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Abstract
Adjuvants promote adaptive immunity through the triggering of innate signals that are largely poorly understood. In this issue of Immunity, Lavelle and colleagues describe an unexpected role for the DNA sensing cGAS-STING pathway in the mechanism of action of the Th1 cell-promoting polysaccharide adjuvant chitosan.
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102
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Kamali Najafabad M, Imanpoor MR, Taghizadeh V, Alishahi A. Effect of dietary chitosan on growth performance, hematological parameters, intestinal histology and stress resistance of Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum Kamenskii, 1901) fingerlings. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:1063-1071. [PMID: 26780636 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary chitosan on growth performance, hematological parameters, intestinal histology, stress resistance and body composition in the Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum, Kamenskii, 1901) fingerlings. Fish (1.7 ± 0.15 g) were fed diets containing chitosan at different levels (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 g kg(-1) diet) for a period of 60 days. Results showed that the feed conversion ratio significantly decreased in fish fed diet containing 1 g kg(-1) of chitosan compared to the other groups (P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences between treatments in terms of specific growth rate and condition factor (P > 0.05). Leukocyte increased in fish fed diet containing 2 g kg(-1) of chitosan compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils did not significantly change among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Also, the chitosan supplementation did not affect the whole-fish body composition (P > 0.05). Light microscopy demonstrated that the intestinal villus length increased in fish fed diet containing 1 g kg(-1) of chitosan compared to control group (P < 0.05). While 11 and 13 ‰ salinity and 30 °C thermal stress had no effect, 1 g kg(-1) of chitosan (P < 0.05) showed highest survival rate (70 %) in 34 °C thermal stress. The results showed that chitosan in the diet of the Caspian kutum fingerlings could improve feed conversion ratio, the nonspecific defense mechanisms and resistance to some of the environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masume Kamali Najafabad
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Imanpoor
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Vahid Taghizadeh
- Department of Fishery, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alireza Alishahi
- Department of Fishery, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource, Gorgan, Iran
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103
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Industrial Applications of Fungal Chitinases: An Update. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/b19347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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104
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Thomassen MR, Kamath SD, Lopata AL, Madsen AM, Eduard W, Bang BE, Aasmoe L. Occupational Exposure to Bioaerosols in Norwegian Crab Processing Plants. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2016; 60:781-94. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mew030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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105
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Allergen-Associated Immunomodulators: Modifying Allergy Outcome. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:339-47. [PMID: 27178664 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergies is increasing since mid twentieth century; however the underlying causes of this increase are not fully clear. Understanding the mechanism by which a harmless protein becomes an allergen provides us with the basis to prevent and treat these diseases. Although most studies on allergen immunogenicity have traditionally focused on structural properties of the proteins, it is increasingly clear that allergenicity cannot be determined only based on structural features of the allergenic proteins. In fact, allergens do not encounter human facings as isolated molecules but contained in complex mixtures of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, such as pollen grains or foods. As a result, attention has lately been directed to examine whether allergen-associated molecules exhibit immune-regulatory properties. The present review aims to illustrate some examples of how non-protein molecules accompanying the allergen can modulate allergic responses.
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106
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Abruzzo A, Zuccheri G, Belluti F, Provenzano S, Verardi L, Bigucci F, Cerchiara T, Luppi B, Calonghi N. Chitosan nanoparticles for lipophilic anticancer drug delivery: Development, characterization and in vitro studies on HT29 cancer cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:362-372. [PMID: 27214786 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop chitosan-based nanoparticles that could encapsulate lipophilic molecules and deliver them to cancer cells. Nanoparticles were prepared with different molar ratios of chitosan, hyaluronic acid and sulphobutyl-ether-β-cyclodextrin and with or without curcumin. The nanosystems were characterized in terms of their size, zeta potential, morphology, encapsulation efficiency and stability in different media. Intestinal epithelial and colorectal cancer cells were treated with unloaded nanoparticles in order to study their effect on cellular membrane organization and ROS production. Finally, in vitro assays on both cellular lines were performed in order to evaluate the ability of nanoparticles to promote curcumin internalization and to study their effect on cell proliferation and cell cycle. Results show that nanoparticles were positively charged and their size increased with the increasing amounts of the anionic excipient. Nanoparticles showed good encapsulation efficiency and stability in water. Unloaded nanoparticles led to a change in lipid organization in the cellular membrane of both cell lines, without inducing ROS generation. Confocal microscopy, cell proliferation and cell cycle studies allowed the selection of the best formulation to limit curcumin cytotoxicity in normal intestinal epithelial cells and to reduce cancer cell proliferation. The latter was the result of the increase of expression for genes involved in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Abruzzo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giampaolo Zuccheri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna INSTM, Centro S3 of CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Simona Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Laura Verardi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federica Bigucci
