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Nam S, Lee A, Lim J, Lim JS. Analysis of the Expression and Regulation of PD-1 Protein on the Surface of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs). Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:63-70. [PMID: 30521746 PMCID: PMC6319546 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that are able to suppress T cell function are a heterogeneous cell population frequently observed in cancer, infection, and autoimmune disease. Immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed death 1 (PD-1) expressed on T cells and its ligand (PD-L1) expressed on tumor cells or antigen-presenting cells, have received extensive attention in the past decade due to the dramatic effects of their inhibitors in patients with various types of cancer. In the present study, we investigated the expression of PD-1 on MDSCs in bone marrow, spleen, and tumor tissue derived from breast tumor-bearing mice. Our studies demonstrate that PD-1 expression is markedly increased in tumor-infiltrating MDSCs compared to expression in bone marrow and spleens and that it can be induced by LPS that is able to mediate NF-κB signaling. Moreover, expression of PD-L1 and CD80 on PD-1+ MDSCs was higher than on PD-1− MDSCs and proliferation of MDSCs in a tumor microenvironment was more strongly induced in PD-1+ MDSCs than in PD-1− MDSCs. Although we could not characterize the inducer of PD-1 expression derived from cancer cells, our findings indicate that the study on the mechanism of PD-1 induction in MDSCs is important and necessary for the control of MDSC activity; our results suggest that PD-1+ MDSCs in a tumor microenvironment may induce tumor development and relapse through the modulation of their proliferation and suppressive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorim Nam
- Division of Biological Sciences, Research Institute of Women's Health and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, Research Institute of Women's Health and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lim
- Division of Biological Sciences, Research Institute of Women's Health and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Lim
- Division of Biological Sciences, Research Institute of Women's Health and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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102
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Oliveira Silva KL, Marin Chiku V, Luvizotto Venturin G, Correa Leal AA, de Almeida BF, De Rezende Eugenio F, Dos Santos PSP, Fabrino Machado G, De Lima VMF. PD-1 and PD-L1 regulate cellular immunity in canine visceral leishmaniasis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 62:76-87. [PMID: 30711051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PD-1 is a negative costimulator of chronic infectious diseases In this study, we investigated the expression of PD-1 and its ligands in the spleen of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis and lymphoproliferative response to soluble antigen, in lymph node cells in the presence or absence of antibodies blocking PD-1 and its ligands. Our results showed expression of PD-1 and its ligands is higher after L. infantum infection and in the spleen of infected dogs, PD-1 blockage was able to restore the antigen-dependent lymphoproliferative response and regulated production of the cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 and NO production. We concluded that L. infantum infection modulates PD-1 and its ligands expression in canine VL and that blockage of PD-1 restores the immune response. Thus, blockage of PD-1 is a target for therapeutic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlenn Liezbeth Oliveira Silva
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Vanessa Marin Chiku
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Gabriela Luvizotto Venturin
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Aline Aparecida Correa Leal
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Breno Fernando de Almeida
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Flavia De Rezende Eugenio
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio Patto Dos Santos
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Gisele Fabrino Machado
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Valeria Marçal Felix De Lima
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil.
