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Mardanov AV, Eldarov MA, Beletsky AV, Tanashchuk TN, Kishkovskaya SA, Ravin NV. Transcriptome Profile of Yeast Strain Used for Biological Wine Aging Revealed Dynamic Changes of Gene Expression in Course of Flor Development. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:538. [PMID: 32308650 PMCID: PMC7145950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Flor strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are principal microbial agents responsible for biological wine aging used for production of sherry-like wines. The flor yeast velum formed on the surface of fortified fermented must is a major adaptive and technological characteristic of flor yeasts that helps them to withstanding stressful winemaking conditions and ensures specific biochemical and sensory oxidative alterations typical for sherry wines. We have applied RNAseq technology for transcriptome analysis of an industrial flor yeast strain at different steps of velum development over 71 days under experimental winemaking conditions. Velum growth and maturation was accompanied by accumulation of aldehydes and acetales. We have identified 1490 differentially expressed genes including 816 genes upregulated and 674 downregulated more than 2-fold at mature biofilm stage as compared to the early biofilm. Distinct expression patterns of genes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, respiration, cell cycle, DNA repair, cell adhesion, response to various stresses were observed. Many genes involved in response to different stresses, oxidative carbon metabolism, high affinity transport of sugars, glycerol utilization, sulfur metabolism, protein quality control and recycling, cell wall biogenesis, apoptosis were induced at the mature biofilm stage. Strong upregulation was observed for FLO11 flocculin while expression of other flocculins remained unaltered or moderately downregulated. Downregulated genes included those for proteins involved in glycolysis, transportation of ions, metals, aminoacids, sugars, indicating repression of some major transport and metabolic process at the mature biofilm stage. Presented results are important for in-depth understanding of cell response elicited by velum formation and sherry wine manufacturing conditions, and for the comprehension of relevant regulatory mechanisms. Such knowledge may help to better understand the molecular mechanisms that flor yeasts use to adapt to winemaking environments, establish the functions of previously uncharacterized genes, improve the technology of sherry- wine production, and find target genes for strain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Mardanov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Eldarov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Beletsky
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana N Tanashchuk
- Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking "Magarach" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yalta, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Kishkovskaya
- Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking "Magarach" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yalta, Russia
| | - Nikolai V Ravin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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102
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Bansal Y, Singla N, Kaistha N, Sood S, Chander J. Molecular identification of Fusarium species complex isolated from clinical samples and its antifungal susceptibility patterns. Curr Med Mycol 2020; 5:43-49. [PMID: 32104743 PMCID: PMC7034782 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.5.4.2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: More than 300 Fusarium species are grouped into approximately 23 species complexes out of which around 70 are involved in human infections. The nomenclature of these species has undergone considerable changes in recent years. These species cause localized infections in individuals while inducing systemic infections mainly in immunocompromised patients. The present study was conducted to identify Fusarium species in clinical isolates by molecular methods and determine their in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) patterns to address the lack of data in this domain in Northern India. Materials and Methods: For the purpose of the study, Fusarium isolates obtained from various clinical samples were sent to the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands, for molecular identification. The MIC testing was performed using the microbroth dilution method as per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute reference method (M38-A2). Results: Fusarium was isolated from 33 patients (i.e., 1, 1, 2, 14, and 15 cases with endophthalmitis, sinusitis, pulmonary involvement, onychomycosis, and keratitis, respectively). These 33 isolates belonged to three species complexes, namely F. solani species complex (FSSC; n=13), F. fujikuroi species complex (FFSC; n=13), and F. incarnatumequiseti species complex (FIESC; n=7). The species identified within FSSC, FFSC, and FIESC included F. keratoplasticum (n=6)/F. falciforme (n=6)/F. solani (n=1), F. proliferatum (n=7)/F. sacchari (n=5)/F. anthophilum (n=1), and F. incarnatum SC species (n=6)/F. equiseti SC species (n=1), respectively. The MIC results showed that all isolates had a lower MIC against amphotericin B than against the other antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashik Bansal
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nidhi Singla
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelam Kaistha
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunandan Sood
- Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagdish Chander
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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103
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Bioluminescence Imaging to Study Mature Biofilm Formation by Candida spp. and Antifungal Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2081:127-143. [PMID: 31721122 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9940-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of indwelling medical devices has increased the number of device-related infections in hospitalized patients. These infections are often associated with the formation of biofilms on the medical implants that are difficult to treat because of their resistance to the classical antifungal drugs. The most common fungi isolated from catheters and other medical devices are Candida species. The Candida genus contains multiple species of which C. albicans and C. glabrata are the two most common pathogenic yeasts in humans. A limited number of animal models is available for investigating host-pathogen interactions and testing novel antifungal drugs in vivo against these species. Fungal load in biofilms in these models is traditionally analyzed postmortem, requiring host sacrifice and enumeration of microorganisms from individual biofilms in order to evaluate the amount of colony forming units and the efficacy of antifungal treatment. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) made compatible with small animal models for in vivo biofilm formation is a valuable tool to follow biofilm development and its treatment longitudinally. Due to the noninvasive nature of BLI, the imaging procedure can be repeated in the same animal, allowing for follow-up of the biofilm growth in vivo without removing the implanted device or detaching the biofilm from its substrate. Although detecting a quantifiable in vivo BLI signal from biofilms formed on the inside of implanted catheters is challenging, BLI proved to be a practical tool in the study of fungal biofilms. This method describes the use of BLI for in vitro and in vivo follow-up of device-related fungal biofilm formation in mice and rats and antifungal activity testing against both C. albicans and C. glabrata device-associated biofilms. It can further be applied for efficient in vivo screening for interesting genes of the pathogen and the host involved in biofilm formation.
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104
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Azzam SZ, Cayme GJ, Martinez LR. Polymicrobial interactions involving fungi and their importance for the environment and in human disease. Microb Pathog 2019; 140:103942. [PMID: 31881258 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding polymicrobial interactions involving fungi in the environment and the human mycobiome is necessary to address environmental and medically related problems such as drought or antimicrobial resistance. The diversity of these interactions highlights the complexity of fungi, considering how some interactions can be antagonistic, while others synergistic. Over the years, an increase in studies on the mycobiome have revealed similarities between the human and environmental hosts. More recently, studies have focused on microbial commensal relationships and identifying causative agents of human disease. The overlap of some of these interactions is impossible to ignore, indicating that there are areas for medical exploitation that need to be further investigated. This review provides the latest advances in polymicrobial interactions involving fungi and discusses the importance of the fungal lifestyle in the environment and in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham Z Azzam
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ginelle J Cayme
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Luis R Martinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, TX, USA; Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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105
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Dennis EK, Kim JH, Parkin S, Awuah SG, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Distorted Gold(I)–Phosphine Complexes as Antifungal Agents. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2455-2469. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Dennis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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106
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Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Piperazin-4-yl-(acetyl-thiazolidine-2,4-dione) Norfloxacin Analogues as Antimicrobial Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213959. [PMID: 31683749 PMCID: PMC6864599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to improve the antimicrobial activity of norfloxacin, a series of hybrid norfloxacin–thiazolidinedione molecules were synthesized and screened for their direct antimicrobial activity and their anti-biofilm properties. The new hybrids were intended to have a new binding mode to DNA gyrase, that will allow for a more potent antibacterial effect, and for activity against current quinolone-resistant bacterial strains. Moreover, the thiazolidinedione moiety aimed to include additional anti-pathogenicity by preventing biofilm formation. The resulting compounds showed promising direct activity against Gram-negative strains, and anti-biofilm activity against Gram-positive strains. Docking studies and ADMET were also used in order to explain the biological properties and revealed some potential advantages over the parent molecule norfloxacin.