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Teresa Cerchiara
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Barbara Luppi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Natalia Calonghi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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107
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Formation and pharmacological activity of silicon—chitosan-containing glycerohydrogels obtained by biomimetic mineralization. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-1053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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108
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Sarhan WA, Azzazy HME, El-Sherbiny IM. The effect of increasing honey concentration on the properties of the honey/polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan nanofibers. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 67:276-284. [PMID: 27287123 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of increasing honey concentrations from 10% to 30% within the Honey (H)/polyvinyl alcohol (P)/chitosan (CS) nanofibers was investigated. Changes in the electrospun nanofiber diameters, crystallinity, thermal behavior, porosity and antibacterial activity have been assessed using SEM, XRD, DSC, TGA, mercury porosimeter and viable cell count technique. The HPCS nanofibers were cross-linked and tested for their swelling abilities and degradation behavior. The mean diameter of HPCS nanofibers increased from 284±97nm to 464±185nm upon increasing the honey concentration from 10% to 30%. Irrespective the honey concentrations, the nanofibers have demonstrated enhanced porosity. Increasing the honey concentration resulted in a reduction in the swelling of the 1h cross-linked HPCS nanofibers containing 10% and 30% H from 520% to 100%; respectively. Degradation after 30days was reduced in the 3h cross-linked HPCS nanofibers compared to the non-crosslinked HPCS nanofibers. Enhanced antibacterial activity was achieved against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli upon increasing the honey concentration. Changing the honey concentration and the extent of nanofiber crosslinking can be used to adjust different parameters of the HPCS nanofibers to suit their applications in wound healing and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessam A Sarhan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Hassan M E Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Center for Materials Science, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, 12588 Giza, Egypt
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109
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Trows S, Scherließ R. Carrier-based dry powder formulation for nasal delivery of vaccines utilizing BSA as model drug. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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110
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Hoseini MHM, Moradi M, Alimohammadian MH, Shahgoli VK, Darabi H, Rostami A. Immunotherapeutic effects of chitin in comparison with chitosan against Leishmania major infection. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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111
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Amaral L, Silva D, Couto M, Nunes C, Rocha SM, Coimbra MA, Coimbra A, Moreira A. Safety of chitosan processed wine in shrimp allergic patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 116:462-3. [PMID: 27009439 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Amaral
- Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Diana Silva
- Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Couto
- Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Allergy Unit, Hospital & Instituto CUF Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- QOPNA & Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sílvia M Rocha
- QOPNA & Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel A Coimbra
- QOPNA & Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alice Coimbra
- Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Moreira
- Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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112
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Abacıoğlu S, Aydın K, Büyükcam F, Kaya U, Işık B, Karakılıç ME. Comparison of the Efficiencies of Buffers Containing Ankaferd and Chitosan on Hemostasis in an Experimental Rat Model with Femoral Artery Bleeding. Turk J Haematol 2016; 33:48-52. [PMID: 25913214 PMCID: PMC4805350 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2014.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the first assessment of trauma patients with major vascular injuries, we need effective and rapid-acting homeostatic materials. In this study we compare the efficiencies of Ankaferd Blood Stopper® and a chitosan linear polymer (Celox®) in an experimental rat model with femoral artery bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty male Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250 g were divided into 3 groups: control, Ankaferd, and chitosan. The femoral artery and vein were visualized and bleeding was started by an incision. The bleeding time was recorded and categorized as 'bleeding stopped at the second minute', 'bleeding stopped at the fourth minute', and 'unsuccessful' if bleeding continued after the fourth minute. RESULTS In the control group, 60% of the bleeding did not stop. In the first 4 min in the Ankaferd group, the bleeding stopped in all rats; only in 1 of the rats in the chitosan group did the bleeding not stop. In stopping the bleeding in the first 4 min, Ankaferd was similar to chitosan but better than the control group; the chitosan group was similar to the control, but the p-value was close to significance. CONCLUSION For major arterial bleeding, the main treatment is surgical bleeding control, but outside of the hospital we can use buffers containing Ankaferd and chitosan on the bleeding region. The results of this study should be supported with larger studies. Furthermore, in our study, healthy rats were used. New studies are needed to evaluate the results of hypovolemic and hypotensive cases with major artery bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Abacıoğlu
- Osmaniye State Hospital, Clinic of Emergency, Osmaniye, Turkey. E-mail:
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113
