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Abstract
Because cannabinoids are usually amorphous solids, the thought that some of them may also exist in distinctly different crystal polymorphic forms might at first seem unusual. However, this commentary provides compelling evidence and precedent for the likely existence of cannabinoid crystal polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crist N Filer
- PerkinElmer Health Sciences Inc, 940 Winter Street, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.
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102
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Chemical Profiling and Characterization of Different Cultivars of Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescences by SPME-GC-MS and UPLC-MS. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical profile of the Cannabis sativa L. female inflorescences is rather complex being characterized by a large number of molecules belonging to different chemical classes. Considering the numerous applications in various fields, including the medical and pharmaceutical sectors, that have seen a large use of Cannabis genus in recent years, a precise characterization of the matrices is essential. In this regard, the application of adequate and suitable sampling and analysis techniques becomes important in order to provide an identification of the metabolites characterizing the profile of the sample under examination. The goal of this work is to provide additional information on the chemical composition of the inflorescences of five C. sativa different cultivars grown in Emilia Romagna (Italy) through the application of sophisticated analysis techniques such as Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS and UPLC-MS). The obtained data highlighted the presence of a high number of volatile and non-volatile compounds, thus allowing a comparative evaluation of the different samples. Furthermore, an in-depth statistical survey by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and HeatMap, Hierarchical luster Analysis (HCA) and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA-VIP), was conducted to consider any correlations between the investigated cultivars. The findings of this study may help to provide more information on the C. sativa inflorescences useful for potential applications of their metabolites in scientific research.
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103
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Hemp and Its Derivatives as a Universal Industrial Raw Material (with Particular Emphasis on the Polymer Industry)-A Review. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072565. [PMID: 35407897 PMCID: PMC9000560 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides basic information about cannabis, its structure, and its impact on human development at the turn of the century. It also contains a brief description of the cultivation and application of these plants in the basic branches of the economy. This overview is also a comprehensive collection of information on the chemical composition of individual cannabis derivatives. It contains the characteristics of the chemical composition as well as the physicochemical and mechanical properties of hemp fibers, oil, extracts and wax, which is unique compared to other review articles. As one of the few articles, it approaches the topic in a holistic and evolutionary way, moving through the plant’s life cycle. Its important element is examples of the use of hemp derivatives in polymer composites based on thermoplastics, elastomers and duroplasts and the influence of these additives on their properties, which cannot be found in other review articles on this subject. It indicates possible directions for further technological development, with particular emphasis on the pro-ecological aspects of these plants. It indicates the gaps and possible research directions in basic knowledge on the use of hemp in elastomers.
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104
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Aguchem RN, Okagu IU, Okagu OD, Ndefo JC, Udenigwe CC. A review on the techno‐functional, biological, and health‐promoting properties of hempseed‐derived proteins and peptides. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14127. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ngozi Aguchem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria
| | | | - Ogadimma Desmond Okagu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Joseph Chinedum Ndefo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Physical Sciences University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria
| | - Chibuike C. Udenigwe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
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105
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Sionov RV, Steinberg D. Anti-Microbial Activity of Phytocannabinoids and Endocannabinoids in the Light of Their Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030631. [PMID: 35327432 PMCID: PMC8945038 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become an increasing challenge in the treatment of various infectious diseases, especially those associated with biofilm formation on biotic and abiotic materials. There is an urgent need for new treatment protocols that can also target biofilm-embedded bacteria. Many secondary metabolites of plants possess anti-bacterial activities, and especially the phytocannabinoids of the Cannabis sativa L. varieties have reached a renaissance and attracted much attention for their anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activities at concentrations below the cytotoxic threshold on normal mammalian cells. Accordingly, many synthetic cannabinoids have been designed with the intention to increase the specificity and selectivity of the compounds. The structurally unrelated endocannabinoids have also been found to have anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activities. Recent data suggest for a mutual communication between the endocannabinoid system and the gut microbiota. The present review focuses on the anti-microbial activities of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids integrated with some selected issues of their many physiological and pharmacological activities.