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107
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108
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Freimoser FM, Rueda-Mejia MP, Tilocca B, Migheli Q. Biocontrol yeasts: mechanisms and applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:154. [PMID: 31576429 PMCID: PMC6773674 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Yeasts occur in all environments and have been described as potent antagonists of various plant pathogens. Due to their antagonistic ability, undemanding cultivation requirements, and limited biosafety concerns, many of these unicellular fungi have been considered for biocontrol applications. Here, we review the fundamental research on the mechanisms (e.g., competition, enzyme secretion, toxin production, volatiles, mycoparasitism, induction of resistance) by which biocontrol yeasts exert their activity as plant protection agents. In a second part, we focus on five yeast species (Candida oleophila, Aureobasidium pullulans, Metschnikowia fructicola, Cryptococcus albidus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that are or have been registered for the application as biocontrol products. These examples demonstrate the potential of yeasts for commercial biocontrol usage, but this review also highlights the scarcity of fundamental studies on yeast biocontrol mechanisms and of registered yeast-based biocontrol products. Yeast biocontrol mechanisms thus represent a largely unexplored field of research and plentiful opportunities for the development of commercial, yeast-based applications for plant protection exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Freimoser
- Agroscope, Research Division Plant Protection, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Maria Paula Rueda-Mejia
- Agroscope, Research Division Plant Protection, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Tilocca
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi and NRD - Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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109
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Lin H, Liu X, Shen Z, Cheng W, Zeng Z, Chen Y, Tang C, Jiang T. The effect of isoflavaspidic acid PB extracted from Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott on planktonic and biofilm growth of dermatophytes and the possible mechanism of antibiofilm. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 241:111956. [PMID: 31129309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott (D. fragrans), a deciduous perennial herb, has been traditionally used for treatment of various skin diseases in Heilongjiang province of China for many years. Phloroglucinol derivatives extracted from D. fragrans were the most effective fraction against dermatophytes. Isoflavaspidic acid PB is a typically phloroglucinol derivative which extracted from D. fragrans and has been reported to exert anti-fungal activities against several dermatophytes. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate anti-fungal and anti-biofilm activity of isoflavaspidic acid PB on planktonic and biofilm growth of dermatophytes and explore possible mechanisms of anti-biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of isoflavaspidic acid PB against 25 isolates of dermatophytes were determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38-A2 method. The effects of isoflavaspidic acid PB on dermatophytes biofilm formation and pre-formed biofilm were assessed by 2.3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[carbonyl (phenylamino)]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) assay. Morphology of mature biofilm were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Biomass, exopolysaccharide and ergosterol content of mature biofilm were analyzed by gravimetric analysis, anthranone sulfuric acid method and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) assay respectively. RESULT The MIC and MFC ranges of isoflavaspidic acid PB against 25 isolates of dermatophytes were 20-80 μg/mL and 40-80 μg/mL respectively. Isoflavaspidic acid PB (2 MIC) inhibited not only Trichophyton biofilm formation (54.8% ∼ 81.2%) but also the metabolic activity of mature biofilm (20.7% ∼ 44.2%). The result of SEM showed that isoflavaspidic acid PB (8 MIC) could destroy the morphology of hyphae seriously. Comparing with control group, biomass, exopolysaccharide and ergosterol content of the mature biofilm under isoflavaspidic acid PB (8 MIC) were significantly decreased (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Isoflavaspidic acid PB had anti-fungal and fungicidal activities against dermatophytes. Isoflavaspidic acid PB could inhibit the biofilm of Trichophyton. The mechanism might be related to the decline of the biofilm biomass, exopolysaccharide and ergosterol content. These results showed that isoflavaspidic acid PB could be explored for promising anti-biofilm drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueping Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhibin Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanqiu Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijun Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfen Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunping Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Tao Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
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110