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103
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Palma A, Jarrah AS, Tieri P, Cesareni G, Castiglione F. Gene Regulatory Network Modeling of Macrophage Differentiation Corroborates the Continuum Hypothesis of Polarization States. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1659. [PMID: 30546316 PMCID: PMC6278720 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages derived from monocyte precursors undergo specific polarization processes which are influenced by the local tissue environment: classically activated (M1) macrophages, with a pro-inflammatory activity and a role of effector cells in Th1 cellular immune responses, and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages, with anti-inflammatory functions and involved in immunosuppression and tissue repair. At least three different subsets of M2 macrophages, namely, M2a, M2b, and M2c, are characterized in the literature based on their eliciting signals. The activation and polarization of macrophages is achieved through many, often intertwined, signaling pathways. To describe the logical relationships among the genes involved in macrophage polarization, we used a computational modeling methodology, namely, logical (Boolean) modeling of gene regulation. We integrated experimental data and knowledge available in the literature to construct a logical network model for the gene regulation driving macrophage polarization to the M1, M2a, M2b, and M2c phenotypes. Using the software GINsim and BoolNet, we analyzed the network dynamics under different conditions and perturbations to understand how they affect cell polarization. Dynamic simulations of the network model, enacting the most relevant biological conditions, showed coherence with the observed behavior of in vivo macrophages. The model could correctly reproduce the polarization toward the four main phenotypes as well as to several hybrid phenotypes, which are known to be experimentally associated to physiological and pathological conditions. We surmise that shifts among different phenotypes in the model mimic the hypothetical continuum of macrophage polarization, with M1 and M2 being the extremes of an uninterrupted sequence of states. Furthermore, model simulations suggest that anti-inflammatory macrophages are resilient to shift back to the pro-inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Palma
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Abdul Salam Jarrah
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Paolo Tieri
- Institute for Applied Computing, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy.,Data Science Program, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Cesareni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Castiglione
- Institute for Applied Computing, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
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104
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PD-1 immunobiology in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2018; 97:1-9. [PMID: 30396745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death (PD)-1 receptors and their ligands have been identified in the pathogenesis and development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Two key pathways, toll-like receptor and type I interferon, are significant to SLE pathogenesis and modulate the expression of PD-1 and the ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2) through activation of NF-κB and/or STAT1. These cell signals are regulated by tyrosine kinase (Tyro, Axl, Mer) receptors (TAMs) that are aberrantly activated in SLE. STAT1 and NF-κB also exhibit crosstalk with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Ligands to AHR are identified in SLE etiology and pathogenesis. These ligands also regulate the activity of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is an identified factor in SLE and PD-1 immunobiology. AHR is important in the maintenance of immune tolerance and the development of distinct immune subsets, highlighting a potential role of AHR in PD-1 immunobiology. Understanding the functions of AHR ligands as well as AHR crosstalk with STAT1, NF-κB, and EBV may provide insight into disease development, the PD-1 axis and immunotherapies that target PD-1 and its ligand, PD-L1.
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105
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Alsaab HO, Sau S, Alzhrani RM, Cheriyan VT, Polin LA, Vaishampayan U, Rishi AK, Iyer AK. Tumor hypoxia directed multimodal nanotherapy for overcoming drug resistance in renal cell carcinoma and reprogramming macrophages. Biomaterials 2018; 183:280-294. [PMID: 30179778 PMCID: PMC6414719 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the significant clinical burden in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The development of drug resistance is attributed to many factors, including impairment of apoptosis, elevation of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX, a marker of tumor hypoxia), and infiltration of tumorigenic immune cells. To alleviate the drug resistance, we have used Sorafenib (Sor) in combination with tumor hypoxia directed nanoparticle (NP) loaded with a new class of apoptosis inducer, CFM 4.16 (C4.16), namely CA IX-C4.16. The NP is designed to selectively deliver the payload to the hypoxic tumor (core), provoke superior cell death in parental (WT) and Everolimus-resistant (Evr-res) RCC and selectively downmodulate tumorigenic M2-macrophage. Copper-free 'click' chemistry was utilized for conjugating SMA-TPGS with Acetazolamide (ATZ, a CA IX-specific targeting ligand). The NP was further tagged with a clinically approved NIR dye (S0456) for evaluating hypoxic tumor core penetration and organ distribution. Imaging of tumor spheroid treated with NIR dye-labeled CA IX-SMA-TPGS revealed remarkable tumor core penetration that was modulated by CA IX-mediated targeting in hypoxic-A498 RCC cells. The significant cell killing effect with synergistic combination index (CI) of CA IX-C4.16 and Sor treatment suggests efficient reversal