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106
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AL Ubeed HMS, Wills RBH, Chandrapala J. Post-Harvest Operations to Generate High-Quality Medicinal Cannabis Products: A Systemic Review. Molecules 2022; 27:1719. [PMID: 35268820 PMCID: PMC8911901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional Cannabis plant as a medicinal crop has been explored for many thousands of years. The Cannabis industry is rapidly growing; therefore, optimising drying methods and producing high-quality medical products have been a hot topic in recent years. We systemically analysed the current literature and drew a critical summary of the drying methods implemented thus far to preserve the quality of bioactive compounds from medicinal Cannabis. Different drying techniques have been one of the focal points during the post-harvesting operations, as drying preserves these Cannabis products with increased shelf life. We followed or even highlighted the most popular methods used. Drying methods have advanced from traditional hot air and oven drying methods to microwave-assisted hot air drying or freeze-drying. In this review, traditional and modern drying technologies are reviewed. Each technology will have different pros and cons of its own. Moreover, this review outlines the quality of the Cannabis plant component harvested plays a major role in drying efficiency and preserving the chemical constituents. The emergence of medical Cannabis, and cannabinoid research requires optimal post-harvesting processes for different Cannabis strains. We proposed the most suitable method for drying medicinal Cannabis to produce consistent, reliable and potent medicinal Cannabis. In addition, drying temperature, rate of drying, mode and storage conditions after drying influenced the Cannabis component retention and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebah Muhsien Sabiah AL Ubeed
- School of Science, College of Sciences, Engineering, Computing Technologies and Health and Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Ronald B. H. Wills
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia;
| | - Jayani Chandrapala
- School of Science, College of Sciences, Engineering, Computing Technologies and Health and Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia;
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107
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Odieka AE, Obuzor GU, Oyedeji OO, Gondwe M, Hosu YS, Oyedeji AO. The Medicinal Natural Products of Cannabis sativa Linn.: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:1689. [PMID: 35268790 PMCID: PMC8911748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is known among many cultures for its medicinal potential. Its complexity contributes to the historical application of various parts of the plant in ethno-medicines and pharmacotherapy. C. sativa has been used for the treatment of rheumatism, epilepsy, asthma, skin burns, pain, the management of sexually transmitted diseases, difficulties during child labor, postpartum hemorrhage, and gastrointestinal activity. However, the use of C. sativa is still limited, and it is illegal in most countries. Thus, this review aims to highlight the biological potential of the plant parts, as well as the techniques for the extraction, isolation, and characterization of C. sativa compounds. The plant produces a unique class of terpenophenolic compounds, called cannabinoids, as well as non-cannabinoid compounds. The exhaustive profiling of bioactive compounds and the chemical characterization and analysis of C. sativa compounds, which modern research has not yet fully achieved, is needed for the consistency, standardization, and the justified application of Cannabis sativa products for therapeutic purposes. Studies on the clinical relevance and applications of cannabinoids and non-cannabinoid phenols in the prevention and treatment of life-threatening diseases is indeed significant. Furthermore, psychoactive cannabinoids, when chemically standardized and administered under medical supervision, can be the legal answer to the use of C. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwuli Endurance Odieka
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5099, South Africa;
| | - Gloria Ukalina Obuzor
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt 500004, Rivers State, Nigeria;
| | | | - Mavuto Gondwe
- Department of Human Biology, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5099, South Africa;
| | - Yiseyon Sunday Hosu
- Department of Economics and Business Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5099, South Africa;
| | - Adebola Omowunmi Oyedeji
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5099, South Africa;
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108
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Russo F, Tolomeo F, Vandelli MA, Biagini G, Paris R, Fulvio F, Laganà A, Capriotti AL, Carbone L, Gigli G, Cannazza G, Citti C. Kynurenine and kynurenic acid: Two human neuromodulators found in Cannabis sativa L. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 211:114636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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109
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Cannabis sativa Bioactive Compounds and Their Extraction, Separation, Purification, and Identification Technologies: An Updated Review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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110
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Laudanski K, Wain J. Considerations for Cannabinoids in Perioperative Care by Anesthesiologists. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030558. [PMID: 35160010 PMCID: PMC8836924 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased usage of recreational and medically indicated cannabinoid compounds has been an undeniable reality for anesthesiologists in recent years. These compounds’ complicated pharmacology, composition, and biological effects result in challenging issues for anesthesiologists during different phases of perioperative care. Here, we review the existing formulation of cannabinoids and their biological activity to put them into the context of the anesthesia plan execution. Perioperative considerations should include a way to gauge the patient’s intake of cannabinoids, the ability to gain consent properly, and vigilance to the increased risk of pulmonary and airway problems. Intraoperative management in individuals with cannabinoid use is complicated by the effects cannabinoids have on general anesthetics and depth of anesthesia monitoring while simultaneously increasing the potential occurrence of intraoperative hemodynamic instability. Postoperative planning should involve higher vigilance to the risk of postoperative strokes and acute coronary syndromes. However, most of the data are not up to date, rending definite conclusions on the importance of perioperative cannabinoid intake on anesthesia management difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Laudanski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Justin Wain
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (J.W.)