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Salazar VA, Arranz-Trullén J, Prats-Ejarque G, Torrent M, Andreu D, Pulido D, Boix E. Insight into the Antifungal Mechanism of Action of Human RNase N-terminus Derived Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184558. [PMID: 31540052 PMCID: PMC6770517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a polymorphic fungus responsible for mucosal and skin infections. Candida cells establish themselves into biofilm communities resistant to most currently available antifungal agents. An increase of severe infections ensuing in fungal septic shock in elderly or immunosuppressed patients, along with the emergence of drug-resistant strains, urge the need for the development of alternative antifungal agents. In the search for novel antifungal drugs our laboratory demonstrated that two human ribonucleases from the vertebrate-specific RNaseA superfamily, hRNase3 and hRNase7, display a high anticandidal activity. In a previous work, we proved that the N-terminal region of the RNases was sufficient to reproduce most of the parental protein bactericidal activity. Next, we explored their potency against a fungal pathogen. Here, we have tested the N-terminal derived peptides that correspond to the eight human canonical RNases (RN1-8) against planktonic cells and biofilms of C. albicans. RN3 and RN7 peptides displayed the most potent inhibitory effect with a mechanism of action characterized by cell-wall binding, membrane permeabilization and biofilm eradication activities. Both peptides are able to eradicate planktonic and sessile cells, and to alter their gene expression, reinforcing its role as a lead candidate to develop novel antifungal and antibiofilm therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian A Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Javier Arranz-Trullén
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Guillem Prats-Ejarque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Marc Torrent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Pulido
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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111
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Tariq S, Wani S, Rasool W, Shafi K, Bhat MA, Prabhakar A, Shalla AH, Rather MA. A comprehensive review of the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents against drug-resistant microbial pathogens. Microb Pathog 2019; 134:103580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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112
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Gebreyohannes G, Nyerere A, Bii C, Sbhatu DB. Challenges of intervention, treatment, and antibiotic resistance of biofilm-forming microorganisms. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02192. [PMID: 31463386 PMCID: PMC6709409 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Biofilms are multicellular communities of microorganisms held together by a self-produced extracellular matrix. The ability of microbes to form biofilm is a universal, ubiquitous, and dynamic process. This dynamic process of biofilms establishes an important strategy to withstand and survive harsh environmental conditions and antimicrobial agents. Objective This review paper aims to give an overview of antibiotic resistance, intervention, and treatment of infections caused by biofilm-forming organisms. Moreover, it can also help to motivate scholars to search for new anti-biofilm strategies and most appropriate methods to tackle the effect of biofilm infections on healthcare services. Methods This paper was written by reviewing recent research and review articles which are reporting about the antibiotic resistance, prevention, and treatment of biofilm-producing organisms. Conclusion Bioprospecting for quorum quenching compounds can be an appropriate solution for controlling biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebreselema Gebreyohannes
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Mekelle Institute of Technology, Mekelle University, Ethiopia.,Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University, Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology, and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrew Nyerere
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christine Bii
- Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Desta Berhe Sbhatu
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Mekelle Institute of Technology, Mekelle University, Ethiopia
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113
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Araújo GRDS, Viana NB, Gómez F, Pontes B, Frases S. The mechanical properties of microbial surfaces and biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:100028. [PMID: 32743144 PMCID: PMC7389442 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbes can modify their surface structure as an adaptive mechanism for survival and dissemination in the environment or inside the host. Altering their ability to respond to mechanical stimuli is part of this adaptive process. Since the 1990s, powerful micromanipulation tools have been developed that allow mechanical studies of microbial cell surfaces, exploring little known aspects of their dynamic behavior. This review concentrates on the study of mechanical and rheological properties of bacteria and fungi, focusing on their cell surface dynamics and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauber R de S Araújo
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nathan B Viana
- Laboratório de Pinças Óticas (LPO-COPEA), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fran Gómez
- Laboratório de Pinças Óticas (LPO-COPEA), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pontes
- Laboratório de Pinças Óticas (LPO-COPEA), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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114
