101
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Interleukin 10 inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine responses and killing of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42791. [PMID: 28216665 PMCID: PMC5316963 DOI: 10.1038/srep42791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is endemic in northeastern Thailand and Northern Australia. Severe septicemic melioidosis is associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and is correlated with poor clinical outcomes. IL-10 is an immunoregulatory cytokine, which in other infections can control the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but its role in melioidosis has not been addressed. Here, whole blood of healthy seropositive individuals (n = 75), living in N. E. Thailand was co-cultured with B. pseudomallei and production of IL-10 and IFN-γ detected and the cellular sources identified. CD3− CD14+ monocytes were the main source of IL-10. Neutralization of IL-10 increased IFN-γ, IL-6 and TNF-α production and improved bacteria killing. IFN-γ production and microbicidal activity were impaired in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). In contrast, IL-10 production was unimpaired in individuals with DM, resulting in an IL-10 dominant cytokine balance. Neutralization of IL-10 restored the IFN-γ response of individuals with DM to similar levels observed in healthy individuals and improved killing of B. pseudomallei in vitro. These results demonstrate that monocyte derived IL-10 acts to inhibit potentially protective cell mediated immune responses against B. pseudomallei, but may also moderate the pathological effects of excessive cytokine production during sepsis.
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102
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Galani V, Papadatos SS, Alexiou G, Galani A, Kyritsis AP. In Vitro and In Vivo Preclinical Effects of Type I IFNs on Gliomas. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2017; 37:139-146. [PMID: 28387596 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines with diverse cellular actions such as control of cell proliferation and regulation of immune responses; therefore, they have been extensively studied as antitumor agents for a variety of malignancies, including gliomas. Type I IFNs exert their antitumor effects either directly, by targeting the tumor cells or the tumor stem cells, or indirectly, by regulating the anticancer activities of the immune system. More specifically, IFN-beta and IFN-alpha exhibit antiproliferative effects by p53 induction, CD8+ T-lymphocyte and macrophage activation, chemokine secretion, and miR-21 downregulation. In vitro and in vivo studies provide evidence that immunotherapy could have a role in glioma treatment, especially when first-line therapeutic interventions fail to produce durable responses. These effects are more obvious when combining IFN-beta with classical antitumor therapies such as temozolamide, an oral chemotherapeutic, for both newly diagnosed and recurrent gliomas. However, further clinical studies are needed to determine whether IFNs will have a definite place in the management of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Galani
- 1 Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina , Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stamatis S Papadatos
- 2 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Athens School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Sotiria General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Alexiou
- 3 Neurosurgical Institute, University of Ioannina , Ioannina, Greece
| | - Angeliki Galani
- 4 Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras , Patra, Greece
| | - Athanasios P Kyritsis
- 3 Neurosurgical Institute, University of Ioannina , Ioannina, Greece .,5 Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina , Ioannina, Greece
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103
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Mayer-Barber KD, Yan B. Clash of the Cytokine Titans: counter-regulation of interleukin-1 and type I interferon-mediated inflammatory responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:22-35. [PMID: 27264686 PMCID: PMC5214938 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades the notion of 'inflammation' has been extended beyond the original hallmarks of rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling) and dolor (pain) described by Celsus. We have gained a more detailed understanding of the cellular players and molecular mediators of inflammation which is now being applied and extended to areas of biomedical research such as cancer, obesity, heart disease, metabolism, auto-inflammatory disorders, autoimmunity and infectious diseases. Innate cytokines are often central components of inflammatory responses. Here, we discuss how the type I interferon and interleukin-1 cytokine pathways represent distinct and specialized categories of inflammatory responses and how these key mediators of inflammation counter-regulate each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bo Yan
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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104
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Schaller MA, Allen RM, Kimura S, Day CL, Kunkel SL. Systemic Expression of Notch Ligand Delta-Like 4 during Mycobacterial Infection Alters the T Cell Immune Response. Front Immunol 2016; 7:527. [PMID: 27933064 PMCID: PMC5121470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch ligand delta-like 4 (DLL4) is known to fine-tune the CD4+ T cell cytokine response. DLL4 is expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in a MyD88-dependent manner. We found that DLL4 expression was upregulated on bone marrow progenitor cells and APCs in mice infected with BCG Mycobacterium. Transfer of DLL4+ progenitor cells from infected hosts resulted in an increase DLL4+ myeloid cells in the spleen, indicating that expression of the dll4 gene is propagated throughout hematopoiesis. We also found an increase in DLL4+ monocytes from individuals who were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In latent individuals, DLL4 expression correlated with increased cytokine production from T cells in response to PPD stimulation. Finally, antibody blockade of DLL4 reduced T cell cytokine production from naïve T cells stimulated with antigen. These results demonstrate that the Notch ligand DLL4 can influence T cell cytokine production in both humans and mice, and further reveal that expression of DLL4 is upregulated on early hematopoietic progenitors in response to chronic mycobacterial infection. These data suggest that widespread DLL4 expression may occur as a result of mycobacterial infection, and that this expression may alter CD4+ T cell responses to both previously encountered and novel antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Schaller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Ronald M Allen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Soichiro Kimura
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Cheryl L Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Steven L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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105
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Moreira-Teixeira L, Sousa J, McNab FW, Torrado E, Cardoso F, Machado H, Castro F, Cardoso V, Gaifem J, Wu X, Appelberg R, Castro AG, O'Garra A, Saraiva M. Type I IFN Inhibits Alternative Macrophage Activation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Leads to Enhanced Protection in the Absence of IFN-γ Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4714-4726. [PMID: 27849167 PMCID: PMC5133670 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis causes ∼1.5 million deaths every year, thus remaining a leading cause of death from infectious diseases in the world. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that type I IFN plays a detrimental role in tuberculosis pathogenesis, likely by interfering with IFN-γ–dependent immunity. In this article, we reveal a novel mechanism by which type I IFN may confer protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the absence of IFN-γ signaling. We show that production of type I IFN by M. tuberculosis–infected macrophages induced NO synthase 2 and inhibited arginase 1 gene expression. In vivo, absence of both type I and type II IFN receptors led to strikingly increased levels of arginase 1 gene expression and protein activity in infected lungs, characteristic of alternatively activated macrophages. This correlated with increased lung bacterial burden and pathology and decreased survival compared with mice deficient in either receptor. Increased expression of other genes associated with alternatively activated macrophages, as well as increased expression of Th2-associated cytokines and decreased TNF expression, were also observed. Thus, in the absence of IFN-γ signaling, type I IFN suppressed the switching of macrophages from a more protective classically activated phenotype to a more permissive alternatively activated phenotype. Together, our data support a model in which suppression of alternative macrophage activation by type I IFN during M. tuberculosis infection, in the absence of IFN-γ signaling, contributes to host protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lúcia Moreira-Teixeira
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; .,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Sousa
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Finlay W McNab
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Egídio Torrado
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipa Cardoso
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Henrique Machado
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Flávia Castro
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Vânia Cardoso
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Gaifem
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Xuemei Wu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Gil Castro
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Anne O'Garra
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW3 6NP, United Kingdom; and
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150 Porto, Portugal
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106
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Stephen-Victor E, Sharma VK, Das M, Karnam A, Saha C, Lecerf M, Galeotti C, Kaveri SV, Bayry J. IL-1β, But Not Programed Death-1 and Programed Death Ligand Pathway, Is Critical for the Human Th17 Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:465. [PMID: 27867382 PMCID: PMC5095489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The programed death-1 (PD-1)–programed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 co-inhibitory pathway has been implicated in the evasion strategies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Specifically, M. tuberculosis-induced PD-L1 orchestrates expansion of regulatory T cells and suppression of Th1 response. However, the role of PD pathway in regulating Th17 response to M. tuberculosis has not been investigated. In the present report, we demonstrate that M. tuberculosis and M. tuberculosis-derived antigen fractions have differential abilities to mediate human monocyte- and dendritic cell (DC)-mediated Th17 response and were independent of expression of PD-L1 or PD-L2 on aforementioned antigen-presenting cells. Importantly, we observed that blockade of PD-L1 or PD-1 did not significantly modify either the frequencies of Th17 cells or the production of IL-17 from CD4+ T cells though IFN-γ response was significantly enhanced. On the contrary, IL-1β from monocytes and DCs were critical for the Th17 response to M. tuberculosis. Together, our results indicate that IL-1β, but not members of the programed death pathway, is critical for human Th17 response to M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Stephen-Victor
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, France; UMR S 1138, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and Therapeutic Immunointervention, Paris, France
| | - Varun Kumar Sharma
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and Therapeutic Immunointervention, Paris, France
| | - Mrinmoy Das