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111
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AL Ubeed HMS, Bhuyan DJ, Alsherbiny MA, Basu A, Vuong QV. A Comprehensive Review on the Techniques for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Cannabis. Molecules 2022; 27:604. [PMID: 35163863 PMCID: PMC8840415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is well-known for its numerous therapeutic activities, as demonstrated in pre-clinical and clinical studies primarily due to its bioactive compounds. The Cannabis industry is rapidly growing; therefore, product development and extraction methods have become crucial aspects of Cannabis research. The evaluation of the current extraction methods implemented in the Cannabis industry and scientific literature to produce consistent, reliable, and potent medicinal Cannabis extracts is prudent. Furthermore, these processes must be subjected to higher levels of scientific stringency, as Cannabis has been increasingly used for various ailments, and the Cannabis industry is receiving acceptance in different countries. We comprehensively analysed the current literature and drew a critical summary of the extraction methods implemented thus far to recover bioactive compounds from medicinal Cannabis. Moreover, this review outlines the major bioactive compounds in Cannabis, discusses critical factors affecting extraction yields, and proposes future considerations for the effective extraction of bioactive compounds from Cannabis. Overall, research on medicinal marijuana is limited, with most reports on the industrial hemp variety of Cannabis or pure isolates. We also propose the development of sustainable Cannabis extraction methods through the implementation of mathematical prediction models in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebah Muhsien Sabiah AL Ubeed
- School of Science, College of Sciences, Engineering, Computing Technologies and Health and Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Deep Jyoti Bhuyan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
| | - Muhammad A. Alsherbiny
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Amrita Basu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Centre, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Quan V. Vuong
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science, and Environment, The University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Road, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia;
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112
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Żubrycka A, Kwaśnica A, Haczkiewicz M, Sipa K, Rudnicki K, Skrzypek S, Poltorak L. Illicit drugs street samples and their cutting agents. The result of the GC-MS based profiling define the guidelines for sensors development. Talanta 2022; 237:122904. [PMID: 34736717 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have focused on the profiling of 5647 street samples covering marijuana, common and new recreational illicit drugs. All samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. In total we have identified 53 illicit drugs with Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), amphetamine, N-ethylhexedrone, 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), 4-chloromethcathinone (4-CMC), α-pyrrolidinoisohexaphenone (α-PHiP), cocaine, and 4-chloroethcathinone (4-CEC) being most commonly found and making 38.5, 17.8, 15.5, 8.0, 3.5, 2.7, 2.1, and 2.0% of the total studied pool, respectively. Except for methadone, all analyzed street samples were spiked with at least one cutting agent. Caffeine was the most frequently found adulterating addition present in around 33% (excluding marijuana) of the analyzed samples. Other identified cutting agents make an impressive group of more than 160 compounds. Finally, we have tabulated, illustrated, and discussed presented data in a view of smart and portable sensors development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Żubrycka
- Laboratorium Badań Toksykologicznych Lab4Tox Sp. Z o.o., Skłodowskiej-Curie 55/61, 50-369, Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kwaśnica
- Laboratorium Badań Toksykologicznych Lab4Tox Sp. Z o.o., Skłodowskiej-Curie 55/61, 50-369, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Haczkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Sipa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland
| | - Konrad Rudnicki
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sławomira Skrzypek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lukasz Poltorak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland.
