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Rachidi SM, Qin T, Sun S, Zheng WJ, Li Z. Molecular profiling of multiple human cancers defines an inflammatory cancer-associated molecular pattern and uncovers KPNA2 as a uniform poor prognostic cancer marker. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57911. [PMID: 23536776 PMCID: PMC3607594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune evasion is one of the recognized hallmarks of cancer. Inflammatory responses to cancer can also contribute directly to oncogenesis. Since the immune system is hardwired to protect the host, there is a possibility that cancers, regardless of their histological origins, endow themselves with a common and shared inflammatory cancer-associated molecular pattern (iCAMP) to promote oncoinflammation. However, the definition of iCAMP has not been conceptually and experimentally investigated. METHODS AND FINDINGS Genome-wide cDNA expression data was analyzed for 221 normal and 324 cancer specimens from 7 cancer types: breast, prostate, lung, colon, gastric, oral and pancreatic. A total of 96 inflammatory genes with consistent dysregulation were identified, including 44 up-regulated and 52 down-regulated genes. Protein expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry for some of these genes. The iCAMP contains proteins whose roles in cancer have been implicated and others which are yet to be appreciated. The clinical significance of many iCAMP genes was confirmed in multiple independent cohorts of colon and ovarian cancer patients. In both cases, better prognosis correlated strongly with high CXCL13 and low level of GREM1, LOX, TNFAIP6, CD36, and EDNRA. An "Inflammatory Gene Integrated Score" was further developed from the combination of 18 iCAMP genes in ovarian cancer, which predicted overall survival. Noticeably, as a selective nuclear import protein whose immuno-regulatory function just begins to emerge, karyopherin alpha 2 (KPNA2) is uniformly up-regulated across cancer types. For the first time, the cancer-specific up-regulation of KPNA2 and its clinical significance were verified by tissue microarray analysis in colon and head-neck cancers. CONCLUSION This work defines an inflammatory signature shared by seven epithelial cancer types and KPNA2 as a consistently up-regulated protein in cancer. Identification of iCAMP may not only serve as a novel biomarker for prognostication and individualized treatment of cancer, but also have significant biological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh M. Rachidi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, South Carolina Clinical and Translational Research Institute (SCTR), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Hollings Cancer Center, South Carolina Clinical and Translational Research Institute (SCTR), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tingting Qin
- Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, South Carolina Clinical and Translational Research Institute (SCTR), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shaoli Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, South Carolina Clinical and Translational Research Institute (SCTR), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - W. Jim Zheng
- Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, South Carolina Clinical and Translational Research Institute (SCTR), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Computational Biology Core Facility, South Carolina Clinical and Translational Research Institute (SCTR), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, South Carolina Clinical and Translational Research Institute (SCTR), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Hollings Cancer Center, South Carolina Clinical and Translational Research Institute (SCTR), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jacobs EJ, Gapstur SM, Newton CC, Turner MC, Campbell PT. Hay Fever and asthma as markers of atopic immune response and risk of colorectal cancer in three large cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:661-9. [PMID: 23513040 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous analysis of 12 cancers in the Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II) cohort including follow-up from 1982-2000, having both hay fever and asthma was associated with lower colorectal cancer mortality. The combination of these allergic conditions may be a marker for allergy-related immune responses that could inhibit colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS We examined the association of having both hay fever and asthma with colorectal cancer mortality among 1,023,191 participants in CPS-I, followed from 1959-1972, and 1,102,092 participants in CPS-II, now followed from 1982-2008. We also examined associations with colorectal cancer incidence among 174,917 participants in the CPS-II Nutrition Cohort, a subgroup of CPS-II followed from 1992-2007. During the follow-up, there were 5,644 colorectal cancer deaths in CPS-I, 13,558 colorectal cancer deaths in CPS-II, and 3,365 incident colorectal cancer cases in the CPS-II Nutrition Cohort. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS RRs for colorectal cancer mortality associated with having both asthma and hay fever, compared with neither condition, were 0.90 (95% CI, 0.74-1.09) in CPS-I, 0.79 (95% CI, 0.69-0.91) in CPS-II, and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.74-0.92) when results from both cohorts were combined in a meta-analysis. The corresponding RR for colorectal cancer incidence in the CPS-II Nutrition Cohort was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.71-1.14). CONCLUSION These results support an association between having both hay fever and asthma and modestly lower colorectal cancer mortality. IMPACT Research examining other potential markers of allergy-related immune response in relation to colorectal cancer is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Jacobs