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Li K, Xing R, Liu S, Li P. Advances in preparation, analysis and biological activities of single chitooligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 139:178-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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114
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Muzzarelli RAA, El Mehtedi M, Bottegoni C, Aquili A, Gigante A. Genipin-Crosslinked Chitosan Gels and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration of Cartilage and Bone. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:7314-38. [PMID: 26690453 PMCID: PMC4699241 DOI: 10.3390/md13127068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review article intends to direct attention to the technological advances made since 2009 in the area of genipin-crosslinked chitosan (GEN-chitosan) hydrogels. After a concise introduction on the well recognized characteristics of medical grade chitosan and food grade genipin, the properties of GEN-chitosan obtained with a safe, spontaneous and irreversible chemical reaction, and the quality assessment of the gels are reviewed. The antibacterial activity of GEN-chitosan has been well assessed in the treatment of gastric infections supported by Helicobacter pylori. Therapies based on chitosan alginate crosslinked with genipin include stem cell transplantation, and development of contraction free biomaterials suitable for cartilage engineering. Collagen, gelatin and other proteins have been associated to said hydrogels in view of the regeneration of the cartilage. Viability and proliferation of fibroblasts were impressively enhanced upon addition of poly-l-lysine. The modulation of the osteocytes has been achieved in various ways by applying advanced technologies such as 3D-plotting and electrospinning of biomimetic scaffolds, with optional addition of nano hydroxyapatite to the formulations. A wealth of biotechnological advances and know-how has permitted reaching outstanding results in crucial areas such as cranio-facial surgery, orthopedics and dentistry. It is mandatory to use scaffolds fully characterized in terms of porosity, pore size, swelling, wettability, compressive strength, and degree of acetylation, if the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells is sought: in fact, the novel characteristics imparted by GEN-chitosan must be simultaneously of physico-chemical and cytological nature. Owing to their high standard, the scientific publications dated 2010-2015 have met the expectations of an interdisciplinary audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo A A Muzzarelli
- Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
| | - Mohamad El Mehtedi
- Department of Industrial Engineering & Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona IT-60131, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bottegoni
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
| | - Alberto Aquili
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
| | - Antonio Gigante
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
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115
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Wijesena RN, Tissera ND, de Silva KN. Coloration of cotton fibers using nano chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 134:182-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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116
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Abruzzo A, Cerchiara T, Bigucci F, Gallucci MC, Luppi B. Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablets Based on Chitosan/Gelatin Microparticles for Delivery of Propranolol Hydrochloride. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4365-4372. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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117
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Zhang C, Yang X, Wang S, Li J, Cui Y, Li T. Interaction Between GMAC-m-CS and Surfactants: Surface Tension and Conductivity Methods. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2015.1015543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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118
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119
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Genipin-crosslinked electrospun chitosan nanofibers: Determination of crosslinking conditions and evaluation of cytocompatibility. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 130:166-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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120
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Yang X, Zhang C, Qiao C, Mu X, Li T, Xu J, Shi L, Zhang D. A simple and convenient method to synthesize N-[(2-hydroxyl)-propyl-3-trimethylammonium] chitosan chloride in an ionic liquid. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 130:325-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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121
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Chitosan-based mucosal adjuvants: Sunrise on the ocean. Vaccine 2015; 33:5997-6010. [PMID: 26271831 PMCID: PMC7185844 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism and safety profile of chitosan and its derivatives on mucosal application. Mechanisms of chitosan as potent mucosal adjuvant. Different types and forms of chitosan in pre-clinical applications. Clinical perspectives.
Mucosal vaccination, which is shown to elicit systemic and mucosal immune responses, serves as a non-invasive and convenient alternative to parenteral administration, with stronger capability in combatting diseases at the site of entry. The exploration of potent mucosal adjuvants is emerging as a significant area, based on the continued necessity to amplify the immune responses to a wide array of antigens that are poorly immunogenic at the mucosal sites. As one of the inspirations from the ocean, chitosan-based mucosal adjuvants have been developed with unique advantages, such as, ability of mucosal adhesion, distinct trait of opening the junctions to allow the paracellular transport of antigen, good tolerability and biocompatibility, which guaranteed the great potential in capitalizing on their application in human clinical trials. In this review, the state of art of chitosan and its derivatives as mucosal adjuvants, including thermo-sensitive chitosan system as mucosal adjuvant that were newly developed by author's group, was described, as well as the clinical application perspective. After a brief introduction of mucosal adjuvants, chitosan and its derivatives as robust immune potentiator were discussed in detail and depth, in regard to the metabolism, safety profile, mode of actions and preclinical and clinical applications, which may shed light on the massive clinical application of chitosan as mucosal adjuvant.
