101
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Oh J, Kim Y, Che L, Kim JB, Chang GE, Cheong E, Kang SG, Ha Y. Regulation of cAMP and GSK3 signaling pathways contributes to the neuronal conversion of glioma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178881. [PMID: 29161257 PMCID: PMC5697826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most malignant type of primary central nervous system tumors, and has an extremely poor prognosis. One potential therapeutic approach is to induce the terminal differentiation of glioma through the forced expression of pro-neural factors. Our goal is to show the proof of concept of the neuronal conversion of C6 glioma through the combined action of small molecules. We investigated the various changes in gene expression, cell-specific marker expression, signaling pathways, physiological characteristics, and morphology in glioma after combination treatment with two small molecules (CHIR99021, a glycogen synthase kinase 3 [GSK3] inhibitor and forskolin, a cyclic adenosine monophosphate [cAMP] activator). Here, we show that the combined action of CHIR99021 and forskolin converted malignant glioma into fully differentiated neurons with no malignant characteristics; inhibited the proliferation of malignant glioma; and significantly down-regulated gene ontology and gene expression profiles related to cell division, gliogenesis, and angiogenesis in small molecule–induced neurons. In vivo, the combined action of CHIR99021 and forskolin markedly delayed neurological deficits and significantly reduced the tumor volume. We suggest that reprogramming technology may be a potential treatment strategy replacing the therapeutic paradigm of traditional treatment of malignant glioma, and a combination molecule comprising a GSK3 inhibitor and a cAMP inducer could be the next generation of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yongbo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lihua Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Beom Kim
- Hans Schöler Stem Cell Research Center (HSSCRC), School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
- Max Planck Partner Group-Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory (MPPG-MBL), UNIST, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Gyeong Eon Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunji Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok-Gu Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon Ha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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102
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PDGFR inhibition mediated intracellular signalling in C6 glioma growth and migration: role of ERK and ROCK pathway. Cytotechnology 2017; 70:465-477. [PMID: 29143227 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant PDGFR (Platelet derived growth factor receptor) signalling in brain tumors and gliomas is one of the primary cause of tumor progression. PDGFR stimulation by its ligand and the role of its downstream mediators such as extracellular regulated kinases (ERK1/2), PI3K and ROCK pathways have not been thoroughly investigated. The present study sought to investigate the role of PDGF receptor signalling inhibition on suppression of rat C6 glioma growth and migration. Treatment of C6 cells with PDGFR inhibitor, AG1295 caused a significant reduction in migration and proliferation by regulating the ERK and ROCK signalling. Subsequently, PDGFR blocking was demonstrated to regulate cytoskeleton reorganization by modulating the Actin-pMLC reorganization and pERK-FAK-Paxillin complex formation which may further regulate the C6 glioma migration. Further, other malignant behaviour of C6 glioma such as anchorage independent growth, adhesion, invasion and sphere forming abilities were found to be impaired by PDGFR blocking. PDGFR inhibition further regulates the C6 glioma tumor behaviour by inducing gene expression of GFAP, BDNF, and MECP2 and down regulating FAK expression. In conclusion, our data elucidate novel mechanisms involve in PDGFR inhibition mediated inhibition of C6 glioma growth and migration which can be a future potential target for the treatment of glioma.
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103
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mTOR-Dependent Cell Proliferation in the Brain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7082696. [PMID: 29259984 PMCID: PMC5702949 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7082696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is a molecular complex equipped with kinase activity which controls cell viability being key in the PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway. mTOR acts by integrating a number of environmental stimuli to regulate cell growth, proliferation, autophagy, and protein synthesis. These effects are based on the modulation of different metabolic pathways. Upregulation of mTOR associates with various pathological conditions, such as obesity, neurodegeneration, and brain tumors. This is the case of high-grade gliomas with a high propensity to proliferation and tissue invasion. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a WHO grade IV malignant, aggressive, and lethal glioma. To date, a few treatments are available although the outcome of GBM patients remains poor. Experimental and pathological findings suggest that mTOR upregulation plays a major role in determining an aggressive phenotype, thus determining relapse and chemoresistance. Among several activities, mTOR-induced autophagy suppression is key in GBM malignancy. In this article, we discuss recent evidence about mTOR signaling and its role in normal brain development and pathological conditions, with a special emphasis on its role in GBM.
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104
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Targeting cellular pathways in glioblastoma multiforme. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2:17040. [PMID: 29263927 PMCID: PMC5661637 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a debilitating disease that is associated with poor prognosis, short median patient survival and a very limited response to therapies. GBM has a very complex pathogenesis that involves mutations and alterations of several key cellular pathways that are involved in cell proliferation, survival, migration and angiogenesis. Therefore, efforts that are directed toward better understanding of GBM pathogenesis are essential to the development of efficient therapies that provide hope and extent patient survival. In this review, we outline the alterations commonly associated with GBM pathogenesis and summarize therapeutic strategies that are aimed at targeting aberrant cellular pathways in GBM.
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105
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LncRNA-XIST interacts with miR-29c to modulate the chemoresistance of glioma cell to TMZ through DNA mismatch repair pathway. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170696. [PMID: 28831025 PMCID: PMC5587918 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is the most commonly used alkylating agent in glioma chemotherapy. However, growing resistance to TMZ remains a major challenge for clinicians. Recent evidence emphasizes the key regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs and miRNAs) in tumor biology, including the chemoresistance of cancers. However, little is known about the role and regulation mechanisms of lncRNA cancer X-inactive specific transcripts (XIST) in glioma tumorigenesis and chemotherapy resistance. In the present study, higher XIST expression was observed in glioma tissues and cell lines, which was related to poorer clinicopathologic features and shorter survival time. XIST knockdown alone was sufficient to inhibit glioma cell proliferation and to amplify TMZ-induced cell proliferation inhibition. Moreover, XIST knockdown can sensitize TMZ-resistant glioma cells to TMZ. XIST can inhibit miR-29c expression by directly targetting TMZ-resistant glioma cells. DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methytransferase (MGMT) plays a key role in TMZ resistance; transcription factor specificity protein 1 (SP1), a regulator of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) key protein MSH6, has been reported to be up-regulated in TMZ-resistant glioma cell lines. In the present study, we show that XIST/miR-29c coregulates SP1 and MGMT expression in TMZ-resistant glioma cell lines. Our data suggest that XIST can amplify the chemoresistance of glioma cell lines to TMZ through directly targetting miR-29c via SP1 and MGMT. XIST/miR-29c may be a potential therapeutic target for glioma treatment.