of Evr-resistance in A498 cells. The CA IX directed nanoplatform in combination with Sor has shown multiple benefits in overcoming drug resistance through (i) inhibition of p-AKT, (ii) upregulation of tumoricidal M1 macrophages resulting in induction of caspase 3/7 mediated apoptosis of Evr-res A498 cells in macrophage-RCC co-culturing condition, (iii) significant in vitro and in vivo Evr-res A498 tumor growth inhibition as compared to individual therapy, and (iv) untraceable liver and kidney toxicity in mice. Near-infrared (NIR) imaging of CA IX-SMA-TPGS-S0456 in Evr-res A498 RCC model exhibited significant accumulation of CA IX-oligomer in tumor core with >3-fold higher tumor uptake as compared to control. In conclusion, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates versatile tumor hypoxia directed nanoplatform that can work in synergy with existing drugs for reversing drug-resistance in RCC accompanied with re-education of tumor-associated macrophages, that could be applied universally for several hypoxic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem O Alsaab
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, 25671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samaresh Sau
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Rami M Alzhrani
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, 25671, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lisa A Polin
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Ulka Vaishampayan
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Arun K Rishi
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Arun K Iyer
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Molecular Imaging Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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106
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He H, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Zhuang J, He X, Wang S, Lin W. Dexmedetomidine Mitigates Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation through Upregulation of Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 in a Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2591-2603. [PMID: 29665726 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hefan He
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jiayuan Zhuang
- The School of Nursing, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu He
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wenping Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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107
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Le Bourgeois T, Strauss L, Aksoylar HI, Daneshmandi S, Seth P, Patsoukis N, Boussiotis VA. Targeting T Cell Metabolism for Improvement of Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2018; 8:237. [PMID: 30123774 PMCID: PMC6085483 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been significant progress in utilizing our immune system against cancer, mainly by checkpoint blockade and T cell-mediated therapies. The field of cancer immunotherapy is growing rapidly but durable clinical benefits occur only in a small subset of responding patients. It is currently recognized that cancer creates a suppressive metabolic microenvironment, which contributes to ineffective immune function. Metabolism is a common cellular feature, and although there has been significant progress in understanding the detrimental role of metabolic changes of the tumor microenvironment (TEM) in immune cells, there is still much to be learned regarding unique targetable pathways. Elucidation of cancer and immune cell metabolic profiles is critical for identifying mechanisms that regulate metabolic reprogramming within the TEM. Metabolic targets that mediate immunosuppression and are fundamental in sustaining tumor growth can be exploited therapeutically for the development of approaches to increase the efficacy of immunotherapies. Here, we will highlight the importance of metabolism on the function of tumor-associated immune cells and will address the role of key metabolic determinants that might be targets of therapeutic intervention for improvement of tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Le Bourgeois
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Laura Strauss
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Halil-Ibrahim Aksoylar
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Saeed Daneshmandi
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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108
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Redd PS, Lu C, Klement JD, Ibrahim ML, Zhou G, Kumai T, Celis E, Liu K. H3K4me3 mediates the NF-κB p50 homodimer binding to the pdcd1 promoter to activate PD-1 transcription in T cells. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1483302. [PMID: 30228953 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1483302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-1 is a co-repressive receptor that curbs T cell activation and thereby serves as a protection mechanism against autoimmunity under physiological conditions. Under pathological conditions, tumor cells express PD-L1 as an adaptive resistant mechanism to suppress PD-1+ T cells to evade host immunosurveillance. PD-1 therefore is a key target in cancer immunotherapy. Despite the extensive studies of PD-1 expression regulation, the pdcd1 transcription machinery and regulatory mechanisms are still not fully understood. We report here that the NF-κB p50 homodimer is a transcription regulator of PD-1 in activated T cells. A putative κB sequence exists at the pdcd1 promoter. All five NF-κB Rel subunits are activated in activated T cells. However, only the p50 homodimer directly binds to the κB sequence at the pccd1 promoter in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Deficiency in p50 results in reduced PD-1 expression in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro. Using an in vivo mixed bone marrow chimera mouse model, we show that p50 regulates PD-1 expression in a cell-intrinsic way and p50 deficiency leads to decreased PD-1 expression in both antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vivo. The expression levels of H3K4me3-specific histone methyltransferase increased significantly, resulting in a significant increase in H3K4me3 deposition at the pdcd1 promoter in activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Inhibition of H3K4me3 significantly decreased p50 binding to the pdcd1 promoter and PD-1 expression in a T cell line. Our findings determine that the p50-H3K4me3 axis regulates pdcd1 transcription activation in activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla S Redd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Chunwan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - John D Klement