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113
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Markowitz JS, De Faria L, Zhang Q, Melchert PW, Frye RF, Klee BO, Qian Y. The Influence of Cannabidiol on the Pharmacokinetics of Methylphenidate in Healthy Subjects. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2022; 5:199-206. [PMID: 36467779 PMCID: PMC9710314 DOI: 10.1159/000527189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabidiol (CBD) is a widely utilized nonpsychoactive cannabinoid available as an over-the-counter supplement, a component of medical cannabis, and a prescriptive treatment of childhood epilepsies. In vitro studies suggest CBD may inhibit a number of drug-metabolizing enzymes, including carboxylesterase 1 (CES1). The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of CBD on the disposition of the CES1 substrate methylphenidate (MPH). METHODS In a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 12 subjects ingested 750 mg of CBD solution, or alternatively, a placebo solution twice daily for a 3-day run-in period followed by an additional CBD dose (or placebo) and a single 10 mg dose of MPH and completed serial blood sampling for pharmacokinetic analysis. MPH and CBD concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The Cmax (mean ± CV) for the CBD group and placebo group was 13.5 ± 43.7% ng/mL and 12.2 ± 36.4% ng/mL, respectively. AUCinf (ng/mL*h) for the CBD group and placebo group was 70.7 ± 32.5% and 63.6 ± 25.4%, respectively. The CBD AUC0-8h (mean ± CV) was 1,542.2 ± 32% ng/mL*h, and Cmax was 389.2 ± 39% ng/mL. When compared to MPH only, the geometric mean ratio (CBD/control, 90% CI) for AUCinf and Cmax with CBD co-administration was 1.09 (0.89, 1.32) and 1.08 (0.85, 1.37), respectively. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Although the upper bound of bioequivalence was not met, the mean estimates of AUC and Cmax ratios were generally small and unlikely to be of clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Markowitz
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ludmila De Faria
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Qingchen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Philip W. Melchert
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Reginald F. Frye
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brandon O. Klee
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yuli Qian
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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114
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Hasin DS, Borodovsky J, Shmulewitz D, Walsh C, Livne O, Struble CA, Aharonovich E, Fink DS, Budney A. Use of highly-potent cannabis concentrate products: More common in U.S. states with recreational or medical cannabis laws. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 229:109159. [PMID: 34844095 PMCID: PMC8667084 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly-potent cannabis products, e.g., concentrates, entail greater risks of cannabis-related harms than lower-potency products such as plant or flower material. However, little information is available on whether individuals in U.S. states with recreational cannabis laws (RCL) or medical cannabis laws (MCL) are more likely than individuals in U.S. states without cannabis legalization (no-CL) to use highly-potent forms of cannabis. METHODS Cannabis-using adults in a 2017 online survey (N = 4064) provided information on state of residence and past-month cannabis use, including types of products used, categorized as low-potency (smoked or vaped plant cannabis) or high-potency (vaping or dabbing concentrates). Multivariable logistic regression models generated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for use of high-potency cannabis products by state cannabis legalization status (RCL, MCL, no-CL). RESULTS Compared to participants in no-CL states, participants in RCL states had greater odds of using high-potency concentrate products (aOR=2.61;CI=1.77-3.86), as did participants in MCL-only states (aOR=1.55;CI=1.21-1.97). When participants in RCL states and MCL states were directly compared, those in RCL states had greater odds of using high-potency concentrate products (aOR=1.69;CI=1.27-2.42). DISCUSSION Although the sample was not nationally representative and the cross-sectional data precluded determining the direction of effect, results suggest that use of high-potency cannabis concentrates is more likely among those in RCL states. Clinicians in RCL states should screen cannabis users for harmful patterns of use. Policymakers in states that do not yet have RCL should consider these findings when drafting new cannabis laws, including the specific products permitted and how best to regulate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S Hasin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Jacob Borodovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| | - Dvora Shmulewitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Claire Walsh
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Ofir Livne
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Cara A Struble
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| | - Efrat Aharonovich
