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Zingoni A, Antonangeli F, Sozzani S, Santoni A, Cippitelli M, Soriani A. The senescence journey in cancer immunoediting. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:68. [PMID: 38561826 PMCID: PMC10983694 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression is continuously controlled by the immune system which can identify and destroy nascent tumor cells or inhibit metastatic spreading. However, the immune system and its deregulated activity in the tumor microenvironment can also promote tumor progression favoring the outgrowth of cancers capable of escaping immune control, in a process termed cancer immunoediting. This process, which has been classified into three phases, i.e. "elimination", "equilibrium" and "escape", is influenced by several cancer- and microenvironment-dependent factors. Senescence is a cellular program primed by cells in response to different pathophysiological stimuli, which is based on long-lasting cell cycle arrest and the secretion of numerous bioactive and inflammatory molecules. Because of this, cellular senescence is a potent immunomodulatory factor promptly recruiting immune cells and actively promoting tissue remodeling. In the context of cancer, these functions can lead to both cancer immunosurveillance and immunosuppression. In this review, the authors will discuss the role of senescence in cancer immunoediting, highlighting its context- and timing-dependent effects on the different three phases, describing how senescent cells promote immune cell recruitment for cancer cell elimination or sustain tumor microenvironment inflammation for immune escape. A potential contribution of senescent cells in cancer dormancy, as a mechanism of therapy resistance and cancer relapse, will be discussed with the final objective to unravel the immunotherapeutic implications of senescence modulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Antonangeli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, 86077, Italy
| | - Marco Cippitelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Soriani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy.
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2
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Hawly J, Murcar MG, Schcolnik-Cabrera A, Issa ME. Glioblastoma stem cell metabolism and immunity. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10183-w. [PMID: 38530545 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Despite enormous efforts being invested in the development of novel therapies for brain malignancies, there remains a dire need for effective treatments, particularly for pediatric glioblastomas. Their poor prognosis has been attributed to the fact that conventional therapies target tumoral cells, but not glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). GSCs are characterized by self-renewal, tumorigenicity, poor differentiation, and resistance to therapy. These characteristics represent the fundamental tools needed to recapitulate the tumor and result in a relapse. The mechanisms by which GSCs alter metabolic cues and escape elimination by immune cells are discussed in this article, along with potential strategies to harness effector immune cells against GSCs. As cellular immunotherapy is making significant advances in a variety of cancers, leveraging this underexplored reservoir may result in significant improvements in the treatment options for brain malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hawly
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Dekouaneh, Lebanon
| | - Micaela G Murcar
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | | | - Mark E Issa
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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3
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Chuang YM, Tzeng SF, Ho PC, Tsai CH. Immunosurveillance encounters cancer metabolism. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:471-488. [PMID: 38216787 PMCID: PMC10897436 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00038-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells reprogram nutrient acquisition and metabolic pathways to meet their energetic, biosynthetic, and redox demands. Similarly, metabolic processes in immune cells support host immunity against cancer and determine differentiation and fate of leukocytes. Thus, metabolic deregulation and imbalance in immune cells within the tumor microenvironment have been reported to drive immune evasion and to compromise therapeutic outcomes. Interestingly, emerging evidence indicates that anti-tumor immunity could modulate tumor heterogeneity, aggressiveness, and metabolic reprogramming, suggesting that immunosurveillance can instruct cancer progression in multiple dimensions. This review summarizes our current understanding of how metabolic crosstalk within tumors affects immunogenicity of tumor cells and promotes cancer progression. Furthermore, we explain how defects in the metabolic cascade can contribute to developing dysfunctional immune responses against cancers and discuss the contribution of immunosurveillance to these defects as a feedback mechanism. Finally, we highlight ongoing clinical trials and new therapeutic strategies targeting cellular metabolism in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Chuang
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sheue-Fen Tzeng
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Chin-Hsien Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Pagliuca S, Ferraro F. Immune-driven clonal cell selection at the intersection among cancer, infections, autoimmunity and senescence. Semin Hematol 2024; 61:22-34. [PMID: 38341340 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Immune surveillance mechanisms play a crucial role in maintaining lifelong immune homeostasis in response to pathologic stimuli and aberrant cell states. However, their persistence, especially in the context of chronic antigenic exposure, can create a fertile ground for immune evasion. These escaping cell phenotypes, harboring a variety of genomic and transcriptomic aberrances, chiefly in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and antigen presentation machinery genes, may survive and proliferate, featuring a scenario of clonal cell expansion with immune failure characteristics. While well characterized in solid and, to some extent, hematological malignancies, little is known about their occurrence and significance in other disease contexts. Historical literature highlights the role for escaping HLA-mediated recognition as a strategy adopted by virus to evade from the immune system, hinting at the potential for immune aberrant cell expansion in the context of chronic infections. Additionally, unmasked in idiopathic aplastic anemia as a mechanism able to rescue failing hematopoiesis, HLA clonal escape may operate in autoimmune disorders, particularly in tissues targeted by aberrant immune responses. Furthermore, senescent cell status emerging as immunogenic phenotypes stimulating T cell responses, may act as a bottleneck for the selection of such immune escaping clones, blurring the boundaries between neoplastic transformation, aging and inflammation. Here we provide a fresh overview and perspective on this immune-driven clonal cell expansion, linking pathophysiological features of neoplastic, autoimmune, infectious and senescence processes exposed to immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pagliuca
- Hematology Department, Nancy University Hospital and UMR7365, IMoPA, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Francesca Ferraro
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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Baird L, Yamamoto M. Immunoediting of KEAP1-NRF2 mutant tumours is required to circumvent NRF2-mediated immune surveillance. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102904. [PMID: 37839356 PMCID: PMC10590843 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In human cancer, activating mutations in the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway are frequently observed, and positively selected for, as they confer the cytoprotective functions of the transcription factor NRF2 on the cancer cells. This results in the development of aggressive tumours which are resistant to treatment with chemotherapeutic compounds. Recent clinical developments have also revealed that NRF2-activated cancers are similarly resistant to immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs. As the mechanism of action of these immune modulating therapies is tangential to the classical cytoprotective function of NRF2, it is unclear how aberrant NRF2 activity could impact the anti-cancer functionality of the immune system. In this context, we found that in human cancer, NRF2-activated cells are highly immunoedited, which allows the cancer cells to escape immune surveillance and develop into malignant tumours. This immunoediting takes the form of reduced antigen presentation by the MHC-I complex, coupled with reduced expression of activating ligands for NK cells. Together, these modifications to the immunogenicity of NRF2-activated cancers inhibit immune effector cell infiltration and engagement, and contribute to the formation of the immunologically cold tumour microenvironment which is a characteristic feature of NRF2-activated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Baird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tohoku University, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tohoku University, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Meraviglia-Crivelli D, Villanueva H, Zheleva A, Villalba-Esparza M, Moreno B, Menon AP, Calvo A, Cebollero J, Barainka M, de los Mozos IR, Huesa-Berral C, Pastor F. IL-6/STAT3 signaling in tumor cells restricts the expression of frameshift-derived neoantigens by SMG1 induction. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:211. [PMID: 36443756 PMCID: PMC9703761 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality and quantity of tumor neoantigens derived from tumor mutations determines the fate of the immune response in cancer. Frameshift mutations elicit better tumor neoantigens, especially when they are not targeted by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). For tumor progression, malignant cells need to counteract the immune response including the silencing of immunodominant neoantigens (antigen immunoediting) and promoting an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Although NMD inhibition has been reported to induce tumor immunity and increase the expression of cryptic neoantigens, the possibility that NMD activity could be modulated by immune forces operating in the tumor microenvironment as a new immunoediting mechanism has not been addressed. METHODS We study the effect of SMG1 expression (main kinase that initiates NMD) in the survival and the nature of the tumor immune infiltration using TCGA RNAseq and scRNAseq datasets of breast, lung and pancreatic cancer. Different murine tumor models were used to corroborate the antitumor immune dependencies of NMD. We evaluate whether changes of SMG1 expression in malignant cells impact the immune response elicited by cancer immunotherapy. To determine how NMD fluctuates in malignant cells we generated a luciferase reporter system to track NMD activity in vivo under different immune conditions. Cytokine screening, in silico studies and functional assays were conducted to determine the regulation of SMG1 via IL-6/STAT3 signaling. RESULTS IL-6/STAT3 signaling induces SMG1, which limits the expression of potent frameshift neoantigens that are under NMD control compromising the outcome of the immune response. CONCLUSION We revealed a new neoantigen immunoediting mechanism regulated by immune forces (IL-6/STAT3 signaling) responsible for silencing otherwise potent frameshift mutation-derived neoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Meraviglia-Crivelli
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Helena Villanueva
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angelina Zheleva
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Villalba-Esparza
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Beatriz Moreno
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ashwathi Puravankara Menon
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Calvo
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271IDISNA, CIBERONC, Program in Solid Tumors (CIMA), Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Avenida Pío XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Cebollero
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Martin Barainka
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Igor Ruiz de los Mozos
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Gene Therapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.424222.00000 0001 2242 5374Department of Personalized Medicine, NASERTIC, Government of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Huesa-Berral
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, School of Science, University of Navarra, E-31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Fernando Pastor
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.5924.a0000000419370271Department of Molecular Therapies, CIMA (Center for Applied Medical Research) University of Navarre, Av. de Pío XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Baxevanis CN, Goulielmaki M, Adamaki M, Fortis SP. The thin red line between the immune system and cancer evolution. Transl Oncol 2022; 27:101555. [PMID: 36265329 PMCID: PMC9587340 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer immunoediting theory describes the dual ability of endogenous antitumor immunity to inhibit or promote progressing cancers. Tumor-specific neoantigens arising from somatic mutations serve as targets for the endogenous T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity and therefore possess a crucial role for tumor development. Additionally, targeting these molecules is conceptually appealing because neoantigens are not expressed in healthy tissue and therefore confer less toxicity and greater specificity when used in therapeutic interventions. Moreover, intratumor neo-antigenic heterogeneity is believed to play a pivotal role in the activation of adaptive immunity and in the efficacy of immunotherapies that are based on immune checkpoint inhibition. In this respect, mutual interactions between tumor cells and immune lymphocytes regulate the levels of antitumor immunity, but also shape tumor heterogeneity through the selective outgrowth of tumor subclones. Therefore, the exploration of the mechanistic pathways and the identification of the genomic aberrations underlying the clonal evolution of tumors is considered mandatory for improving the clinical outcomes of therapies, as it will assist in the selection of the appropriate therapeutic decisions so as to delay, avoid, or overcome resistance through the identification of the most effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin N Baxevanis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria Goulielmaki
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Adamaki
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios P Fortis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
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Rojas-Domínguez A, Arroyo-Duarte R, Rincón-Vieyra F, Alvarado-Mentado M. Modeling cancer immunoediting in tumor microenvironment with system characterization through the ising-model Hamiltonian. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:200. [PMID: 35637445 PMCID: PMC9150349 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Cancer Immunoediting (CI) describes the cellular-level interaction between tumor cells and the Immune System (IS) that takes place in the Tumor Micro-Environment (TME). CI is a highly dynamic and complex process comprising three distinct phases (Elimination, Equilibrium and Escape) wherein the IS can both protect against cancer development as well as, over time, promote the appearance of tumors with reduced immunogenicity. Herein we present an agent-based model for the simulation of CI in the TME, with the objective of promoting the understanding of this process. Methods Our model includes agents for tumor cells and for elements of the IS. The actions of these agents are governed by probabilistic rules, and agent recruitment (including cancer growth) is modeled via logistic functions. The system is formalized as an analogue of the Ising model from statistical mechanics to facilitate its analysis. The model was implemented in the Netlogo modeling environment and simulations were performed to verify, illustrate and characterize its operation. Results A main result from our simulations is the generation of emergent behavior in silico that is very difficult to observe directly in vivo or even in vitro. Our model is capable of generating the three phases of CI; it requires only a couple of control parameters and is robust to these. We demonstrate how our simulated system can be characterized through the Ising-model energy function, or Hamiltonian, which captures the “energy” involved in the interaction between agents and presents it in clear and distinct patterns for the different phases of CI. Conclusions The presented model is very flexible and robust, captures well the behaviors of the target system and can be easily extended to incorporate more variables such as those pertaining to different anti-cancer therapies. System characterization via the Ising-model Hamiltonian is a novel and powerful tool for a better understanding of CI and the development of more effective treatments. Since data of CI at the cellular level is very hard to procure, our hope is that tools such as this may be adopted to shed light on CI and related developing theories. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-022-04731-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Rojas-Domínguez
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Division, Tecnológico Nacional de México - IT de León, León, Mexico
| | | | - Fernando Rincón-Vieyra
- Depto. de Computación, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, GAM, 07360, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Matías Alvarado-Mentado
- Depto. de Computación, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, GAM, 07360, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico.
