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Liu H, Wu R, Liu K, Yuan L, Huang X, Wen Y, Ma X, Yan Q, Zhao Q, Wen X, Cao S. Enhanced immune responses against Japanese encephalitis virus using recombinant adenoviruses coexpressing Japanese encephalitis virus envelope and porcine interleukin-6 proteins in mice. Virus Res 2016; 222:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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102
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Savidis G, McDougall WM, Meraner P, Perreira JM, Portmann JM, Trincucci G, John SP, Aker AM, Renzette N, Robbins DR, Guo Z, Green S, Kowalik TF, Brass AL. Identification of Zika Virus and Dengue Virus Dependency Factors using Functional Genomics. Cell Rep 2016; 16:232-246. [PMID: 27342126 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The flaviviruses dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are severe health threats with rapidly expanding ranges. To identify the host cell dependencies of DENV and ZIKV, we completed orthologous functional genomic screens using RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 approaches. The screens recovered the ZIKV entry factor AXL as well as multiple host factors involved in endocytosis (RAB5C and RABGEF), heparin sulfation (NDST1 and EXT1), and transmembrane protein processing and maturation, including the endoplasmic reticulum membrane complex (EMC). We find that both flaviviruses require the EMC for their early stages of infection. Together, these studies generate a high-confidence, systems-wide view of human-flavivirus interactions and provide insights into the role of the EMC in flavivirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Savidis
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - William M McDougall
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Paul Meraner
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jill M Perreira
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jocelyn M Portmann
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Gaia Trincucci
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Sinu P John
- Signaling Systems Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aaron M Aker
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Nicholas Renzette
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Douglas R Robbins
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Zhiru Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Sharone Green
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Timothy F Kowalik
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Abraham L Brass
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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103
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Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Beckham JD. West Nile Virus Encephalitis 16 Years Later. Brain Pathol 2016; 25:625-33. [PMID: 26276026 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses (Arthropod-borne viruses) include several families of viruses (Flaviviridae, Togaviradae, Bunyaviradae, Reoviradae) that are spread by arthropod vectors, most commonly mosquitoes, ticks and sandflies. The RNA genome allows these viruses to rapidly adapt to ever-changing host and environmental conditions. Thus, these virus families are largely responsible for the recent expansion in geographic range of emerging viruses including West Nile virus (WNV), dengue virus and Chikungunya virus. This review will focus on WNV, especially as it has progressively spread westward in North America since its introduction in New York in 1999. By 2003, WNV infections in humans had reached almost all lower 48 contiguous United States (US) and since that time, fluctuations in outbreaks have occurred. Cases decreased between 2008 and 2011, followed by a dramatic flair in 2012, with the epicenter in the Dallas-Fort Worth region of Texas. The 2012 outbreak was associated with an increase in reported neuroinvasive cases. Neuroinvasive disease continues to be a problem particularly in the elderly and immunocompromised populations, although WNV infections also represented the second most frequent cause of pediatric encephalitis in these same years. Neuropathological features in cases from the 2012 epidemic highlight the extent of viral damage that can occur in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bette K Kleinschmidt-DeMasters
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO.,Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO
| | - J David Beckham
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO
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104
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Mazzalupo S, Isoe J, Belloni V, Scaraffia PY. Effective disposal of nitrogen waste in blood-fed Aedes aegypti mosquitoes requires alanine aminotransferase. FASEB J 2016; 30:111-20. [PMID: 26310269 PMCID: PMC4684537 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-277087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the mechanisms responsible for the success of female mosquitoes in their disposal of excess nitrogen, we investigated the role of alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) in blood-fed Aedes aegypti. Transcript and protein levels from the 2 ALAT genes were analyzed in sucrose- and blood-fed A. aegypti tissues. ALAT1 and ALAT2 exhibit distinct expression patterns in tissues during the first gonotrophic cycle. Injection of female mosquitoes with either double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-ALAT1 or dsRNA ALAT2 significantly decreased mRNA and protein levels of ALAT1 or ALAT2 in fat body, thorax, and Malpighian tubules compared with dsRNA firefly luciferase-injected control mosquitoes. The silencing of either A. aegypti ALAT1 or ALAT2 caused unexpected phenotypes such as a delay in blood digestion, a massive accumulation of uric acid in the midgut posterior region, and a significant decrease of nitrogen waste excretion during the first 48 h after blood feeding. Concurrently, the expression of genes encoding xanthine dehydrogenase and ammonia transporter (Rhesus 50 glycoprotein) were significantly increased in tissues of both ALAT1- and ALAT2-deficient females. Moreover, perturbation of ALAT1 and ALAT2 in the female mosquitoes delayed oviposition and reduced egg production. These novel findings underscore the efficient mechanisms that blood-fed mosquitoes use to avoid ammonia toxicity and free radical damage.-Mazzalupo, S., Isoe, J., Belloni, V., Scaraffia, P. Y. Effective disposal of nitrogen waste in blood-fed Aedes aegypti mosquitoes requires alanine aminotransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Mazzalupo
- *Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; and Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jun Isoe
- *Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; and Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Virginia Belloni
- *Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; and Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Patricia Y Scaraffia
- *Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; and Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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105
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Louten J. Emerging and Reemerging Viral Diseases. ESSENTIAL HUMAN VIROLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7149331 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800947-5.00016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
An emerging infectious disease (EID) is defined as a disease caused by a pathogen that has not been observed previously within a population or geographic location. Viruses are a major cause of EIDs, particularly −ssRNA viruses. Many variables are involved in the emergence or reemergence of viruses. These can be classified into human factors, environmental/ecological factors, and viral factors and include urbanization, globalization, weather and climate change, and the genetic composition of the virus. The great majority of emerging viral diseases are zoonoses, notably transmitted by arthropods and nonhuman mammals. Flaviviruses include several notable vector-transmitted viruses, while rodents and bats are thought to be the natural reservoirs of arenaviruses and filoviruses, respectively. This chapter discusses several notable outbreaks of emerging and reemerging viruses, including the 2014–15 outbreak of Ebolavirus in West Africa.
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