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Alves D, Vaz AT, Grainha T, Rodrigues CF, Pereira MO. Design of an Antifungal Surface Embedding Liposomal Amphotericin B Through a Mussel Adhesive-Inspired Coating Strategy. Front Chem 2019; 7:431. [PMID: 31275922 PMCID: PMC6591271 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial colonization of urinary catheters remains a serious problem for medicine as it often leads to biofilm formation and infection. Among the approaches reported to deal with this problem, surfaces functionalization to render them with antimicrobial characteristics, comprises the most promising one. Most of these strategies, however, are designed to target bacterial biofilms, while fungal biofilms are much less taken into account. In real-life settings, fungi will be inevitably found in consortium with bacteria, especially in the field of biomaterials. The development of antifungal coating strategies to be combined with antibacterial approaches will be pivotal for the fight of biomaterial-associated infections. The main goal of the present study was, therefore, to engineer an effective strategy for the immobilization of liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces to prevent Candida albicans colonization. Immobilization was performed using a two-step mussel-inspired coating strategy, in which PDMS is first immersed in dopamine solution. Its polymerization results in the deposition of a thin adherent film, called polydopamine (pDA), which allowed the incorporation of LAmB, afterwards. Different concentrations of LAmB were screened in order to obtain a contact-killing surface with no release of LAmB. Surface characterization confirmed the polymerization of dopamine and further functionalization with LAmB yielded surfaces with less roughness and more hydrophilic features. The proposed coating strategy rendered the surfaces of PDMS with the ability to prevent the attachment of C. albicans and kill the adherent cells, without toxicity toward mammalian cells. Overall results showed that LAmB immobilization on a surface retained its antifungal activity and reduced toxicity, holding therefore a great potential to be applied for the design of urinary catheters. Since the sessile communities commonly found associated to these devices exhibit a polymicrobial nature, the next challenge will be to co-immobilize LAmB with antibacterial agents to prevent the establishment of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Alves
- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Vaz
- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Tânia Grainha
- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Olívia Pereira
- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Naumenko ZS, Silanteva TA, Ermakov AM, Godovykh NV, Klushin NM. Challenging Diagnostics of Biofilm Associated Periprosthetic Infection in Immunocompromised Patient: A Clinical Case. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:786-790. [PMID: 30962840 PMCID: PMC6447350 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastating complication of joint arthroplasty. The identification of microorganisms in biofilm-related PJI is challenging yet significant stage of the treatment process. Medical microbiology methods, such as pure culture isolation, remain the gold standard. However, the error rate of classical methods may vary from 10% to as high as 42% due to the inability to detect bacteria growing within biofilms. Other methods of detection are being explored to improve the management of PJI. AIM: Accurate identification of PJI contributing microorganisms in a patient with acute postoperative PJI after total hip joint arthroplasty and systemic lupus erythematosus in anamnesis. METHODS: We used microbial culture methods followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: Perioperative an intraoperative cultural analysis of 8 different culture samples of tissue and prosthetic origin was insufficient for bacterial or fungal detection. Scanning electron microscopy revealed detailed biofilm visualisation on the surface of the prosthetic component. The biofilm exterior was composed of microbial clusters made of 10 or more cells with either pear- or bottle-shaped morphology, 3-6 mcm in length and 1.5-3 mcm in diameter. Rod-shaped microorganisms of 0.7-1 mcm length and up to 0.5 mcm in diameter were found adjacent to these clusters. CONCLUSION: Additional methods for PJI agents’ detection are time-and cost-effective in the case of the challenging diagnostics of biofilm-related PJI, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Using combined diagnostic approaches increases the accuracy of detection, justifies treatment strategies and improves clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinaida S Naumenko
- Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast, Russia
| | - Tamara A Silanteva
- Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast, Russia
| | - Artem M Ermakov
- Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast, Russia
| | - Natalia V Godovykh
- Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast, Russia
| | - Nikolay M Klushin
- Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast, Russia
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Klebsiella pneumoniae prevents spore germination and hyphal development of Aspergillus species. Sci Rep 2019; 9:218. [PMID: 30659217 PMCID: PMC6338788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Different bacteria and fungi live as commensal organisms as part of the human microbiota, but shifts to a pathogenic state potentially leading to septic infections commonly occur in immunocompromised individuals. Several studies have reported synergistic or antagonistic interactions between individual bacteria and fungi which might be of clinical relevance. Here, we present first evidence for the interaction between Klebsiella pneumoniae and several Aspergillus species including A. fumigatus, A. terreus, A. niger and A. flavus which cohabit in the lungs and the intestines. Microbiological and molecular methods were employed to investigate the interaction in vitro, and the results indicate that Klebsiella pneumoniae is able to prevent Aspergillus spp. spore germination and hyphal development. The inhibitory effect is reversible, as demonstrated by growth recovery of Aspergillus spp. upon inhibition or elimination of the bacteria, and is apparently dependent on the physical interaction with metabolically active bacteria. Molecular analysis of Klebsiella-Aspergillus interaction has shown upregulation of Aspergillus cell wall-related genes and downregulation of hyphae-related genes, suggesting that Klebsiella induces cell wall stress response mechanisms and suppresses filamentous growth. Characterization of polymicrobial interactions may provide the basis for improved clinical management of mixed infections by setting the stage for appropriate diagnostics and ultimately for optimized treatment strategies.