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122
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Chitosan-isoniazid conjugates: Synthesis, evaluation of tuberculostatic activity, biodegradability and toxicity. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 127:309-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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123
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Chitosan/organic rectorite composite for the magnetic uptake of methylene blue and methyl orange. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 123:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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124
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Pereira AG, Muniz EC, Hsieh YL. 1H NMR and 1H–13C HSQC surface characterization of chitosan–chitin sheath-core nanowhiskers. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 123:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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125
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Ou H, Chen Q, Pan J, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Qi X. Selective removal of erythromycin by magnetic imprinted polymers synthesized from chitosan-stabilized Pickering emulsion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 289:28-37. [PMID: 25704432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic imprinted polymers (MIPs) were synthesized by Pickering emulsion polymerization and used to adsorb erythromycin (ERY) from aqueous solution. The oil-in-water Pickering emulsion was stabilized by chitosan nanoparticles with hydrophobic Fe3O4 nanoparticles as magnetic carrier. The imprinting system was fabricated by radical polymerization with functional and crosslinked monomer in the oil phase. Batches of static and dynamic adsorption experiments were conducted to analyze the adsorption performance on ERY. Isotherm data of MIPs well fitted the Freundlich model (from 15 °C to 35 °C), which indicated heterogeneous adsorption for ERY. The ERY adsorption capacity of MIPs was about 52.32 μmol/g at 15 °C. The adsorption kinetics was well described by the pseudo-first-order model, which suggested that physical interactions were primarily responsible for ERY adsorption. The Thomas model used in the fixed-bed adsorption design provided a better fit to the experimental data. Meanwhile, ERY exhibited higher affinity during adsorption on the MIPs compared with the adsorption capacity of azithromycin and chloramphenicol. The MIPs also exhibited excellent regeneration capacity with only about 5.04% adsorption efficiency loss in at least three repeated adsorption-desorption cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Ou
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Qunhui Chen
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jianming Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yunlei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yong Huang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xueyong Qi
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Development and characterization of chitosan/hyaluronan film for transdermal delivery of thiocolchicoside. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 130:32-40. [PMID: 26076598 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was the development of chitosan/hyaluronan transdermal films to improve bioavailability of thiocolchicoside. This approach offers the possibility to elude the first-pass metabolism and at the same time it is able to provide a predictable and extended duration of activity. Films were prepared by casting and drying of aqueous solutions containing different weight ratios of chitosan and hyaluronan and characterized for their physico-chemical and functional properties. In accordance with polymeric composition of films and, therefore, with the amount of the net charge after the complexation, films containing the same weight ratio of chitosan and hyaluronan showed lower water uptake ability with respect to films containing only one polymeric species or an excess of chitosan or hyaluronan. Moreover, the lower the hydration of the polymeric network, the lower is the drug diffusion through the films and its permeation through the skin. This study clearly confirmed that the selection of a suitable polymeric weight ratio and appropriate preparative conditions allows the modulation of film functional properties, suggesting that these formulations could be used as a novel technological platform for transdermal drug delivery.
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127
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Wang S, Liu H, Zhang X, Qian F. Intranasal and oral vaccination with protein-based antigens: advantages, challenges and formulation strategies. Protein Cell 2015; 6:480-503. [PMID: 25944045 PMCID: PMC4491048 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most pathogens initiate their infections at the human mucosal surface. Therefore, mucosal vaccination, especially through oral or intranasal administration routes, is highly desired for infectious diseases. Meanwhile, protein-based antigens provide a safer alternative to the whole pathogen or DNA based ones in vaccine development. However, the unique biopharmaceutical hurdles that intranasally or orally delivered protein vaccines need to overcome before they reach the sites of targeting, the relatively low immunogenicity, as well as the low stability of the protein antigens, require thoughtful and fine-tuned mucosal vaccine formulations, including the selection of immunostimulants, the identification of the suitable vaccine delivery system, and the determination of the exact composition and manufacturing conditions. This review aims to provide an up-to-date survey of the protein antigen-based vaccine formulation development, including the usage of immunostimulants and the optimization of vaccine delivery systems for intranasal and oral administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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128
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Sarhan WA, Azzazy HM. High concentration honey chitosan electrospun nanofibers: Biocompatibility and antibacterial effects. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 122:135-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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129