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, France; UMR S 1138, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and Therapeutic Immunointervention, Paris, France
| | - Anupama Karnam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, France; UMR S 1138, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and Therapeutic Immunointervention, Paris, France
| | - Chaitrali Saha
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and Therapeutic Immunointervention, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Lecerf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, France; UMR S 1138, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and Therapeutic Immunointervention, Paris, France; UMR S 1138, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Galeotti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, France; UMR S 1138, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and Therapeutic Immunointervention, Paris, France
| | - Srinivas V Kaveri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, France; UMR S 1138, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and Therapeutic Immunointervention, Paris, France; UMR S 1138, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, France; UMR S 1138, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and Therapeutic Immunointervention, Paris, France; UMR S 1138, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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107
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Ndlovu H, Marakalala MJ. Granulomas and Inflammation: Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:434. [PMID: 27822210 PMCID: PMC5075764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading global health problem that is aggravated by emergence of drug-resistant strains, which account for increasing number of treatment-refractory cases. Thus, eradication of this disease will strongly require better therapeutic strategies. Identification of host factors promoting disease progression may accelerate discovery of adjunct host-directed therapies (HDTs) that will boost current treatment protocols. HDTs focus on potentiating key components of host anti-mycobacterial effector mechanisms, and limiting inflammation and pathological damage in the lung. Granulomas represent a pathological hallmark of TB. They are comprised of impressive arrangement of immune cells that serve to contain the invading pathogen. However, granulomas can also undergo changes, developing caseums and cavities that facilitate bacterial spread and disease progression. Here, we review current concepts on the role of granulomas in pathogenesis and protective immunity against TB, drawing from recent clinical studies in humans and animal models. We also discuss therapeutic potential of inflammatory pathways that drive granuloma progression, with a focus on new and existing drugs that will likely improve TB treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlumani Ndlovu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Mohlopheni J Marakalala
- TB Immunopathogenesis Group, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
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108
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Low Dose BCG Infection as a Model for Macrophage Activation Maintaining Cell Viability. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4048235. [PMID: 27833923 PMCID: PMC5090099 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4048235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the current vaccine against tuberculosis, is ingested by macrophages promoting the development of effector functions including cell death and microbicidal mechanisms. Despite accumulating reports on M. tuberculosis, mechanisms of BCG/macrophage interaction remain relatively undefined. In vivo, few bacilli are sufficient to establish a mycobacterial infection; however, in vitro studies systematically use high mycobacterium doses. In this study, we analyze macrophage/BCG interactions and microenvironment upon infection with low BCG doses and propose an in vitro model to study cell activation without affecting viability. We show that RAW macrophages infected with BCG at MOI 1 activated higher and sustained levels of proinflammatory cytokines and transcription factors while MOI 0.1 was more efficient for early stimulation of IL-1β, MCP-1, and KC. Both BCG infection doses induced iNOS and NO in a dose-dependent manner and maintained nuclear and mitochondrial structures. Microenvironment generated by MOI 1 induced macrophage proliferation but not MOI 0.1 infection. In conclusion, BCG infection at low dose is an efficient in vitro model to study macrophage/BCG interactions that maintains macrophage viability and mitochondrial structures. This represents a novel model that can be applied to BCG research fields including mycobacterial infections, cancer immunotherapy, and prevention of autoimmunity and allergies.
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109
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Horne DJ, Graustein AD, Shah JA, Peterson G, Savlov M, Steele S, Narita M, Hawn TR. Human ULK1 Variation and Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1260-7. [PMID: 27485354 PMCID: PMC5034956 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike tuberculosis, few studies have evaluated a host genetic basis for variability in susceptibility to latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI). We performed a candidate gene association study of autophagy-related genes and LTBI. METHODS We enrolled close contacts of individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis, assessed LTBI status, and determined clinical and sociodemographic risk factors for LTBI. In participants who self-identified as Asian or black, we compared haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ULK1 and GABARAP between cases (n = 143) and controls (n = 106). Using CRISPR/Cas9 in U937 monocytes, we investigated the effect of ULK1 deficiency on cytokine expression, autophagy, and M. tuberculosis replication. RESULTS In Asian participants, we identified 2 ULK1 SNPs (rs12297124 and rs7300908) associated with LTBI. After adjustment for population admixture and clinical risk for LTBI, each rs12297124 minor allele conferred 80% reduction in LTBI risk (odds ratio, 0.18; 95% confidence interval, .07-.46). Compared with controls, ULK1-deficient cells exhibited decreased tumor necrosis factor secretion after stimulation with Toll-like receptor ligands and M. tuberculosis whole-cell lysate, increased M. tuberculosis replication, and decreased selective autophagy. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a strong association of rs12297124, a noncoding ULK1 SNP, with LTBI and a role for ULK1 regulation of TNF secretion, nonspecific and M. tuberculosis-induced autophagy, and M. tuberculosis replication in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Horne
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine Firland Northwest TB Center, University of Washington
| | | | - Javeed A Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Glenna Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Meg Savlov
- TB Control Program, Public Health-Seattle and King County, Washington
| | - Sergio Steele
- TB Control Program, Public Health-Seattle and King County, Washington
| | - Masahiro Narita
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine Firland Northwest TB Center, University of Washington TB Control Program, Public Health-Seattle and King County, Washington
| | - Thomas R Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine
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110
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Inflammasome Activation and Function During Infection with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 397:183-97. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41171-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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111
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Yamashiro LH, Eto C, Soncini M, Horewicz V, Garcia M, Schlindwein AD, Grisard EC, Rovaris DB, Báfica A. Isoniazid-induced control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by primary human cells requires interleukin-1 receptor and tumor necrosis factor. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1936-47. [PMID: 27230303 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines are critical mediators that control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth during active tuberculosis (ATB). To further inhibit bacterial proliferation in diseased individuals, drug inhibitors of cell wall synthesis such as isoniazid (INH) are employed. However, whether INH presents an indirect effect on bacterial growth by regulating host cytokines during ATB is not well known. To examine this hypothesis, we used an in vitro human granuloma system generated with primary leukocytes from healthy donors adapted to model ATB. Intense Mtb proliferation in cell cultures was associated with monocyte/macrophage activation and secretion of IL-1β and TNF. Treatment with INH significantly reduced Mtb survival, but altered neither T-cell-mediated Mtb killing, nor production of IL-1β and TNF. However, blockade of both IL-1R1 and TNF signaling rescued INH-induced killing, suggesting synergistic roles of these cytokines in mediating control of Mtb proliferation. Additionally, mycobacterial killing by INH was highly dependent upon drug activation by the pathogen catalase-peroxidase KatG and involved a host PI3K-dependent pathway. Finally, experiments using coinfected (KatG-mutated and H37Rv strains) cells suggested that active INH does not directly enhance host-mediated killing of Mtb. Our results thus indicate that Mtb-stimulated host IL-1 and TNF have potential roles in TB chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia H Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Carolina Eto
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marina Soncini
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Verônica Horewicz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Magno Garcia
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Aline D Schlindwein
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Central Public Health Laboratory/LACEN, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Edmundo C Grisard
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - André Báfica
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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112
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Zhang H, Fu R, Guo C, Huang Y, Wang H, Wang S, Zhao J, Yang N. Anti-dsDNA antibodies bind to TLR4 and activate NLRP3 inflammasome in lupus monocytes/macrophages. J Transl Med 2016; 14:156. [PMID: 27250627 PMCID: PMC4888250 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome results in the production of IL-1β and the subsequent inflammation. Anti-dsDNA antibodies (anti-dsDNA Abs) play critical roles in the development and progression of SLE. However, the mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in SLE is still not known. This study investigated the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome stimulated by anti-dsDNA Abs in monocytes/macrophages from SLE patients. Methods Monocytes/macrophages from SLE patients or healthy controls were stimulated with anti-dsDNA Ab-positive serum or purified anti-dsDNA Abs. Activation of inflammasome was measured by flow cytometry or Western blot. Anti-dsDNA Abs isolated from active SLE patients were injected into female (NZB × NZW) F1 mice and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and the frequencies of Th17 and Treg were examined. Results The activity of caspase-1 was significantly increased in active SLE patients and was correlated with serum levels of anti-dsDNA Abs and disease activities. The concentrations of IL-1β and IL-17A were also significantly higher in SLE patients compared to healthy controls. Anti-dsDNA Ab-positive serum rather than healthy serum or RF (rheumatoid factor)-positive serum stimulated the activation of caspase-1 in monocytes. Anti-dsDNA Abs bound to TLR4 on macrophages and induced the production of ROS. Mitochondria-targeting antioxidant Mito-TEMPO, IκB kinase inhibitor peptide or TLR4 siRNA inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and the secretion of IL-1β induced by anti-dsDNA Abs. Injection of anti-dsDNA Abs into (NZB × NZW) F1 mice resulted in increased caspase-1 activation and production of IL-1β and IL-17A. The Th17/Treg cell ratio also significantly increased following anti-dsDNA Ab injection. Conclusions Anti-dsDNA Abs activated NLRP3 inflammasome in monocytes/macrophages from SLE patients by binding to TLR4 and inducing the production of mitochondrial ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chaohuan Guo