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Ke CH, Tomiyasu H, Lin YL, Huang WH, Huang HH, Chiang HC, Lin CS. Canine transmissible venereal tumour established in immunodeficient mice reprograms the gene expression profiles associated with a favourable tumour microenvironment to enable cancer malignancy. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:4. [PMID: 34980125 PMCID: PMC8722346 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine transmissible venereal tumours (CTVTs) can cross the major histocompatibility complex barrier to spread among dogs. In addition to the transmissibility within canids, CTVTs are also known as a suitable model for investigating the tumour–host immunity interaction because dogs live with humans and experience the same environmental risk factors for tumourigenesis. Moreover, outbred dogs are more appropriate than inbred mice models for simulating the diversity of human cancer development. This study built a new model of CTVTs, known as MCTVTs, to further probe the shaping effects of immune stress on tumour development. For xenotransplantation, CTVTs were first injected and developed in immunodeficient mice (NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/NcrCrl), defined as XCTVTs. The XCTVTs harvested from NOD/SCID mice were then inoculated and grown in beagles and named mouse xenotransplantation of CTVTs (MCTVTs). Results After the inoculation of CTVTs and MCTVTs into immune-competent beagle dogs separately, MCTVTs grew faster and metastasized more frequently than CTVTs did. Gene expression profiles in CTVTs and MCTVTs were analysed by cDNA microarray to reveal that MCTVTs expressed many tumour-promoting genes involved in chronic inflammation, chemotaxis, extracellular space modification, NF-kappa B pathways, and focal adhesion. Furthermore, several well-known tumour-associated biomarkers which could predict tumour progression were overexpressed in MCTVTs. Conclusions This study demonstrated that defective host immunity can result in gene instability and enable transcriptome reprogramming within tumour cells. Fast tumour growth in beagle dogs and overexpression of tumour-associated biomarkers were found in a CTVT strain previously established in immunodeficient mice. In addition, dysregulated interaction of chronic inflammation, chemotaxis, and extracellular space modification were revealed to imply the possibly exacerbating mechanisms in the microenvironments of these tumours. In summary, this study offers a potential method to facilitate tumour progression and provide a niche for discovering tumour-associated biomarkers in cancer research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03093-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Hsu Ke
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd., 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yu-Ling Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hsuan Huang
- Industrial Development Graduate Program of College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, 30068, Taiwan
| | | | - Chen-Si Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd., 10617, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Abstract
The understanding of how normal cells transform into tumor cells and progress to invasive cancer and metastases continues to evolve. The tumor mass is comprised of a heterogeneous population of cells that include recruited host immune cells, stromal cells, matrix components, and endothelial cells. This tumor microenvironment plays a fundamental role in the acquisition of hallmark traits, and has been the intense focus of current research. A key regulatory mechanism triggered by these tumor-stroma interactions includes processes that resemble epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a physiologic program that allows a polarized epithelial cell to undergo biochemical and cellular changes and adopt mesenchymal cell characteristics. These cellular adaptations facilitate enhanced migratory capacity, invasiveness, elevated resistance to apoptosis, and greatly increased production of ECM components. Indeed, it has been postulated that cancer cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition to invade and metastasize.In the following discussion, the physiology of chronic inflammation, wound healing, fibrosis, and tumor invasion will be explored. The key regulatory cytokines, transforming growth factor β and osteopontin, and their roles in cancer metastasis will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Rogers
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zhiyong Mi
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Neill Y Li
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Philip Y Wai
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paul C Kuo
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
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11
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Roe K. Proposed classifications of immunogenomic editing by cancers and pathogens. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 96:105126. [PMID: 34715386 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Several evolutionary mechanisms exist between a lethal disease agent, such as a cancer or a pathogen, and the immune system of a surviving subpopulation of hosts. Immunogenomic editing is herein defined as the evolution of a lethal disease agent genome or the surviving carrier or host subpopulation immune system genomes. One type of immunogenomic editing called immunoediting has already been identified for cancer genomes. The effects of two other types of immunogenomic editing have been observed for pathogens and humans. However, these types of editing are only a few types of a much broader immunogenomic editing process, and some of the other types of immunogenomic editing have not been explicitly recognized. Immunogenomic editing can include seven types, and several types of immunogenomic editing have applications including analysis of subpopulation responses to cancers and pathogens. Applications would also include facilitating analysis of substantial subpopulation vulnerability differences to lethal pathogen epidemics. The need for quicker analysis of the actual transmission chains and the immunogenomic mechanisms for the faster spread of dangerously virulent pathogens can be expected to increase, since modern transportation technology can spread new pathogens very rapidly around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Roe
- San Jose, CA, United States of America.
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Abstract
Despite the ability of immune-based interventions to dramatically increase the survival of patients with melanoma, a significant subset fail to benefit from this treatment, underscoring the need for accurate means to identify the patient population likely to respond to immunotherapy. Understanding how melanoma evades natural or manipulated immune responses could provide the information needed to identify such resistant individuals. Efforts to address this challenge are hampered by the vast immune diversity characterizing tumor microenvironments that remain largely understudied. It is thus important to more clearly elucidate the complex interactions that take place between the tumor microenvironment and host immune system.
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Nakamura K. [The immune microenvironment of multiple myeloma]. Rinsho Ketsueki 2021; 62:1186-1194. [PMID: 34497206 DOI: 10.11406/rinketsu.62.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cancer immunoediting theory states that selective pressure by the immune system can sculpt tumor phenotypes and genotypes during all stages of tumor development. Multiple myeloma development has been recognized as a multistage process that includes premalignant expansion of plasma cells, symptomatic progression, and recurrent relapses. We discuss the dynamic crosstalk between the immune system and malignant plasma cells in light of the cancer immunoediting theory. Myeloma progression triggers dramatic alterations in the bone marrow, including bone destruction, inflammation, and angiogenesis, thereby generating an immunosuppressive milieu. We also present an overview of the immune microenvironment in multiple myeloma.