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Amarsaikhan N, Templeton SP. Co-recognition of β-glucan and chitin and programming of adaptive immunity to Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:344. [PMID: 25954267 PMCID: PMC4404911 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of fungal infections has increased concurrently with increases in immune suppressive therapies and susceptible individuals. Opportunistic fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus may exhibit invasive growth and dissemination resulting in a high mortality rate. Herein, we discuss how immune sensing of germination directs innate immune responses and programs adaptive responses that could promote or impair immune protection during periods of heightened susceptibility. In infected individuals, Th1 responses are the most protective, while Th2 responses lead to poor disease outcomes. In particular, the roles of β-glucan and chitin co-recognition in shaping Th1- and Th2-type immunity to fungal infection are explored. We discuss how fungal responses to environmental stresses could result in decreased immune protection from infection, particularly in response to anti-fungal drugs that target β-glucan synthesis. Furthermore, we consider how experimental modulation of host-pathogen interactions might elucidate the mechanisms of protective and detrimental immunity and the potential of current and future studies to promote the development of improved treatments for patients that respond poorly to existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nansalmaa Amarsaikhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine - Terre Haute , Terre Haute, IN, USA
| | - Steven P Templeton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine - Terre Haute , Terre Haute, IN, USA
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130
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Influence of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation of low molecular weight chitosan on the bioactivity of oral insulin preparations. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1710-25. [PMID: 25826718 PMCID: PMC4413183 DOI: 10.3390/md13041710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to prepare and characterize low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) with different molecular weight and degrees of deacetylation (DDA) and to optimize their use in oral insulin nano delivery systems. Water in oil nanosized systems containing LMWC-insulin polyelectrolyte complexes were constructed and their ability to reduce blood glucose was assessed in vivo on diabetic rats. Upon acid depolymerization and testing by viscosity method, three molecular weights of LMWC namely, 1.3, 13 and 18 kDa were obtained. As for the DDA, three LMWCs of 55%, 80% and 100% DDA were prepared and characterized by spectroscopic methods for each molecular weight. The obtained LMWCs showed different morphological and in silico patterns. Following complexation of LMWCs with insulin, different aggregation sizes were obtained. Moreover, the in vivo tested formulations showed different activities of blood glucose reduction. The highest glucose reduction was achieved with 1.3 kDa LMWC of 55% DDA. The current study emphasizes the importance of optimizing the molecular weight along with the DDA of the incorporated LMWC in oral insulin delivery preparations in order to ensure the highest performance of such delivery systems.
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131
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Wang Z, Zheng L, Li C, Zhang D, Xiao Y, Guan G, Zhu W. Modification of chitosan with monomethyl fumaric acid in an ionic liquid solution. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 117:973-979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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132
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Ge W, Li D, Chen M, Wang X, Liu S, Sun R. Characterization and antioxidant activity of β-carotene loaded chitosan-graft-poly(lactide) nanomicelles. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 117:169-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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133
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Powell BS, Andrianov AK, Fusco PC. Polyionic vaccine adjuvants: another look at aluminum salts and polyelectrolytes. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2015; 4:23-45. [PMID: 25648619 PMCID: PMC4313107 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants improve the adaptive immune response to a vaccine antigen by modulating innate immunity or facilitating transport and presentation. The selection of an appropriate adjuvant has become vital as new vaccines trend toward narrower composition, expanded application, and improved safety. Functionally, adjuvants act directly or indirectly on antigen presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells (DCs) and are perceived as having molecular patterns associated either with pathogen invasion or endogenous cell damage (known as pathogen associated molecular patterns [PAMPs] and damage associated molecular patterns [DAMPs]), thereby initiating sensing and response pathways. PAMP-type adjuvants are ligands for toll-like receptors (TLRs) and can directly affect DCs to alter the strength, potency, speed, duration, bias, breadth, and scope of adaptive immunity. DAMP-type adjuvants signal via proinflammatory pathways and promote immune cell infiltration, antigen presentation, and effector cell maturation. This class of adjuvants includes mineral salts, oil emulsions, nanoparticles, and polyelectrolytes and comprises colloids and molecular assemblies exhibiting complex, heterogeneous structures. Today innovation in adjuvant technology is driven by rapidly expanding knowledge in immunology, cross-fertilization from other areas including systems biology and materials sciences, and regulatory requirements for quality, safety, efficacy and understanding as part of the vaccine product. Standardizations will aid efforts to better define and compare the structure, function and safety of adjuvants. This article briefly surveys the genesis of adjuvant technology and then re-examines polyionic macromolecules and polyelectrolyte materials, adjuvants currently not known to employ TLR. Specific updates are provided for aluminum-based formulations and polyelectrolytes as examples of improvements to the oldest and emerging classes of vaccine adjuvants in use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander K Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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134