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuefang Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hongyue Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Niansheng Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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113
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Type I Interferon Counters or Promotes Coxiella burnetii Replication Dependent on Tissue. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1815-1825. [PMID: 27068091 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01540-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular pathogen and the cause of Q fever. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) is critical for host protection from infection, but a role for type I IFN in C. burnetii infection has not been determined. Type I IFN supports host protection from a related pathogen, Legionella pneumophila, and we hypothesized that it would be similarly protective in C. burnetii infection. In contrast to our prediction, IFN-α receptor-deficient (IFNAR(-/-)) mice were protected from C. burnetii-induced infection. Therefore, the role of type I IFN in C. burnetii infection was distinct from that in L. pneumophila Mice treated with a double-stranded-RNA mimetic were protected from C. burnetii-induced weight loss through an IFNAR-independent pathway. We next treated mice with recombinant IFN-α (rIFN-α). When rIFN-α was injected by the intraperitoneal route during infection, disease-induced weight loss was exacerbated. Mice that received rIFN-α by this route had dampened interleukin 1β (IL-1β) expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. However, when rIFN-α was delivered to the lung, bacterial replication was decreased in all tissues. Thus, the presence of type I IFN in the lung protected from infection, but when delivered to the periphery, type I IFN enhanced disease, potentially by dampening inflammatory cytokines. To better characterize the capacity for type I IFN induction by C. burnetii, we assessed expression of IFN-β transcripts by human macrophages following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from C. burnetii Understanding innate responses in C. burnetii infection will support the discovery of novel therapies that may be alternative or complementary to the current antibiotic treatment.
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114
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Interferons and inflammasomes: Cooperation and counterregulation in disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:37-46. [PMID: 27373324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferons and the IL-1 family of cytokines have important roles in host defense against invading viruses and bacteria. Inflammasomes, multimeric cytosolic sensors of infection, are required for IL-1β and IL-18 processing and release. Interferons, IL-1β, and IL-18 are also implicated in autoimmune disease and chronic inflammation. Although independent but complementary pathways induce these cytokine subsets during infection, in some circumstances the cross-talk between these key inflammatory mediators is a particular requirement for effective host defense. In this review we will summarize recent discoveries concerning the potentiation of inflammasome responses by type I interferons, particularly in patients with gram-negative bacterial infections, and reflect on the molecular mechanisms of IFN-β's immunosuppressive effects through modulation of inflammasome and IL-1β signaling in patients with tuberculosis and multiple sclerosis.
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115
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Shi L, Eugenin EA, Subbian S. Immunometabolism in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:150. [PMID: 27148269 PMCID: PMC4838633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism, the study of the relationship between bioenergetic pathways and specific functions of immune cells, has recently gained increasing appreciation. In response to infection, activation of the host innate and adaptive immune cells is accompanied by a switch in the bioenergetic pathway from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, a metabolic remodeling known as the Warburg effect, which is required for the production of antimicrobial and pro-inflammatory effector molecules. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the Warburg effect and discuss its association with the expression of host immune responses in tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We also discuss potential mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect with a focus on the expression and regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), the regulatory subunit of HIF-1, a major transcription regulator involved in cellular stress adaptation processes, including energy metabolism and antimicrobial responses. We also propose a novel hypothesis that Mtb perturbs the Warburg effect of immune cells to facilitate its survival and persistence in the host. A better understanding of the dynamics of metabolic states of immune cells and their specific functions during TB pathogenesis can lead to the development of immunotherapies capable of promoting Mtb clearance and reducing Mtb persistence and the emergence of drug resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanbo Shi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA
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116
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Lienard J, Movert E, Valfridsson C, Sturegård E, Carlsson F. ESX-1 exploits type I IFN-signalling to promote a regulatory macrophage phenotype refractory to IFNγ-mediated autophagy and growth restriction of intracellular mycobacteria. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1471-85. [PMID: 27062290 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of macrophages to eradicate intracellular pathogens is normally greatly enhanced by IFNγ, a cytokine produced mainly after onset of adaptive immunity. However, adaptive immunity is unable to provide sterilizing immunity against mycobacteria, suggesting that mycobacteria have evolved virulence strategies to inhibit the bactericidal effect of IFNγ-signalling in macrophages. Still, the host-pathogen interactions and cellular mechanisms responsible for this feature have remained elusive. We demonstrate that the ESX-1 type VII secretion systems of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium marinum exploit type I IFN-signalling to promote an IL-12(low) /IL-10(high) regulatory macrophage phenotype characterized by secretion of IL-10, IL-27 and IL-6. This mechanism had no impact on intracellular growth in the absence of IFNγ but suppressed IFNγ-mediated autophagy and growth restriction, indicating that the regulatory phenotype extends to function. The IFNγ-refractory phenotype was partly mediated by IL-27-signalling, establishing functional relevance for this downstream cytokine. These findings identify a novel macrophage-modulating function for the ESX-1 secretion system that may contribute to suppress the efficacy of adaptive immunity and provide mechanistic insight into the antagonistic cross talk between type I IFNs and IFNγ in mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lienard
- Section for Immunology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D14, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elin Movert
- Section for Immunology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D14, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine Valfridsson
- Section for Immunology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D14, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Sturegård
- Section for Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fredric Carlsson
- Section for Immunology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D14, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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117
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Castiglia V, Piersigilli A, Ebner F, Janos M, Goldmann O, Damböck U, Kröger A, Weiss S, Knapp S, Jamieson AM, Kirschning C, Kalinke U, Strobl B, Müller M, Stoiber D, Lienenklaus S, Kovarik P. Type I Interferon Signaling Prevents IL-1β-Driven Lethal Systemic Hyperinflammation during Invasive Bacterial Infection of Soft Tissue. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:375-87. [PMID: 26962946 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are fundamental for antiviral immunity, but their role in bacterial infections is contradictory and incompletely described. Streptococcus pyogenes activates IFN-I production in innate immune cells, and IFN-I receptor 1 (Ifnar1)-deficient mice are highly susceptible to S. pyogenes infection. Here we report that IFN-I signaling protects the host against invasive S. pyogenes infection by restricting inflammation-driven damage in distant tissues. Lethality following infection in Ifnar1-deficient mice is caused by systemically exacerbated levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Critical cellular effectors of IFN-I in vivo are LysM+ and CD11c+ myeloid cells, which exhibit suppression of Il1b transcription upon Ifnar1 engagement. These cells are also the major source of IFN-β, which is significantly induced by S. pyogenes 23S rRNA in an Irf5-dependent manner. Our study establishes IL-1β and IFN-I levels as key homeostatic variables of protective, yet tuned, immune responses against severe invasive bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Castiglia
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Institute of Animal Pathology (COMPATH), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Life Science Faculty, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian Ebner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marton Janos
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Goldmann
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ursula Damböck
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Kröger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sigfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Amanda M Jamieson
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Carsten Kirschning
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover Medical School and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover Medical School and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Pavel Kovarik
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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118
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Abstract
Through thousands of years of reciprocal coevolution, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has become one of humanity's most successful pathogens, acquiring the ability to establish latent or progressive infection and persist even in the presence of a fully functioning immune system. The ability of M. tuberculosis to avoid immune-mediated clearance is likely to reflect a highly evolved and coordinated program of immune evasion strategies that interfere with both innate and adaptive immunity. These include the manipulation of their phagosomal environment within host macrophages, the selective avoidance or engagement of pattern recognition receptors, modulation of host cytokine production, and the manipulation of antigen presentation to prevent or alter the quality of T-cell responses. In this article we review an extensive array of published studies that have begun to unravel the sophisticated program of specific mechanisms that enable M. tuberculosis and other pathogenic mycobacteria to persist and replicate in the face of considerable immunological pressure from their hosts. Unraveling the mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis evades or modulates host immune function is likely to be of major importance for the development of more effective new vaccines and targeted immunotherapy against tuberculosis.