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Ishizu T, Eichin D, Padzik A, Tuominen S, Grénman R, Salmi M, Grönroos TJ, Tuomela JM. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines have an immunomodulatory effect on macrophages independent of hypoxia and toll-like receptor 9. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:990. [PMID: 34479492 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A low tissue oxygen level, < 1% O2, is a typical characteristic inside of solid tumors in head and neck cancer (HNSCC) affecting a wide array of cell populations, such as macrophages. However, the mechanisms of how hypoxia influences macrophages are not yet fully elucidated. Our research aimed to study the effect of soluble mediators produced by hypoxic cancer cells on macrophage polarization. Furthermore, we studied the effect of a hypoxic microenvironment on the expression of tumorigenic toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and the consecutive macrophage polarization. Methods Conditioned media (CMNOX or CMHOX) from cell lines UT-SCC-8, UT-SCC-74A, FaDu, MDA-MB-231 and HaCat cultured under normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (1% O2) conditions were used to polarize human monocyte-derived macrophages. Macrophage polarization was measured by flow cytometry and the production of cytokine mRNA using Taqman qPCR. To study the role of TLR9 in macrophage polarization, the lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9 method was used to establish a stable FaDuTLR9def clone. Results Our results demonstrate that the soluble mediators produced by the cancer cells under normoxia polarize macrophages towards a hybridized M1/M2a/M2c phenotype. Furthermore, the results suggest that hypoxia has a limited role in altering the array of cancer-produced soluble factors affecting macrophage polarization and cytokine production. Our data also indicates that increased expression of TLR9 due to hypoxia in malignant cells does not markedly influence the polarization of macrophages. TLR9 transcriptional response to hypoxia is dissimilar to a HIF1-α-regulated LDH-A. This may indicate a context-dependent expression of TLR9 under hypoxia. Conclusions HNSCC cell lines affect both macrophage activity (polarization) and functionality (cytokines), but with exception to iNOS expression, the effects appear independent of hypoxia and TLR9. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08357-8.
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Rasmussen M, Lim K, Rambech E, Andersen MH, Svane IM, Andersen O, Jensen LH, Nilbert M, Therkildsen C. Lynch syndrome-associated epithelial ovarian cancer and its immunological profile. Gynecol Oncol 2021; 162:686-693. [PMID: 34275654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lynch syndrome is a multi-tumor syndrome characterized by mismatch repair deficiency (MMR-d), microsatellite instability (MSI), and increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) making these tumors candidates for treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, response may depend on tumor-induced immune evasion mechanisms, e.g. loss of Beta-2-Microglobulin (B2M) or upregulation of programmed death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1). We investigated the immune response and B2M and PD-L1 expression in Lynch syndrome-associated ovarian cancers. METHODS We successfully analyzed 30 Lynch syndrome-associated epithelial ovarian cancers collected through the Danish Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) register. MMR-d, MSI, immune response (CD3, CD8, and CD68), and immune evasion mechanisms (B2M and PD-L1) were investigated. Statistical associations between these markers were evaluated in addition to survival in relation to B2M/PD-L1. RESULTS Of the 29 evaluable tumors, 27 were MMR-d (93.1%). Likewise of 26 evaluable tumors, 14 were MSI (53.8%). MMR-d/MMR-proficiency associated with MSI/MSS in 60.0%. Half of the ovarian tumors presented with high levels of TILs. Loss of B2M expression was observed in 46.7% of the tumors, while expression of PD-L1 was seen in 28.0% of the cases. There was no association between B2M/PD-L1 and MSI/TILs/survival. Loss of B2M was often seen in tumors with low TILs (p = 0.056 or p = 0.059 for CD3 and CD8 positive cells, respectively). CONCLUSION MMR-d, MSI, and TILs are also seen in Lynch syndrome-associated ovarian cancers making these potential candidates for checkpoint-based immunotherapy. The clinical impact from immune evasion through loss of B2M needs to be investigated further in larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kevin Lim
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Rambech
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ove Andersen
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Henrik Jensen
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Mef Nilbert
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Sweden; Danish Cancer Society Research Center, The Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Therkildsen
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Danish HNPCC Register, Gastro Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Todorović-Raković N. The role of cytokines in the evolution of cancer: IFN-γ paradigm. Cytokine 2021; 151:155442. [PMID: 33509640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of malignant cells implies an increase in oncogenic fitness of cells which arises in active and reciprocal interaction with the tumor microenvironment. The mechanisms facilitating the adaptive evolution of cancer cells involve clonal selection of cancer cells, in a direction of increased adaptive potential under the selective pressure of host defensive strategies. Once reached, this potential could go the other way, changing the same evolutionary force in the tumor microenvironment which influenced its emergence and favoring cancer progression. The immunological system as a part of host defensive mechanisms could be an effective modulator of cancer evolution/progression since it is also a major source of cellular intermediators, such as cytokines. The exemplar of IFN-γ actions during cancer evolution could help the revealing of these mutual interactions and enable better insight into the complex nature of cancer disease, leading to a new approach to treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Todorović-Raković
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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17
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Abstract
Bladder cancer has been successfully treated with immunotherapy, whereas prostate cancer is a cold tumor with inadequate immune-related treatment response. A greater understanding of the tumor microenvironment and methods for harnessing the immune system to address tumor growth will be needed to improve immunotherapies for both prostate and bladder cancer. Here, we provide an overview of prostate and bladder cancer, including fundamental aspects of the disease and treatment, the elaborate cellular makeup of the tumor microenvironment, and methods for exploiting relevant pathways to develop more effective treatments.
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Abstract
Natural killer cells are powerful effectors of innate immunity that constitute a first line of defense against cancer. NK cells express an array of germline-encoded receptors which allow them to eliminate transformed cells and spare normal, healthy cells. Owing to their ability to kill circulating tumor cells, NK cells play a major role in the protection against cancer metastases. There is also convincing evidence that NK cells protect against some hematological cancers such as acute myeloid leukemia. However, the importance of NK cells for the control of established solid tumors is rather uncertain. Several mechanisms impede NK cell-mediated elimination of solid tumors, starting with the incapacity of NK cells to infiltrate the core of the tumor. In addition, immune escape mechanisms are at play in both solid and hematological cancers. These include the immunoediting of tumor cells and aberrant chronic inflammation that renders NK cells ineffective. In this chapter, I review the phenotypic characteristics of NK cells within the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, I describe the mechanisms by which NK cells contribute to antitumor immunity. Finally, I review the different immune-evasion factors that impair NK cell activity against cancer.