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Davydova VN, Volod'ko AV, Sokolova EV, Chusovitin EA, Balagan SA, Gorbach VI, Galkin NG, Yermak IM, Solov'eva TF. The supramolecular structure of LPS-chitosan complexes of varied composition in relation to their biological activity. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 123:115-21. [PMID: 25843841 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The complexes of chitosan (Ch) with lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from Escherichia coli O55:B5 (E-LPS) and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 1B 598 (Y-LPS) of various weight compositions were investigated using quasi-elastic light scattering, ζ-potential distribution assay and atomic force microscopy. The alteration of ζ-potential of E-LPS-Ch complexes from negative to positive values depending on Ch content was detected. The Y-LPS-Ch complexes had similar positive ζ-potentials regardless of Ch content. The transformation of the supramolecular structure of E-LPS after binding with to Ch was revealed. Screening of E-LPS and Y-LPS particles by Ch in the complexes with high polycation was detected. The ability of LPS-Ch complex to induce biosynthesis of TNF-α and reactive oxygen species in stimulated human mononuclear cells was studied. A significant decrease in activity complexes compared to that of the initial LPS was observed only for E-LPS-Ch complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Davydova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - A V Volod'ko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - E V Sokolova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - E A Chusovitin
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Radio Str. 5, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - S A Balagan
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Radio Str. 5, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - V I Gorbach
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - N G Galkin
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Radio Str. 5, Vladivostok 690041, Russia; Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Str. 8, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - I M Yermak
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - T F Solov'eva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
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135
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Dubey LK, Moeller JB, Schlosser A, Sorensen GL, Holmskov U. Chitin enhances serum IgE in Aspergillus fumigatus induced allergy in mice. Immunobiology 2015; 220:714-21. [PMID: 25631683 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) is a ubiquitous fungus that activates, suppresses or modulates the immune response by changing its cell wall structure and by secreting proteases. In this study, we show that chitin acts as an adjuvant in a murine model of A. fumigatus protease induced allergy. The mice were immunised intraperitoneally with A. fumigatus culture filtrate antigen either with or without chitin and were subsequently challenged with the culture filtrate antigen intranasally. Alum was used as an adjuvant control. Compared to alum, chitin induced a weaker inflammatory response in the lungs, measured as the total cell efflux in BAL, EPO and chitinase production. However, chitin enhanced the total IgE, specific IgE and specific IgG1 production as efficiently as alum. Pre-treatment with chitin but not with alum depressed the concentration of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 in BAL fluid. These results shows that chitin, in spite of a reduction of the Th2 cytokine levels in the lungs, enhanced the total and specific IgE production in A. fumigatus culture filtrate induced allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Kumar Dubey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C 5000, Denmark.
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136
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Abstract
In this paper, we show that biodegradable and biocompatible organogels can be formed with chitin as the filler material and triglycerides as the continuous hydrophobic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos V. Nikiforidis
- Top Institute Food & Nutrition
- 6700AN Wageningen
- The Netherlands
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods
- Wageningen University
| | - Elke Scholten
- Top Institute Food & Nutrition
- 6700AN Wageningen
- The Netherlands
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods
- Wageningen University
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137
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Development of thermoplastic starch blown film by incorporating plasticized chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 115:575-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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138
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Bigucci F, Abruzzo A, Vitali B, Saladini B, Cerchiara T, Gallucci MC, Luppi B. Vaginal inserts based on chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose complexes for local delivery of chlorhexidine: Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity. Int J Pharm 2015; 478:456-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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139
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Yong SK, Shrivastava M, Srivastava P, Kunhikrishnan A, Bolan N. Environmental applications of chitosan and its derivatives. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 233:1-43. [PMID: 25367132 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10479-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan originates from the seafood processing industry and is one of the most abundant of bio-waste materials. Chitosan is a by-product of the alkaline deacetylation process of chitin. Chemically, chitosan is a polysaccharide that is soluble in acidic solution and precipitates at higher pHs. It has great potential for certain environmental applications, such as remediation of organic and inorganic contaminants, including toxic metals and dyes in soil, sediment and water, and development of contaminant sensors. Traditionally, seafood waste has been the primary source of chitin. More recently, alternative sources have emerged such as fungal mycelium, mushroom and krill wastes, and these new sources of chitin and chitosan may overcome seasonal supply limitations that have existed. The production of chitosan from the above-mentioned waste streams not only reduces waste volume, but alleviates pressure on landfills to which the waste would otherwise go. Chitosan production involves four major steps, viz., deproteination, demineralization, bleaching and deacetylation. These four processes require excessive usage of strong alkali at different stages, and drives chitosan's production cost up, potentially making the application of high-grade chitosan for commercial remediation untenable. Alternate chitosan processing techniques, such as microbial or enzymatic processes, may become more cost-effective due to lower energy consumption and waste generation. Chitosan has proved to be versatile for so many environmental applications, because it possesses certain key functional groups, including - OH and -NH2 . However, the efficacy of chitosan is diminished at low pH because of its increased solubility and instability. These deficiencies can be overcome by modifying chitosan's structure via crosslinking. Such modification not only enhances the structural stability of