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, National Home Office, 250 Williams St, NW, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Dias PM, Banerjee G. The Role of Th17/IL-17 on Eosinophilic Inflammation. J Autoimmun 2013; 40:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Amini-Vaughan ZJ, Martinez-Moczygemba M, Huston DP. Therapeutic strategies for harnessing human eosinophils in allergic inflammation, hypereosinophilic disorders, and cancer. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2012; 12:402-12. [PMID: 22875242 PMCID: PMC3729434 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-012-0290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The eosinophil is a multifunctional granulocyte best known for providing host defense against parasites. Paradoxically, eosinophils are also implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation, asthma, and hypereosinophilic syndromes. Emerging evidence also supports the potential for harnessing the cytotoxic power of eosinophils and redirecting it to kill solid tumors. Central to eosinophil physiology is interleukin-5 (IL-5) and its receptor (IL-5R) which is composed of a ligand-specific alpha chain (IL-5Rα) and the common beta chain (βc). Eosinophil activation can lead to their degranulation, resulting in rapid release of an arsenal of tissue-destructive proinflammatory mediators and cytotoxic proteins that can be both beneficial and detrimental to the host. This review discusses eosinophil immunobiology and therapeutic strategies for targeting of IL-5 and IL-5R, as well as the potential for harnessing eosinophil cytotoxicity as a tumoricide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaleh J Amini-Vaughan
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Clinical Science and Translational Research Institute, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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106
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Gatault S, Legrand F, Delbeke M, Loiseau S, Capron M. Involvement of eosinophils in the anti-tumor response. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1527-34. [PMID: 22706380 PMCID: PMC11029779 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils have long been associated with allergy and parasitic infections. Today, they are considered as multifunctional leukocytes, which participate both in innate and adaptive immune response though the expression of various receptors and mediators. Although the tumor-associated eosinophilia is observed for a long time in many hematological and solid malignancies, with a generally good prognosis value, there is a lack of knowledge on the different mechanisms involved in this phenomenon. Moreover, the recent discovery in human eosinophils of different receptors and mediators, shared with lymphocytes and involved in anti-tumor defense, suggests that eosinophils can play a role in anti-tumoral immunity. We review in the present paper the current knowledge on epidemiology, recruitment, and mechanisms involved in the response of eosinophils toward tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Gatault
- U995 Inserm- Université Lille 2 Faculté de Médecine Pôle Recherche, 59800 Lille, France.
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de Oliveira PCR, de Lima PO, Oliveira DT, Pereira MC. Eosinophil cationic protein: overview of biological and genetic features. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:1442-6. [PMID: 22845733 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2012.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a small polypeptide that originates from activated eosinophil granulocytes. A wide range of stimuli has been shown to induce the secretion of ECP. The gene that encodes the human ECP is located on chromosome 14, and the protein shares the overall three-dimensional structure and the RNase active-site residues with other proteins in the RNase A superfamily. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human ECP gene have been currently described. ECP has many biological functions, including an immunoregulatory function, the regulation of fibroblast activity, and the induction of mucus secretion in the airway. Additionally, the protein is a potent cytotoxic molecule and has the capacity to kill mammalian and nonmammalian cells. The purpose of this article was to review the known biological and genetic characteristics of ECP that contribute to the understanding of this protein's role in the development and progression of a wide variety of diseases.
