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An NCR1-based chimeric receptor endows T-cells with multiple anti-tumor specificities. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10949-58. [PMID: 25431955 PMCID: PMC4279421 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ral (Ras-like) GTP-binding proteins (RalA and RalB), as effectors of the proto-oncogene Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of the anti-tumor response. Tumor recognition by NK cells was found to be partly triggered by molecules termed natural cytotoxic receptors (NCRs). Adoptive transfer of genetically-engineered tumor-reactive T-lymphocytes can mediate remarkable tumor regressions mostly in melanoma and leukemia patients. Yet, the application of such treatments to other cancers is needed and dependent on the isolation of receptors that could facilitate efficient recognition of these malignancies. Herein, we aimed at combining NK tumor recognition capability with the genetic modification of T-cells to provide the latter with a means to recognize several tumors in a non-MHC restricted way. Consequently, we generated and evaluated several chimeric receptors based on the extracellular domain of NCR1 (NKp46) fused to multiple signaling moieties and assess their antitumor activity when retrovirally expressed in T-cells. Following co-culture with different tumors, primary human T-lymphocytes expressing a chimeric NCR1 molecule recognized target cells derived from lung, cervical carcinoma, leukemia and pancreatic cancer. In addition, this receptor mediated an upregulation of surface activation markers and significant antitumor cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. These results have meaningful implications for the immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer using gene-modified T-cells.
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102
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Le Noci V, Tortoreto M, Gulino A, Storti C, Bianchi F, Zaffaroni N, Tripodo C, Tagliabue E, Balsari A, Sfondrini L. Poly(I:C) and CpG-ODN combined aerosolization to treat lung metastases and counter the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1040214. [PMID: 26451303 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunostimulatory ability of synthetic oligonucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODN), agonists of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), can be harnessed to promote antitumor immunity by their application at the tumor site to stimulate local activation of innate immunity; however, particularly in the lung, tumor-associated immunosuppression can subvert such antitumor innate immune responses. To locally maintain continuous activation of innate subpopulations while inhibiting immunosuppressive cells, we evaluated aerosol delivery CpG-ODN combined with Poly(I:C), a TLR3 agonist able to convert tumor-supporting macrophages to tumoricidal effectors, in the treatment of B16 melanoma lung metastases in C57BL/6 mice. Aerosolization of CpG-ODN with Poly(I:C) into the bronchoalveolar space reduced the presence of M2-associated arginase- and IL-10-secreting macrophages in tumor-bearing lungs and increased the antitumor activity of aerosolized CpG-ODN alone against B16 lung metastases without apparent signs of toxicity or injury of the bronchial-bronchiolar structures and alveolar walls. Moreover, CpG-ODN/Poly(I:C) aerosol combined with dacarbazine, a therapeutic agent used in patients with inoperable metastatic melanoma able to exert immunostimulatory effects, led to a significant increase in antitumor activity as compared to treatments with aerosolized CpG-ODN/Poly(I:C) or dacarbazine alone. This effect was related to an enhanced recruitment and cytotoxic activity of tumor-infiltrating NK cells in the lung. Our results point to aerosol delivery as a convenient approach for repeated applications of immunostimulants in patients with lung metastases to maintain a continuous local activation of innate immune cells while suppressing polarization of tumor-infiltrating macrophages to an M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Le Noci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano ; Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Tortoreto
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori ; Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Dipartimento PRO.SA.MI; Unità di Immunologia dei Tumori; Universita degli Studi di Palermo ; Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Storti
- Molecular Targeting Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori ; Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano ; Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori ; Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Dipartimento PRO.SA.MI; Unità di Immunologia dei Tumori; Universita degli Studi di Palermo ; Palermo, Italy
| | - Elda Tagliabue
- Molecular Targeting Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori ; Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Balsari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano ; Milan, Italy ; Molecular Targeting Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori ; Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Sfondrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano ; Milan, Italy
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103