chitosan under low pH conditions, but also improves its physicochemical characteristics, such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, surface area and sorption capacity. Crosslinked chitosan is an excellent sorbent for trace metals especially because of the high flexibility of its structural stability. Sorption of trace metals by chitosan is selective and independent of the size and hardness of metal ions, or the physical form of chitosan (e.g., film, powder and solution). Both -OH and -NH2 groups in chitosan provide vital binding sites for complexing metal cations. At low pH, -NH3 + groups attract and coagulate negatively charged contaminants such as metal oxyanions, humic acids and dye molecules. Grafting certain functional molecules into the chitin structure improves sorption capacity and selectivity for remediating specific metal ions. For example, introducing sulfur and nitrogen donor ligands to chitosan alters the sorption preference for metals. Low molecular weight chitosan derivatives have been used to remediate metal contaminated soil and sediments. They have also been applied in permeable reactive barriers to remediate metals in soil and groundwater. Both chitosan and modified chitosan have been used to phytoremediate metals; however, the mechanisms by which they assist in mobilizing metals are not yet well understood. In addition, microbes have been used in combination with chitosan to remediate metals (e.g., Cu and Zn) in contaminated soils. Chitosan has also been used to remediate organic contaminants, such as oil-based wastewater, dyes, tannins, humic acids, phenols, bisphenoi-A, p-benzoquinone, organo-phosphorus insecticides, among others. Chitosan has also been utilized to develop optical and electrochemical sensors for in-situ detection of trace contaminants. In sensor technology, naturally-derived chitosan is used primarily as an immobilizing agent that results from its enzyme compatibility, and stabilizing effect on nanoparticles. Contaminant-sensing agents, such as enzymes, microbes and nanoparticles, have been homogeneously immobilized in chitosan gels by using coagulating (e.g., alginate, phosphate) or crosslinking agents (e.g., GA, ECH). Such immobilization maintains the stability of sensing elements in the chitosan gel phase, and prevents inactivation and loss of the sensing agent. In this review, we have shown that chitosan, an efficient by-product of a waste biomaterial, has great potential for many environmental applications. With certain limitations, chitosan and its derivatives can be used for remediating contaminated soil and wastewater. Notwithstanding, further research is needed to enhance the physicochemical properties of chitosan and mitigate its deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Kong Yong
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia,
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140
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Coma V, Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD. Recent Advances on the Development of Antibacterial Polysaccharide-Based Materials. POLYSACCHARIDES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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141
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Baram L, Cohen-Kedar S, Spektor L, Elad H, Guzner-Gur H, Dotan I. Differential stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Crohn's disease by fungal glycans. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:1976-84. [PMID: 25092526 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by loss of tolerance to intestinal microorganisms. This is reflected by serological responses to fungal glycans such as mannan and β-glucans. Fungal glycans have various effects on immune cells. However, the evidence for their effects in CD is vague. This study aimed to assess the effects of fungal cell wall glycans on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CD and control patients. METHODS Human PBMCs from CD and control patients were stimulated by fungal cell wall glycans. Cytokine secretion was detected by ELISA and glycan receptor expression by flow cytometry. RESULTS Mannan, β-glucans (curdlan), chitosan, and zymosan induced the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-23, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α by PBMCs. Spleen tyrosin kinase and Src tyrosine kinase were involved in the response to mannan and β-glucans. Mannan and whole yeast cells induced a significantly higher pro-inflammatory cytokine response in CD compared with control patients. CONCLUSIONS The results may suggest that CD is characterized by hyperresponsiveness to fungal glycans. Thus, glycans may potentially be triggering or perpetuating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liran Baram
- IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases and The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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142
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Delivery of berberine using chitosan/fucoidan-taurine conjugate nanoparticles for treatment of defective intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5677-97. [PMID: 25421323 PMCID: PMC4245551 DOI: 10.3390/md12115677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial-derived lipopolysaccharides (LPS) can cause defective intestinal barrier function and play an important role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, a nanocarrier based on chitosan and fucoidan was developed for oral delivery of berberine (Ber). A sulfonated fucoidan, fucoidan-taurine (FD-Tau) conjugate, was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The FD-Tau conjugate was self-assembled with berberine and chitosan (CS) to form Ber-loaded CS/FD-Tau complex nanoparticles with high drug loading efficiency. Berberine release from the nanoparticles had fast release in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.4), while the release was slow in simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 2.0). The effect of the berberine-loaded nanoparticles in protecting intestinal tight-junction barrier function against nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines released from LPS-stimulated macrophage was evaluated by determining the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and paracellular permeability of a model macromolecule fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran) in a Caco-2 cells/RAW264.7 cells co-culture system. Inhibition of redistribution of tight junction ZO-1 protein by the nanoparticles was visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The results suggest that the nanoparticles may be useful for local delivery of berberine to ameliorate LPS-induced intestinal epithelia tight junction disruption, and that the released berberine can restore barrier function in inflammatory and injured intestinal epithelial.