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammed L Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Gang Zhou
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Takumi Kumai
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Esteban Celis
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
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109
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Pollari M, Brück O, Pellinen T, Vähämurto P, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Mannisto S, Kallioniemi O, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen PL, Mustjoki S, Leivonen SK, Leppä S. PD-L1 + tumor-associated macrophages and PD-1 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes predict survival in primary testicular lymphoma. Haematologica 2018; 103:1908-1914. [PMID: 30026337 PMCID: PMC6278972 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.197194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary testicular lymphoma is a rare and aggressive lymphoid malignancy, most often representing diffuse large B-cell lymphoma histologically. Tumor-associated macrophages and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes have been associated with survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, but their prognostic impact in primary testicular lymphoma is unknown. Here, we aimed to identify macrophages, their immunophenotypes and association with lymphocytes, and translate the findings into survival of patients with primary testicular lymphoma. We collected clinical data and tumor tissue from 74 primary testicular lymphoma patients, and used multiplex immunohistochemistry and digital image analysis to examine macrophage markers (CD68, CD163, and c-Maf), T-cell markers (CD3, CD4, and CD8), B-cell marker (CD20), and three checkpoint molecules (PD-L1, PD-L2, and PD-1). We demonstrate that a large proportion of macrophages (median 41%, range 0.08–99%) and lymphoma cells (median 34%, range 0.1–100%) express PD-L1. The quantity of PD-L1+ CD68+ macrophages correlates positively with the amount of PD-1+ lymphocytes, and a high proportion of either PD-L1+ CD68+ macrophages or PD-1+ CD4+ and PD-1+ CD8+ T cells translates into favorable survival. In contrast, the number of PD-L1+lymphoma cells or PD-L1− macrophages do not associate with outcome. In multivariate analyses with IPI, PD-L1+ CD68+ macrophage and PD-1+ lymphocyte contents remain as independent prognostic factors for survival. In conclusion, high PD-L1+ CD68+ macrophage and PD-1+ lymphocyte contents predict favorable survival in patients with primary testicular lymphoma. The findings implicate that the tumor microenvironment and PD-1 – PD-L1 pathway have a significant role in regulating treatment outcome. They also bring new insights to the targeted thera py of primary testicular lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjukka Pollari
- Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Oscar Brück
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teijo Pellinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauli Vähämurto
- Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | | | - Susanna Mannisto
- Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Olli Kallioniemi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.,Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Pirkko-Liisa Kellokumpu-Lehtinen
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Suvi-Katri Leivonen
- Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Sirpa Leppä
- Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland .,Department of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
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110
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Tumor-derived exosomes induce PD1 + macrophage population in human gastric cancer that promotes disease progression. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:41. [PMID: 29799520 PMCID: PMC5968036 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages constitute a major component of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. M2 macrophages have been reported to promote tumor progression through promoting tumor angiogenesis and metastasis and regulating T-cell function. Here, we identified a protumorigenic subset of macrophages that constitutively expressed programmed cell death 1 (PD1) and accumulated in advanced-stage gastric cancer (GC). These PD1+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) exhibited an M2-like surface profile, with a significant increase in the expression of CD206, IL-10, and CCL1, and a clear decrease in the expression of MHC class II, CD64, and IL-12 and the ability to phagocytose ovalbumin. Moreover, PD1+ TAMs can suppress CD8+ T-cell function and this immunosuppressive activity can effectively be enhanced upon triggering PD1 signal. GC-derived exosomes effectively educated monocytes to differentiate into PD1+ TAMs with M2 phenotypic and functional characteristics. Together, our results are the first to show that GC-derived exosomes can effectively induce PD1+ TAM generation, and these cells can produce a large number of IL-10, impair CD8+ T-cell function, and thereby create conditions that promote GC progression. Thus, methods in which immunotherapy is combined with targeting PD1+ TAMs and tumor-derived exosomes should be used to restore immune function in GC patients.
