101
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Cordero P, Li J, Nguyen V, Pombo J, Maicas N, Novelli M, Taylor PD, Samuelsson AM, Vinciguerra M, Oben JA. Developmental Programming of Obesity and Liver Metabolism by Maternal Perinatal Nutrition Involves the Melanocortin System. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1041. [PMID: 28930194 PMCID: PMC5622801 DOI: 10.3390/nu9091041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity predisposes offspring to metabolic dysfunction and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Melanocortin-4 receptor (Mc4r)-deficient mouse models exhibit obesity during adulthood. Here, we aim to determine the influence of the Mc4r gene on the liver of mice subjected to perinatal diet-induced obesity. Female mice heterozygous for Mc4r fed an obesogenic or a control diet for 5 weeks were mated with heterozygous males, with the same diet continued throughout pregnancy and lactation, generating four offspring groups: control wild type (C_wt), control knockout (C_KO), obese wild type (Ob_wt), and obese knockout (Ob_KO). At 21 days, offspring were genotyped, weaned onto a control diet, and sacrificed at 6 months old. Offspring phenotypic characteristics, plasma biochemical profile, liver histology, and hepatic gene expression were analyzed. Mc4r_ko offspring showed higher body, liver and adipose tissue weights respect to the wild type animals. Histological examination showed mild hepatic steatosis in offspring group C_KO. The expression of hepatic genes involved in regulating inflammation, fibrosis, and immune cell infiltration were upregulated by the absence of the Mc4r gene. These results demonstrate that maternal obesogenic feeding during the perinatal period programs offspring obesity development with involvement of the Mc4r system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cordero
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Jiawei Li
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Vi Nguyen
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Joaquim Pombo
- Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Nuria Maicas
- Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Marco Novelli
- Department of Pathology, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
| | - Paul D Taylor
- Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Anne-Maj Samuelsson
- Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), Brno 65691, Czech Republic.
| | - Jude A Oben
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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102
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Lonardo A, Targher G. NAFLD: Is There Anything New under the Sun? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091955. [PMID: 28895919 PMCID: PMC5618604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an "umbrella" definition that encompasses a spectrum of histological liver changes ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with/without fibrosis, "cryptogenic" cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), occurring in a dysmetabolic milieu, though in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption and other competing etiologies of chronic liver disease [1].[...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy.
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103
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Jung SY, Lee YJ, Lee HJ, Lee YA, Moon JS, Ko JS, Yang SW, Shin CH. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in long-term survivors of childhood-onset craniopharyngioma. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 22:189-196. [PMID: 29025206 PMCID: PMC5642077 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2017.22.3.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypothalamic obesity in childhood-onset (CO-) craniopharyngioma patients may predispose to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study reviewed the characteristics of NAFLD associated with CO-craniopharyngioma. METHODS This study retrospectively reviewed 75 patients who underwent surgery for craniopharyngioma while younger than 15 years of age between 2000 and 2016. RESULTS Elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) above 40 IU/L was observed in 51 of the 75 (68%) CO-craniopharyngioma patients. Imaging studies were performed in 32 patients with elevated liver enzymes. The estimated prevalence of NAFLD in CO-craniopharyngioma was 47%. NAFLD was detected in 22 patients (male 59%, 4.3±4.0 years after first surgery). The mean age at the time of the initial operation was 9.1±2.9 years. Six patients (27.3%) were diagnosed within 1 year. Among the 19 patients with initial height and weight data, the body mass index (BMI) z-score (BMI_Z) at the time of diagnosis with NAFLD was 1.37±1.01 (range, -0.75 to 3.18), with 4 patients (18.2%) being overweight and 9 (40.9%) being obese. BMI_Z increased above BMI_Z at the time of the operation in 13 patients (68.4%). The increment in BMI_Z was 1.13 (range, 0.10-2.84). Seventeen patients did not receive growth hormone. An insulin-like growth factor-I level <3rd percentile was observed in 19 patients. CONCLUSIONS NAFLD is common in survivors of CO-craniopharyngioma and may develop earlier. If the ALT or AST is above 40 IU/L, a diagnostic work-up should be started.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Choong Ho Shin
- Address for correspondence: Choong Ho Shin, MD, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9813-1134 Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea Tel: +82-2-2072-3357 Fax: +82-2-743-3455 E-mail:
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104
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Kismet K, Ozcan C, Kuru S, Gencay Celemli O, Celepli P, Senes M, Guclu T, Sorkun K, Hucumenoglu S, Besler T. Does propolis have any effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:863-871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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105
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Chow MD, Lee YH, Guo GL. The role of bile acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:34-44. [PMID: 28442273 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is growing in prevalence worldwide. It is marked by the presence of macrosteatosis on liver histology but is often clinically asymptomatic. However, it can progress into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis which is a more severe form of liver disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis. Further progression leads to cirrhosis, which predisposes patients to hepatocellular carcinoma or liver failure. The mechanism by which simple steatosis progresses to steatohepatitis is not entirely clear. However, multiple pathways have been proposed. A common link amongst many of these pathways is disruption of the homeostasis of bile acids. Other than aiding in the absorption of lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins, bile acids act as ligands. For example, they bind to farnesoid X receptor, which is critically involved in many of the pathways responsible for maintaining bile acid, glucose, and lipid homeostasis. Alterations to these pathways can lead to dysregulation of energy balance and increased inflammation and fibrosis. Repeated insults over time may be the key to development of steatohepatitis. For this reason, current drug therapies target aspects of these pathways to try to reduce and halt inflammation and fibrosis. This review will focus on the role of bile acids in these various pathways and how changes in these pathways may result in steatohepatitis. While there is no approved pharmaceutical treatment for either hepatic steatosis or steatohepatitis, this review will also touch upon the multitude of potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D Chow