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119
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Impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD1-locus on human primary dendritic cell immune functions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17078. [PMID: 26602835 PMCID: PMC4658526 DOI: 10.1038/srep17078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern strategies to develop vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) aim to improve the current Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine or to attenuate the virulence of Mtb vaccine candidates. In the present study, the impact of wild type or mutated region of difference 1 (RD1) variants on the immunogenicity of Mtb and BCG recombinants was investigated in human primary dendritic cells (DC). A comparative analysis of transcriptome, signalling pathway activation, maturation, apoptosis, cytokine production and capacity to promote Th1 responses demonstrated that DC sense quantitative and qualitative differences in the expression of RD1-encoded factors—ESAT6 and CFP10—within BCG or Mtb backgrounds. Expansion of IFN-γ producing T cells was promoted by BCG::RD1-challenged DC, as compared to their BCG-infected counterparts. Although Mtb recombinants acted as a strong Th-1 promoting stimulus, even with RD1 deletion, the attenuated Mtb strain carrying a C-terminus truncated ESAT-6 elicited a robust Th1 promoting phenotype in DC. Collectively, these studies indicate a necessary but not sufficient role for the RD1 locus in promoting DC immune-regulatory functions. Additional mycobacterial factors are likely required to endow DC with a high Th1 polarizing capacity, a desirable attribute for a successful control of Mtb infection.
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120
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Stamm CE, Collins AC, Shiloh MU. Sensing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and consequences to both host and bacillus. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:204-19. [PMID: 25703561 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the primary causative agent of human tuberculosis, has killed more people than any other bacterial pathogen in human history and remains one of the most important transmissible diseases worldwide. Because of the long-standing interaction of Mtb with humans, it is no surprise that human mucosal and innate immune cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to detect Mtb during initial contact. To that end, the cell surface of human cells is decorated with numerous pattern recognition receptors for a variety of mycobacterial ligands. Furthermore, once Mtb is ingested into professional phagocytes, other host molecules are engaged to report on the presence of an intracellular pathogen. In this review, we discuss the role of specific mycobacterial products in modulating the host's ability to detect Mtb. In addition, we describe the specific host receptors that mediate the detection of mycobacterial infection and the role of individual receptors in mycobacterial pathogenesis in humans and model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Stamm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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121
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Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SHE. Versatile myeloid cell subsets contribute to tuberculosis-associated inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2191-202. [PMID: 26140356 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), typically affects the lung and causes profound morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Recent advances in cellular immunology emphasize the complexity of myeloid cell subsets controlling TB inflammation. The specialization of myeloid cell subsets for particular immune processes has tailored their roles in protection and pathology. Among myeloid cells, dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for the induction of adaptive immunity, macrophages predominantly harbor Mtb within TB granulomas and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) orchestrate lung damage. However, within each myeloid cell population, diverse phenotypes with unique functions are currently recognized, differentially influencing TB pneumonia and granuloma functionality. More recently, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been identified at the site of Mtb infection. Along with PMNs, MDSCs accumulate within the inflamed lung, interact with granuloma-residing cells and contribute to exuberant inflammation. In this review, we discuss the contribution of different myeloid cell subsets to inflammation in TB by highlighting their interactions with Mtb and their role in lung pathology. Uncovering the manifold nature of myeloid cells in TB pathogenesis will inform the development of future immune therapies aimed at tipping the inflammation balance to the benefit of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Dorhoi
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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122
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Kaushal D, Foreman TW, Gautam US, Alvarez X, Adekambi T, Rangel-Moreno J, Golden NA, Johnson AMF, Phillips BL, Ahsan MH, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Doyle LA, Roy CJ, Didier PJ, Blanchard JL, Rengarajan J, Lackner AA, Khader SA, Mehra S. Mucosal vaccination with attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces strong central memory responses and protects against tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8533. [PMID: 26460802 PMCID: PMC4608260 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global pandaemic, partially due to the failure of vaccination approaches. Novel anti-TB vaccines are therefore urgently required. Here we show that aerosol immunization of macaques with the Mtb mutant in SigH (MtbΔsigH) results in significant recruitment of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing activation and proliferation markers to the lungs. Further, the findings indicate that pulmonary vaccination with MtbΔsigH elicited strong central memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in the lung. Vaccination with MtbΔsigH results in significant protection against a lethal TB challenge, as evidenced by an approximately three log reduction in bacterial burdens, significantly diminished clinical manifestations and granulomatous pathology and characterized by the presence of profound iBALT. This highly protective response is virtually absent in unvaccinated and BCG-vaccinated animals after challenge. These results suggest that future TB vaccine candidates can be developed on the basis of MtbΔsigH. BCG, the only vaccine currently used against tuberculosis, confers only limited protection. Here the authors show that mucosal immunization of macaques with an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis confers a high level of protection from a lethal challenge with the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Taylor W Foreman
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Uma S Gautam
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
| | - Toidi Adekambi
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | | | - Nadia A Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
| | | | - Bonnie L Phillips
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Muhammad H Ahsan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
| | | | - Lara A Doyle
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
| | - Chad J Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
| | - Peter J Didier
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
| | - James L Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.,Department of Pathology, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA.,Center for Biomedical Research Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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123
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Travar M, Petkovic M, Verhaz A. Type I, II, and III Interferons: Regulating Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:19-31. [PMID: 26362801 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens or tumor cells. The aim of this review was to present the previously known and new findings about the role of interferons type I and II, and recently discovered type III in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection control. Infection of various cell types with M. tuberculosis induce both IFN-α and IFN-β synthesis. The majority of the studies support the findings that IFN type I actually promotes infection with M. tuberculosis. It has been well establish that IFN-γ has protective function against M. tuberculosis and the other mycobacteria and that the primary source of this cytokine are CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Recently, it has been shown that also the innate lymphocytes, γδ T cells, natural killer (NK) T cells, and NK cells can also be the source of IFN-γ in response to mycobacterial infection. Several studies have shown that CD4(+) T cells protect mice against M. tuberculosis independently of IFN-γ. The balance between IFN-γ and different cytokines such as IL-10 and other Th2 cell cytokines is likely to influence disease outcome. Type I IFN appears to be detrimental through at least three separate, but overlapping, type I IFN-mediated mechanisms: induction of excessive apoptosis, specific suppression of Th1 and IFN-γ responses, and dampening of the immune response by strong IL-10 induction. Recently it has been found that M. tuberculosis infection in A549 lung epithelial cells stimulate up-regulation of IFN-λ genes in vitro. IFN-λs also have a role in modulation of Th1/Th2 response. IFN-λs are not essential for M. tuberculosis infection control, but can give some contribution in immune response to this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Travar