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111
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Cui J, Li Q, Luo M, Zhong Z, Zhou S, Jiang L, Shen N, Geng Z, Cheng H, Meng L, Yi S, Sun H, Wu F, Zhu Z, Zou P, You Y, Guo AY, Zhu X. Leukemia cell-derived microvesicles induce T cell exhaustion via miRNA delivery. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1448330. [PMID: 29900066 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1448330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell function in cancer patients is usually impaired due to the constitutive activation of immune checkpoint inhibitors. This state is known as 'exhaustion' and is often associated with the inefficient control of tumors or persistent infections. In this work, we investigated the role of leukemia cell-derived microvesicles (MVs) in T cell exhaustion. Following incubation with MVs from various sources, all T cell subtypes exhibited the exhaustion phonotype and impaired cytokine secretion in vitro. Mice models also showed the connection between immune checkpoint inhibitors and MV injection. Sequencing and bioinformatics analyses indicated that a number of transcription factors and microRNAs (miRNAs) were attributable to the dysregulation of pathways and exhaustion in T cells. Further work revealed that functional miR-92a-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-126 and miR-182-5p in MVs could be delivered into T cells to induce the exhaustion phenotype. SerpinB2, IL-1β and CXCL5, which are mediators of the NF-κB pathway, were identified as the targets of the miRNAs mentioned above. We demonstrated that leukemia-derived MVs could initiate T cell exhaustion via the progressive temporal delivery of multiple exogenous miRNAs into T cells and the subsequent interaction of these miRNAs with their targets. Therefore, MVs can be expected not only to become new indicators of the T cell status in patients but also to be used as novel targets for personalized patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieke Cui
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Mei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaodong Zhong
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Na Shen
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Geng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Li Meng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Shujuan Yi
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zunmin Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, P. R, China
| | - Ping Zou
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yong You
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - An-Yuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
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112
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PD-1 and its ligands are important immune checkpoints in cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:2171-2186. [PMID: 27974689 PMCID: PMC5356790 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligands (PD-Ls) have been identified as negative immunoregulatory molecules that promote immune evasion of tumor cells. The interaction of PD-1 and PD-Ls inhibits the function of T cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) while increasing the function of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). This condition causes the tumor cells to evade immune response. Thus, the blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 enhances anti-tumor immunity by reducing the number and/or the suppressive activity of Tregs and by restoring the activity of effector T cells. Furthermore, some monoclonal antibodies blockading PD-1/PD-Ls axis have achieved good effect and received Food and Drug Administration approval. The role of PD-1/PD-Ls in tumors has been well studied, but little is known on the mechanism by which PD-1 blocks T-cell activation. In this study, we provide a brief overview on the discovery and regulatory mechanism of PD-1 and PD-L1 dysregulation in tumors, as well as the function and signaling pathway of PD-1 and its ligands; their roles in tumor evasion and clinical treatment were also studied.
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113
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Mycophenolate Mofetil Protects Septic Mice via the Dual Inhibition of Inflammatory Cytokines and PD-1. Inflammation 2018; 41:1008-1020. [PMID: 29455288 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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114
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Curran CS, Sharon E. PD-1 immunobiology in autoimmune hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Oncol 2018; 44:428-432. [PMID: 29935904 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of liver immune tolerance allows for the development of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AIH rarely progresses to HCC but the diseases similarly induce the production of IL-18 and matrix metalloproteinases. These molecules have distinct effects on the immune response, including the programmed cell-death 1 (PD-1) axis. In this review, differences in PD-1 function and possible cell signals in AIH and HCC are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Curran
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elad Sharon
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment & Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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115
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Xu-Monette ZY, Zhang M, Li J, Young KH. PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade: Have We Found the Key to Unleash the Antitumor Immune Response? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1597. [PMID: 29255458 PMCID: PMC5723106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-1–PD-L1 interaction is known to drive T cell dysfunction, which can be blocked by anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. However, studies have also shown that the function of the PD-1–PD-L1 axis is affected by the complex immunologic regulation network, and some CD8+ T cells can enter an irreversible dysfunctional state that cannot be rescued by PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. In most advanced cancers, except Hodgkin lymphoma (which has high PD-L1/L2 expression) and melanoma (which has high tumor mutational burden), the objective response rate with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy is only ~20%, and immune-related toxicities and hyperprogression can occur in a small subset of patients during PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy. The lack of efficacy in up to 80% of patients was not necessarily associated with negative PD-1 and PD-L1 expression, suggesting that the roles of PD-1/PD-L1 in immune suppression and the mechanisms of action of antibodies remain to be better defined. In addition, important immune regulatory mechanisms within or outside of the PD-1/PD-L1 network need to be discovered and targeted to increase the response rate and to reduce the toxicities of immune checkpoint blockade therapies. This paper reviews the major functional and clinical studies of PD-1/PD-L1, including those with discrepancies in the pathologic and biomarker role of PD-1 and PD-L1 and the effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. The goal is to improve understanding of the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy, as well as enhance the development of therapeutic strategies to overcome the resistance mechanisms and unleash the antitumor immune response to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Y Xu-Monette
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Hematology, JiangSu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of NanJing Medical University, NanJing, JiangSu Province, China
| | - Ken H Young
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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116
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Borgoni S, Iannello A, Cutrupi S, Allavena P, D'Incalci M, Novelli F, Cappello P. Depletion of tumor-associated macrophages switches the epigenetic profile of pancreatic cancer infiltrating T cells and restores their anti-tumor phenotype. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1393596. [PMID: 29308326 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1393596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDA) is characterized by a complex tumor microenvironment that supports its progression, aggressiveness and resistance to therapies. The delicate interplay between cancer and immune cells creates the conditions for PDA development, particularly due to the functional suppression of T cell anti-tumor effector activity. However, some of the mechanisms involved in this process are still poorly understood. In this study, we analyze whether the functional and epigenetic profile of T cells that infiltrate PDA is modulated by the microenvironment, and in particular by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). CD4 and CD8 T cells obtained from mice orthotopically injected with syngeneic PDA cells, and untreated or treated with Trabectedin, a cytotoxic drug that specifically targets TAMs, were sorted and analyzed by flow cytometry and characterized for their epigenetic profile. Assessment of cytokine production and the epigenetic profile of genes coding for IL10, T-bet and PD1 revealed that T cells that infiltrated PDA displayed activated Il10 promoter and repressed T-bet activity, in agreement with their regulatory phenotype (IL10high/IFNγlow, PD1high). By contrast, in Trabectedin-treated mice, PDA-infiltrating T cells displayed repressed Il10 and Pdcd1 and activated T-bet promoter activity, in accordance with their anti-tumor effector phenotype (IL10low/IFNγhigh), indicating a key role of TAMs in orchestrating functions of PDA-infiltrating T cells by modulating their epigenetic profile towards a pro-tumoral phenotype. These results suggest the targeting of TAMs as an efficient strategy to obtain an appropriate T cell anti-tumor immune response and open new potential combinations for PDA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Borgoni
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Santena 5, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Iannello
- Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.,Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Santina Cutrupi
- Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.,Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Allavena
- Dept. Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano (Milano), Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Incalci
- Dept. of Oncology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Novelli
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Santena 5, Torino, Italy.,Transplant Immunology Service, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Cappello
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Santena 5, Torino, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
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117
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Schildberg FA, Klein SR, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH. Coinhibitory Pathways in the B7-CD28 Ligand-Receptor Family. Immunity 2017; 44:955-72. [PMID: 27192563 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses need to be controlled for optimal protective immunity and tolerance. Coinhibitory pathways in the B7-CD28 family provide critical inhibitory signals that regulate immune homeostasis and defense and protect tissue integrity. These coinhibitory signals limit the strength and duration of immune responses, thereby curbing immune-mediated tissue damage, regulating resolution of inflammation, and maintaining tolerance to prevent autoimmunity. Tumors and microbes that cause chronic infections can exploit these coinhibitory pathways to establish an immunosuppressive microenvironment, hindering their eradication. Advances in understanding T cell coinhibitory pathways have stimulated a new era of immunotherapy with effective drugs to treat cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases, and transplant rejection. In this review we discuss the current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the coinhibitory functions of pathways in the B7-CD28 family, the diverse functional consequences of these inhibitory signals on immune responses, and the overlapping and unique functions of these key immunoregulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Schildberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah R Klein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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118
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119