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Dong LQ, Peng LH, Ma LJ, Liu DB, Zhang S, Luo SZ, Rao JH, Zhu HW, Yang SX, Xi SJ, Chen M, Xie FF, Li FQ, Li WH, Ye C, Lin LY, Wang YJ, Wang XY, Gao DM, Zhou H, Yang HM, Wang J, Zhu SD, Wang XD, Cao Y, Zhou J, Fan J, Wu K, Gao Q. Heterogeneous immunogenomic features and distinct escape mechanisms in multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2020; 72:896-908. [PMID: 31887370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The presence of multifocal tumors, developed either from intrahepatic metastasis (IM) or multicentric occurrence (MO), is a distinct feature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Immunogenomic characterization of multifocal HCC is important for understanding immune escape in different lesions and developing immunotherapy. METHODS We combined whole-exome/transcriptome sequencing, multiplex immunostaining, immunopeptidomes, T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing and bioinformatic analyses of 47 tumors from 15 patients with HCC and multifocal lesions. RESULTS IM and MO demonstrated distinct clonal architecture, mutational spectrum and genetic susceptibility. The immune microenvironment also displayed spatiotemporal heterogeneity, such as less T cell and more M2 macrophage infiltration in IM and higher expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints in MO. Similar to mutational profiles, shared neoantigens and TCR repertoires among tumors from the same patients were abundant in IM but scarce in MO. Combining neoantigen prediction and immunopeptidomes identified T cell-specific neoepitopes and achieved a high verification rate in vitro. Immunoediting mainly occurred in MO but not IM, due to the relatively low immune infiltration. Loss of heterozygosity of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, identified in 17% of multifocal HCC, hampered the ability of major histocompatibility complex to present neoantigens, especially in IM. An integrated analysis of Immunoscore, immunoediting, TCR clonality and HLA loss of heterozygosity in each tumor could stratify patients into 2 groups based on whether they have a high or low risk of recurrence (p = 0.038). CONCLUSION Our study comprehensively characterized the genetic structure, neoepitope landscape, T cell profile and immunoediting status that collectively shape tumor evolution and could be used to optimize personalized immunotherapies for multifocal HCC. LAY SUMMARY Immunogenomic features of multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are important for understanding immune-escape mechanisms and developing more effective immunotherapy. Herein, comprehensive immunogenomic characterization showed that diverse genomic structures within multifocal HCC would leave footprints on the immune landscape. Only a few tumors were under the control of immunosurveillance, while others evaded the immune system through multiple mechanisms that led to poor prognosis. Our study revealed heterogeneous immunogenomic landscapes and immune-constrained tumor evolution, the understanding of which could be used to optimize personalized immunotherapies for multifocal HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Qing Dong
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Li-Jie Ma
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dong-Bing Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Disease Genomics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | | | - Hong-Wen Zhu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuai-Xi Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shui-Jun Xi
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Min Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS enter for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | - Chen Ye
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Li-Ya Lin
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Xiao-Ying Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Da-Ming Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS enter for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huan-Ming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shi-da Zhu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Xiang-Dong Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kui Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Disease Genomics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark.
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Beauchemin L, Slifker M, Rossell D, Font-Burgada J. Characterizing MHC-I Genotype Predictive Power for Oncogenic Mutation Probability in Cancer Patients. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2131:185-198. [PMID: 32162254 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0389-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I proteins present intracellular peptides on the cell's surface, enabling the immune system to recognize tumor-specific neoantigens of early neoplastic cells and eliminate them before the tumor develops further. However, variability in peptide-MHC-I affinity results in variable presentation of oncogenic peptides, leading to variable likelihood of immune evasion across both individuals and mutations. Since the major determinant of peptide-MHC-I affinity in patients is individual MHC-I genotype, we developed a residue-centric presentation score taking both mutated residues and MHC-I genotype into account and hypothesized that high scores (which correspond to poor presentation) would correlate to high mutation frequencies within tumors. We applied our scoring system to 9176 tumor samples from TCGA across 1018 recurrent mutations and found that, indeed, presentation scores predicted mutation probability. These findings open the door to more personalized treatment plans based on simple genotyping. Here, we outline the computational tools and statistical methods used to arrive at this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lainie Beauchemin
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Slifker
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Rossell
- Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Font-Burgada
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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21
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Abstract
The behavior of cancer is undoubtedly affected by stroma. Macrophages belong to this microenvironment and their presence correlates with reduced survival in most cancers. After a tumor-induced "immunoediting", these monocytes/macrophages, originally the first line of defense against tumor cells, undergo a phenotypic switch and become tumor-supportive and immunosuppressive.The influence of these tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) on cancer is present in all traits of carcinogenesis. These cells participate in tumor initiation and growth, migration, vascularization, invasion and metastasis. Although metastasis is extremely clinically relevant, this step is always reliant on the angiogenic ability of tumors. Therefore, the formation of new blood vessels in tumors assumes particular importance as a limiting step for disease progression.Herein, the once unsuspected roles of macrophages in cancer will be discussed and their importance as a promising strategy to treat this group of diseases will be reminded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gouveia-Fernandes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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22
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Abstract
Cancer cells with strong immunogenicity are susceptible for elimination by cancer immunoediting, while the subpopulations with weak immunogenicity survive. As a result, a subset of cancer cells evade the immune attack and evolve into overt clinical lesions. During cancer evolution, it has been well established that multiple alterations such as the dysfunction of antigen presentation machinery and the upregulation of immunosuppressive signals (e.g. PD-L1) play important roles in immune escape. Recently, promoter hypermethylation of neoantigen genes has been proposed to be a vital mechanism of immunoediting. This epigenetically mediated immune evasion enriches the mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- 1Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Bing Dong
- 2Department of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Qian Chu
- 1Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Kongming Wu
- 1Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China.,2Department of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
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Kareva I. Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in Cancer Immunoediting, CD8/Treg Ratios, Immune Cell Homeostasis, and Cancer (Immuno)Therapy: Concise Review. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1273-1280. [PMID: 31260163 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The concept of immunoediting, a process whereby the immune system eliminates immunogenic cancer cell clones, allowing the remaining cells to progress and form a tumor, has evolved with growing appreciation of the importance of cancer ecology on tumor progression. As cancer cells grow and modify their environment, they create spatial and nutrient constraints that may affect not only immune cell function but also differentiation, tipping the balance between cytotoxic and regulatory immunity to facilitate tumor growth. Here, we review how immunometabolism may contribute to cancer escape from the immune system, as well as highlight an emerging role of gut microbiota, its effects on the immune system and on response to immunotherapy. We conclude with a discussion of how these pieces can be integrated to devise better combination therapies and highlight the role of computational approaches as a potential tool to aid in combination therapy design. Stem Cells 2019;37:1273-1280.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kareva
- Translational Medicine, EMD Serono, Merck KGaA, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Alvarez RF, Barbuto JAM, Venegeroles R. A nonlinear mathematical model of cell-mediated immune response for tumor phenotypic heterogeneity. J Theor Biol 2019; 471:42-50. [PMID: 30930063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human cancers display intra-tumor heterogeneity in many phenotypic features, such as expression of cell surface receptors, growth, and angiogenic, proliferative, and immunogenic factors, which represent obstacles to a successful immune response. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear mathematical model of cancer immunosurveillance that takes into account some of these features based on cell-mediated immune responses. The model describes phenomena that are seen in vivo, such as tumor dormancy, robustness, immunoselection over tumor heterogeneity (also called "cancer immunoediting") and strong sensitivity to initial conditions in the composition of tumor microenvironment. The results framework has as common element the tumor as an attractor for abnormal cells. Bifurcation analysis give us as tumor attractors fixed-points, limit cycles and chaotic attractors, the latter emerging from period-doubling cascade displaying Feigenbaum's universality. Finally, we simulated both elimination and escape tumor scenarios by means of a stochastic version of the model according to the Doob-Gillespie algorithm.