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Gras Navarro A, Björklund AT, Chekenya M. Therapeutic potential and challenges of natural killer cells in treatment of solid tumors. Front Immunol 2015; 6:202. [PMID: 25972872 PMCID: PMC4413815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that hold tremendous potential for effective immunotherapy for a broad range of cancers. Due to the mode of NK cell killing, requiring one-to-one target engagement and site-directed release of cytolytic granules, the therapeutic potential of NK cells has been most extensively explored in hematological malignancies. However, their ability to precisely kill antibody coated cells, cancer stem cells, and genotoxically altered cells, while maintaining tolerance to healthy cells makes them appealing therapeutic effectors for all cancer forms, including metastases. Due to their release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, NK cells may potently reverse the anti-inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) and augment adaptive immune responses by promoting differentiation, activation, and/or recruitment of accessory immune cells to sites of malignancy. Nevertheless, integrated and coordinated mechanisms of subversion of NK cell activity against the tumor and its microenvironment exist. Although our understanding of the receptor ligand interactions that regulate NK cell functionality has evolved remarkably, the diversity of ligands and receptors is complex, as is their mechanistic foundations in regulating NK cell function. In this article, we review the literature and highlight how the TME manipulates the NK cell phenotypes, genotypes, and tropism to evade tumor recognition and elimination. We discuss counter strategies that may be adopted to augment the efficacy of NK cell anti-tumor surveillance, the clinical trials that have been undertaken so far in solid malignancies, critically weighing the challenges and opportunities with this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas T Björklund
- Karolinska University Hospital, Hematology Center and Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Martha Chekenya
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
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104
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Yossef R, Gur C, Shemesh A, Guttman O, Hadad U, Nedvetzki S, Miletić A, Nalbandyan K, Cerwenka A, Jonjic S, Mandelboim O, Porgador A. Targeting natural killer cell reactivity by employing antibody to NKp46: implications for type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118936. [PMID: 25719382 PMCID: PMC4342013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate lymphoid cells. Their cytotoxic activity is regulated by the delicate balance between activating and inhibitory signals. NKp46 is a member of the primary activating receptors of NK cells. We previously reported that the NKp46 receptor is involved in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Subsequently, we hypothesized that blocking this receptor could prevent or hinder disease development. To address this goal, we developed monoclonal antibodies for murine NKp46. One mAb, named NCR1.15, recognizes the mouse homologue protein of NKp46, named Ncr1, and was able to down-regulate the surface expression of NKp46 on primary murine NK cells following antibody injection in vivo. Additionally, NCR1.15 treatments were able to down-regulate cytotoxic activity mediated by NKp46, but not by other NK receptors. To test our primary assumption, we examined T1D development in two models, non-obese diabetic mice and low-dose streptozotocin. Our results show a significantly lower incidence of diabetic mice in the NCR1.15-treated group compared to control groups. This study directly demonstrates the involvement of NKp46 in T1D development and suggests a novel treatment strategy for early insulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Yossef
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Chamutal Gur
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Avishai Shemesh
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ofer Guttman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Uzi Hadad
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Shlomo Nedvetzki
- BioLineRx Ltd., 19 Hartum Street, P.O. Box 45158. Jerusalem 91450, Israel
| | - Antonija Miletić
- Center for Proteomics and Department for Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics and Department for Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- * E-mail:
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105
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Horton NC, Mathew PA. NKp44 and Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors as Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Recognition Receptors. Front Immunol 2015; 6:31. [PMID: 25699048 PMCID: PMC4313717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a key constituent of the innate immune system, protecting against bacteria, virally infected cells, and cancer. Recognition and protective function against such cells are dictated by activating and inhibitory receptors on the surface of the NK cell, which bind to specific ligands on the surface of target cells. Among the activating receptors is a small class of specialized receptors termed the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) comprised of NKp30, NKp46, and NKp44. The NCRs are key receptors in the recognition and termination of virally infected and tumor cells. Since their discovery over 10 years ago, ligands corresponding to the NCRs have largely remained elusive. Recent identification of the cellular ligands for NKp44 and NKp30 as exosomal proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and HLA-B-associated transcript 3 (BAT3), respectively, implicate that NCRs may function as receptors for damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules. In this review, we focus on NKp44, which surprisingly recognizes two distinct ligands resulting in either activation or inhibition of NK cell effector responses in response to tumor cells. The inhibitory function of NKp44 requires further study as it may play a pivotal role in placentation in addition to being exploited by tumors as a mechanism to escape NK cell killing. Finally, we suggest that the NCRs are a class of pattern recognition receptors, which recognize signals of genomic instability and cellular stress via interaction with the c-terminus of DAMP molecules localized to the surface of target cells by various co-ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Horton