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Clinical Centre Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Banja Luka University, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Miroslav Petkovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Banja Luka University, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Antonija Verhaz
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Clinical Centre Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Fucikova J, Moserova I, Urbanova L, Bezu L, Kepp O, Cremer I, Salek C, Strnad P, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Spisek R. Prognostic and Predictive Value of DAMPs and DAMP-Associated Processes in Cancer. Front Immunol 2015; 6:402. [PMID: 26300886 PMCID: PMC4528281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now clear that human neoplasms form, progress, and respond to therapy in the context of an intimate crosstalk with the host immune system. In particular, accumulating evidence demonstrates that the efficacy of most, if not all, chemo- and radiotherapeutic agents commonly employed in the clinic critically depends on the (re)activation of tumor-targeting immune responses. One of the mechanisms whereby conventional chemotherapeutics, targeted anticancer agents, and radiotherapy can provoke a therapeutically relevant, adaptive immune response against malignant cells is commonly known as “immunogenic cell death.” Importantly, dying cancer cells are perceived as immunogenic only when they emit a set of immunostimulatory signals upon the activation of intracellular stress response pathways. The emission of these signals, which are generally referred to as “damage-associated molecular patterns” (DAMPs), may therefore predict whether patients will respond to chemotherapy or not, at least in some settings. Here, we review clinical data indicating that DAMPs and DAMP-associated stress responses might have prognostic or predictive value for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Irena Moserova
- Sotio , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Linda Urbanova
- Sotio , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Lucillia Bezu
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France
| | - Cyril Salek
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Gynecology and Obsterics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP , Paris , France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
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125
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Liehl P, Zuzarte-Luis V, Mota MM. Unveiling the pathogen behind the vacuole. Nat Rev Microbiol 2015; 13:589-98. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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126
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Tiwari B, Ramakrishnan UM, Raghunand TR. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein pair PE9 (Rv1088)-PE10 (Rv1089) forms heterodimers and induces macrophage apoptosis through Toll-like receptor 4. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1653-69. [PMID: 26031846 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated interactions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) with macrophages are major determinant in the outcome of innate immune defence and subsequent adaptive immune responses. Here we report a novel interaction of the M. tb protein pair PE9 (Rv1088)-PE10 (Rv1089) with the macrophage TLR4 leading to apoptosis and modulation of cytokine levels. We demonstrate that the two proteins physically interact, and that PE9 is required for the cell wall localization of PE10 in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Interaction of the PE9-PE10 complex with TLR4 in THP-1 macrophages was associated with increased levels of phospho-IRF-3, which correlated with an increase in transcript levels of its target gene interferon-β. THP-1 macrophages treated with PE9-PE10 complex showed multiple hallmarks of apoptosis and modulation of interleukin (IL)-1b and IL-10 levels. All of these effects were abrogated when cells were treated either with an antibody to PE10 or an anti-TLR4 antibody, indicating that the complex specifically interacts with TLR4 through PE10, establishing this protein pair as a TLR4 ligand. This novel observation of two proline-glutamate (PE) proteins forming functional heterodimers represents a considerable expansion of the PE_PPE repertoire in the context of receptor engagement and the concomitant modulation of host responses by this unique class of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Tiwari
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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127
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Stifter SA, Feng CG. Interfering with immunity: detrimental role of type I IFNs during infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2455-65. [PMID: 25747907 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFNs are known to inhibit viral replication and mediate protection against viral infection. However, recent studies revealed that these cytokines play a broader and more fundamental role in host responses to infections beyond their well-established antiviral function. Type I IFN induction, often associated with microbial evasion mechanisms unique to virulent microorganisms, is now shown to increase host susceptibility to a diverse range of pathogens, including some viruses. This article presents an overview of the role of type I IFNs in infections with bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral pathogens and discusses the key mechanisms mediating the regulatory function of type I IFNs in pathogen clearance and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Stifter
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia; and Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia; and Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
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128
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Watson RO, Bell SL, MacDuff DA, Kimmey JM, Diner EJ, Olivas J, Vance RE, Stallings CL, Virgin HW, Cox JS. The Cytosolic Sensor cGAS Detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA to Induce Type I Interferons and Activate Autophagy. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:811-819. [PMID: 26048136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical mediators of antiviral defense, but their elicitation by bacterial pathogens can be detrimental to hosts. Many intracellular bacterial pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, induce type I IFNs following phagosomal membrane perturbations. Cytosolic M. tuberculosis DNA has been implicated as a trigger for IFN production, but the mechanisms remain obscure. We report that the cytosolic DNA sensor, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), is required for activating IFN production via the STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway during M. tuberculosis and L. pneumophila infection of macrophages, whereas L. monocytogenes short-circuits this pathway by producing the STING agonist, c-di-AMP. Upon sensing cytosolic DNA, cGAS also activates cell-intrinsic antibacterial defenses, promoting autophagic targeting of M. tuberculosis. Importantly, we show that cGAS binds M. tuberculosis DNA during infection, providing direct evidence that this unique host-pathogen interaction occurs in vivo. These data uncover a mechanism by which IFN is likely elicited during active human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Samantha L Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Donna A MacDuff
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Kimmey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Elie J Diner
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joanna Olivas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Russell E Vance
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jeffery S Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are known for their key role in antiviral immune responses. In this Review, we discuss accumulating evidence indicating that type I IFNs produced by malignant cells or tumour-infiltrating dendritic cells also control the autocrine or paracrine circuits that underlie cancer immunosurveillance. Many conventional chemotherapeutics, targeted anticancer agents, immunological adjuvants and oncolytic viruses are only fully efficient in the presence of intact type I IFN signalling. Moreover, the intratumoural expression levels of type I IFNs or of IFN-stimulated genes correlate with favourable disease outcome in several cohorts of patients with cancer. Finally, new anticancer immunotherapies are being developed that are based on recombinant type I IFNs, type I IFN-encoding vectors and type I IFN-expressing cells.