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is based on the ability of the immune system to recognize tumors as foreign tissue. The idea of cancer immunosurveillance was first conceived over a century ago but remained controversial through much of the 20th century. In the past few decades, however, the field has progressed rapidly, and the concept of tumor immunosurveillance is now well established. With this chapter, we provide a historical background of immunosurveillance, the concept of immunoediting, and the role of different T-cell subsets in the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss the relationship between immune checkpoints, tumor antigens, T cell receptor repertoire, and immunosurveillance. Finally, we comment on the future of immunotherapy as it relates to T cell immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samhita Rao
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Karim Gharib
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Arnold Han
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Appolloni I, Alessandrini F, Ceresa D, Marubbi D, Gambini E, Reverberi D, Loiacono F, Malatesta P. Progression from low- to high-grade in a glioblastoma model reveals the pivotal role of immunoediting. Cancer Lett 2019; 442:213-21. [PMID: 30312732 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The mutual reshape of tumor and immune system cells during tumor progression is a widely accepted notion in different cancers including gliomas. The importance of this phenomenon in shaping glioma progression and the mechanisms governing it, however, are not fully elucidated. Taking advantage of a well-characterized in vivo glioma model we performed an analysis of glioma cells transcriptomes at different stages of progression and unveiled the reorganization of glioma-immune system interactions. Specifically, we show that the inability of low-grade glioma cells to orthotopically graft in syngeneic immunocompetent mice, positively correlates with the abundance of infiltrating lymphocytes in donor tumors and with a highly immunostimulatory transcriptional profile. Notably, during tumor progression glioma cells downregulate these genes and the immune infiltrate shifts towards a pro-tumorigenic phenotype. Challenging low-grade gliomas by grafting into immunodeficient hosts revealed the crucial role of the adaptive immune system in constraining glioma progression. Finally, we observed that although progression still takes place in immunodeficient mice, it is slower, likely due to a milder selection thus reinforcing the view of a pivotal role for the immune system in regulating glioma progression.
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Abstract
The tryptophan catabolic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) has attracted enormous attention in driving cancer immunosuppression, neovascularization, and metastasis. IDO1 suppresses local CD8+ T effector cells and natural killer cells and induces CD4+ T regulatory cells (iTreg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). The structurally distinct enzyme tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO) also has been implicated recently in immune escape and metastatic progression. Lastly, emerging evidence suggests that the IDO1-related enzyme IDO2 may support IDO1-mediated iTreg and contribute to B-cell inflammed states in certain cancers. IDO1 and TDO are upregulated widely in neoplastic cells but also variably in stromal, endothelial, and innate immune cells of the tumor microenviroment and in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Pharmacological and genetic proofs in preclinical models of cancer have validated IDO1 as a cancer therapeutic target. IDO1 inhibitors have limited activity on their own but greatly enhance "immunogenic" chemotherapy or immune checkpoint drugs. IDO/TDO function is rooted in inflammatory programming, thereby influencing tumor neovascularization, MDSC generation, and metastasis beyond effects on adaptive immune tolerance. Discovery and development of two small molecule enzyme inhibitors of IDO1 have advanced furthest to date in Phase II/III human trials (epacadostat and navoximod, respectively). Indoximod, a tryptophan mimetic compound with a different mechanism of action in the IDO pathway has also advanced in multiple Phase II trials. Second generation combined IDO/TDO inhibitors may broaden impact in cancer treatment, for example, in addressing IDO1 bypass (inherent resistance) or acquired resistance to IDO1 inhibitors. This review surveys knowledge about IDO1 function and how IDO1 inhibitors reprogram inflammation to heighten therapeutic responses in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | | | - Arpita Mondal
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peggy Scherle
- Incyte Corporation Inc., Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Alexander J Muller
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Abstract
Two decades ago, following a systematic screening of LOH regions on chromosome 8p22, TUSC3 has been identified as a candidate tumor suppressor gene in ovarian, prostate and pancreatic cancers. Since then, a growing body of evidence documented its clinical importance in various other types of cancers, and first initial insights into its molecular function and phenotypic effects have been gained, though the precise role of TUSC3 in different cancers remains unclear. As a part of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex, TUSC3 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and functions in final steps of N-glycosylation of proteins, while its loss evokes the unfolded protein response. We are still trying to figure out how this mechanistic function is reconcilable with its varied effects on cancer promotion. In this review, we focus on cancer-related effects of TUSC3 and envisage a possible role of TUSC3 beyond endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Vašíčková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Horak
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petr Vaňhara
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 65691, Brno, Czech Republic.
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29
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Malmberg KJ, Carlsten M, Björklund A, Sohlberg E, Bryceson YT, Ljunggren HG. Natural killer cell-mediated immunosurveillance of human cancer. Semin Immunol 2017; 31:20-29. [PMID: 28888619 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of natural killer (NK) cells to immunosurveillance of human cancer remains debatable. Here, we discuss advances in several areas of human NK cell research, many of which support the ability of NK cells to prevent cancer development and avoid relapse following adoptive immunotherapy. We describe the molecular basis for NK cell recognition of human tumor cells and provide evidence for NK cell-mediated killing of human primary tumor cells ex vivo. Subsequently, we highlight studies demonstrating the ability of NK cells to migrate to, and reside in, the human tumor microenvironment where selection of tumor escape variants from NK cells can occur. Indirect evidence for NK cell immunosurveillance against human malignancies is provided by the reduced incidence of cancer in individuals with high levels of NK cell cytotoxicity, and the significant clinical responses observed following infusion of human NK cells into cancer patients. Finally, we describe studies showing enhanced tumor progression, or increased cancer incidence, in patients with inherited and acquired defects in cellular cytotoxicity. All these observations have in common that they, either indirectly or directly, suggest a role for NK cells in mediating immunosurveillance against human cancer. This opens up for exciting possibilities with respect to further exploring NK cells in settings of adoptive immunotherapy in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; The KG Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlsten
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Björklund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ebba Sohlberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL, USA.