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Senerovic L, Opsenica D, Moric I, Aleksic I, Spasić M, Vasiljevic B. Quinolines and Quinolones as Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anti-virulence, Antiviral and Anti-parasitic Agents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1282:37-69. [PMID: 31515709 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infective diseases have become health threat of a global proportion due to appearance and spread of microorganisms resistant to majority of therapeutics currently used for their treatment. Therefore, there is a constant need for development of new antimicrobial agents, as well as novel therapeutic strategies. Quinolines and quinolones, isolated from plants, animals, and microorganisms, have demonstrated numerous biological activities such as antimicrobial, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, and antitumor. For more than two centuries quinoline/quinolone moiety has been used as a scaffold for drug development and even today it represents an inexhaustible inspiration for design and development of novel semi-synthetic or synthetic agents exhibiting broad spectrum of bioactivities. The structural diversity of synthetized compounds provides high and selective activity attained through different mechanisms of action, as well as low toxicity on human cells. This review describes quinoline and quinolone derivatives with antibacterial, antifungal, anti-virulent, antiviral, and anti-parasitic activities with the focus on the last 10 years literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Senerovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dejan Opsenica
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Center of excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, ICTM - University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Moric
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Aleksic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marta Spasić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Vasiljevic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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118
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Animal Infections: The Role of Fungal Biofilms. Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18586-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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119
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The MNN2 Gene Knockout Modulates the Antifungal Resistance of Biofilms of Candida glabrata. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040130. [PMID: 30380780 PMCID: PMC6316230 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata biofilms are recognized to have high resistance to antifungals. In order to understand the effect of mannans in the resistance profile of C. glabrata mature biofilms, C. glabrata Δmnn2 was evaluated. Biofilm cell walls were analysed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and their susceptibility was assessed for fluconazole, amphotericin B, caspofungin, and micafungin. Crystal violet and Alcian Blue methods were performed to quantify the biomass and the mannans concentration in the biofilm cells and matrices, respectively. The concentration of β-1,3 glucans was also measured. No visible differences were detected among cell walls of the strains, but the mutant had a high biomass reduction, after a drug stress. When compared with the reference strain, it was detected a decrease in the susceptibility of the biofilm cells and an increase of β-1,3 glucans in the C. glabrata Δmnn2. The deletion of the MNN2 gene in C. glabrata induces biofilm matrix and cell wall variabilities that increase the resistance to the antifungal drug treatments. The rise of β-1,3 glucans appears to have a role in this effect.
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120
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Mancuso R, Chinnici J, Tsou C, Busarajan S, Munnangi R, Maddi A. Functions of Candida albicans cell wall glycosidases Dfg5p and Dcw1p in biofilm formation and HOG MAPK pathway. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5685. [PMID: 30280048 PMCID: PMC6166624 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans is a commensal fungus that inhabits the oral mucosal surface and causes oral and systemic candidiasis. Oral candidiasis most commonly occurs in patients with AIDS, denture wearers and newborn children. Systemic candidiasis occurs mainly in immunocompromised patients and patients admitted to hospitals for prolonged periods. C. albicans homologous genes, DFG5 and DCW1, encode for two closely related cell wall proteins with putative glycosyltransferase enzyme activity and C-terminal GPI-anchors. Past studies have shown that individual DFG5 and DCW1 mutations are viable but simultaneous deletion of DFG5 and DCW1 in C. albicans results in lethality. However, the exact functions of these cell wall based enzymes, which represent potential drug targets, are not understood. Methods C. albicans DFG5/DCW1 heterologous and conditional double mutant strains were assessed for growth and biofilm formation in comparison to wild type and parental strains. Cell wall and heat stress susceptibility of the mutant and control strains were assessed using agar spotting assays. Growth was assessed under normal and osmotic stress conditions along with light microscopy imaging. Biofilm dry weight and microscopic imaging analysis of biofilms was performed. Hypha formation in response to serum was analyzed using light microscopy imaging. Western blot analysis of mutant strains and control strains was performed to assess Hog1 basal levels and phosphorylation status. Results Analysis