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130
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Teles RMB, Kelly-Scumpia KM, Sarno EN, Rea TH, Ochoa MT, Cheng G, Modlin RL. IL-27 Suppresses Antimicrobial Activity in Human Leprosy. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2410-2417. [PMID: 26030183 PMCID: PMC4567935 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which intracellular pathogens trigger immunosuppressive pathways are critical for understanding the pathogenesis of microbial infection. One pathway that inhibits host defense responses involves the induction of type I interferons and subsequently IL-10, yet the mechanism by which type I IFN induces IL-10 remains unclear. Our studies of gene expression profiles derived from leprosy skin lesions suggested a link between IL-27 and the IFN-β induced IL-10 pathway. Here, we demonstrate that the IL-27p28 subunit is upregulated following treatment of monocytes with IFN-β and Mycobacterium leprae, the intracellular bacterium that causes leprosy. The ability of IFN-β and M. leprae to induce IL-10 was diminished by IL-27 knockdown. Additionally, treatment of monocytes with recombinant IL-27 was sufficient to induce the production of IL-10. Functionally, IL-27 inhibited the ability of IFN-γ to trigger antimicrobial activity against M. leprae in infected monocytes. At the site of disease, IL-27 was more strongly expressed in skin lesions of patients with progressive lepromatous leprosy, correlating and colocalizing with IFN-β and IL-10 in macrophages. Together, these data provide evidence that in the human cutaneous immune responses to microbial infection, IL-27 contributes to the suppression of host antimicrobial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane M B Teles
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kindra M Kelly-Scumpia
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Euzenir N Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thomas H Rea
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maria T Ochoa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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131
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Minter MR, Main BS, Brody KM, Zhang M, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. Soluble amyloid triggers a myeloid differentiation factor 88 and interferon regulatory factor 7 dependent neuronal type-1 interferon response in vitro. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:71. [PMID: 25879763 PMCID: PMC4407532 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuro-inflammation has long been implicated as a contributor to the progression of Alzheimer's disease in both humans and animal models. Type-1 interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines critical in mediating the innate immune pro-inflammatory response. The production of type-1 IFNs following pathogen detection is, in part, through the activation of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) and subsequent signalling through myeloid differentiation factor-88 (Myd88) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). We have previously identified that neuronal type-1 IFN signalling, through the type-1 interferon alpha receptor-1 (IFNAR1), is detrimental in models of AD. Using an in vitro approach, this study investigated the TLR network as a potential production pathway for neuronal type-1 IFNs in response to Aβ. METHODS Wildtype and Myd88(-/-) primary cultured cortical and hippocampal neurons were treated with 2.5 μM Aβ1-42 for 24 to 72 h or 1 to 10 μM Aβ1-42 for 72 h. Human BE(2)M17 neuroblastoma cells stably expressing an IRF7 small hairpin RNA (shRNA) or negative control shRNA construct were subjected to 7.5 μM Aβ1-42/Aβ42-1 for 24 to 96 h, 2.5 to 15 μM Aβ1-42 for 96 h or 100 ng/ml LPS for 0.5 to 24 h. Q-PCR was used to analyse IFNα, IFNβ, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα mRNA transcript levels. Phosphorylation of STAT-3 was detected by Western blot analysis, and cell viability was assessed by MTS assay. RESULTS Reduced IFNα, IFNβ, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα expression was detected in Aβ1-42-treated Myd88(-/-) neurons compared to wildtype cells. This correlated with reduced phosphorylation of STAT-3, a downstream type-1 IFN signalling mediator. Significantly, Myd88(-/-) neuronal cultures were protected against Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity compared to wildtype as determined by MTS assay. Knockdown of IRF7 in M17 cells was sufficient in blocking IFNα, IFNβ and p-STAT-3 induction to both Aβ1-42 and the TLR4 agonist LPS. M17 IRF7 KD cells were also protected against Aβ1-42-induced cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that the neuronal type-1 IFN response to soluble amyloid is mediated primarily through TLRs. This production is dependent upon Myd88 and IRF7 signalling. This study suggests that targeting this pathway to modulate neuronal type-1 IFN levels may be beneficial in controlling Aβ-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles Robert Minter
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Bevan Scott Main
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kate Maree Brody
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Moses Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Juliet Marie Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Peter John Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
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132
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McNab F, Mayer-Barber K, Sher A, Wack A, O'Garra A. Type I interferons in infectious disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:87-103. [PMID: 25614319 DOI: 10.1038/nri3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1695] [Impact Index Per Article: 188.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) have diverse effects on innate and adaptive immune cells during infection with viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi, directly and/or indirectly through the induction of other mediators. Type I IFNs are important for host defence against viruses. However, recently, they have been shown to cause immunopathology in some acute viral infections, such as influenza virus infection. Conversely, they can lead to immunosuppression during chronic viral infections, such as lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. During bacterial infections, low levels of type I IFNs may be required at an early stage, to initiate cell-mediated immune responses. High concentrations of type I IFNs may block B cell responses or lead to the production of immunosuppressive molecules, and such concentrations also reduce the responsiveness of macrophages to activation by IFNγ, as has been shown for infections with Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recent studies in experimental models of tuberculosis have demonstrated that prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1 inhibit type I IFN expression and its downstream effects, demonstrating that a cross-regulatory network of cytokines operates during infectious diseases to provide protection with minimum damage to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finlay McNab
- 1] Allergic Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Disease Respiratory Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK. [2] Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council (MRC) National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Katrin Mayer-Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Andreas Wack
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council (MRC) National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Anne O'Garra
- 1] Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council (MRC) National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK. [2] National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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133
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Orme IM, Robinson RT, Cooper AM. The balance between protective and pathogenic immune responses in the TB-infected lung. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:57-63. [PMID: 25521685 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a disease of the lung, and efficient transmission is dependent on the generation of a lesion in the lung, which results in a bacterium-laden cough. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is able to manipulate both the innate and acquired immune response of the host. This manipulation results in an effective CD4(+) T cell response that limits disease throughout the body but can also promote the development of progressively destructive lesions in the lung. In this way Mtb infection can result in an ambulatory individual who has a lesion in the lung capable of transmitting Mtb. The inflammatory environment within the lung lesion is manipulated by Mtb throughout infection and can limit the expression of acquired immunity by a variety of pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Orme
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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134
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Dietzold J, Gopalakrishnan A, Salgame P. Duality of lipid mediators in host response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: good cop, bad cop. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2015; 7:29. [PMID: 25926980 PMCID: PMC4371237 DOI: 10.12703/p7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipid mediators play an important role in infection- and tissue injury-driven inflammatory responses and in the subsequent inhibition and resolution of the response. Here, we discuss recent findings that substantiate how Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes its survival in the host by dysregulation of lipid mediator balance. By inhibiting prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and enhancing lipoxin production, M. tuberculosis induces necrotic death of the macrophage, an environment that favors its growth. These new findings provide opportunities for developing and repurposing therapeutics to modulate lipid mediator balance and enhance M. tuberculosis growth restriction.
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135
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Abstract
A major approach for immunologic intervention in tuberculosis involves redirecting the outcome of the host immune response from the induction of disease to pathogen control. Cytokines and lipid mediators known as eicosanoids play key roles in regulating this balance and as such represent important targets for immunologic intervention. While the evidence for cytokine/eicosanoid function derives largely from the investigation of murine and zebrafish experimental infection models, clinical studies have confirmed the existence of many of the same pathways in tuberculosis patients. Here, we summarize new data that reveal important intersections between the cytokine and eicosanoid networks in the host response to mycobacteria and discuss how targeting this crosstalk can promote resistance to lethal Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. This approach could lead to new host-directed therapies to be used either as an adjunct for improving the efficacy of standard antibiotic treatment or for the management of drug-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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136
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Davidson S, Maini MK, Wack A. Disease-promoting effects of type I interferons in viral, bacterial, and coinfections. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:252-64. [PMID: 25714109 PMCID: PMC4389918 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While type I interferons (IFNs) are universally acknowledged for their antiviral and immunostimulatory functions, there is increasing appreciation of the detrimental effects of inappropriate, excessive, or mistimed type I IFN responses in viral and bacterial infections. The underlying mechanisms by which type I IFNs promote susceptibility or severity include direct tissue damage by apoptosis induction or suppression of proliferation in tissue cells, immunopathology due to excessive inflammation, and cell death induced by TRAIL- and Fas-expressing immune cells, as well as immunosuppression through IL-10, IL-27, PD-L1, IL-1Ra, and other regulatory molecules that antagonize the induction or action of IL-1, IL-12, IL-17, IFN-γ, KC, and other effectors of the immune response. Bacterial superinfections following influenza infection are a prominent example of a situation where type I IFNs can misdirect the immune response. This review discusses current understanding of the parameters of signal strength, duration, timing, location, and cellular recipients that determine whether type I IFNs have beneficial or detrimental effects in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Davidson
