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Siriwardena SBSM, Tsunematsu T, Qi G, Ishimaru N, Kudo Y. Invasion-Related Factors as Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051462. [PMID: 29758011 PMCID: PMC5983574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that the presence of cervical lymph node metastasis is the most important prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In solid epithelial cancer, the first step during the process of metastasis is the invasion of cancer cells into the underlying stroma, breaching the basement membrane (BM)—the natural barrier between epithelium and the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM). The ability to invade and metastasize is a key hallmark of cancer progression, and the most complicated and least understood. These topics continue to be very active fields of cancer research. A number of processes, factors, and signaling pathways are involved in regulating invasion and metastasis. However, appropriate clinical trials for anti-cancer drugs targeting the invasion of OSCC are incomplete. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on invasion-related factors and emerging molecular determinants which can be used as potential for diagnostic and therapeutic targets in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samadarani B S M Siriwardena
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka.
| | - Takaaki Tsunematsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Guangying Qi
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
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102
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Yanagi T, Kitamura S, Hata H. Novel Therapeutic Targets in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2018; 8:79. [PMID: 29629337 PMCID: PMC5876309 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the common cancers in Caucasians, accounting for 20–30% of cutaneous malignancies. The risk of metastasis is low in most patients; however, aggressive SCC is associated with very high mortality and morbidity. Although cutaneous SCC can be treated with surgical removal, radiation and chemotherapy singly or in combination, the prognosis of patients with metastatic SCC is poor. Recently, the usage of immune checkpoint blockades has come under consideration. To develop effective therapies that are less toxic than existing ones, it is crucial to achieve a detailed characterization of the molecular mechanisms that are involved in cutaneous SCC pathogenesis and to identify new drug targets. Recent studies have identified novel molecules that are associated with SCC carcinogenesis and progression. This review focuses on recent advances in molecular studies involving SCC tumor development, as well as in new therapeutics that have become available to clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Yanagi
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Kitamura
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hata
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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103
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Head and Neck Cancer in the Elderly: Frailty, Shared Decisions, and Avoidance of Low Value Care. Clin Geriatr Med 2018; 34:233-244. [PMID: 29661335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a disease of older adults. Recurrent and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma portends a poor prognosis, with median overall survival of less than 12 months. Within this vulnerable population, significant treatment-related toxicities and physical and psychosocial sequelae can be devastating to quality of life at the end of life. Shared decision making and early comprehensive palliative and support services are at the crux of the approach to older adults with HNC. In doing so, low-value care that fails to meet the goals of patients and their caregivers at the end-of-life may be avoided.
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104
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Saleh K, Eid R, Haddad FGH, Khalife-Saleh N, Kourie HR. New developments in the management of head and neck cancer - impact of pembrolizumab. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2018; 14:295-303. [PMID: 29497306 PMCID: PMC5822846 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s125059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a heterogeneous group of upper aerodigestive tract malignancies, is the seventh most common cancer worldwide. Tobacco use and alcohol consumption were the most identified risk factors of HNSCC. However, human papilloma virus, a sexually transmitted infection, has been determined as another primary cause of HNSCC. Early-stage disease is treated with surgery or radiotherapy. Recurrent or metastatic HNSCC is associated with poor prognosis with a median overall survival of 10 months. The EXTREME protocol is commonly used in first-line setting. Recently, pembrolizumab, an anti-programmed death-1 agent, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with disease progression on or after a platinum-based therapy. It demonstrated a durable objective response rate with a good safety profile and quality of life. Many ongoing trials are evaluating the use of pembrolizumab for the treatment of HNSCC in various indications such as adjuvant and neoadjuvant setting, maintenance and recurrent disease, alone or in combination with chemotherapy, radiation and targeted therapy. Finding those biomarkers predictive of response to immune checkpoints inhibitors has been a major concern. However, markers have been identified, such as PD-L1 expression, human papilloma virus infection, interferon-γ signature score, microsatellite instability and neoantigen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Saleh
- Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Roland Eid
- Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fady GH Haddad
- Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Khalife-Saleh
- Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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105