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, TX , USA
| | - Porunelloor A Mathew
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, TX , USA
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106
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells (ILC) known for their ability to recognize and rapidly eliminate infected or transformed cells. Consequently, NK cells are fundamental for host protection against virus infections and malignancies. Even though the critical role of NK cells in cancer immunosurveillance was suspected years ago, the underlying mechanisms took time to be unraveled. Today, it is clear that anti-tumor functions of NK cells are tightly regulated and expand far beyond the simple killing of malignant cells. In spite of tremendous steps made in understanding the NK cell biology, further work is warranted to fully exploit the anticancer potential of these cells. Indeed, tumor-mediated immune suppression hampers NK cell activity, thus complicating their stimulation for therapeutic purposes. Herein, we review the current knowledge of NK cell functions in anti-tumor immunity . We discuss NK cell activity in the cancer immunoediting process with particular emphasis on the elimination and escape phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Guillerey
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, Australia. .,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
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107
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Monomethyl fumarate augments NK cell lysis of tumor cells through degranulation and the upregulation of NKp46 and CD107a. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 13:57-64. [PMID: 25435072 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a new drug used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Here, we examined the effects of DMF and the DMF metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) on various activities of natural killer (NK) cells. We demonstrated that MMF augments the primary CD56(+), but not CD56(-), NK cell lysis of K562 and RAJI tumor cells. MMF induced NKp46 expression on the surface of CD56(+), but not CD56(-), NK cells after incubation for 24 h. This effect was closely correlated with the upregulation of CD107a expression on the surface of CD56(+) NK cells and the induction of Granzyme B release from these cells through this metabolite. An anti-NKp46 antibody inhibited the MMF-induced upregulation of CD107a and the lysis of tumor cells through CD56(+) NK cells. Thus, these results are the first to show that MMF augments CD56(+) NK cell lysis of tumor target cells, an effect mediated through NKp46. This novel effect suggests the use of MMF for therapeutic and/or preventive protocols in cancer.
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108
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The marginating-pulmonary immune compartment in mice exhibits increased NK cytotoxicity and unique cellular characteristics. Immunol Res 2014; 58:28-39. [PMID: 24132552 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To test whether marginating-pulmonary (MP) leukocytes in mice have a unique potential to identify and destroy aberrant circulating cells, we compared MP to circulating leukocytes with respect to natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity, proinflammatory characteristics, molecular determinants of activation, and response to IL-12 immunostimulation. Cytotoxicity was assessed employing the YAC-1, B16F10, and 3LL target lines. C57BL/6 mice were injected with either saline or murine IL-12 (0.1 or 0.5 µg/mouse), either once or three times 48-h apart. Twenty-four hours after last injection, cardiac blood was withdrawn and MP leukocytes were collected by forced lung perfusion. NK cytotoxicity, cellular composition, and surface molecular markers were studied. MP leukocytes exhibited greater NK cytotoxicity than circulating leukocytes against the syngeneic B16F10 and 3LL tumor lines, but not against the allogeneic YAC-1 line. NKG2D and IL-12 receptor expression predicted NK cytotoxicity in circulating leukocytes, but not in MP leukocytes. IFNγ-receptor, IL-12-receptor, CD69, CD11a, and CD11b showed different patterns of expression in the two leukocyte populations, suggesting pro-inflammatory characteristics of the MP compartment. IL-12 stimulation caused differential effects on these markers and also elevated cytotoxicity in both compartments, but in different effector: target ratio-dependent patterns. MP leukocytes may play a critical role in eliminating aberrant circulating cells due to their enhanced NK cytotoxicity and given their strategic location in the lungs vasculature, which forces physical interactions with all circulating aberrant cells. MP-NK cells are unique in their cytotoxic mechanisms against syngeneic targets and in their activation profile and response to immunostimulatory agents.