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Yi-Horng Lee
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacy and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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106
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Benharroch D, Talalay B. Toxicant-associated steatohepatitis: à propos a case of benzene exposure. Int Med Case Rep J 2017; 10:73-75. [PMID: 28293122 PMCID: PMC5345988 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s120422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An attempted interpretation of recurrent episodes of hepatitis in a girl at ages 6 and 13 years, which were followed by an interval of 35 years of apparent good health, is reported. A subsequent transient incidence of a halothane hypersensitivity reaction at age 48 years led to the disclosure of negative hepatitis A, B and C antigenicity. A tentative diagnosis may be reached if we accept, at its face value, the statement that a toy that the child played with before each hepatitis episode carried a very high benzene content. The toy was a “pate-à-ballon” or “magic balloon,” and it can carry a benzene content that is seven to nine times higher than the traditionally authorized concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris Talalay
- Department of Family Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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107
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Vaughan N, Tweed J, Greenwell C, Notrica DM, Langlais CS, Peter SDS, Leys CM, Ostlie DJ, Maxson RT, Ponsky T, Tuggle DW, Eubanks JW, Bhatia A, Greenwell C, Garcia NM, Lawson KA, Motghare P, Letton RW, Alder AC. The impact of morbid obesity on solid organ injury in children using the ATOMAC protocol at a pediatric level I trauma center. J Pediatr Surg 2017; 52:345-348. [PMID: 27707653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is an epidemic in the pediatric population. Childhood obesity in trauma has been associated with increased incidence of long-bone fractures, longer ICU stays, and decreased closed head injuries. We investigated for differences in the likelihood of failure of non-operative management (NOM), and injury grade using a subset of a multi-institutional, prospective database of pediatric patients with solid organ injury (SOI). METHODS We prospectively collected data on all pediatric patients (<18years) admitted for liver or splenic injury from September 2013 to January 2016. SOI was managed based upon the ATOMAC protocol. Obesity status was derived using CDC definitions; patients were categorized as non-obese (BMI <95th percentile) or obese (BMI ≥95th percentile). The ISS, injury grade, and NOM failure rate were calculated among other data points. RESULTS Of 1012 patients enrolled, 117 were identified as having data regarding BMI. Eighty-four percent of patients were non-obese; 16% were obese. The groups did not differ by age, sex, mechanism of injury, or associated injuries. There was no significant difference in the rate of failure of non-operative management (8.2% versus 5.3%). Obesity was associated with higher likelihood of severe (grade 4 or 5) hepatic injury (36.8% versus 15.3%, P=0.048) but not a significant difference in likelihood of severe (grade 4 or 5) splenic injury (15.3% versus 10.5%, P=0.736). Obese patients had a higher mean ISS (22.5 versus 16.1, P=0.021) and mean abdominal AIS (3.5 versus 2.9, P=0.024). CONCLUSION Obesity is a risk factor for more severe abdominal injury, specifically liver injury, but without an associated increase in failure of NOM. This may be explained by the presence of hepatic steatosis making the liver more vulnerable to injury. A protocol based upon physiologic parameters was associated with a low rate of failure regardless of the pediatric obesity status. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff Tweed
- Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel J Ostlie
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016; American Family Children's Hospital, Madison, WI 53792
| | | | | | | | | | - Amina Bhatia
- Hughes Spalding Children's Hospital, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert W Letton
- The Children's Hospital at OU Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Adam C Alder
- Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235.
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108
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Outcomes following Serial Intragastric Balloon Therapy for Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Single Centre. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2017:4697194. [PMID: 29441342 PMCID: PMC5758844 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4697194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) continues to parallel the rise in obesity rates. Endobariatric devices such as the intragastric balloon (IGB) may provide an alternative treatment option. METHODS Outcomes following IGB treatment in 135 patients with obesity and NAFLD (mean baseline weight 117.9 kg; BMI 41.7 kg/m2; HOMA-IR 3.6) were retrospectively examined. Clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical changes were analysed at six months and after consecutive treatment with two and three serial IGBs. RESULTS After six months, significant changes were seen with weight and BMI (mean reductions of 11.3 kg and 4.1 kg/m2, resp., p < 0.01 for both). Significant improvements were also seen with ALT, GGT, and HOMA-IR, with all changes corresponding with weight loss. Forty-eight patients received two IGBs, and 20 were treated with three serial IGBs. The greatest amount of total weight loss was observed after the first 6 months (mean weight lost 7.4 kg, versus 3.6 kg and 1.9 kg with two and three IGBs, resp.). CONCLUSIONS IGB therapy is an effective, alternative nonsurgical means for weight loss in the management of obesity and NAFLD over the short term, with greatest outcomes observed after six months. Improvements in insulin resistance and hepatic transaminases correlated with weight change.
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