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106
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Yang Y, Ren M, Song C, Li D, Soomro SH, Xiong Y, Zhang H, Fu H. LINC00461, a long non-coding RNA, is important for the proliferation and migration of glioma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84123-84139. [PMID: 29137410 PMCID: PMC5663582 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of reports have revealed that long non-coding RNAs are important players in tumorigenesis. Here we showed that long non-coding RNA LINC00461 is highly expressed in glioma tissues compared to non-neoplastic brain tissues. The knockdown of LINC00461 suppressed cyclinD1/A/E expression which led to G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and inhibited cell proliferation in glioma cells. LINC00461 suppression also inhibited glioma cell migration and invasion. The function of LINC00461 in glioma cells is partially mediated by MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways as down-regulation of LINC00461 expression suppressed ERK1/2 and AKT activities. Moreover, LINC00461 knockdown decreased expression levels of microRNA miR-9 and flanking genes MEF2C and TMEM161B. Taken together, our results demonstrate that LINC00461 is important for glioma progression affecting cell proliferation, migration and invasion via MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, and possibly other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Mingxin Ren
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shahid Hussain Soomro
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yajie Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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107
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Kulhari H, Telukutla SR, Pooja D, Shukla R, Sistla R, Bansal V, Adams DJ. Peptide grafted and self-assembled poly(γ-glutamic acid)-phenylalanine nanoparticles targeting camptothecin to glioma. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To synthesize cRGDfK peptide conjugated poly(γ-glutamic acid)-phenylalanine nanoparticles to improve the therapeutic efficacy of camptothecin (CPT) against glioblastoma multiforme. Methods: Peptide-conjugated, drug-loaded nanoparticles (cRGDfK-conjugated camptothecin-loaded PGA–PA nanoparticles [RCPN]) were prepared and physico-chemically characterized using different techniques. Nanoparticles were evaluated for in vitro anticancer activity, cellular uptake, induction of apoptosis and wound healing cell migration against U87MG human glioblastoma cells. Results: RCPN, with a particle size of <100 nm and 65% CPT encapsulation efficiency, exhibited a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity to glioblastoma cells. Compared with native CPT or unconjugated nanoparticles, RCPN induced apoptosis, increased reactive oxygen species generation and inhibited U87MG cell migration. Conclusion: cRGDfK-mediated and amphiphilic copolymer-based nanomedicines represent a new approach for improved delivery of anticancer drugs to and treatment of glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Kulhari
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- IICT-RMIT Research Centre, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500607, India
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500607, India
| | - Srinivasa R Telukutla
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- IICT-RMIT Research Centre, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500607, India
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500607, India
| | - Deep Pooja
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500607, India
| | - Ravi Shukla
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500607, India
| | - Vipul Bansal
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - David J Adams
- Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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108
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Tezcan G, Taskapilioglu MO, Tunca B, Bekar A, Demirci H, Kocaeli H, Aksoy SA, Egeli U, Cecener G, Tolunay S. Olea europaea leaf extract and bevacizumab synergistically exhibit beneficial efficacy upon human glioblastoma cancer stem cells through reducing angiogenesis and invasion in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:713-723. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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109
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Ahn SH, Ahn JH, Ryu DR, Lee J, Cho MS, Choi YH. Effect of Necrosis on the miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network in CRT-MG Human Astroglioma Cells. Cancer Res Treat 2017; 50:382-397. [PMID: 28546527 PMCID: PMC5912152 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2016.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common adult primary intracranial tumor. The remarkable features of GBM include central necrosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been considered as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for many cancers, including glioblastoma. However, the effect of necrosis on the miRNA expression profile and predicted miRNA-mRNA regulatory information remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of necrotic cells on the modulation of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles and miRNA-mRNA network in CRT-MG cells. Materials and Methods We used human astroglioma cells, CRT-MG, treated with necrotic CRT-MG cells to examine the effect of necrosis on the modulation of miRNA and mRNA by next-generation sequencing. For preparation of necrotic cells, CRT-MGcellswere frozen and thawed through cycle of liquid nitrogen–water bath. The putative miRNA-mRNA regulatory relationshipwas inferred through target information, using miRDB. Results The necrotic cells induced dysregulation of 106 miRNAs and 887 mRNAs. Among them, 11 miRNAs that had a negative correlation value of p < 0.05 by the hypergeometric test were screened, and their target mRNAs were analyzed by Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. Using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, we also found several necrotic cell treatment-activated pathways that were modulated by relevant gene targets of differentially expressed miRNAs. Conclusion Our result demonstrated that dysregulation of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles occurs when GBM cells are exposed to necrotic cells, suggesting that several miRNAs may have the potential to be used as biomarkers for predicting GBM progression and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Ahn
- Department of Physiology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea.,Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyuck Ahn
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Ryeol Ryu
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisoo Lee
- Department of Internal medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Sun Cho
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Department of Physiology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea.,Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea
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110
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Sharma I, Singh A, Sharma KC, Saxena S. Gene Expression Profiling of Chemokines and Their Receptors in Low and High Grade Astrocytoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:1307-1313. [PMID: 28610419 PMCID: PMC5555540 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.5.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite intense interest in molecular characterization and searches for novel therapeutic targets, the
glioblastoma remains a formidable clinical challenge. Among many contributors to gliomagenesis, chemokines have
drawn special attention due to their involvement in a plethora of biological processes and pathological conditions. In
the present study we aimed to elucidate any pro-gliomagenic chemokine axis and probable roles in development of
glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Method: An array of 84 chemokines, chemokine receptors and related genes were
studied by real time PCR with comparison between low grade astrocytoma (diffuse astrocytoma – grade II) and high
grade astrocytoma (glioblastoma multiforme – grade IV). Gene ontology analysis and database mining were performed
to funnel down the important axis in GBM followed by validation at the protein level by immunohistochemistry on tissue
microarrays. Results: Gene expression and gene ontology analysis identified CXCL8 as an important chemokine which
was more frequently up-regulated in GBM as compared to diffuse astrocytoma. Further we demonstrated localization
of CXCL8 and its receptors in glioblastoma possibly affecting autocrine and paracrine signalling that promotes tumor
cell proliferation and neovascularisation with vascular mimicry. Conclusion: From these results CXCL8 appears to be
an important gliomagenic chemokine which may be involved in GBM growth by promoting tumor cell proliferation
and neovascularization via vascular mimicry. Further in vitro and in vivo investigations are required to explore its
potential candidature in anti-GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Sharma
- National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India.,Symbiosis International University, Pune, India.
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111
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Trilaksana N, Riwanto I, Tjandrawinata RR, Winarto R. Inhibition of Mahkota Dewa ( Phaleria macrocarpa ) bioactive fraction on proliferation of human retinoblastoma tumor cells Y-79 through suppression of mRNA level of cyclin E. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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112
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Ramachandran R, Junnuthula VR, Gowd GS, Ashokan A, Thomas J, Peethambaran R, Thomas A, Unni AKK, Panikar D, Nair SV, Koyakutty M. Theranostic 3-Dimensional nano brain-implant for prolonged and localized treatment of recurrent glioma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43271. [PMID: 28262735 PMCID: PMC5338016 DOI: 10.1038/srep43271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Localized and controlled delivery of chemotherapeutics directly in brain-tumor for prolonged periods may radically improve the prognosis of recurrent glioblastoma. Here, we report a unique method of nanofiber by fiber controlled delivery of anti-cancer drug, Temozolomide, in orthotopic brain-tumor for one month using flexible polymeric nano-implant. A library of drug loaded (20 wt%) electrospun nanofiber of PLGA-PLA-PCL blends with distinct in vivo brain-release kinetics (hours to months) were numerically selected and a single nano-implant was formed by co-electrospinning of nano-fiber such that different set of fibres releases the drug for a specific periods from days to months by fiber-by-fiber switching. Orthotopic rat glioma implanted wafers showed constant drug release (116.6 μg/day) with negligible leakage into the peripheral blood (<100 ng) rendering ~1000 fold differential drug dosage in tumor versus peripheral blood. Most importantly, implant with one month release profile resulted in long-term (>4 month) survival of 85.7% animals whereas 07 day releasing implant showed tumor recurrence in 54.6% animals, rendering a median survival of only 74 days. In effect, we show that highly controlled drug delivery is possible for prolonged periods in orthotopic brain-tumor using combinatorial nanofibre libraries of bulk-eroding polymers, thereby controlling glioma recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Ramachandran
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita University, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | | | - G. Siddaramana Gowd
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita University, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Anusha Ashokan
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita University, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - John Thomas
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita University, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Reshmi Peethambaran
- Central Lab Animal Facility, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita University, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Anoop Thomas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita University, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | | | - Dilip Panikar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita University, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Shantikumar V. Nair
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita University, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Manzoor Koyakutty
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita University, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
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113
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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Biomarkers in Glioblastoma: Current Status and Future Perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8013575. [PMID: 28316990 PMCID: PMC5337853 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8013575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary neuroepithelial tumor of the central nervous system, characterized by an extremely aggressive clinical phenotype. Patients with GBM have a poor prognosis and only 3–5% of them survive for more than 5 years. The current GBM treatment standards include maximal resection followed by radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant therapies. Despite these aggressive therapeutic regimens, the majority of patients suffer recurrence due to molecular heterogeneity of GBM. Consequently, a number of potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers have been investigated. Some of them, such as IDH mutations, 1p19q deletion, MGMT promoter methylation, and EGFRvIII amplification are frequently tested in routine clinical practice. With the development of sequencing technology, detailed characterization of GBM molecular signatures has facilitated a more personalized therapeutic approach and contributed to the development of a new generation of anti-GBM therapies such as molecular inhibitors targeting growth factor receptors, vaccines, antibody-based drug conjugates, and more recently inhibitors blocking the immune checkpoints. In this article, we review the exciting progress towards elucidating the potential of current and novel GBM biomarkers and discuss their implications for clinical practice.