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Gordon SR, Maute RL, Dulken BW, Hutter G, George BM, McCracken MN, Gupta R, Tsai JM, Sinha R, Corey D, Ring AM, Connolly AJ, Weissman IL. PD-1 expression by tumour-associated macrophages inhibits phagocytosis and tumour immunity. Nature 2017; 545:495-499. [PMID: 28514441 PMCID: PMC5931375 DOI: 10.1038/nature22396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1412] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint receptor that is upregulated on activated T cells for the induction of immune tolerance. Tumour cells frequently overexpress the ligand for PD-1, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), facilitating their escape from the immune system. Monoclonal antibodies that block the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1, by binding to either the ligand or receptor, have shown notable clinical efficacy in patients with a variety of cancers, including melanoma, colorectal cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Although it is well established that PD-1-PD-L1 blockade activates T cells, little is known about the role that this pathway may have in tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). Here we show that both mouse and human TAMs express PD-1. TAM PD-1 expression increases over time in mouse models of cancer and with increasing disease stage in primary human cancers. TAM PD-1 expression correlates negatively with phagocytic potency against tumour cells, and blockade of PD-1-PD-L1 in vivo increases macrophage phagocytosis, reduces tumour growth and lengthens the survival of mice in mouse models of cancer in a macrophage-dependent fashion. This suggests that PD-1-PD-L1 therapies may also function through a direct effect on macrophages, with substantial implications for the treatment of cancer with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney R. Gordon
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 4305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Roy L. Maute
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ben W. Dulken
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benson M. George
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Melissa N. McCracken
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Rohit Gupta
- Human Immune Monitoring Center Biobank, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Jonathan M. Tsai
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Daniel Corey
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Aaron M. Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Andrew J. Connolly
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305
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120
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Roy S, Gupta P, Palit S, Basu M, Ukil A, Das PK. The role of PD-1 in regulation of macrophage apoptosis and its subversion by Leishmania donovani. Clin Transl Immunology 2017; 6:e137. [PMID: 28690843 PMCID: PMC5493582 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2017.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) expressed in many immune cells is known to trigger T-cell exhaustion but the significance of macrophage-associated PD-1 in relevance to macrophage apoptosis is not known. This study is aimed to delineate whether PD-1 pathway has any role in eliciting macrophage apoptosis and, if so, then how the intra-macrophage parasite, Leishmania donovani modulates PD-1 pathway for protecting its niche. Resting macrophages when treated with H2O2 showed increased PD-1 expression and apoptosis, which was further enhanced on PD-1 agonist treatment. The administration of either PD-1 receptor or PD-1 ligand-blocking antibodies reversed the process thus documenting the involvement of PD-1 in macrophage apoptosis. On the contrary, L. donovani-infected macrophages showed decreased PD-1 expression concurrent with inhibition of apoptosis. The activation of PD-1 pathway was found to negatively regulate the phosphorylation of pro-survival AKT, which was reversed during infection. Infection-induced PD-1 downregulation led to the activation of AKT resulting in phosphorylation and subsequent inhibition of proapoptotic protein BAD. Strong association of SHP2 (a SH2-containing ubiquitously expressed tyrosine-specific protein phosphatase) with PD-1 along with AKT deactivation observed in H2O2-treated macrophages was reversed by L. donovani infection. Kinetic analysis coupled with inhibitor-based approach and knockdown experiments demonstrated that L. donovani infection actively downregulated the PD-1 by deactivating NFATc1 as revealed by its reduced nuclear translocation. The study thus elucidates the detailed mechanism of the role of PD-1 in macrophage apoptosis and its negative modulation by Leishmania for their intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Roy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Purnima Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta University, Kolkata, India
| | - Shreyasi Palit
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Moumita Basu
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta University, Kolkata, India
| | - Anindita Ukil
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta University, Kolkata, India
| | - Pijush K Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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121
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Aarstad HJ, Aarstad HH, Vintermyr OK, Kross KW, Lybak S, Heimdal JH. In vitro Monocyte IL-6 Secretion Levels Following Stimulation with Autologous Spheroids Derived from Tumour or Benign Mucosa Predict Long-term Survival in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:211-219. [PMID: 27943380 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
MCP-1/IL-6 in vitro monocyte secretion upon coculture with autologous fragment spheroids was studied in relation to patient 5- and 10-year overall survival rates in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients (n = 65) diagnosed between 1998 and 2005, nine of whom had an human papilloma virus (HPV) tumour infection. The spheroids were harvested from malignant or benign tissue during primary surgery. Two weeks following surgery, freshly isolated autologous monocytes and benign or malignant spheroids were cocultured 24 h in vitro. The IL-6 secretion was expressed as a fraction of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response from the same batch of monocytes. HPV status was obtained by employing PCR analyses of primary diagnostic blocks. IL-6/MCP-1 response levels were not found to be dependent on HPV infection status. MCP-1 secretion did not predict prognosis, nor did in vitro IL-6 monocyte background or LPS-stimulated IL-6 secretion. At 5-year observation, dichotomized IL-6 levels following monocyte coculture, with both malignant and benign spheroids, showed a strong trend towards predicting survival, that is a low monocyte malignant coculture response showed a survival of 31 ± 17 versus 58 ± 17% with a high such response (P = 0.057). When studying monocyte IL-6 coculture responses evaluating benign and malignant spheroid results statistically together, a prediction of survival up to 10 years was found (hazard ratio = 0.48; confidence interval = 0.24-0.96; P < 0.05) with double low IL-6 responses. This survival prediction was also present after an adjustment for HPV tumour infection status. In conclusion, monocyte IL-6 in vitro secretion in cocultures with autologous spheroids/serum from HNSCCs predicted 5- and 10-year survivals, both with and without tumour HPV tumour adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Aarstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - H H Aarstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - O K Vintermyr