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Setúbal Destro Rodrigues MF, Gammon L, Rahman MM, Biddle A, Nunes FD, Mackenzie IC. Effects of Cetuximab and Erlotinib on the behaviour of cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13488-13500. [PMID: 29568372 PMCID: PMC5862593 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic responses of many solid tumours to chemo- and radio-therapies are far from fully effective but therapies targeting malignancy-related cellular changes show promise for further control. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly overexpressed and investigation of agents that block this receptor indicate a limited response when used alone but an ability to enhance the actions of other drugs. The hierarchical stem cell patterns present in tumours generate cellular heterogeneity and this is further complicated by cancer stem cells (CSC) shifting between epithelial (Epi-CSC) and mesenchymal (EMT-CSC) states. To clarify how such heterogeneity influences responses to EGFR blocking, we examined the effects of Cetuximab and Erlotinib on the cell sub-populations in HNSCC cell lines. These agents reduced cell proliferation for all subpopulations but induced little cell death. They did however induce large shifts of cells between the EMT-CSC, Epi-CSC and differentiating cell compartments. Loss of EMT-CSCs reduced cell motility and is expected to reduce invasion and metastasis. EGFR blocking also induced shifts of Epi-CSCs into the differentiating cell compartment which typically has greater sensitivity to chemo/radiation, an effect expected to enhance the overall response of tumour cell populations to adjunctive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke Gammon
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Muhammad M Rahman
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Adrian Biddle
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fabio Daumas Nunes
- Oral Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ian C Mackenzie
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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106
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Bonomo P, Desideri I, Loi M, Mangoni M, Sottili M, Marrazzo L, Talamonti C, Greto D, Pallotta S, Livi L. Anti PD-L1 DUrvalumab combined with Cetuximab and RadiOtherapy in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: A phase I/II study (DUCRO). Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2018; 9:42-47. [PMID: 29594250 PMCID: PMC5862684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been increasingly recognized as an immune suppressive malignancy. The efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI's) in the context of recurrent/metastatic (R/M) setting anticipates the possible integration of immunotherapy into the therapeutic armamentarium of locally advanced disease. Durvalumab (DUR) is a humanized monoclonal IgG1, anti-PD-L1 antibody with promising data in R/M HNSCC. The aim of our study is to test the antitumor activity of a combined regimen incorporating an immune checkpoint inhibitor into a conventional bio-radiation strategy for the cure of unfavorable locally advanced HNSCC. METHODS/DESIGN In this open label, multi-center, single-arm, phase I/II study, enrolled patients will receive Radiotherapy (RT) (69.9 Gy/2.12 Gy in 33 fractions) with concurrent Cetuximab (CTX) (400 mg/m2 1 week before RT start followed by 250 mg/m2 weekly) and DUR (fixed dose of 1500 mg every 4 weeks starting from RT-CTX week 1) followed by adjuvant DUR (to a maximum of 6 months after completion of RT-CTX). Primary endpoint of the study is 2-year progression-free survival (PFS). A safety run-in is planned after the enrollment of first 12, 24 and 36 patients. Patients affected by high-risk (≥N2a or ≥T3, any N) larynx, hypopharynx and HPV negative oropharynx or HPV-positive oropharynx (≥T2, ≥N2b, ≥10 pack/years) will be eligible. DISCUSSION Conventional intensification strategies failed to provide any benefit for the cure of locally advanced HNSCC. For the still prevalent HPV-negative population and the high risk-HPV positive disease, there is an unmet need for alternative treatment paradigms. Potentially, the inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint may synergize with both CTX and RT through immunologic interplay, ultimately aiming to reverse the HNSCC-induced immune suppression. The DUCRO study will seek to demonstrate if such a strategy may be safe and active. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT number: NCT03051906Eudract number: 2016-004668-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Bonomo
- Radiation Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero – Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Isacco Desideri
- Radiation Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero – Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mauro Loi
- Radiation Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero – Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Mangoni
- Radiation Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero – Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mariangela Sottili
- Radiation Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero – Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Livia Marrazzo
- Medical Physics, Azienda Ospedaliero – Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cinzia Talamonti
- Medical Physics, Azienda Ospedaliero – Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Greto
- Radiation Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero – Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Pallotta
- Medical Physics, Azienda Ospedaliero – Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Livi
- Radiation Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero – Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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107
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Ho AS, Maghami E. Surgical Perspectives in Head and Neck Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2018; 174:103-122. [PMID: 29435839 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-65421-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer treatment is a complex multidisciplinary undertaking. Cancer cure and survival is a primary goal, yet safe-guarding appearance and function to preserve the quality of life are similarly critical. The head and neck surgeon remains central to multidisciplinary cancer care, with deep knowledge of operative technique and an even deeper understanding of cancer biology. The surgeon models practice based on the highest levels of scientific evidence, but also takes into consideration the approaches that may best suit an individual patient. The surgeon's role moreover spans the life history of a head and neck cancer patient, from diagnosis to surveillance. The intimacy of this role makes the surgeon a trusted and frequent frame of reference for the patient. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the surgeon's role in head and neck cancer management. We discuss surgical perspectives within the multidisciplinary care team and selectively highlight some of the more provocative clinical scenarios in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen S Ho
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ellie Maghami
- Department of Surgery, Division of Head and Neck Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, USA.