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114
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Hanif F, Muzaffar K, Perveen K, Malhi SM, Simjee SU. Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Review of its Epidemiology and Pathogenesis through Clinical Presentation and Treatment. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:3-9. [PMID: 28239999 PMCID: PMC5563115 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most malignant types of central nervous system tumors. Despite advances in treatment modalities it remains largely incurable. The objective of our review is to provide a holistic picture of GBM epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical findings and treatment. A literature search was conducted for GBM at PubMed and Google Scholar, with relevant key words like glioblastoma multiforme, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, treatment etc., and papers published until 2015 were reviewed. It was found that radiation and certain genetic syndromes are the only risk factors identified to date for GBM. Depending on the tumor site patients may present to the clinic with varying symptoms. To confirm the presence and the extent of tumor, various invasive and non-invasive imaging techniques require employment. The literature survey revealed the pathogenesis to involve aberrations of multiple signaling pathways through multiple genetic mutations and altered gene expression. Although several treatment options are available, including surgery, along with adjuvant chemo- and radio-therapy, the disease has a poor prognosis and patients generally succumb within 14 months of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farina Hanif
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
- Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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115
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Daniele S, Barresi E, Zappelli E, Marinelli L, Novellino E, Da Settimo F, Taliani S, Trincavelli ML, Martini C. Long lasting MDM2/Translocator protein modulator: a new strategy for irreversible apoptosis of human glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7866-84. [PMID: 26761214 PMCID: PMC4884960 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multi-target drugs and irreversible modulators of deregulated signalling proteins is the major challenge for improving glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment. Reversible single-target drugs are not sufficient to sustain a therapeutic effect over time and may favour the activation of alternative signalling pathways and the onset of resistance phenomena. Thus, a multi-target compound that has a long-lasting mechanism of action might have a greater and longer life span of anti-proliferative activity. Recently, a dual-target indol-3ylglyoxyldipeptide derivative, designed to bind to the Translocator Protein (TSPO) and reactivate p53 function via dissociation from its physiological inhibitor, murine double minute 2 (MDM2), has been developed as a potent GBM pro-apoptotic agent. In this study, this derivative was chemically modified to irreversibly bind MDM2 and TSPO. The new compound elicited a TSPO-mediated mitochondrial membrane dissipation and restored p53 activity, triggering a long-lasting apoptosis of GBM cells. These effects were sustained over time, involved a stable activation of extracellular signal regulated kinases and were specifically observed in cancer cells, in which these protein kinases are deregulated. Dual-targeting and irreversible binding properties combined in the same molecule may represent a useful strategy to overcome the time-limited effects elicited by classical chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Luciana Marinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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116
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Che Mat MF, Abdul Murad NA, Ibrahim K, Mohd Mokhtar N, Wan Ngah WZ, Harun R, Jamal R. Silencing of PROS1 induces apoptosis and inhibits migration and invasion of glioblastoma multiforme cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:2359-2366. [PMID: 27840905 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor and most patients have poor prognosis. Despite many advances in research, there has been no significant improvement in the patient survival rate. New molecular therapies are being studied and RNA interference (RNAi) therapy is one of the promising approaches to improve prognosis and increase survival in patients with GBM. We performed a meta‑analysis of five different microarray datasets and identified 460 significantly upregulated genes in GBM. Loss‑of‑function screening of these upregulated genes using LN18 cells was performed to identify the significant target genes for glioma. Further investigations were performed using siRNA in LN18 cells and various functional assays were carried out on the selected candidate gene to understand further its role in GBM. We identified PROS1 as a candidate gene for GBM from the meta‑analysis and RNAi screening. Knockdown of PROS1 in LN18 cells significantly induced apoptosis compared to siPROS1‑untreated cells (p<0.05). Migration in cells treated with siPROS1 was reduced significantly (p<0.05) and this was confirmed with wound-healing assay. PROS1 knockdown showed substantial reduction in cell invasion up to 82% (p<0.01). In addition, inhibition of PROS1 leads to decrease in cellular proliferation by 18%. Knockdown of PROS1 in LN18 cells caused activation of both of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. It caused major upregulation of FasL which is important for death receptor signaling activation and also downregulation of GAS6 and other members of TAM family of receptors. PROS1 may play an important role in the development of GBM through cellular proliferation, migration and invasion as well as apoptosis. Targeting PROS1 in GBM could be a novel therapeutic strategy in GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Firdaus Che Mat
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azian Abdul Murad
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Kamariah Ibrahim
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Norfilza Mohd Mokhtar
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Roslan Harun
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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117
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Hwang E, Yoo KC, Kang SG, Kim RK, Cui YH, Lee HJ, Kim MJ, Lee JS, Kim IG, Suh Y, Lee SJ. PKCδ activated by c-MET enhances infiltration of human glioblastoma cells through NOTCH2 signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4890-902. [PMID: 26700818 PMCID: PMC4826251 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM) is attributable to the propensity of tumor cells to infiltrate into the brain parenchyma. Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes are highly expressed or aberrantly activated in GBM. However, how this signaling node translates to GBM cell invasiveness remains unknown. Here, we report that among PKC isoforms, PKCδ is strongly associated with infiltration of GBM cells. Notably, PKCδ enhanced Tyr418 phosphorylation of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase SRC, which in turn activated STAT3 and subsequent NOTCH2 signaling, ultimately leading to GBM cell invasiveness. Furthermore, we showed that PKCδ was aberrantly activated in GBM cells by c-MET, a receptor tyrosine kinase hyperactivated in GBM. In agreement, inhibition either component in the c-MET/PKCδ/SRC/STAT3 signaling axis effectively blocked the NOTCH2 signaling and invasiveness of GBM cells. Taken together, our findings shed a light on the signaling mechanisms behind the constitutive activation of PKCδ signaling in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Chun Yoo
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Gu Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Korea
| | - Rae-Kwon Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yan-Hong Cui
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Effect, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Radiation Biology, Environmental Radiation Research Group, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yongjoon Suh
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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118
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Targeting EMP3 suppresses proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through inactivation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34859-74. [PMID: 26472188 PMCID: PMC4741495 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial membrane protein-3 (EMP3), a typical member of the epithelial membrane protein (EMP) family, is epigenetically silenced in some cancer types, and has been proposed to be a tumor suppressor gene. However, its effects on tumor suppression are controversial and its roles in development and malignancy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. In the present study, we found that EMP3 was highly expressed in the tumorous tissues comparing to the matched normal tissues, and negatively correlated with differentiated degree of HCC patients. Knockdown of EMP3 significantly reduced cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle at G1 phase, and inhibited the motility and invasiveness in accordance with the decreased expression and activity of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in HCC cells. The in vivo tumor growth of HCC was effectively suppressed by knockdown of EMP3 in a xenograft mouse model. The EMP3 knockdown-reduced cell proliferation and invasion were attenuated by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or knockdown of Akt, and rescued by overexpression of Akt in HCC cells. Clinical positive correlations of EMP3 with p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K, p-Akt, uPA, as well as MMP-9 were observed in the tissue sections from HCC patients. Here, we elucidated the tumor progressive effects of EMP3 through PI3K/Akt pathway and uPA/MMP-9 cascade in HCC cells. The findings provided a new insight into EMP3, which might be a potential molecular target for diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
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119
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de Aquino PF, Carvalho PC, Nogueira FCS, da Fonseca CO, de Souza Silva JCT, Carvalho MDGDC, Domont GB, Zanchin NIT, Fischer JDSDG. A Time-Based and Intratumoral Proteomic Assessment of a Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Oncol 2016; 6:183. [PMID: 27597932 PMCID: PMC4992702 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors consist of cells in different stages of transformation with molecular and cellular heterogeneity. By far, heterogeneity is the hallmark of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most malignant and aggressive type of glioma. Most proteomic studies aim in comparing tumors from different patients, but here we dive into exploring the intratumoral proteome diversity of a single GBM. For this, we profiled tumor fragments from the profound region of the same patient’s GBM but obtained from two surgeries a year’s time apart. Our analysis also included GBM‘s fragments from different anatomical regions. Our quantitative proteomic strategy employed 4-plex iTRAQ peptide labeling followed by a four-step strong cation chromatographic separation; each fraction was then analyzed by reversed-phase nano-chromatography coupled on-line with an Orbitrap-Velos mass spectrometer. Unsupervised clustering grouped the proteomic profiles into four major distinct groups and showed that most changes were related to the tumor’s anatomical region. Nevertheless, we report differentially abundant proteins from GBM’s fragments of the same region but obtained 1 year apart. We discuss several key proteins (e.g., S100A9) and enriched pathways linked with GBM such as the Ras pathway, RHO GTPases activate PKNs, and those related to apoptosis, to name a few. As far as we know, this is the only report that compares GBM fragments proteomic profiles from the same patient. Ultimately, our results fuel the forefront of scientific discussion on the importance in exploring the richness of subproteomes within a single tissue sample for a better understanding of the disease, as each tumor is unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila F de Aquino