of the heterologous mutants indicated that Dfg5p is more important for growth while Dcw1p appeared to play a role in cell wall integrity response. The conditional double mutant was observed to be less resistant to cell wall stress. However, growth of the mutants was similar under control and osmotic stress conditions. The mutants were also able to grow similar to wild type under heat stress. Biofilm formation was reduced in the mutants where DFG5 was deleted or suppressed. Hyphal morphogenesis was reduced although germ tube formation was observed in the biofilms of the mutant strains. Basal Hog1 protein levels were reduced or absent in the DFG5 and DCW1 mutants. However, osmotic stress was able to induce Hog1 protein levels comparable to wild type. Hog1 phosphorylation appeared to be slightly reduced although not significantly. In addition to biofilm assays, serum dose response imaging analysis indicated that hyphae formation in DFG5 and DCW1 mutants was defective. Conclusions These data indicate that DFG5 and DCW1 are required for hyphal morphogenesis and biofilm formation in C. albicans. These functions may be regulated via basal Hog1 MAPK which is required for transcriptional regulation of chitin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Mancuso
- Periodontics & Endodontics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Chinnici
- Periodontics & Endodontics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Charlene Tsou
- Periodontics & Endodontics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Sujay Busarajan
- Periodontics & Endodontics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Raveena Munnangi
- Periodontics & Endodontics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Abhiram Maddi
- Periodontics & Endodontics, Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
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New N-(oxazolylmethyl)-thiazolidinedione Active against Candida albicans Biofilm: Potential Als Proteins Inhibitors. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102522. [PMID: 30279343 PMCID: PMC6222719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
C. albicans is the most frequently occurring fungal pathogen, and is becoming an increasing public health problem, especially in the context of increased microbial resistance. This opportunistic pathogen is characterized by a versatility explained mainly by its ability to form complex biofilm structures that lead to enhanced virulence and antibiotic resistance. In this context, a review of the known C. albicans biofilm formation inhibitors were performed and a new N-(oxazolylmethyl)-thiazolidinedione scaffold was constructed. 16 new compounds were synthesized and characterized in order to confirm their proposed structures. A general antimicrobial screening against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi, was performed and revealed that the compounds do not have direct antimicrobial activity. The anti-biofilm activity evaluation confirmed the compounds act as selective inhibitors of C. albicans biofilm formation. In an effort to substantiate this biologic profile, we used in silico investigations which suggest that the compounds could act by binding, and thus obstructing the functions of, the C. albicans Als surface proteins, especially Als1, Als3, Als5 and Als6. Considering the well documented role of Als1 and Als3 in biofilm formation, our new class of compounds that target these proteins could represent a new approach in C. albicans infection prevention and management.
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Camarillo-Márquez O, Córdova-Alcántara IM, Hernández-Rodríguez CH, García-Pérez BE, Martínez-Rivera MA, Rodríguez-Tovar AV. Antagonistic Interaction of Staphylococcus aureus Toward Candida glabrata During in vitro Biofilm Formation Is Caused by an Apoptotic Mechanism. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2031. [PMID: 30214437 PMCID: PMC6125415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Infections caused by Candida species and Staphylococcus aureus are associated with biofilm formation. C. albicans–S. aureus interactions are synergistic due to the significant increase in mixed biofilms and improved resistance to vancomycin of S. aureus. C. glabrata and S. aureus both are nosocomial pathogens that cause opportunistic infections in similar host niches. However, there is scarce information concerning the interaction between these last microorganisms. Results: The relationship between C. glabrata and S. aureus was evaluated by estimating the viability of both microorganisms in co-culture of planktonic cells and in single and mixed biofilms. An antagonistic behavior of S. aureus and their cell-free bacterial supernatant (CFBS) toward C. glabrata, both in planktonic form and in biofilms, was demonstrated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images showed yeast cells surrounded by bacteria, alterations in intracytoplasmic membranes, and non-viable blastoconidia with intact cell walls. Concomitantly, S. aureus cells remained viable and unaltered. The antagonistic activity of S. aureus toward C. glabrata was not due to cell-to-cell contact but the presence of CFBS, which causes a significant decrement in yeast viability and the formation of numerous lipid droplets (LDs), reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, as well as nuclear alterations, and DNA fragmentation indicating the induction of an apoptotic mechanism. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the S. aureus CFBS causes cell death in C. glabrata by an apoptotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Camarillo-Márquez
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Itzel M Córdova-Alcántara