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - David S Fink
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Alan Budney
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Seccamani P, Franco C, Protti S, Porta A, Profumo A, Caprioglio D, Salamone S, Mannucci B, Merli D. Photochemistry of Cannabidiol (CBD) Revised. A Combined Preparative and Spectrometric Investigation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2858-2865. [PMID: 34668704 PMCID: PMC8765678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is a plant with an astonishing ability to biosynthesize cannabinoids, and more than 100 molecules belonging to this class have been isolated. Among them in recent years cannabidiol (CBD) has received the interest of pharmacology as the major nonpsychotropic cannabinoid with many potential clinical applications. Although the reactivity of CBD has been widely investigated, only little attention has been given to the possible photodegradation of this cannabinoid, and the data available in the literature are outdated and, in some cases, conflicting. The aim of the present work is providing a characterization of the photochemical behavior of CBD in organic solvents, through a detailed GC-MS analyses, isolation, and NMR characterization of the photoproducts obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Seccamani
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Franco
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessio Porta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Stefano Salamone
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Barbara Mannucci
- Centro
Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Merli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- INFN
Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
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116
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Kanabus J, Bryła M, Roszko M, Modrzewska M, Pierzgalski A. Cannabinoids-Characteristics and Potential for Use in Food Production. Molecules 2021; 26:6723. [PMID: 34771132 PMCID: PMC8588477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific demonstrations of the beneficial effects of non-psychoactive cannabinoids on the human body have increased the interest in foods containing hemp components. This review systematizes the latest discoveries relating to the characteristics of cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. var. sativa, it also presents a characterization of the mentioned plant. In this review, we present data on the opportunities and limitations of cannabinoids in food production. This article systematizes the data on the legal aspects, mainly the limits of Δ9-THC in food, the most popular analytical techniques (LC-MS and GC-MS) applied to assay cannabinoids in finished products, and the available data on the stability of cannabinoids during heating, storage, and access to light and oxygen. This may constitute a major challenge to their common use in food processing, as well as the potential formation of undesirable degradation products. Hemp-containing foods have great potential to become commercially popular among functional foods, provided that our understanding of cannabinoid stability in different food matrices and cannabinoid interactions with particular food ingredients are expanded. There remains a need for more data on the effects of technological processes and storage on cannabinoid degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kanabus
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.)
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117
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Major Phytocannabinoids and Their Related Compounds: Should We Only Search for Drugs That Act on Cannabinoid Receptors? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111823. [PMID: 34834237 PMCID: PMC8625816 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important discoveries in pharmacology, such as certain classes of analgesics or chemotherapeutics, started from natural extracts which have been found to have effects in traditional medicine. Cannabis, traditionally used in Asia for the treatment of pain, nausea, spasms, sleep, depression, and low appetite, is still a good candidate for the development of new compounds. If initially all attention was directed to the endocannabinoid system, recent studies suggest that many of the clinically proven effects are based on an intrinsic chain of mechanisms that do not necessarily involve only cannabinoid receptors. Recent research has shown that major phytocannabinoids and their derivatives also interact with non-cannabinoid receptors such as vanilloid receptor 1, transient receptor ankyrin 1 potential, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma or glitazone receptor, G55 protein-coupled receptor, and nuclear receptor, producing pharmacological effects in diseases such as Alzheimer's, epilepsy, depression, neuropathic pain, cancer, and diabetes. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of these compounds. Structure modulation of phytocannabinoids, in order to improve pharmacological effects, should not be limited to the exploration of cannabinoid receptors, and it should target other courses of action discovered through recent research.