- Laboratory of Microbial Diversity from Amazon with Importance for Health, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz , Manaus, Amazonas , Brazil
| | - Paulo Costa Carvalho
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Protein Engineering, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxinology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio C S Nogueira
- Laboratory for Protein Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Clovis Orlando da Fonseca
- Department of General and Specialized Surgery, Antonio Pedro University Hospital, Fluminense Federal University , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | | | - Maria da Gloria da Costa Carvalho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Gilberto B Domont
- Laboratory for Protein Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Nilson I T Zanchin
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Protein Engineering, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz , Curitiba, Paraná , Brazil
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120
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Nana AW, Yang PM, Lin HY. Overview of Transforming Growth Factor β Superfamily Involvement in Glioblastoma Initiation and Progression. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:6813-23. [PMID: 26514451 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.16.6813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most aggressive of human brain tumors and has a stunning progression with a mean survival of one year from the date of diagnosis. High cell proliferation, angiogenesis and/or necrosis are histopathological features of this cancer, which has no efficient curative therapy. This aggressiveness is associated with particular heterogeneity of the tumor featuring multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations, but also with implications of aberrant signaling driven by growth factors. The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily is a large group of structurally related proteins including TGFβ subfamily members Nodal, Activin, Lefty, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth and differentiation factor (GDF). It is involved in important biological functions including morphogenesis, embryonic development, adult stem cell differentiation, immune regulation, wound healing and inflammation. This superfamily is also considered to impact on cancer biology including that of GBM, with various effects depending on the member. The TGFβ subfamily, in particular, is overexpressed in some GBM types which exhibit aggressive phenotypes. This subfamily impairs anti-cancer immune responses in several ways, including immune cells inhibition and major histocompatibility (MHC) class I and II abolishment. It promotes GBM angiogenesis by inducing angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-I) and insulin- like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), contributes to GBM progression by inducing metalloproteinases (MMPs), "pro-neoplastic" integrins (αvβ3, α5β1) and GBM initiating cells (GICs) as well as inducing a GBM mesenchymal phenotype. Equally, Nodal promotes GICs, induces cancer metabolic switch and supports GBM cell proliferation, but is negatively regulated by Lefty. Activin promotes GBM cell proliferation while GDF yields immune-escape function. On the other hand, BMPs target GICS and induce differentiation and sensitivity to chemotherapy. This multifaceted involvement of this superfamily in GBM necessitates different strategies in anti-cancer therapy. While suppressing the TGFβ subfamily yields advantageous results, enhancing BMPs production is also beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Wendindonde Nana
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan E-mail :
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121
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Polisetty RV, Gautam P, Gupta MK, Sharma R, Gowda H, Renu D, Shivakumar BM, Lakshmikantha A, Mariswamappa K, Ankathi P, Purohit AK, Uppin MS, Sundaram C, Sirdeshmukh R. Microsomal membrane proteome of low grade diffuse astrocytomas: Differentially expressed proteins and candidate surveillance biomarkers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26882. [PMID: 27246909 PMCID: PMC4887981 DOI: 10.1038/srep26882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse astrocytoma (DA; WHO grade II) is a low-grade, primary brain neoplasm with high potential of recurrence as higher grade malignant form. We have analyzed differentially expressed membrane proteins from these tumors, using high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 2803 proteins were identified, 340 of them differentially expressed with minimum of 2 fold change and based on ≥2 unique peptides. Bioinformatics analysis of this dataset also revealed important molecular networks and pathways relevant to tumorigenesis, mTOR signaling pathway being a major pathway identified. Comparison of 340 differentially expressed proteins with the transcript data from Grade II diffuse astrocytomas reported earlier, revealed about 190 of the proteins correlate in their trends in expression. Considering progressive and recurrent nature of these tumors, we have mapped the differentially expressed proteins for their secretory potential, integrated the resulting list with similar list of proteins from anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO Grade III) tumors and provide a panel of proteins along with their proteotypic peptides, as a resource that would be useful for investigation as circulatory plasma markers for post-treatment surveillance of DA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poonam Gautam
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR), Hyderabad, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR), Hyderabad, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, India.,Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Praveen Ankathi
- Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Megha S Uppin
- Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India
| | - Challa Sundaram
- Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR), Hyderabad, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, India.,Neuro-Oncology, Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
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122
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Luthra PM, Lal N. Prospective of curcumin, a pleiotropic signalling molecule from Curcuma longa in the treatment of Glioblastoma. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 109:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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123
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Comparative transcriptomics reveals similarities and differences between astrocytoma grades. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:952. [PMID: 26673168 PMCID: PMC4682229 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytomas are the most common primary brain tumors distinguished into four histological grades. Molecular analyses of individual astrocytoma grades have revealed detailed insights into genetic, transcriptomic and epigenetic alterations. This provides an excellent basis to identify similarities and differences between astrocytoma grades. Methods We utilized public omics data of all four astrocytoma grades focusing on pilocytic astrocytomas (PA I), diffuse astrocytomas (AS II), anaplastic astrocytomas (AS III) and glioblastomas (GBM IV) to identify similarities and differences using well-established bioinformatics and systems biology approaches. We further validated the expression and localization of Ang2 involved in angiogenesis using immunohistochemistry. Results Our analyses show similarities and differences between astrocytoma grades at the level of individual genes, signaling pathways and regulatory networks. We identified many differentially expressed genes that were either exclusively observed in a specific astrocytoma grade or commonly affected in specific subsets of astrocytoma grades in comparison to normal brain. Further, the number of differentially expressed genes generally increased with the astrocytoma grade with one major exception. The cytokine receptor pathway showed nearly the same number of differentially expressed genes in PA I and GBM IV and was further characterized by a significant overlap of commonly altered genes and an exclusive enrichment of overexpressed cancer genes in GBM IV. Additional analyses revealed a strong exclusive overexpression of CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and its receptor CX3CR1 in PA I possibly contributing to the absence of invasive growth. We further found that PA I was significantly associated with the mesenchymal subtype typically observed for very aggressive GBM IV. Expression of endothelial and mesenchymal markers (ANGPT2, CHI3L1) indicated a stronger contribution of the micro-environment to the manifestation of the mesenchymal subtype than the tumor biology itself. We further inferred a transcriptional regulatory network associated with specific expression differences distinguishing PA I from AS II, AS III and GBM IV. Major central transcriptional regulators were involved in brain development, cell cycle control, proliferation, apoptosis, chromatin remodeling or DNA methylation. Many of these regulators showed directly underlying DNA methylation changes in PA I or gene copy number mutations in AS II, AS III and GBM IV. Conclusions This computational study characterizes similarities and differences between all four astrocytoma grades confirming known and revealing novel insights into astrocytoma biology. Our findings represent a valuable resource for future computational and experimental studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1939-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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124
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RasGRP3 regulates the migration of glioma cells via interaction with Arp3. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1850-64. [PMID: 25682201 PMCID: PMC4359336 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain tumors, are highly infiltrative. Although GBM express high Ras activity and Ras proteins have been implicated in gliomagenesis, Ras-activating mutations are not frequent in these tumors. RasGRP3, an important signaling protein responsive to diacylglycerol (DAG), increases Ras activation. Here, we examined the expression and functions of RasGRP3 in GBM and glioma cells. RasGRP3 expression was upregulated in GBM specimens and glioma stem cells compared with normal brains and neural stem cells, respectively. RasGRP3 activated Ras and Rap1 in glioma cells and increased cell migration and invasion partially via Ras activation. Using pull-down assay and mass spectroscopy we identified the actin-related protein, Arp3, as a novel interacting protein of RasGRP3. The interaction of RasGRP3 and Arp3 was validated by immunofluorescence staining and co-immunoprecipitation, and PMA, which activates RasGRP3 and induces its translocation to the peri-nuclear region, increased the association of Arp3 and RasGRP3. Arp3 was upregulated in GBM, regulated cell spreading and migration and its silencing partially decreased these effects of RasGRP3 in glioma cells. In summary, RasGRP3 acts as an important integrating signaling protein of the DAG and Ras signaling pathways and actin polymerization and represents an important therapeutic target in GBM.