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cesar H Hernández-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Bacterias y Levaduras, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Blanca E García-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología General, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María A Martínez-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aida V Rodríguez-Tovar
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Lee K, Pletcher SD, Lynch SV, Goldberg AN, Cope EK. Heterogeneity of Microbiota Dysbiosis in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Potential Clinical Implications and Microbial Community Mechanisms Contributing to Sinonasal Inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:168. [PMID: 29876323 PMCID: PMC5974464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies leveraging next-generation sequencing and functional approaches to understand the human microbiota have demonstrated the presence of diverse, niche-specific microbial communities at nearly every mucosal surface. These microbes contribute to the development and function of physiologic and immunological features that are key to host health status. Not surprisingly, several chronic inflammatory diseases have been attributed to dysbiosis of microbiota composition or function, including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). CRS is a heterogeneous disease characterized by inflammation of the sinonasal cavity and mucosal microbiota dysbiosis. Inflammatory phenotypes and bacterial community compositions vary considerably across individuals with CRS, complicating current studies that seek to address causality of a dysbiotic microbiome as a driver or initiator of persistent sinonasal inflammation. Murine models have provided some experimental evidence that alterations in local microbial communities and microbially-produced metabolites influence health status. In this perspective, we will discuss the clinical implications of distinct microbial compositions and community-level functions in CRS and how mucosal microbiota relate to the diverse inflammatory endotypes that are frequently observed. We will also describe specific microbial interactions that can deterministically shape the pattern of co-colonizers and the resulting metabolic products that drive or exacerbate host inflammation. These findings are discussed in the context of CRS-associated inflammation and in other chronic inflammatory diseases that share features observed in CRS. An improved understanding of CRS patient stratification offers the opportunity to personalize therapeutic regimens and to design novel treatments aimed at manipulation of the disease-associated microbiota to restore sinus health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keehoon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Steven D Pletcher
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Andrew N Goldberg
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emily K Cope
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
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Portrait of Matrix Gene Expression in Candida glabrata Biofilms with Stress Induced by Different Drugs. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040205. [PMID: 29642649 PMCID: PMC5924547 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Candida glabrata is one of the most significant Candida species associated with severe cases of candidiasis. Biofilm formation is an important feature, closely associated with antifungal resistance, involving alterations of gene expression or mutations, which can result in the failure of antifungal treatments. Hence, the main goal of this work was to evaluate the role of a set of genes, associated with matrix production, in the resistance of C. glabrata biofilms to antifungal drugs. (2) Methods: the determination of the expression of BGL2, XOG1, FKS1, FKS2, GAS2, KNH1, UGP1, and MNN2 genes in 48-h biofilm’s cells of three C. glabrata strains was performed through quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), after contact with Fluconazole (Flu), Amphotericin B (AmB), Caspofungin (Csf), or Micafungin (Mcf). (3) Results: Mcf induced a general overexpression of the selected genes. It was verified that the genes related to the production of β-1,3-glucans (BGL2, XOG1, GAS2) had the highest expressions. (4) Conclusion: though β-1,6-glucans and mannans are an essential part of the cell and biofilm matrix, C. glabrata biofilm cells seem to contribute more to the replacement of β-1,3-glucans. Thus, these biopolymers seem to have a greater impact on the biofilm matrix composition and, consequently, a role in the biofilm resistance to antifungal drugs.
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125
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Essential Oils and Antifungal Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10040086. [PMID: 29099084 PMCID: PMC5748643 DOI: 10.3390/ph10040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ancient times, folk medicine and agro-food science have benefitted from the use of plant derivatives, such as essential oils, to combat different diseases, as well as to preserve food. In Nature, essential oils play a fundamental role in protecting the plant from biotic and abiotic attacks to which it may be subjected. Many researchers have analyzed in detail the modes of action of essential oils and most of their components. The purpose of this brief review is to describe the properties of essential oils, principally as antifungal agents, and their role in blocking cell communication mechanisms, fungal biofilm formation, and mycotoxin production.
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