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Mierke CT. The biomechanical properties of 3d extracellular matrices and embedded cells regulate the invasiveness of cancer cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2012; 61:217-36. [PMID: 21516307 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The malignancy of tumors depends on the biomechanical properties of cancer cells and their microenvironment, which enable cancer cells to migrate through the connective tissue, transmigrate through basement membranes and endothelial monolayers and form metastases in targeted organs. The current focus of cancer research is still based on biological capabilities such as molecular genetics and gene signaling, but these approaches ignore the mechanical nature of the invasion process of cancer cells. This review will focus on how structural, biochemical and mechanical properties of extracellular matrices (ECMs), and adjacent cells regulate the invasiveness of cancer cells. In addition, it presents how cancer cells create their own microenvironment by restructuring of the ECM and by interaction with stromal cells, which then further contribute to the progression of cancer disease. Finally, this review will point out that mechanical properties are a critical determinant for the efficiency of cancer cell invasion and the progression of cancer which might affect the future development of new cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia T Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Institute of Experimental Physics I, Soft Matter Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Stillie RM, Sapp HL, Stadnyk AW. TNFR1 Deficiency Protects Mice from Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer Coupled with a Decreased Level of Oxidative Damage in the Colon: Implications for Anti-TNF Therapy of Unremitting Colitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2012.326119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Wen T, Mingler MK, Blanchard C, Wahl B, Pabst O, Rothenberg ME. The pan-B cell marker CD22 is expressed on gastrointestinal eosinophils and negatively regulates tissue eosinophilia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:1075-82. [PMID: 22190185 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CD22 is currently recognized as a B cell-specific Siglec and has been exploited therapeutically with humanized anti-CD22 mAb having been used against B cell leukemia. In this study, tissue-specific eosinophil mRNA microarray analysis identified that CD22 transcript levels of murine gastrointestinal (GI) eosinophils are 10-fold higher than those of lung eosinophils. To confirm the mRNA data at the protein level, we developed a FACS-based protocol designed to phenotype live GI eosinophils isolated from the murine lamina propria. Indeed, we found that jejunum eosinophils expressed remarkably high levels of surface CD22, similar to levels found in B cells across multiple mouse strains. In contrast, CD22 was undetectable on eosinophils from the colon, blood, thymus, spleen, uterus, peritoneal cavity, and allergen-challenged lung. Eosinophils isolated from newborn mice did not express CD22 but subsequently upregulated CD22 expression to adult levels within the first 10 d after birth. The GI lamina propria from CD22 gene-targeted mice harbored more eosinophils than wild type control mice, whereas the GI eosinophil turnover rate was unaltered in the absence of CD22. Our findings identify a novel expression pattern and tissue eosinophilia-regulating function for the "B cell-specific" inhibitory molecule CD22 on GI eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Prizment AE, Anderson KE, Visvanathan K, Folsom AR. Inverse association of eosinophil count with colorectal cancer incidence: atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1861-4. [PMID: 21742945 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic conditions are associated with reduced risk of several malignancies. We hypothesized that blood eosinophil count, a marker for allergic disorders, is inversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities prospective cohort. To our knowledge, the association between blood eosinophil count and cancer risk has not been investigated before. METHODS Relative eosinophil and total leukocyte counts were measured in blood at baseline. Absolute eosinophil counts were calculated by multiplying relative count by the total leukocyte count. Proportional hazards regression provided HRs and 95% CIs of CRC in relation to eosinophil count. RESULTS From 1987-2006, 242 incident CRC cases (187 colon and 56 rectal) occurred in 10,675 initially cancer-free participants. In a multivariate-adjusted model, HRs were 1.0, 0.70 (95% CI: 0.50-0.98) and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.40-0.83) across tertiles of absolute eosinophil count (P(trend) = 0.003). A similar inverse association was observed for relative eosinophil count. Age, sex, race, or smoking status did not modify associations. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPACT We observed an inverse association between blood eosinophil count and CRC risk. This novel finding supports the hypothesis that allergies are protective for CRC, as an increased eosinophil count correlates with allergy in the developed world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Prizment
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, 1300 2nd Street South, Suite 300, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Abstract
Vertebrates and helminths have co-evolved for 500 million years, developing mutual adaptation mechanisms between parasites and hosts. Today, however, helminth diseases are among the most neglected communicable diseases. Epidemiological evidence shows that exposure to helminth parasites is inversely correlated with allergy incidence, and helminths induce immune hyporeactivity in both the innate and adaptive systems. The mechanisms include parasite-derived regulatory molecules, the study of which opens new avenues for the control of allergic and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Capron
- INSERM University Lille 2, Lille, France.
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Jensen-Jarolim E, Singer J. Why could passive Immunoglobulin E antibody therapy be safe in clinical oncology? Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:1337-40. [PMID: 21545551 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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