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109
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NK cell phenotypic modulation in lung cancer environment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109976. [PMID: 25299645 PMCID: PMC4192363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nature killer (NK) cells play an important role in anti-tumor immunotherapy. But it indicated that tumor cells impacted possibly on NK cell normal functions through some molecules mechanisms in tumor microenvironment. Materials and methods Our study analyzed the change about NK cells surface markers (NK cells receptors) through immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and real-time PCR, the killed function from mouse spleen NK cell and human high/low lung cancer cell line by co-culture. Furthermore we certificated the above result on the lung cancer model of SCID mouse. Results We showed that the infiltration of NK cells in tumor periphery was related with lung cancer patients' prognosis. And the number of NK cell infiltrating in lung cancer tissue is closely related to the pathological types, size of the primary cancer, smoking history and prognosis of the patients with lung cancer. The expression of NK cells inhibitor receptors increased remarkably in tumor micro-environment, in opposite, the expression of NK cells activated receptors decrease magnificently. Conclusions The survival time of lung cancer patient was positively related to NK cell infiltration degree in lung cancer. Thus, the down-regulation of NKG2D, Ly49I and the up-regulation of NKG2A may indicate immune tolerance mechanism and facilitate metastasis in tumor environment. Our research will offer more theory for clinical strategy about tumor immunotherapy.
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110
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Marcus A, Gowen BG, Thompson TW, Iannello A, Ardolino M, Deng W, Wang L, Shifrin N, Raulet DH. Recognition of tumors by the innate immune system and natural killer cells. Adv Immunol 2014; 122:91-128. [PMID: 24507156 PMCID: PMC4228931 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800267-4.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, roles of the immune system in immune surveillance of cancer have been explored using a variety of approaches. The roles of the adaptive immune system have been a major emphasis, but increasing evidence supports a role for innate immune effector cells such as natural killer (NK) cells in tumor surveillance. Here, we discuss some of the evidence for roles in tumor surveillance of innate immune cells. In particular, we focus on NK cells and other immune cells that express germline-encoded receptors, often labeled NK receptors. The impact of these receptors and the cells that express them on tumor suppression is summarized. We discuss in detail some of the pathways and events in tumor cells that induce or upregulate cell-surface expression of the ligands for these receptors, and the logic of how those pathways serve to identify malignant, or potentially malignant cells. How tumors often evade tumor suppression mediated by innate killer cells is another major subject of the review. We end with a discussion on some of the implications of the various findings with respect to possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Marcus
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Benjamin G Gowen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Thornton W Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Alexandre Iannello
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Weiwen Deng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Nataliya Shifrin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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111
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Parsons MS, Tang CC, Jegaskanda S, Center RJ, Brooks AG, Stratov I, Kent SJ. Anti-HIV antibody-dependent activation of NK cells impairs NKp46 expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:308-15. [PMID: 24319263 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is much interest in the potential of Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to slow disease progression following HIV infection. Despite several studies demonstrating a positive association between ADCC and slower disease progression, it is possible that continued stimulation of NK cells by ADCC during chronic HIV infection could render these cells dysfunctional. Indeed, activation of NK cells by ADCC results in matrix metalloproteinase-induced reductions in CD16 expression and activation refractory periods. In addition, ex vivo analyses of NK cells from HIV-infected individuals revealed other alterations in phenotype, such as decreased expression of the activating NKp46 receptor that is essential for NK-mediated antitumor responses and immunity from infection. Because NKp46 shares a signaling pathway with CD16, we hypothesized that activation-induced downregulation of both receptors could be controlled by a common mechanism. We found that activation of NK cells by anti-HIV or anti-CD16 Abs resulted in NKp46 downregulation. The addition of a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor attenuated NKp46 downregulation following NK cell activation by anti-HIV Abs. Consequently, these results suggest that continued stimulation through CD16 has the potential to impair natural cytotoxicity via attenuation of NKp46-dependent signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