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118
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Capriotti AL, Cannazza G, Catani M, Cavaliere C, Cavazzini A, Cerrato A, Citti C, Felletti S, Montone CM, Piovesana S, Laganà A. Recent applications of mass spectrometry for the characterization of cannabis and hemp phytocannabinoids: From targeted to untargeted analysis. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462492. [PMID: 34507140 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review is a collection of recent applications of mass spectrometry studies for the characterization of phytocannabinoids in cannabis and hemp plant material and related products. The focus is mostly on recent applications using mass spectrometry as detector, in hyphenation to typical separation techniques (i.e., liquid chromatography or gas chromatography), but also with less common couplings or by simple direct analysis. The papers are described starting from the most common approach for targeted quantitative analysis, with applications using low-resolution mass spectrometry equipment, but also with the introduction of high-resolution mass analyzers as the detectors. This reflects a common trend in this field, and introduces the most recent applications using high-resolution mass spectrometry for untargeted analysis. The different approaches used for untargeted analysis are then described, from simple retrospective analysis of compounds without pure standards, through untargeted metabolomics strategies, and suspect screening methods, which are the ones currently allowing to achieve the most detailed qualitative characterization of the entire phytocannabinoid composition, including minor compounds which are usually overlooked in targeted studies and in potency evaluation. These approaches also represent powerful strategies to answer questions on biological and pharmacological activity of cannabis, and provide a sound technology for improved classification of cannabis varieties. Finally, open challenges are discussed for future directions in the detailed study of complex phytocannabinoid mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cannazza
- CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Cinzia Citti
- CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Susy Piovesana
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy; CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
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119
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Rabino M, Mallia S, Castiglioni E, Rovina D, Pompilio G, Gowran A. The Endocannabinoid System and Cannabidiol: Past, Present, and Prospective for Cardiovascular Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090936. [PMID: 34577636 PMCID: PMC8472406 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, cannabis was commonly associated with mysticism and illegality. Fortunately, in recent years perspectives and discourses have changed. More prominence has been given to the rigorous scientific effort that led to the discovery of cannabis' many physiological actions and endogenous signalling mechanisms. The endocannabinoid system is a complex and heterogeneous pro-homeostatic network comprising different receptors with several endogenous ligands, numerous metabolic enzymes and regulatory proteins. Therefore, it is not surprising that alterations and dysfunctions of the endocannabinoid system are observed in almost every category of disease. Such high degree of pathophysiological involvement suggests the endocannabinoid system is a promising therapeutic target and prompted the translation of resurgent scientific findings into clinical therapies. Shifting attitudes toward cannabis also raised other matters such as increased patient awareness, prescription requests, self-medication, recreational use, recognition of new knowledge gaps, renewed scientific activity, and seemingly exponential growth of the cannabis industry. This review, following a general overview of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system, assiduously describes its role within the context of cardiovascular diseases, paying particular attention to the Janus influence that endocannabinoid system modulators can have on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rabino
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mallia
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Castiglioni
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Rovina
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Aoife Gowran
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
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120
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A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor K. Hüsnü Can Baser-Outstanding Contributions in the Fields of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Botany and Ethnopharmacology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185507. [PMID: 34576976 PMCID: PMC8467153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dear Colleagues, [...].
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121
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Downey CD, Golenia G, Boudko EA, Jones AMP. Cryopreservation of 13 Commercial Cannabis sativa Genotypes Using In Vitro Nodal Explants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1794. [PMID: 34579326 PMCID: PMC8470898 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis has developed into a multi-billion-dollar industry that relies on clonal propagation of elite genetics with desirable agronomic and chemical phenotypes. While the goal of clonal propagation is to produce genetically uniform plants, somatic mutations can accumulate during growth and compromise long-term genetic fidelity. Cryopreservation is a process in which tissues are stored at cryogenic temperatures, halting cell division and metabolic processes to facilitate high fidelity germplasm preservation. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to optimize various stages of cryopreservation and develop a protocol for long-term germplasm storage of Cannabis sativa. The resulting protocol uses a standard vitrification procedure to cryopreserve nodal explants from in vitro shoots as follows: nodes were cultured for 17 h in a pre-culture solution (PCS), followed by a 20-min treatment in a loading solution (LS), and a 60 min incubation in plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2). The nodes were then flash frozen in liquid nitrogen, re-warmed in an unloading solution at 40 °C, and cultured on basal MS culture medium in the dark for 5 days followed by transfer to standard culture conditions. This protocol was tested across 13 genotypes to assess the genotypic variability. The protocol was successful across all 13 genotypes, but significant variation was observed in tissue survival (43.3-80%) and regrowth of shoots (26.7-66.7%). Plants grown from cryopreserved samples were morphologically and chemically similar to control plants for most major traits, but some differences were observed in the minor cannabinoid and terpene profiles. While further improvements are likely possible, this study provides a functional cryopreservation system that works across multiple commercial genotypes for long-term germplasm preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D. Downey
- Canopy Growth Corporation, Smiths Falls, ON K7A 0A8, Canada; (C.D.D.); (G.G.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Gregory Golenia
- Canopy Growth Corporation, Smiths Falls, ON K7A 0A8, Canada; (C.D.D.); (G.G.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Boudko
- Canopy Growth Corporation, Smiths Falls, ON K7A 0A8, Canada; (C.D.D.); (G.G.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Andrew Maxwell P. Jones
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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