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125
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Mukthavaram R, Ouyang X, Saklecha R, Jiang P, Nomura N, Pingle SC, Guo F, Makale M, Kesari S. Effect of the JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor SAR317461 on human glioblastoma tumorspheres. J Transl Med 2015; 13:269. [PMID: 26283544 PMCID: PMC4539675 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The STAT3 transcription factor is a major intracellular signaling protein and is frequently dysregulated in the most
common and lethal brain malignancy in adults, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Activation of STAT3 in GBM correlates with malignancy and poor prognosis. The phosphorylating signal transducer JAK2 activates STAT3 in response to cytokines and growth factors. Currently there are no JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors in clinical trials for GBM, so we sought to examine the anti-GBM activity of SAR317461 (Sanofi-Aventis), a newer generation, highly potent JAK2 inhibitor that exhibits low toxicity and good pharmacokinetics. SAR317461 was initially approved for patient testing in the treatment of primary myelofibrosis (PMF), and has shown activity in preclinical models of melanoma and pulmonary cancer, but has not been tested in GBM. Methods We hypothesized that a potent small molecule JAK2 inhibitor could overcome the heterogeneous nature of GBM, and suppress a range of patient derived GBM tumorsphere lines and immortalized GBM cell lines. We treated with SAR317461 to determine IC50 values, and using Western blot analysis we asked whether the response was linked to STAT3 expression. Western blot analysis, FACS, and cell viability studies were used to identify the mechanism of SAR317461 induced cell death. Results We report for the first time that the JAK2 inhibitor SAR317461 clearly inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and had substantial activity against cells (IC50 1–10 µM) from 6 of 7 different patient GSC derived GBM tumorsphere lines and three immortalized GBM lines. One patient GSC derived line did not constitutively express STAT3 and was more resistant to SAR317461 (IC50 ≈25 µM). In terms of mechanism we found cleaved PARP and clear apoptosis following SAR317461. SAR317461 also induced autophagy and the addition of an autophagy inhibitor markedly enhanced cell killing by SAR317461. Conclusions We conclude that SAR317461 potently inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation and that it has significant activity against those GBM cells which express activated STAT3. Further studies are warranted in terms of the potential of SAR317461 as single and combined therapy for selectively treating human patients afflicted with GBMs expressing activation of the JAK2-STAT3 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Mukthavaram
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC#0819, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA. .,Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Xiao Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xuzhou 3rd Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 131 Huancheng Road, 221005, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Rohit Saklecha
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC#0819, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA.
| | - Pengfei Jiang
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC#0819, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA.
| | - Natsuko Nomura
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC#0819, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA.
| | - Sandeep C Pingle
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC#0819, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA.
| | - Fang Guo
- Laboratory of Tumor Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 99 Haike Road, 201210, Shanghai, China.
| | - Milan Makale
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC#0819, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA.
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC#0819, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA. .,Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Schisandrin B suppresses glioma cell metastasis mediated by inhibition of mTOR/MMP-9 signal pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 74:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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127
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Moutal A, Honnorat J, Massoma P, Désormeaux P, Bertrand C, Malleval C, Watrin C, Chounlamountri N, Mayeur ME, Besançon R, Naudet N, Magadoux L, Khanna R, Ducray F, Meyronet D, Thomasset N. CRMP5 Controls Glioblastoma Cell Proliferation and Survival through Notch-Dependent Signaling. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3519-28. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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128
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Crespo I, Vital AL, Gonzalez-Tablas M, Patino MDC, Otero A, Lopes MC, de Oliveira C, Domingues P, Orfao A, Tabernero MD. Molecular and Genomic Alterations in Glioblastoma Multiforme. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1820-33. [PMID: 25976245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, important advances have been achieved in the understanding of the molecular biology of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM); thus, complex genetic alterations and genomic profiles, which recurrently involve multiple signaling pathways, have been defined, leading to the first molecular/genetic classification of the disease. In this regard, different genetic alterations and genetic pathways appear to distinguish primary (eg, EGFR amplification) versus secondary (eg, IDH1/2 or TP53 mutation) GBM. Such genetic alterations target distinct combinations of the growth factor receptor-ras signaling pathways, as well as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/phosphatase and tensin homolog/AKT, retinoblastoma/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) N2A-p16(INK4A), and TP53/mouse double minute (MDM) 2/MDM4/CDKN2A-p14(ARF) pathways, in cells that present features associated with key stages of normal neurogenesis and (normal) central nervous system cell types. This translates into well-defined genomic profiles that have been recently classified by The Cancer Genome Atlas Consortium into four subtypes: classic, mesenchymal, proneural, and neural GBM. Herein, we review the most relevant genetic alterations of primary versus secondary GBM, the specific signaling pathways involved, and the overall genomic profile of this genetically heterogeneous group of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Crespo
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Louisa Vital
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - María Gonzalez-Tablas
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Alvaro Otero
- Neurosurgery Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Celeste Lopes
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina de Oliveira
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patricia Domingues
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Tabernero
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Health Science Studies of Castilla and León Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Paul-Samojedny M, Pudełko A, Kowalczyk M, Fila-Daniłow A, Suchanek-Raif R, Borkowska P, Kowalski J. Knockdown of AKT3 and PI3KCA by RNA interference changes the expression of the genes that are related to apoptosis and autophagy in T98G glioblastoma multiforme cells. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:1115-23. [PMID: 26481529 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant and invasive human brain tumor and it is characterized by a poor prognosis and short survival time. The PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling pathway plays a crucial role in GBM development and it is connected with the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy. Akt is involved in various aspects of cancer cell biology such as cell survival, in addition to both apoptosis and autophagy. The current study was undertaken to examine the effect of the siRNAs that target AKT3 and PI3KCA genes on the apoptosis and autophagy of T98G cells. METHODS T98G cells were transfected with AKT3 and/or PI3KCA siRNAs. Alterations in the mRNA expression of apoptosis- and autophagy-related genes were analyzed using QRT-PCR. LC3IIA protein-positive cells were identified using flow cytometry with specific antibodies. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate for the first time that the siRNAs that target AKT3 and PI3KCA change the expression of the genes that are related to apoptosis and autophagy and change the expression of the LC3IIA protein in T98G cells. CONCLUSIONS Thus, there is a high probability that the knockdown of these genes induces apoptosis and autophagy in T98G cells, but further studies are necessary in order to clarify and check whether autophagy induction is a positive phenomenon for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Paul-Samojedny
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Adam Pudełko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics in Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kowalczyk
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Fila-Daniłow
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Renata Suchanek-Raif
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paulina Borkowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jan Kowalski
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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130
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Glioblastoma vasculogenic mimicry: signaling pathways progression and potential anti-angiogenesis targets. Biomark Res 2015; 3:8. [PMID: 26085929 PMCID: PMC4469398 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-015-0034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly angiogenic malignancy that is resistant to standard therapy; neo-formed vessels of this aggressive malignancy are thought to arise by sprouting of pre-existing brain capillaries. However, the conventional anti-angiogenic therapy, which seemed promising initially, shows transitory and incomplete efficacy. The discovery of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) has offered a new horizon for understanding tumor vascularization. VM is a tumor cell-constituted, matrix-embedded fluid-conducting meshwork that is independent of endothelial cells and is positively correlated with poor prognosis. Therefore, a better understanding of GBM vasculature is needed to optimize anti-angiogenic therapy. This review focuses on the signaling molecules and cascades involved in VM in relation to ongoing glioma research, as well as the clinical translational advances in GBM that have been offered by the development of optimized anti-angiogenesis treatment modalities.