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112
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Fregni G, Messaoudene M, Fourmentraux-Neves E, Mazouz-Dorval S, Chanal J, Maubec E, Marinho E, Scheer-Senyarich I, Cremer I, Avril MF, Caignard A. Phenotypic and functional characteristics of blood natural killer cells from melanoma patients at different clinical stages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76928. [PMID: 24204708 PMCID: PMC3799851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomas are aggressive skin tumors characterized by high metastatic potential. Immunotherapy is a valuable alternative for metastatic melanoma patients resistant to chemotherapy. Natural Killer (NK) cells are efficient anti-tumor cytotoxic effectors. We previously showed that blood NK cells from stage IV metastatic melanoma patients display decreased NK receptors and that chemotherapy modifies the functional status of blood NK cells. To investigate the role of NK cells along melanoma progression, we have here studied NK cells from patients at different stages of the disease. First, we showed that ex vivo NK cells from certain stage III-IV patients displayed low degranulation potential. Using a dynamic label-free assay, we found that immunoselected IL-2 activated blood NK cells from patients efficiently lysed melanoma cells through NKp46 and NKG2D receptors, independently to the clinical stage. Moreover, the ex vivo phenotype of circulating NK cells from 33 patients (stage I to IV) was extensively analyzed. NK cells from patients displayed higher variability in the percentages of Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors (NCR) and Natural Killer Group 2D (NKG2D) receptor expression compared to donor NK cells. The main defect was the decreased expression of NCR1 (NKp46) by NK cells from metastatic patients. Interestingly, we found a positive correlation between the NK cell percentages of NKp46 and the duration of stage IV in melanoma patients. Finally, we showed that NK cells infiltrated primary melanomas and displayed a predominant peritumoral distribution. These results are new arguments for the development of NK-based therapies in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fregni
- Cochin Institute, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Meriem Messaoudene
- Cochin Institute, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Fourmentraux-Neves
- Cochin Institute, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sarra Mazouz-Dorval
- Cochin Institute, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Johan Chanal
- Cochin Institute, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Descartes, Department of Dermatology, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eve Maubec
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Diderot, Department of Dermatology and Department of Pathology, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo Marinho
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Diderot, Department of Dermatology and Department of Pathology, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Scheer-Senyarich
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Diderot, Department of Dermatology and Department of Pathology, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie-Françoise Avril
- Cochin Institute, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Descartes, Department of Dermatology, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anne Caignard
- Cochin Institute, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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113
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Characterization of a novel NKG2D and NKp46 double-mutant mouse reveals subtle variations in the NK cell repertoire. Blood 2013; 121:5025-33. [PMID: 23649470 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-471607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoreceptors NKG2D and NKp46 are known for their capacity to activate natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and secretory responses in the contexts of tumors and infections, yet their roles in NK cell education remain unclear. Here, we provide the first characterization of mice deficient for both NKG2D and NKp46 receptors to address the relevance of their concomitant absence during NK cell development and function. Our findings reveal that NK cells develop normally in double-mutant (DKO) mice. Mice lacking NKG2D but not NKp46 showed subtle differences in the percentages of NK cells expressing inhibitory Ly49 receptors and the adhesion molecule DNAM-1. A slightly increased percentage of terminally differentiated NK cells and functional response to in vitro stimuli was observed in some experiments. These alterations were modest and did not affect NK cell function in vivo in response to mouse cytomegalovirus infection. NKp46 deficiency alone, or in combination with NKG2D deficiency, had no effect on frequency or function of NK cells.