- 1 Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research , Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
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137
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Patil T, Garg RK, Jain A, Goel MM, Malhotra HS, Verma R, Singh GP, Sharma PK. Serum and CSF cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in spinal tuberculosis. Inflamm Res 2014; 64:97-106. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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138
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Cardone M, Dzutsev AK, Li H, Riteau N, Gerosa F, Shenderov K, Winkler-Pickett R, Provezza L, Riboldi E, Leighty RM, Orr SJ, Steinhagen F, Wewers MD, Sher A, Anderson SK, Goldszmid R, McVicar DW, Lyakh L, Trinchieri G. Interleukin-1 and interferon-γ orchestrate β-glucan-activated human dendritic cell programming via IκB-ζ modulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114516. [PMID: 25474109 PMCID: PMC4256441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of microbial components via innate receptors including the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1, together with the inflammatory environment, programs dendritic cells (DCs) to orchestrate the magnitude and type of adaptive immune responses. The exposure to β-glucan, a known Dectin-1 agonist and component of fungi, yeasts, and certain immune support supplements, activates DCs to induce T helper (Th)17 cells that are essential against fungal pathogens and extracellular bacteria but may trigger inflammatory pathology or autoimmune diseases. However, the exact mechanisms of DC programming by β-glucan have not yet been fully elucidated. Using a gene expression/perturbation approach, we demonstrate that in human DCs β-glucan transcriptionally activates via an interleukin (IL)-1- and inflammasome-mediated positive feedback late-induced genes that bridge innate and adaptive immunity. We report that in addition to its known ability to directly prime T cells toward the Th17 lineage, IL-1 by promoting the transcriptional cofactor inhibitor of κB-ζ (IκB-ζ) also programs β-glucan-exposed DCs to express cell adhesion and migration mediators, antimicrobial molecules, and Th17-polarizing factors. Interferon (IFN)-γ interferes with the IL-1/IκB-ζ axis in β-glucan-activated DCs and promotes T cell-mediated immune responses with increased release of IFN-γ and IL-22, and diminished production of IL-17. Thus, our results identify IL-1 and IFN-γ as regulators of DC programming by β-glucan. These molecular networks provide new insights into the regulation of the Th17 response as well as new targets for the modulation of immune responses to β-glucan-containing microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cardone
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amiran K. Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hongchuan Li
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Riteau
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Franca Gerosa
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Kevin Shenderov
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robin Winkler-Pickett
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lisa Provezza
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Riboldi
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Leighty
- Data Management Services, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Selinda J. Orr
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Folkert Steinhagen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Wewers
- The Ohio State University, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen K. Anderson
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Romina Goldszmid
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. McVicar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lyudmila Lyakh
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- The Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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139
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Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SH. Perspectives on host adaptation in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Modulation of inflammation. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:533-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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140
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Antimicrobial inflammasomes: unified signalling against diverse bacterial pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2014; 23:32-41. [PMID: 25461570 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes - molecular platforms for caspase-1 activation - have emerged as common hubs for a number of pathways that detect and respond to bacterial pathogens. Caspase-1 activation results in the secretion of bioactive IL-1β and IL-18 and pyroptosis, and thus launches a systemic immune and inflammatory response. In this review we discuss signal transduction leading to 'canonical' and 'non-canonical' activation of caspase-1 through the involvement of upstream caspases. Recent studies have identified a growing number of regulatory networks involving guanylate binding proteins, protein kinases, ubiquitylation and necroptosis related pathways that modulate inflammasome responses and immunity to bacterial infection. By being able to respond to extracellular, vacuolar and cytosolic bacteria, their cytosolic toxins or ligands for cell surface receptors, inflammasomes have emerged as important sentinels of infection.
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141
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Rue-Albrecht K, Magee DA, Killick KE, Nalpas NC, Gordon SV, MacHugh DE. Comparative functional genomics and the bovine macrophage response to strains of the mycobacterium genus. Front Immunol 2014; 5:536. [PMID: 25414700 PMCID: PMC4220711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in cattle and are also potential zoonotic agents with implications for human health. Despite the implementation of comprehensive animal surveillance programs, many mycobacterial diseases have remained recalcitrant to eradication in several industrialized countries. Two major mycobacterial pathogens of cattle are Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agents of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and Johne's disease (JD), respectively. BTB is a chronic, granulomatous disease of the respiratory tract that is spread via aerosol transmission, while JD is a chronic granulomatous disease of the intestines that is transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Although these diseases exhibit differential tissue tropism and distinct complex etiologies, both M. bovis and MAP infect, reside, and replicate in host macrophages - the key host innate immune cell that encounters mycobacterial pathogens after initial exposure and mediates the subsequent immune response. The persistence of M. bovis and MAP in macrophages relies on a diverse series of immunomodulatory mechanisms, including the inhibition of phagosome maturation and apoptosis, generation of cytokine-induced necrosis enabling dissemination of infection through the host, local pathology, and ultimately shedding of the pathogen. Here, we review the bovine macrophage response to infection with M. bovis and MAP. In particular, we describe how recent advances in functional genomics are shedding light on the host macrophage-pathogen interactions that underlie different mycobacterial diseases. To illustrate this, we present new analyses of previously published bovine macrophage transcriptomics data following in vitro infection with virulent M. bovis, the attenuated vaccine strain M. bovis BCG, and MAP, and discuss our findings with respect to the differing etiologies of BTB and JD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Rue-Albrecht
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David A. Magee
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate E. Killick
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Systems Biology Ireland, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicolas C. Nalpas
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen V. Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David E. MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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142
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Zhang G, Zhou B, Li S, Yue J, Yang H, Wen Y, Zhan S, Wang W, Liao M, Zhang M, Zeng G, Feng CG, Sassetti CM, Chen X. Allele-specific induction of IL-1β expression by C/EBPβ and PU.1 contributes to increased tuberculosis susceptibility. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004426. [PMID: 25329476 PMCID: PMC4199770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is associated with a spectrum of clinical outcomes, from long-term latent infection to different manifestations of progressive disease. Pro-inflammatory pathways, such as those controlled by IL-1β, have the contrasting potential both to prevent disease by restricting bacterial replication, and to promote disease by inflicting tissue damage. Thus, the ultimate contribution of individual inflammatory pathways to the outcome of M. tuberculosis infection remains ambiguous. In this study, we identified a naturally-occurring polymorphism in the human IL1B promoter region, which alters the association of the C/EBPβ and PU.1 transcription factors and controls Mtb-induced IL-1β production. The high-IL-1β expressing genotype was associated with the development of active tuberculosis, the severity of pulmonary disease and poor treatment outcome in TB patients. Higher IL-1β expression did not suppress the activity of IFN-γ-producing T cells, but instead correlated with neutrophil accumulation in the lung. These observations support a specific role for IL-1β and granulocytic inflammation as a driver of TB disease progression in humans, and suggest novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. IL-1β is important for the initial establishment of antimicrobial adaptive immunity, but prolonged IL-1β expression can also cause progressive immunopathology during M. tuberculosis infection. The paradoxical activities of IL-1β in promoting both antimycobacterial immunity and chronic tissue damage have left the ultimate contribution of this cytokine to TB progression in human populations unclear. In this work, we address the role of IL-1β-mediated inflammation using a combination of human genetics and molecular biology, and suggest that exuberant IL-1β responses are causatively associated with TB progression and poor treatment outcome in humans. This work furthers our understanding of the immunological factors that underlie TB disease and provide a strong rationale for the development of specific anti-inflammatory adjunctive therapies that could improve the long-term outcome of TB treatment. In addition, these insights inform the design of future TB control efforts that include the rational design of disease-preventing vaccines and genotype-targeted delivery of TB chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Zhang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Guangdong Key Lab of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaoyuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuxin Wen
- Department of Chest Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Senlin Zhan
- Guangdong Key Lab of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenfei Wang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingfeng Liao
- Guangdong Key Lab of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gucheng Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Carl G. Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CMS); (XC)
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Guangdong Key Lab of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (CMS); (XC)
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143
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Bharti D, Kumar A, Mahla RS, Kumar S, Ingle H, Shankar H, Joshi B, Raut AA, Kumar H. The role of TLR9 polymorphism in susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:675-81. [PMID: 25248338 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), a major health problem that leads to 1.5 million deaths annually. Host genetic factors play a significant role in disease resistance/susceptibility by altering immunity against MTB. Toll-like receptor (TLR) sensors such as TLR2, TLR4, TLR8, and TLR9 are known to play a pivotal role in PTB via modulating sensor expression and/or effector responses. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs187084 (T-1486C) of the TLR9 promoter is associated with various autoimmune disorders and cancers. A recent bioinformatic analysis predicted that the T-1486C SNP is involved in PTB, although its potential role is unclear. To investigate the role of T-1486C in PTB, we stimulated PBMCs with the H37Rv whole cell lysate. We found that the presence of the "C" allele increases the transcriptional activity of the TLR9, which in turn induces high levels of Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), a biomarker for PTB. However, the expression of protective cytokines such as IFNγ and TNFα was observed significantly less with "C" allele in comparison to "T" allele. We further selected three different tribe populations showing differential susceptibility to PTB and performed genotypic analyses for the TLR9 promoter. We found a significantly lower minor allele frequency (MAF) of T-1486C in the Baiga tribe, wherein fewer PTB cases were reported, than that in the Gond and Korku tribes. Collectively, these data suggest that the minor "C" allele at rs187084 locus may be associated with susceptibility to PTB, which may explain the relatively lower PTB rates observed in Baiga tribe members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bharti