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30
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Wilkie KP, Hahnfeldt P. Modeling the Dichotomy of the Immune Response to Cancer: Cytotoxic Effects and Tumor-Promoting Inflammation. Bull Math Biol 2017; 79:1426-1448. [PMID: 28585066 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-017-0291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the immune response is often regarded as acting to suppress tumor growth, it is now clear that it can be both stimulatory and inhibitory. The interplay between these competing influences has complex implications for tumor development, cancer dormancy, and immunotherapies. In fact, early immunotherapy failures were partly due to a lack in understanding of the nonlinear growth dynamics these competing immune actions may cause. To study this biological phenomenon theoretically, we construct a minimally parameterized framework that incorporates all aspects of the immune response. We combine the effects of all immune cell types, general principles of self-limited logistic growth, and the physical process of inflammation into one quantitative setting. Simulations suggest that while there are pro-tumor or antitumor immunogenic responses characterized by larger or smaller final tumor volumes, respectively, each response involves an initial period where tumor growth is stimulated beyond that of growth without an immune response. The mathematical description is non-identifiable which allows an ensemble of parameter sets to capture inherent biological variability in tumor growth that can significantly alter tumor-immune dynamics and thus treatment success rates. The ability of this model to predict non-intuitive yet clinically observed patterns of immunomodulated tumor growth suggests that it may provide a means to help classify patient response dynamics to aid identification of appropriate treatments exploiting immune response to improve tumor suppression, including the potential attainment of an immune-induced dormant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen P Wilkie
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Mathematics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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31
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Greil R, Hutterer E, Hartmann TN, Pleyer L. Reactivation of dormant anti-tumor immunity - a clinical perspective of therapeutic immune checkpoint modulation. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:5. [PMID: 28100240 PMCID: PMC5244547 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In favor of their outgrowth, cancer cells must resist immune surveillance and edit the immune response. Cancer immunoediting is characterized by fundamental changes in the cellular composition and the inflammatory cytokine profiles in the microenvironment of the primary tumor and metastatic niches, with an ever increasing complexity of interactions between tumor cells and the immune system. Recent data suggest that genetic instability and immunoediting are not necessarily disparate processes. Increasing mutational load may be associated with multiple neoepitopes expressed by the tumor cells and thus increased chances for the immune system to recognize and combat these cells. At the same time the immune system is more and more suppressed and exhausted by this process. Consequently, immune checkpoint modulation may have the potential to be most successful in genetically highly altered and usually extremely unfavorable types of cancer. Moreover, the fact that epitopes recognized by the immune system are preferentially encoded by passenger gene mutations opens windows of synergy in targeting cancer-specific signaling pathways by small molecules simultaneously with antibodies modifying T-cell activation or exhaustion. This review covers some aspects of the current understanding of the immunological basis necessary to understand the rapidly developing therapeutic endeavours in cancer treatment, the clinical achievements made, and raises some burning questions for translational research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Greil
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria. .,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute (SCRI) - Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR), Salzburg, Austria. .,Arbeitsgemeinschaft Medikamentöse Tumortherapie (AGMT) Study Group, Salzburg, Austria. .,Cancer Cluster Salzburg (CCS), Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Evelyn Hutterer
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute (SCRI) - Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR), Salzburg, Austria.,Cancer Cluster Salzburg (CCS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tanja Nicole Hartmann
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute (SCRI) - Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR), Salzburg, Austria.,Cancer Cluster Salzburg (CCS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lisa Pleyer
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute (SCRI) - Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR), Salzburg, Austria.,Arbeitsgemeinschaft Medikamentöse Tumortherapie (AGMT) Study Group, Salzburg, Austria.,Cancer Cluster Salzburg (CCS), Salzburg, Austria
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Domschke C, Schneeweiss A, Stefanovic S, Wallwiener M, Heil J, Rom J, Sohn C, Beckhove P, Schuetz F. Cellular Immune Responses and Immune Escape Mechanisms in Breast Cancer: Determinants of Immunotherapy. Breast Care (Basel) 2016; 11:102-7. [PMID: 27239171 DOI: 10.1159/000446061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More recently, immunotherapy has emerged as a novel potentially effective therapeutic option also for solid malignancies such as breast cancer (BC). Relevant approaches, however, are determined by the 2 main elements of cancer immunoediting - the elimination of nascent transformed cells by immunosurveillance on the one hand and tumor immune escape on the other hand. Correspondingly, we here review the role of the various cellular immune players within the host-protective system and dissect the mechanisms of immune evasion leading to tumor progression. If the immune balance of disseminated BC cell dormancy (equilibrium phase) is lost, distant metastatic relapse may occur. The relevant cellular antitumor responses and translational immunotherapeutic options will also be discussed in terms of clinical benefit and future directions in BC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Domschke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Stefanovic
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wallwiener
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heil
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Rom
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Sohn
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI) and University Medical Center of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Schuetz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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Merlo A, Dalla Santa S, Dolcetti R, Zanovello P, Rosato A. Reverse immunoediting: When immunity is edited by antigen. Immunol Lett 2016; 175:16-20. [PMID: 27131431 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune selective pressure occurring during cancer immunoediting shapes tumor features revealed at clinical presentation. However, in the "Escape" phase, the tumor itself has the chance to influence the immunological response. Therefore, the capacity of the immune response to sculpt the tumor characteristics is only one side of the coin and even the opposite is likely true, i.e. that an antigen can shape the immune response in a sort of "reverse immunoediting". This reciprocal modeling probably occurs continuously, whenever the immune system encounters a tumor/foreign antigen, and can be operative in the pathogen/immune system interplay, thus possibly permeating the protective immunity as a whole. In line with this view, the characterization of a T cell response as well as the design of both active and passive immunotherapy strategies should also take into account all Ag features (type, load and presentation). Overall, we suggest that the "reverse immunoediting" hypothesis could help to dissect the complex interplay between antigens and the immune repertoire, and to improve the outcome of immunotherapeutic approaches, where T cell responses are manipulated and reprogrammed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merlo
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Dalla Santa
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Via Gattamelata, 64, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- CRO-IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Via F. Gallini, 2, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Paola Zanovello
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128 Padua, Italy; Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Via Gattamelata, 64, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128 Padua, Italy; Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Via Gattamelata, 64, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy.