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114
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Hudspeth K, Silva-Santos B, Mavilio D. Natural cytotoxicity receptors: broader expression patterns and functions in innate and adaptive immune cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:69. [PMID: 23518691 PMCID: PMC3603285 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) have been classically defined as activating receptors delivering potent signals to Natural Killer (NK) cells in order to lyze harmful cells and to produce inflammatory cytokines. Indeed, the elicitation of NK cell effector functions after engagement of NCRs with their ligands on tumor or virus infected cells without the need for prior antigen recognition is one of the main mechanisms that allow a rapid clearance of target cells. The three known NCRs, NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30, comprise a family of germ-line encoded Ig-like trans-membrane (TM) receptors. Until recently, NCRs were thought to be NK cell specific surface molecules, thus making it possible to easily distinguish NK cells from phenotypically similar cell types. Moreover, it has also been found that the surface expression of NKp46 is conserved on NK cells across mammalian species. This discovery allowed for the use of NKp46 as a reliable marker to identify NK cells in different animal models, a comparison that was not possible before due to the lack of a common and comprehensive receptor repertoire between different species. However, several studies over the recent few years indicated that NCR expression is not exclusively confined to NK cells, but is also present on populations of T as well as of NK-like lymphocytes. These insights raised the hypothesis that the induced expression of NCRs on certain T cell subsets is governed by defined mechanisms involving the engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR) and the action of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In turn, the acquisition of NCRs by T cell subsets is also associated with a functional independence of these Ig-like TM receptors from TCR signaling. Here, we review these novel findings with respect to NCR-mediated functions of NK cells and we also discuss the functional consequences of NCR expression on non-NK cells, with a particular focus on the T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hudspeth
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center Rozzano, Milan, Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan Milan, Italy
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115
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Mair KH, Müllebner A, Essler SE, Duvigneau JC, Storset AK, Saalmüller A, Gerner W. Porcine CD8αdim/-NKp46high NK cells are in a highly activated state. Vet Res 2013; 44:13. [PMID: 23452562 PMCID: PMC3599810 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in the early phase of immune responses against various pathogens. In swine so far only little information about this lymphocyte population exists. Phenotypical analyses with newly developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against porcine NKp46 recently revealed that in blood NKp46- and NKp46+ cells with NK phenotype exist with comparable cytotoxic properties. In spleen a third NKp46-defined population with NK phenotype was observed that was characterised by a low to negative CD8α and increased NKp46 expression. In the current study it is shown that this NKp46high phenotype was correlated with an increased expression of CD16 and CD27 compared to the CD8α+NKp46- and NKp46+ NK-cell subsets in spleen and blood. Additionally NKp46high NK cells expressed elevated levels of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 on mRNA level. Functional analyses revealed that splenic NKp46high NK cells produced much higher levels of Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α upon stimulation with cytokines or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate/Ionomycin compared to the other two subsets. Furthermore, cross-linking of NKp46 by NKp46-specific mAbs led to a superior CD107a expression in the NKp46high NK cells, thus indicating a higher cytolytic capacity of this subset. Therefore porcine splenic NKp46high NK cells represent a highly activated subset of NK cells and may play a profound role in the immune surveillance of this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Müllebner
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine E Essler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - J Catharina Duvigneau
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne K Storset
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146, Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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116
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Activating natural cytotoxicity receptors of natural killer cells in cancer and infection. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:182-91. [PMID: 23414611 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are central players in the vertebrate immune system that rapidly eliminate malignantly transformed or infected cells. The natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) NKp30, NKp44, and NKp46 are important mediators of NK cell cytotoxicity, which trigger an immune response on recognition of cognate cellular and viral ligands. Tumour and viral immune escape strategies targeting these receptor-ligand systems impair NK cell cytotoxicity and promote disease. Therefore, a molecular understanding of the function of the NCRs in immunosurveillance is instrumental to discovering novel access points to combat infections and cancer.
