520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum has been associated with both periodontal disease and inflammatory bowel disease. This Gram-negative bacterium possesses a high inflammatory potential that may contribute to the disease process. We hypothesized that green and black tea polyphenols attenuate the inflammatory response of monocytes/macrophages mediated by F. nucleatum. We first showed that the tea extracts, EGCG and theaflavins reduce the NF-κB activation induced by F. nucleatum in monocytes. Since NF-κB is a key regulator of genes coding for inflammatory mediators, we tested the effects of tea polyphenols on secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and CXCL8 by macrophages. A pre-treatment of macrophages with the tea extracts, EGCG, or theaflavins prior to a stimulation with F. nucleatum significantly inhibited the secretion of all four cytokines and reduced the secretion of MMP-3 and MMP-9, two tissue destructive enzymes. TREM-1 expressed by macrophages is a cell-surface receptor involved in the propagation of the inflammatory response to bacterial challenges. Interestingly, tea polyphenols inhibited the secretion/shedding of soluble TREM-1 induced by a stimulation of macrophages with F. nucleatum. The anti-inflammatory properties of tea polyphenols identified in the present study suggested that they may be promising agents for the prevention and/or treatment of periodontal disease and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Kathpalia P, Kane S, Mahadevan U. Detectable Drug Levels in Infants Exposed to Biologics: So What? Gastroenterology 2016; 151:25-6. [PMID: 27215654 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kathpalia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Sunanda Kane
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Uma Mahadevan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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