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108
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Qi X, Jia B, Zhao X, Yu D. Advances in T-cell checkpoint immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5745-5754. [PMID: 29238207 PMCID: PMC5716310 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s148182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been found to be a complex group of malignancies characterized by their profound immunosuppression and high aggressiveness. In most cases of advanced HNSCC, treatment fails to obtain total cancer cure. Efforts are needed to develop new therapeutic approaches to improve HNSCC outcomes. In this light, T-cells "immune checkpoint" has attracted much attention in cancer immunotherapy. It has been broadly accepted that inhibitory T-cell immune checkpoints contribute to tumor immune escape through negative immune regulatory signals (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 [CTLA-4], programmed cell death 1 [PD-1], B7-H3, and B7-H4, etc). Current data suggest that PD-1 and CTLA-4 receptors can inhibit T-cell receptors and T-cell proliferation. Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 and/or CTLA-4/CD28 pathways has shown promising tumor outcomes in clinical trials for advanced solid tumors like melanoma, renal cell cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer. The present review attempts to explore what is known about PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4/CD28 pathways with a focus on HNSCC. We further discuss how these pathways can be manipulated with therapeutic intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Qi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
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109
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Bossi P, Miceli R, Locati LD, Ferrari D, Vecchio S, Moretti G, Denaro N, Caponigro F, Airoldi M, Moro C, Vaccher E, Sponghini A, Caldara A, Rinaldi G, Ferrau F, Nolè F, Lo Vullo S, Tettamanzi F, Hollander L, Licitra L. A randomized, phase 2 study of cetuximab plus cisplatin with or without paclitaxel for the first-line treatment of patients with recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:2820-2826. [PMID: 28950305 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B490 (EudraCT# 2011-002564-24) is a randomized, phase 2b, noninferiority study investigating the efficacy and safety of first-line cetuximab plus cisplatin with/without paclitaxel (CetCis versus CetCisPac) in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (R/M SCCHN). PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients had confirmed R/M SCCHN (oral cavity/oropharynx/larynx/hypopharynx/paranasal sinus) and no prior therapy for R/M disease. Cetuximab was administered on day 1 (2-h infusion, 400 mg/m2), then weekly (1-h infusions, 250 mg/m2). Cisplatin was given as a 1-h infusion (CetCis arm: 100 mg/m2; CetCisPac arm: 75 mg/m2) on day 1 of each cycle for a maximum of six cycles. Paclitaxel was administered as a 3-h infusion (175 mg/m2) on day 1 of each cycle. After six cycles, maintenance cetuximab was administered until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). We assumed a noninferiority margin of 1.40 as compatible with efficacy. RESULTS A total of 201 patients were randomized 1 : 1 to each regimen; 191 were assessable. PFS with CetCis (median, 6 months) was noninferior to PFS with CetCisPac (median, 7 months) [HR for CetCis versus CetCisPac 0.99; 95% CI: 0.72-1.36, P = 0.906; margin of noninferiority (90% CI of 1.4) not reached]. Median overall survival was 13 versus 11 months (HR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.53-1.11, P = 0.117). The overall response rates were 41.8% versus 51.7%, respectively (OR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.38-1.20, P = 0.181). Grade ≥3 adverse event rates were 76% and 73% for CetCis versus CetCisPac, respectively, while grade 4 toxicities were lower in the two-drug versus three-drug arm (14% versus 33%, P = 0.015). No toxic death or sepsis were reported and cardiac events were negligible (1%). CONCLUSION The two-drug CetCis regimen proved to be noninferior in PFS to a three-drug combination with CetCisPac. The median OS of both regimens is comparable with that observed in EXTREME, while the life-threatening toxicity rate appeared reduced. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER EudraCT# 2011-002564-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bossi
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan University of Milan, Milan
| | - R Miceli
- Clinical Epidemiology and Trial Organization, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan
| | - L D Locati
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan University of Milan, Milan
| | - D Ferrari
- Medical Oncology, Ospedale San Paolo, Milan
| | - S Vecchio
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Martino, IST National Cancer Institute, Genova and University of Genova, Genova
| | - G Moretti
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia
| | - N Denaro
- Medical Oncology, St. Croce & Carle University Teaching Hospital, and ARCO Foundation, Cuneo
| | - F Caponigro
- Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione Pascale, Naples
| | - M Airoldi
- 2nd Medical Oncology Division, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital of Turin, Turin
| | - C Moro
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo
| | - E Vaccher
- Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano
| | - A Sponghini
- Medical Oncology, A.O. Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara
| | - A Caldara
- Medical Oncology, Ospedale Santa Chiara, Trento
| | - G Rinaldi
- Medical Oncology, AOU Policlinico "Paolo Giaccone," Palermo
| | - F Ferrau
- Medical Oncology, Ospedale San Vincenzo, Taormina
| | - F Nolè
- Medical Oncology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan
| | - S Lo Vullo
- Clinical Epidemiology and Trial Organization, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan
| | - F Tettamanzi
- Oncology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - L Hollander
- Oncology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - L Licitra
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan University of Milan, Milan.
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