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117
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Sfondrini L, Sommariva M, Tortoreto M, Meini A, Piconese S, Calvaruso M, Van Rooijen N, Bonecchi R, Zaffaroni N, Colombo MP, Tagliabue E, Balsari A. Anti-tumor activity of CpG-ODN aerosol in mouse lung metastases. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:383-93. [PMID: 23319306 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies in preclinical models have demonstrated the superior anti-tumor effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) when administered at the tumor site rather than systemically. We evaluated the effect of aerosolized CpG-ODN on lung metastases in mice injected with immunogenic N202.1A mammary carcinoma cells or weakly immunogenic B16 melanoma cells. Upon reaching the bronchoalveolar space, aerosolized CpG-ODN activated a local immune response, as indicated by production of IL-12p40, IFN-γ and IL-1β and by recruitment and maturation of DC cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice. Treatment with aerosolized CpG-ODN induced an expansion of CD4+ cells in lung and was more efficacious than systemic i.p. administration against experimental lung metastases of immunogenic N202.1A mammary carcinoma cells, whereas only i.p. delivery of CpG-ODN provided anti-tumor activity, which correlated with NK cell expansion in the lung, against lung metastases of the poorly immunogenic B16 melanoma. The inefficacy of aerosol therapy to induce NK expansion was related to the presence of immunosuppressive macrophages in B16 tumor-bearing lungs, as mice depleted of these cells by clodronate treatment responded to aerosol CpG-ODN through expansion of the NK cell population and significantly reduced numbers of lung metastases. Our results indicate that tumor immunogenicity and the tumor-induced immunosuppressive environment are critical factors to the success of CpG therapy in the lung, and point to the value of routine sampling of the lung immune environment in defining an optimal immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sfondrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Scatena R, Bottoni P, Giardina B. Circulating tumour cells and cancer stem cells: a role for proteomics in defining the interrelationships between function, phenotype and differentiation with potential clinical applications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1835:129-43. [PMID: 23228700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Research on the discovery and implementation of valid cancer biomarkers is one of the most challenging fields in oncology and oncoproteomics in particular. Moreover, it is generally accepted that an evaluation of cancer biomarkers from the blood could significantly enable biomarker assessments by providing a relatively non-invasive source of representative tumour material. In this regard, circulating tumour cells (CTCs) isolated from the blood of metastatic cancer patients have significant promise. It has been demonstrated that localised and metastatic cancers may give rise to CTCs, which are detectable in the bloodstream. Despite technical difficulties, recent studies have highlighted the prognostic significance of the presence and number of CTCs in the blood. Future studies are necessary not only to detect CTCs but also to characterise them. Furthermore, another pathogenically significant type of cancer cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or more recently termed circulating tumour stem cells (CTSCs), appears to have a significant role as a subpopulation of CTCs. This review discusses the potential application of proteomic methodologies to improve the isolation and characterisation of CTCs and to distinguish between CTCs with a poor clinical significance and those with important biological and clinical implications.
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119
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Seidel E, Glasner A, Mandelboim O. Virus-mediated inhibition of natural cytotoxicity receptor recognition. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3911-20. [PMID: 22547090 PMCID: PMC11115132 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a part of the innate immune system that functions mainly to kill transformed and infected cells. Their activity is controlled by signals derived from a panel of activating and inhibitory receptors. The natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs): NKp30, NKp44, and NKp46 (NCR1 in mice) are prominent among the activating NK cell receptors and they are, notably, the only NK-activating receptors that are able to recognize pathogen-derived ligands. In addition, the NCRs also recognize cellular ligands, the identity of which remains largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding viruses that are recognized by the NCRs, focusing on the diverse immune-evasion mechanisms employed by viruses to escape this detection. We also discuss the unique role the NCRs have in regulating NK cell activity with particular emphasis on the in vivo function of NKp46/NCR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Seidel
- The Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariella Glasner
- The Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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120
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Human herpesviridae methods of natural killer cell evasion. Adv Virol 2012; 2012:359869. [PMID: 22829821 PMCID: PMC3399383 DOI: 10.1155/2012/359869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses cause diseases of considerable morbidity and mortality, ranging from encephalitis to hematologic malignancies. As evidence emerges about the role of innate immunity and natural killer (NK) cells in the control of herpesvirus infection, evidence of viral methods of innate immune evasion grows as well. These methods include interference with the ligands on infected cell surfaces that bind NK cell activating or inhibitory receptors. This paper summarizes the most extensively studied NK cell receptor/ligand pairs and then describes the methods of NK cell evasion used by all eight herpesviruses through these receptors and ligands. Although great strides have been made in elucidating their mechanisms, there is still a disparity between viruses in the amount of knowledge regarding innate immune evasion. Further research of herpesvirus innate immune evasion can provide insight for circumventing viral mechanisms in future therapies.
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