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131
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Grigore F, Brehar FM, Gorgan MR. Current perspectives concerning the multimodal therapy in Glioblastoma. ROMANIAN NEUROSURGERY 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/romneu-2015-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
GBM (Glioblastoma) is the most common, malignant type of primary brain tumor. It has a dismal prognosis, with an average life expectancy of less than 15 months. A better understanding of the tumor biology of GBM has been achieved in the past decade and set up new directions in the multimodal therapy by targeting the molecular paths involved in tumor initiation and progression. Invasion is a hallmark of GBM, and targeting the complex invasive mechanism of the tumor is mandatory in order to achieve a satisfactory result in GBM therapy. The goal of this review is to describe the tumor biology and key features of GBM and to provide an up-to-date overview of the current identified molecular alterations involved both in tumorigenesis and tumor progression.
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132
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Ping Y, Zhang H, Deng Y, Wang L, Zhao H, Pang L, Fan H, Xu C, Li F, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Xiao Y, Li X. IndividualizedPath: identifying genetic alterations contributing to the dysfunctional pathways in glioblastoma individuals. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 10:2031-42. [PMID: 24911613 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00289j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the extensive complexity and high genetic heterogeneity of genetic alterations in cancer, comprehensively depicting the molecular mechanisms of cancer remains difficult. Characterizing personalized pathogenesis in cancer individuals can help to reveal new details of the complex mechanisms. In this study, we proposed an integrative method called IndividualizedPath to identify genetic alterations and their downstream risk pathways from the perspective of individuals through combining the DNA copy number, gene expression data and topological structures of biological pathways. By applying the method to TCGA glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) samples, we identified 394 gene-pathway pairs in 252 GBM individuals. We found that genes with copy number alterations showed high heterogeneity across GBM individuals, whereas they affected relatively consistent biological pathways. A global landscape of gene-pathway pairs showed that EGFR linked with multiple cancer-related biological pathways confers the highest risk of GBM. GBM individuals with MET-pathway pairs showed significantly shorter survival times than those with only MET amplification. Importantly, we found that the same risk pathways were affected by different genes in distinct groups of GBM individuals with a significant pattern of mutual exclusivity. Similarly, GBM subtype analysis revealed some subtype-specific gene-pathway pairs. In addition, we found that some rare copy number alterations had a large effect on contribution to numerous cancer-related pathways. In summary, our method offers the possibility to identify personalized cancer mechanisms, which can be applied to other types of cancer through the web server (http://bioinfo.hrbmu.edu.cn/IndividualizedPath/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ping
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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133
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Luo J, Wang X, Xia Z, Yang L, Ding Z, Chen S, Lai B, Zhang N. Transcriptional factor specificity protein 1 (SP1) promotes the proliferation of glioma cells by up-regulating midkine (MDK). Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:430-9. [PMID: 25428991 PMCID: PMC4310735 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-10-1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Midkine (MDK) expression is associated with the proliferation of many cancers, including glioma. However, the upstream signaling that leads to MDK accumulation remains elusive. This study investigates the molecular mechanism that induces MDK overexpression in human glioma. The Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data was analyzed to identify potential MDK regulators. Expression of MDK and specificity protein 1 (SP1) was compared in glioma specimens. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to confirm the transcriptional regulation. MDK-force-expressed, SP1-silenced glioma cells were used to test rescue effects in vitro and in vivo. MDK and SP1 expression in gliomas was significantly higher than in adjacent tissues and was positively correlated in glioma clinical samples and cell lines. The promoter of the human MDK gene has a putative SP1 binding site. SP1 binds to the promoter of the MDK gene and directly regulates MDK expression. MDK or SP1 gene silencing inhibited the proliferation of glioma cells and reduced the tumor volume in nude mice. Overexpression of MDK in SP1-silenced cells could partially rescue the SP1 inhibition effects in vivo and in vitro. SP1 directly up-regulated the expression of MDK, and the SP1-MDK axis cooperated in glioma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Luo
- Forevergen Biosciences Center, R&D Unit 602, Guangzhou 510000, China Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Zhibo Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lixuan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhiming Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huang Pu Division, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Shiyuan Chen
- Department of Neurology and Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center of Genetic Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Bingquan Lai
- Forevergen Biosciences Center, R&D Unit 602, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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134
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Paul-Samojedny M, Pudełko A, Suchanek-Raif R, Kowalczyk M, Fila-Daniłow A, Borkowska P, Kowalski J. Knockdown of the AKT3 (PKBγ), PI3KCA, and VEGFR2 genes by RNA interference suppresses glioblastoma multiforme T98G cells invasiveness in vitro. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:3263-77. [PMID: 25501707 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain malignancy, having a very poor prognosis and is characterized by extensive brain invasion as well as resistance to the therapy. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/PTEN signaling pathway is deregulated in GBM. Besides, florid vascularization and aberrantly elevated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) occur very often. The present study was designed to examine the inhibitory effect of AKT3, PI3KCA, and VEGFR2 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) on GBM cell invasiveness. T98G cells were transfected with AKT3, PI3KCA, and/or VEGFR2 siRNAs. VEGFR2 protein-positive cells were identified by flow cytometry using specific monoclonal anti-VEGFR2 antibodies. Alterations in messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of VEGF, VEGFR2, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-13, MMP-14), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) (TIMP-1, TIMP-3), c-Fos, c-Jun, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), ObRa, and cathepsin D genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Cells treated with specific siRNA were also analyzed for invasion using the Matrigel invasion assay. We have found significantly lower mRNA levels of MMPs, cathepsin D, VEGF, VEGFR2, HIF-1α, and c-Fos/c-Jun ratio, as well as significantly higher mRNA level of TIMPs in AKT3 and PI3KCA siRNA transfected cells compared to untransfected cells, while significantly lower mRNA levels of MMPs (MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-14) and TIMP-1, as well as significantly higher mRNA level of TIMP-3, were shown only in cells transfected with VEGFR2 siRNA. The positive correlation between MMP-13 and ObRa mRNA copy number has been found. Summarizing, transfection of T98G cells with AKT3, PI3KCA, or VEGFR2 siRNAs leads to a significant reduction in cell invasiveness. The siRNA-induced AKT3, PI3KCA, and VEGFR2 mRNA knockdown may offer a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce the invasiveness of GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Paul-Samojedny
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jednosci 8 Street, 41-200, Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland,
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135
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Bhattacharya K, Bag AK, Tripathi R, Samanta SK, Pal BC, Shaha C, Mandal C. Mahanine, a novel mitochondrial complex-III inhibitor induces G0/G1 arrest through redox alteration-mediated DNA damage response and regresses glioblastoma multiforme. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:629-647. [PMID: 25520856 PMCID: PMC4266700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Electron transport chain (ETC) is responsible for oxidative phosphorylation-mediated mitochondrial respiration. Here we wanted to address the mahanine-induced targeted pathways in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in the context of G0/G1 phase arrest and redox alteration. We have demonstrated mahanine, as a novel mitochondrial complex-III inhibitor which induced G0/G1 phase arrest in GBM. This event was preceded by accumulation of intracellular ROS by the inhibition of mitochondrial ETC. The accumulated ROS induced DNA damage response (DDR), that mediated Chk1/Chk2 upregulation and activation which were essential factors for the G0/G1 arrest. NAC-mediated scavenging of ROS generation reduced the propensity of G0/G1 phase arrest in GBM cells by mahanine. Knockdown of Chk1/Chk2 also affected the cell cycle inhibitory potential of mahanine. During G0/G1 arrest, other hallmark proteins like, cyclin D1/cyclin D3, CDK4/CDK6 and CDC25A were also downregulated. The G0/G1 phase restriction property of mahanine was also established in in vivo mice model. Mahanine-induced complex-III inhibition triggered enhanced ROS in hypoxia responsible for higher G0/G1 arrest. Furthermore, we demonstrated that mahanine-treated G0/G1 arrested cells were less potent to form xenograft tumor in vivo. Additionally, they exhibited reduced ability to migrate and form intracellular tube-like structures. Moreover, they became susceptible to differentiate and astrocyte-like cells were generated from the epithelial lineage. Taken together, our results established that complex-III of ETC is one of the possible potential targets of mahanine. This nontoxic chemotherapeutic molecule enhanced ROS production, induced cell cycle arrest and thereafter regressed GBM without effecting normal astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Bhattacharya