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34
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Park AJ, Rendini T, Martiniuk F, Levis WR. Leprosy as a model to understand cancer immunosurveillance and T cell anergy. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:47-54. [PMID: 27106673 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5ru1215-537rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that presents on a spectrum of both clinical manifestations and T cell response. On one end of this spectrum, tuberculoid leprosy is a well-controlled disease, characterized by a cell-mediated immunity and immunosurveillance. On the opposite end of the spectrum, lepromatous leprosy is characterized by M. leprae proliferation and T cell anergy. Similar to progressive tumor cells, M. leprae escapes immunosurveillance in more severe forms of leprosy. The mechanisms by which M. leprae is able to evade the host immune response involve many, including the alterations of lipid droplets, microRNA, and Schwann cells, and involve the regulation of immune regulators, such as the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4, programmed death 1, and V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation-important targets in today's cancer immunotherapies. The means by which tumor cells become able to escape immunosurveillance through negative checkpoint regulators are evidenced by the successes of treatments, such as nivolumab and ipilimumab. Many parallels can be drawn between the immune responses seen in leprosy and cancer. Therefore, the understanding of how M. leprae encourages immune escape during proliferative disease states has potential to add to our understanding of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Park
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Tina Rendini
- Bellevue Hospital Center, National Hansen's Disease Program, New York, New York, USA; and
| | | | - William R Levis
- Bellevue Hospital Center, National Hansen's Disease Program, New York, New York, USA; and
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35
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Gasparri ML, Savone D, Besharat RA, Farooqi AA, Bellati F, Ruscito I, Panici PB, Papadia A. Circulating tumor cells as trigger to hematogenous spreads and potential biomarkers to predict the prognosis in ovarian cancer. Tumour Biol 2015. [PMID: 26500096 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4299-9] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite several improvements in the surgical field and in the systemic treatment, ovarian cancer (OC) is still characterized by high recurrence rates and consequently poor survival. In OC, there is still a great lack of knowledge with regard to cancer behavior and mechanisms of recurrence, progression, and drug resistance. The OC metastatization process mostly occurs via intracoelomatic spread. Recent evidences show that tumor cells generate a favorable microenvironment consisting in T regulatory cells, T infiltrating lymphocytes, and cytokines which are able to establish an "immuno-tolerance mileau" in which a tumor cell can become a resistant clone. When the disease responds to treatment, immunoediting processes and cancer progression have been stopped. A similar inhibition of the immunosuppressive microenvironment has been observed after optimal cytoreductive surgery as well. In this scenario, the early identification of circulating tumor cells could represent a precocious signal of loss of the immune balance that precedes cancer immunoediting and relapse. Supporting this hypothesis, circulating tumor cells have been demonstrated to be a prognostic factor in several solid tumors such as colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, breast, and genitourinary cancer. In OC, the role of circulating tumor cells is still to be defined. However, as opposed to healthy women, circulating tumor cells have been demonstrated in peripheral blood of OC patients, opening a new research field in OC diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Gasparri
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Delia Savone
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Raad Aris Besharat
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Filippo Bellati
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilary Ruscito
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Benedetti Panici
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Papadia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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36
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de Aquino MTP, Malhotra A, Mishra MK, Shanker A. Challenges and future perspectives of T cell immunotherapy in cancer. Immunol Lett 2015; 166:117-33. [PMID: 26096822 PMCID: PMC4499494 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the formulation of the tumour immunosurveillance theory, considerable focus has been on enhancing the effectiveness of host antitumour immunity, particularly with respect to T cells. A cancer evades or alters the host immune response by various ways to ensure its development and survival. These include modifications of the immune cell metabolism and T cell signalling. An inhibitory cytokine milieu in the tumour microenvironment also leads to immune suppression and tumour progression within a host. This review traces the development in the field and attempts to summarize the hurdles that the approach of adoptive T cell immunotherapy against cancer faces, and discusses the conditions that must be improved to allow effective eradication of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa P de Aquino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Anshu Malhotra
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36101, USA
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; Tumor-Host Interactions Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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37
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Kareva I, Berezovskaya F. Cancer immunoediting: A process driven by metabolic competition as a predator-prey-shared resource type model. J Theor Biol 2015; 380:463-72. [PMID: 26116366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is a well-established fact that tumors up-regulate glucose consumption to meet increasing demands for rapidly available energy by upregulating a purely glycolytic mode of glucose metabolism. What is often neglected is that activated cytotoxic cells of the immune system, integral players in the carcinogenesis process, also come to rely on glycolysis as a primary mode of glucose metabolism. Moreover, while cancer cells can revert back to aerobic metabolism, rapidly proliferating cytotoxic lymphocytes are incapable of performing their function when adequate resources are lacking. Consequently, it is likely that in the tumor microenvironment there may exist competition for shared resources between cancer cells and the cells of the immune system, which may underlie much of tumor-immune dynamics. Proposed here is a model of tumor-immune-glucose interactions, formulated as a predator-prey-common resource type system. The outcome of these interactions ranges from tumor elimination, to tumor dormancy, to unrestrained tumor growth. It is also predicted that the process of tumor escape can be preceded by periods of oscillatory tumor growth. A detailed bifurcation analysis of three subsystems of the model suggest that oscillatory regimes are a result of competition for shared resource (glucose) between the predator (immune cells) and the prey (cancer cells). Existence of competition for nutrients between cancer and immune cells may provide additional mechanistic insight as to why the efficacy of many immunotherapies may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kareva
- Newman Lakka Institute, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, United States.
| | - Faina Berezovskaya
- Department of Mathematics, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, United States
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Abstract
In recent years, roles of the immune system in immune surveillance of cancer have been explored using a variety of approaches. The roles of the adaptive immune system have been a major emphasis, but increasing evidence supports a role for innate immune effector cells such as natural killer (NK) cells in tumor surveillance. Here, we discuss some of the evidence for roles in tumor surveillance of innate immune cells. In particular, we focus on NK cells and other immune cells that express germline-encoded receptors, often labeled NK receptors. The impact of these receptors and the cells that express them on tumor suppression is summarized. We discuss in detail some of the pathways and events in tumor cells that induce or upregulate cell-surface expression of the ligands for these receptors, and the logic of how those pathways serve to identify malignant, or potentially malignant cells. How tumors often evade tumor suppression mediated by innate killer cells is another major subject of the review. We end with a discussion on some of the implications of the various findings with respect to possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Marcus
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Benjamin G Gowen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Thornton W Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Alexandre Iannello
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Weiwen Deng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Nataliya Shifrin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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Wu X, Peng M, Huang B, Zhang H, Wang H, Huang B, Xue Z, Zhang L, Da Y, Yang D, Yao Z, Zhang R. Immune microenvironment profiles of tumor immune equilibrium and immune escape states of mouse sarcoma. Cancer Lett 2013; 340:124-33. [PMID: 23920127 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunoediting consists of three distinct phases: elimination, equilibrium and escape. Here, for the first time, we investigated the immune microenvironment profiles of tumor immune equilibrium and immune escape states in 3'-methylcholanthrene-induced murine sarcoma model. Our study indicates the relative balance of monocytic MDSCs and antitumor immunity cells (especially CTLs, NK cells and γδT cells) may involve in maintaining tumor cells in a state of immune-mediated dormancy. In addition, high percentages of Treg cells and PMN-MDSCs are associated with the tumor immune escape state - mice with progressing sarcomas. In summary, the relative balance of immune effector cells and suppressive populations in the tumor microenvironment may involve in determining the fate of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wu
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical Univerity, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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