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143
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Muzzarelli RAA, El Mehtedi M, Mattioli-Belmonte M. Emerging biomedical applications of nano-chitins and nano-chitosans obtained via advanced eco-friendly technologies from marine resources. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5468-502. [PMID: 25415349 PMCID: PMC4245541 DOI: 10.3390/md12115468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review article is intended to direct attention to the technological advances made in the 2010-2014 quinquennium for the isolation and manufacture of nanofibrillar chitin and chitosan. Otherwise called nanocrystals or whiskers, n-chitin and n-chitosan are obtained either by mechanical chitin disassembly and fibrillation optionally assisted by sonication, or by e-spinning of solutions of polysaccharides often accompanied by poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(caprolactone). The biomedical areas where n-chitin may find applications include hemostasis and wound healing, regeneration of tissues such as joints and bones, cell culture, antimicrobial agents, and dermal protection. The biomedical applications of n-chitosan include epithelial tissue regeneration, bone and dental tissue regeneration, as well as protection against bacteria, fungi and viruses. It has been found that the nano size enhances the performances of chitins and chitosans in all cases considered, with no exceptions. Biotechnological approaches will boost the applications of the said safe, eco-friendly and benign nanomaterials not only in these fields, but also for biosensors and in targeted drug delivery areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo A A Muzzarelli
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical & Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, IT-60100 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Mohamad El Mehtedi
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering & Mathematical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, IT-60100 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Monica Mattioli-Belmonte
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical & Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, IT-60100 Ancona, Italy.
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144
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Zain NM, Stapley A, Shama G. Green synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles using ascorbic acid and chitosan for antimicrobial applications. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 112:195-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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145
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Acidic ionic liquid catalyzed crosslinking of oxycellulose with chitosan for advanced biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 113:108-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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146
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Xue HY, Liu S, Wong HL. Nanotoxicity: a key obstacle to clinical translation of siRNA-based nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:295-312. [PMID: 24552562 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
siRNAs have immense therapeutic potential for the treatment of various gene-related diseases ranging from cancer, viral infections and neuropathy to autoimmune diseases. However, their bench-to-bedside translation in recent years has faced several challenges, with inefficient siRNA delivery being one of the most frequently encountered issues. In order to improve the siRNA delivery especially for systemic treatment, nanocarriers made of polymers, lipids or inorganic materials have become almost essential. The 'negative' aspects of these carriers such as their nanotoxicity and immunogenicity thus can no longer be overlooked. In this article, we will extensively review the nanotoxicity of siRNA carriers. The strategies for mitigating the risks of nanotoxicity and the methodology for evaluating these strategies will also be discussed. By addressing this often overlooked but important issue, it will help clear the way for siRNAs to fulfill their promise as a versatile class of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yi Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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147
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Glycerophosphate-based chitosan thermosensitive hydrogels and their biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 117:524-536. [PMID: 25498667 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide composed of glucosamine and derived by deacetylation of chitin. Chitosan thermosensitive hydrogel has been developed to form a gel in situ, precluding the need for surgical implantation. In this review, the recent advances in chitosan thermosensitive hydrogels based on different glycerophosphate are summarized. The hydrogel is prepared with chitosan and β-glycerophosphate or αβ-glycerophosphate which is liquid at room temperature and transits into gel as temperature increases. The gelation mechanism may involve multiple interactions between chitosan, glycerophosphate, and water. The solution behavior, rheological and physicochemical properties, and gelation process of the hydrogel are affected not only by the molecule weight, deacetylation degree, and concentration of chitosan, but also by the kind and concentration of glycerophosphate. The properties and the three-dimensional networks of the hydrogel offer them wide applications in biomedical field including local drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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148
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Du X, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li S, Lin X, Tang X, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Decanoic acid grafted oligochitosan nanoparticles as a carrier for insulin transport in the gastrointestinal tract. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:433-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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149
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Costa E, Silva S, Costa M, Pereira M, Campos D, Odila J, Madureira A, Cardelle-Cobas A, Tavaria F, Rodrigues A, Pintado M. Chitosan mouthwash: Toxicity and in vivo validation. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:385-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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150
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Chen MX, Li BK, Yin DK, Liang J, Li SS, Peng DY. Layer-by-layer assembly of chitosan stabilized multilayered liposomes for paclitaxel delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:298-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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