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Arup K Bag
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Rakshamani Tripathi
- Cell Death and Differentiation Research, National Institute of ImmunologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Suman K Samanta
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Bikas C Pal
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and ResearchKolkata, India
| | - Chandrima Shaha
- Cell Death and Differentiation Research, National Institute of ImmunologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Chitra Mandal
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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136
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Li H, Chen Z, Zhou S. Apoptosis in glioma-bearing rats after neural stem cell transplantation. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:1793-802. [PMID: 25206476 PMCID: PMC4145955 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.19.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal activation of the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk signaling cascade plays an important role in glioma. Inhibition of this aberrant activity could effectively hinder glioma cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis. To investigate the mechanism of glioblastoma treatment by neural stem cell transplantation with respect to the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway, C6 glioma cells were prepared in suspension and then infused into the rat brain to establish a glioblastoma model. Neural stem cells isolated from fetal rats were then injected into the brain of this glioblastoma model. Results showed that Raf-1, Erk and Bcl-2 protein expression significantly increased, while Caspase-3 protein expression decreased. After transplantation of neural stem cells, Raf-1, Erk and Bcl-2 protein expression significantly decreased, while Caspase-3 protein expression significantly increased. Our findings indicate that transplantation of neural stem cells may promote apoptosis of glioma cells by inhibiting Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk signaling, and thus may represent a novel treatment approach for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Neurology, the 476 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Neurology, the 476 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shaopeng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
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137
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Newcastle disease virus interaction in targeted therapy against proliferation and invasion pathways of glioblastoma multiforme. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:386470. [PMID: 25243137 PMCID: PMC4160635 DOI: 10.1155/2014/386470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), or grade IV glioma, is one of the most lethal forms of human brain cancer. Current bioscience has begun to depict more clearly the signalling pathways that are responsible for high-grade glioma initiation, migration, and invasion, opening the door for molecular-based targeted therapy. As such, the application of viruses such as Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as a novel biological bullet to specifically target aberrant signalling in GBM has brought new hope. The abnormal proliferation and aggressive invasion behaviour of GBM is reported to be associated with aberrant Rac1 protein signalling. NDV interacts with Rac1 upon viral entry, syncytium induction, and actin reorganization of the infected cell as part of the replication process. Ultimately, intracellular stress leads the infected glioma cell to undergo cell death. In this review, we describe the characteristics of malignant glioma and the aberrant genetics that drive its aggressive phenotype, and we focus on the use of oncolytic NDV in GBM-targeted therapy and the interaction of NDV in GBM signalling that leads to inhibition of GBM proliferation and invasion, and subsequently, cell death.
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138
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Paul I, Bhattacharya S, Chatterjee A, Ghosh MK. Current Understanding on EGFR and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Glioma and Their Possible Crosstalk. Genes Cancer 2014; 4:427-46. [PMID: 24386505 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913503341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiformes (GBMs) are extensively heterogeneous at both cellular and molecular levels. Current therapeutic strategies include targeting of key signaling molecules using pharmacological inhibitors in combination with genotoxic agents such as temozolomide. In spite of all efforts, the prognosis of glioma patients remains dismal. Therefore, a proper understanding of individual molecular pathways responsible for the progression of GBM is necessary. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway is probably the most significant signaling pathway clinically implicated in glioma. Not surprisingly, anti-EGFR therapies mostly prevail for therapeutic purposes. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is well implicated in multiple tumors; however, its role in glioma has only recently started to emerge. We give a concise account of the current understanding of the role of both these pathways in glioma. Last, taking evidences from a limited literature, we outline a number of points where these pathways intersect each other and put forward the possibility of combinatorially targeting them for treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Paul
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Seemana Bhattacharya
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Anirban Chatterjee
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Mrinal K Ghosh
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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139
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Visani M, de Biase D, Marucci G, Cerasoli S, Nigrisoli E, Bacchi Reggiani ML, Albani F, Baruzzi A, Pession A. Expression of 19 microRNAs in glioblastoma and comparison with other brain neoplasia of grades I-III. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:417-30. [PMID: 24412053 PMCID: PMC5528554 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several biomarkers have been proposed as useful parameters to better specify the prognosis or to delineate new target therapy strategies for glioblastoma patients. MicroRNAs could represent putative target molecules, considering their role in tumorigenesis, cancer progression and their specific tissue expression. Although several studies have tried to identify microRNA signature for glioblastoma, a microRNA profile is still far from being well-defined. In this work the expression of 19 microRNAs (miR-7, miR-9, miR-9∗, miR-10a, miR-10b, miR-17, miR-20a, miR-21, miR-26a, miR-27a, miR-31, miR-34a, miR-101, miR-137, miR-182, miR-221, miR-222, miR-330, miR-519d) was evaluated in sixty formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded glioblastoma samples using a locked nucleic acid real-time PCR. Moreover, a comparison of miRNA expressions was performed between primary brain neoplasias of different grades (grades IV-I). The analysis of 14 validated miRNA expression in the 60 glioblastomas, using three different non-neoplastic references as controls, revealed a putative miRNA signature: mir-10b and miR-21 were up-regulated, while miR-7, miR-31, miR-101, miR-137, miR-222 and miR-330 were down-regulated in glioblastomas. Comparing miRNA expression between glioblastoma group and gliomas of grades I-III, 3 miRNAs (miR-10b, mir-34a and miR-101) showed different regulation statuses between high-grade and low-grade tumors. miR-10b was up-regulated in high grade and significantly down-regulated in low-grade gliomas, suggesting that could be a candidate for a GBM target therapy. This study provides further data for the identification of a miRNA profile for glioblastoma and suggests that different-grade neoplasia could be characterized by different expression of specific miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Visani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, FaBiT, University of Bologna, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, FaBiT, University of Bologna, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, Anatomic Pathology at Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- Department of Biomedical Science and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, Anatomic Pathology, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Serenella Cerasoli
- Anatomic Pathology, M. Bufalini Hospital, Viale Ghirotti 286, 47023 Cesena (FC), Italy
| | - Evandro Nigrisoli
- Anatomic Pathology, M. Bufalini Hospital, Viale Ghirotti 286, 47023 Cesena (FC), Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Bacchi Reggiani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Albani
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical & Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Agostino Baruzzi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical & Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pession
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, FaBiT, University of Bologna, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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140
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Nakada M, Kita D, Watanabe T, Hayashi Y, Hamada JI. The mechanism of chemoresistance against tyrosine kinase inhibitors in malignant glioma. Brain Tumor Pathol 2014; 31:198-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s10014-013-0174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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141