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Indore-Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 460023, Madhya Pradesh, India
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144
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Eshleman EM, Lenz LL. Type I interferons in bacterial infections: taming of myeloid cells and possible implications for autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:431. [PMID: 25309533 PMCID: PMC4161047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) were first described for their ability to protect the host from viral infections and may also have beneficial effects under specific conditions within some bacterial infections. Yet, these pleiotropic cytokines are now known to exacerbate infections by numerous life-threatening bacteria, including the intracellular pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The evidence that such detrimental effects occur during bacterial infections in both animals and humans argues for selective pressure. In this review, we summarize the evidence demonstrating a pro-bacterial role for type I IFNs and discuss possible mechanisms that have been proposed to explain such effects. The theme emerges that type I IFNs act to suppress myeloid cell immune responses. The evolutionary conservation of such anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in the context of infections, suggests they may be important for limiting chronic inflammation. Given the effectiveness of type I IFNs in treatment of certain autoimmune diseases, their production may also act to raise the threshold for activation of immune responses to self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Eshleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Laurel L Lenz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA ; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health , Denver, CO , USA
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145
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McNab FW, Ewbank J, Howes A, Moreira-Teixeira L, Martirosyan A, Ghilardi N, Saraiva M, O'Garra A. Type I IFN induces IL-10 production in an IL-27-independent manner and blocks responsiveness to IFN-γ for production of IL-12 and bacterial killing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3600-12. [PMID: 25187652 PMCID: PMC4170673 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by the intracellular bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, currently causes ∼1.4 million deaths per year, and it therefore remains a leading global health problem. The immune response during tuberculosis remains incompletely understood, particularly regarding immune factors that are harmful rather than protective to the host. Overproduction of the type I IFN family of cytokines is associated with exacerbated tuberculosis in both mouse models and in humans, although the mechanisms by which type I IFN promotes disease are not well understood. We have investigated the effect of type I IFN on M. tuberculosis–infected macrophages and found that production of host-protective cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-1β is inhibited by exogenous type I IFN, whereas production of immunosuppressive IL-10 is promoted in an IL-27–independent manner. Furthermore, much of the ability of type I IFN to inhibit cytokine production was mediated by IL-10. Additionally, type I IFN compromised macrophage activation by the lymphoid immune response through severely disrupting responsiveness to IFN-γ, including M. tuberculosis killing. These findings describe important mechanisms by which type I IFN inhibits the immune response during tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finlay W McNab
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom;
| | - John Ewbank
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Ashleigh Howes
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Moreira-Teixeira
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute and Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group, Portugal Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; and
| | - Anna Martirosyan
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Ghilardi
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute and Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group, Portugal Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; and
| | - Anne O'Garra
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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146
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Abstract
Autophagy as an immune mechanism controls inflammation and acts as a cell-autonomous defense against intracellular microbes including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An equally significant role of autophagy is its anti-inflammatory and tissue-sparing function. This combination of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions prevents active disease in animal models. In human populations, genetic links between autophagy, inflammatory bowel disease, and susceptibility to tuberculosis provide further support to these combined roles of autophagy. The autophagic control of M. tuberculosis and prevention of progressive disease provide novel insights into physiological and immune control of tuberculosis. It also offers host-based therapeutic opportunities because autophagy can be pharmacologically modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojo Deretic
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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147
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a devastating infectious disease and, with the emergence of multidrug-resistant forms, represents a major global threat. Much of our understanding of pathogenic and immunologic mechanisms in TB has derived from studies in experimental animals. However, it is becoming increasingly clear in TB as well as in other inflammatory diseases that there are substantial differences in immunological responses of humans not found or predicted by animal studies. Thus, it is critically important to understand mechanisms of pathogenesis and immunological protection in humans. In this review, we will address the key immunological question: What are the necessary and sufficient immune responses required for protection against TB infection and disease in people-specifically protection against infection, protection against the establishment of latency or persistence, and protection against transitioning from latent infection to active disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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148
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Xu G, Wang J, Gao GF, Liu CH. Insights into battles between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and macrophages. Protein Cell 2014; 5:728-36. [PMID: 24938416 PMCID: PMC4180456 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As the first line of immune defense for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), macrophages also provide a major habitat for Mtb to reside in the host for years. The battles between Mtb and macrophages have been constant since ancient times. Triggered upon Mtb infection, multiple cellular pathways in macrophages are activated to initiate a tailored immune response toward the invading pathogen and regulate the cellular fates of the host as well. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on macrophages can recognize pathogen-associated-molecular patterns (PAMPs) on Mtb and mediate the production of immune-regulatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and type I Interferons (IFNs). In addition, Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and Vitamin D-1-hydroxylase are up-regulated in Mtb-infected macrophages, by which Vitamin D participates in innate immune responses. The signaling pathways that involve TNF, type I IFNs and Vitamin D are inter-connected, which play critical roles in the regulation of necroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy of the infected macrophages. This review article summarizes current knowledge about the interactions between Mtb and macrophages, focusing on cellular fates of the Mtb-infected macrophages and the regulatory molecules and cellular pathways involved in those processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Xu
- CAS key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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149
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Contribution of increased ISG15, ISGylation and deregulated type I IFN signaling in Usp18 mutant mice during the course of bacterial infections. Genes Immun 2014; 15:282-92. [PMID: 24807690 PMCID: PMC4111656 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Host genetics plays a key role in susceptibility to Salmonella Typhimurium infection. We previously used N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis to identify a loss of function mutation within the gene ubiquitin specific peptidase 18 (Usp18Ity9), which confers increased susceptibility to Salmonella Typhimurium. USP18 functions to regulate type I IFN signaling and as a protease to remove ISG15 from substrate proteins. Usp18Ity9 mice are susceptible to infection with Salmonella Typhimurium and have increased expression and function of ISG15, but Usp18Ity9 mice lacking Isg15 do not show improved survival with Salmonella challenge. Type I IFN signaling is increased in Usp18Ity9 mice and inhibition of type I IFN signaling is associated with improved survival in mutant mice. Hyperactivation of type I IFN signaling leads to increased IL-10, deregulated expression of autophagy markers, and elevated IL-1β and IL-17. Furthermore, Usp18Ity9 mice are more susceptible to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have increased bacterial load in lung and spleen, elevated inflammatory cytokines and more severe lung pathology. These findings demonstrate that regulation of type I IFN signaling is the predominant mechanism affecting the susceptibility of Usp18Ity9 mice to Salmonella infection and that hyperactivation of signaling leads to increased IL-10, deregulation of autophagic markers and increased proinflammatory cytokine production.
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150
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Host-pathogen interactions during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 374:211-41. [PMID: 23881288 DOI: 10.1007/82_2013_332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The intimate and persistent connection between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its human host suggests that the pathogen has evolved extensive mechanisms to evade eradication by the immune system. In particular, the organism has adapted to replicate within phagocytic cells, especially macrophages, which are specialized to kill microbes. Over the past decade of M. tuberculosis research, the means to manipulate both the organism and the host has ushered in an exciting time that has uncovered some of the mechanisms of the innate macrophage-pathogen interactions that lie at the heart of M. tuberculosis pathogenesis, though many interactions likely still await discovery. In this chapter, we will delve into some of these advances, with an emphasis on the interactions that occur on the cellular level when M. tuberculosis cells encounter macrophages. In particular, we focus on two major aspects of M. tuberculosis biology regarding the proximal physical interface between the bacterium and host, namely the interactions with the phagosomal membrane as well as the distinctive mycobacterial cell wall. Importantly, some of the emerging paradigms in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis and host response represent common themes in bacterial pathogenesis, such as the role of host cell membrane perforation in intracellular survival and host response. However, the array of unique bacterial lipid mediators and their interaction with host cells highlights the unique biology of this persistent pathogen.
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