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Che XF, Moriya S, Zheng CL, Abe A, Tomoda A, Miyazawa K. 2-Aminophenoxazine-3-one-induced apoptosis via generation of reactive oxygen species followed by c-jun N-terminal kinase activation in the human glioblastoma cell line LN229. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1456-66. [PMID: 24008433 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3) induces apoptosis in several types of cancer cell lines. However, the mechanism of apoptosis induction by Phx-3 has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of Phx-3 in the glioblastoma cell line LN229 and analyzed its molecular mechanism. The results indicated that 6- and 20-h treatment with Phx-3 significantly induced apoptosis in LN229 cells, with downregulation of survivin and XIAP. Both ERK and JNK, which are the members of the MAPK family, were activated after treatment with Phx-3. Inhibition of ERK using the specific inhibitor U0126 blocked the Phx-3-induced apoptosis only in part. However, inhibition of JNK using the specific inhibitor SP600125 completely prevented Phx-3-induced apoptosis and restored the phosphorylation states of ERK to the control levels. Enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected after 3-h treatment with Phx-3. In addition, the ROS scavenger melatonin almost completely blocked Phx-3-induced JNK activation and apoptosis. This suggests that JNK activation was mediated by Phx-3-induced ROS generation. Although SP600125 and melatonin completely blocked the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential after a 3-h treatment with Phx-3, extension of Phx-3 exposure time to 20 h resulted in no cancelation of mitochondrial depolarization by these reagents. These reagents also had little effect on the decreased expression of survivin and XIAP during a 3-20-h exposure to Phx-3. These results indicate that the production of ROS following JNK activation is the main axis of Phx-3-induced apoptosis in LN229 cells for short-term exposure to Phx-3, whereas alternative mechanism(s) appear to be involved in apoptosis induction during long-term exposure to Phx-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Che
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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142
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Sharma P, Sheets K, Elankumaran S, Nain AS. The mechanistic influence of aligned nanofibers on cell shape, migration and blebbing dynamics of glioma cells. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:1036-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40073e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puja Sharma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, ICTAS, 325 Stanger Street, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Kevin Sheets
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, ICTAS, 325 Stanger Street, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Subbiah Elankumaran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VMRCVM, Virginia Tech, Duck Pond Drive 0442, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Amrinder Singh Nain
- Mechanical Engineering Department, 100S Randolph Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, ICTAS, 325 Stanger Street, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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143
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Cong ZX, Wang HD, Wang JW, Zhou Y, Pan H, Zhang DD, Zhu L. ERK and PI3K signaling cascades induce Nrf2 activation and regulate cell viability partly through Nrf2 in human glioblastoma cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:715-22. [PMID: 23708697 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ERK and PI3K signaling cascades are aberrantly activated in human glioblastoma cells, resulting in the dysregulation of numerous downstream transcription factors. The dark side of the transcription factor, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in human cancer has been revealed. It has been accepted that high levels of Nrf2 promote tumor progression. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the ERK and PI3K signaling cascades on Nrf2 in human glioblastoma cells. Immunohistochemical staining for Nrf2 in clinical specimens showed that the expression and nuclear localization of Nrf2 were increased in human glioblastoma tissues when compared to peritumoral normal tissues. In addition, we detected decreased nuclear localization of Nrf2 following combined treatment with ERK and PI3K inhibitors in three human glioblastoma cell lines and selected the cell line (U251) most sensitive to the inhibitors for further study. Our data demonstrated that inhibition of ERK and PI3K not only suppressed the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 protein but also decreased the expression of the Nrf2 protein. In addition, combined inhibition of ERK and PI3K also decreased the mRNA levels of Nrf2 target genes. Finally, we found that Nrf2 overexpression partly reversed the ERK and PI3K inhibitor-induced inhibition of cell viability. Therefore, the ERK and PI3K signaling cascades regulate the expression and activation of Nrf2 and control cell viability partly through Nrf2 in U251 human glioblastoma cells. Thus, targeting the ERK and PI3K signaling cascades for Nrf2 activation may provide new methods for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xiang Cong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, PR China
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144
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Viability reduction and Rac1 gene downregulation of heterogeneous ex-vivo glioma acute slice infected by the oncolytic Newcastle disease virus strain V4UPM. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:248507. [PMID: 23586025 PMCID: PMC3622289 DOI: 10.1155/2013/248507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have been extensively evaluated for anticancer therapy because this virus preferentially infects cancer cells without interfering with normal cells. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is an avian virus and one of the intensively studied oncolytic viruses affecting many types of cancer including glioma. Nevertheless, the capability of NDV infection on heterogeneous glioma tissue in a cerebrospinal fluid atmosphere has never been reported. Recently, Rac1 is reported to be required for efficient NDV replication in human cancer cells and established a link between tumourigenesis and sensitivity to NDV. Rac1 is a member of the Rho GTPases involved in the regulation of the cell migration and cell-cycle progression. Rac1 knockdown leads to significant inhibition of viral replication. In this work, we demonstrated that NDV treatment led to significant reduction of tumour tissue viability of freshly isolated heterogeneous human brain tumour slice, known as an ex vivo glioma acute slice (EGAS). Analysis of gene expression indicated that reduced tissue viability was associated with downregulation of Rac1. However, the viability reduction was not persistent. We conclude that NDV treatment induced EGAS viability suppression, but subsequent downregulation of Rac1 gene may reduce the NDV replication and lead to regrowth of EGAS tissue.
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145
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Jin R, Nakada M, Teng L, Furuta T, Sabit H, Hayashi Y, Demuth T, Hirao A, Sato H, Zhao G, Hamada JI. Combination therapy using Notch and Akt inhibitors is effective for suppressing invasion but not proliferation in glioma cells. Neurosci Lett 2012; 534:316-21. [PMID: 23262078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy can potentially provide more effective treatment for patients with high-grade gliomas. Notch and Akt are notable target molecules as they play important roles in a variety of cellular processes, such as regeneration, differentiation, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Here, we assessed the therapeutic possibility of inhibiting Notch and Akt in gliomas using the clinically available, selective small molecule inhibitors MRK003 and MK-2206. We evaluated their efficacy individually and as a combination therapy in U251 and U87 glioma cell lines. We confirmed that MK-2206 effectively inhibits Akt phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner, whereas MRK003 inhibits Notch signaling and Akt phosphorylation. Both MRK003 and MK-2206 significantly inhibited cell growth, migration, and invasion in a dose-dependent manner. Akt dephosphorylation was enhanced by combination therapy with MRK003 and MK-2206. However, the effect of combination treatment did not exceed that of MK-2206 monotherapy in proliferation assay. Inhibition of invasion, further enhanced by combination therapy, correlated with increased Akt inactivation. In summary, combination therapy with MRK003 and MK-2206 may be effective for inhibiting invasion but not proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihua Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Bethune Clinical Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
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146
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Patil CG, Nuño M, Elramsisy A, Mukherjee D, Carico C, Dantis J, Hu J, Yu JS, Fan X, Black KL, Bannykh SI. High levels of phosphorylated MAP kinase are associated with poor survival among patients with glioblastoma during the temozolomide era. Neuro Oncol 2012; 15:104-11. [PMID: 23115159 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether high levels of activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-MAPK) were associated with poor survival among patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma during the temozolomide era. Nuclear p-MAPK expression of 108 patients with GBM was quantified and categorized in the following levels: low (0%-10%), medium (11%-40%), and high (41%-100%). Independent predictors of overall survival were determined using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. Our study included 108 patients with newly diagnosed GBM. Median age was 65 years, and 74% had high Karnofsky performance status (KPS ≥ 80). Median overall survival among all patients was 19.5 months. Activated MAPK expression levels of <10%, 11%-40%, and ≥ 41% were observed in 33 (30.6%), 37 (34.3%), and 38 (35.2%) patients, respectively. Median survival for low, medium, and high p-MAPK expression was 32.4, 18.2, and 12.5 months, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed 2.4-times hazard of death among patients with intermediate p-MAPK than low p-MAPK expression (hazard ratio [HR], 2.4; P = .02); high-expression patients were 3.9 times more likely to die, compared with patients with low p-MAPK (HR, 3.9; P = .007). Patients aged ≥ 65 years (HR, 2.8; P = .002) with KPS < 80 (HR, 3.1; P = .0003) and biopsy or partial resection (HR, 1.9; P = .02) had higher hazard of death. MGMT and PTEN expression were not associated with survival differences. This study provides quantitative means of evaluating p-MAPK in patients with GBM. It confirms the significant and independent prognostic relevance of p-MAPK in predicting survival of patients with GBM treated in the temozolomide era and highlights the need for therapies targeting the p-MAPK oncogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag G Patil
- Center for Neurosurgical Outcomes Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8631 W Third St, Suite 800E, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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