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - K W Kross
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S Lybak
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - J-H Heimdal
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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122
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Asai A, Tsuchimoto Y, Ohama H, Fukunishi S, Tsuda Y, Kobayashi M, Higuchi K, Suzuki F. Host antitumor resistance improved by the macrophage polarization in a chimera model of patients with HCC. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1299301. [PMID: 28507807 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1299301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major advances in curative and palliative approaches, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. M1 macrophages (Mϕ) play a key role in host antitumor defenses in HCC. In our study, CD14+ cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of four groups of HCC patients (group-1, patients with stage 0 HCC; group-2, patients with stage A HCC; group-3, patients with stage B HCC; and group-4, patients with stage C HCC) and characterized phenotypically. Then, CD14+ cells from group-2 and group-3 HCC patients were induced to polarize and tested for their antitumor abilities in a chimera model of HCC patients. Human HCCs (HepG2 solid tumors) grew in a chimera model of group-3 patients (group-3 HCC chimeras) but not in a chimera model of group-2 patients (group-2 HCC chimeras). In response to HCC antigens, the majority of CD14+ cells from group-2 patients (group-2 CD14+ cells) switched to the M1 phenotype (IL-12+IL-10-iNOS+cells), whereas the majority of CD14+ cells from group-3 patients (group-3 CD14+ cells) did not switch to the M1 phenotype and continued to express M2b phenotypic properties (IL-12-IL-10+CCL1+iNOS-cells). Group-3 CD14+ cells showed M1Mϕ polarization after treatment with CCL1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN). Therefore, our study indicates that anti-HCC defenses of group-3 HCC chimeras are improved after CCL1 antisense ODN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Asai
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan.,Medical Laboratory, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsuchimoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Hideko Ohama
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Shinya Fukunishi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tsuda
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Makiko Kobayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kazuhide Higuchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Fujio Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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123
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Zhao W, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Yang J, Zhang L, He A, Zhang W, Hideto T. High programmed death 1 expression on T cells in aplastic anemia. Immunol Lett 2017; 183:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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124
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Abstract
Immunity developed to defend our bodies from foreign particles, including bacteria and viruses. Although effector cells responsible for acquired immunity, mainly T cells, and B cells, are able to distinguish self from non-self, they sometimes attack the body's tissues because of imperfect central tolerance. Several immune check points developed to limit overactivation of these cells. One of the most important immune checkpoints is programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), which is expressed mainly on activated lymphocytes. As its ligands (PD-Ls) are expressed widely in the body and affect the responses against self and foreign antigens, controlling PD-1/PD-L interactions enables the management of several immune-related diseases such as autoimmune disease, virus infection, and cancers. Currently, the strategy of PD-1/ PD-L1 blockade has already been applied to clinical cancer therapy, providing evidences that PD-1 signal is one of the main factors of cancer immune escape in humans. The dramatic efficacy of PD-1 blockade in cancer immunotherapy, promises the control of other immune diseases by PD-1 signal modulation. In this review, we summarize the history of PD-1, subsequent basic studies, and their application to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Chamoto
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Muna Al-Habsi
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tasuku Honjo
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan.
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125
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Bally APR, Tang Y, Lee JT, Barwick BG, Martinez R, Evavold BD, Boss JM. Conserved Region C Functions To Regulate PD-1 Expression and Subsequent CD8 T Cell Memory. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:205-217. [PMID: 27895178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) on CD8 T cells promotes T cell exhaustion during chronic Ag exposure. During acute infections, PD-1 is transiently expressed and has the potential to modulate CD8 T cell memory formation. Conserved region C (CR-C), a promoter proximal cis-regulatory element that is critical to PD-1 expression in vitro, responds to NFATc1, FoxO1, and/or NF-κB signaling pathways. Here, a CR-C knockout mouse was established to determine its role on PD-1 expression and the corresponding effects on T cell function in vivo. Deletion of CR-C decreased PD-1 expression on CD4 T cells and Ag-specific CD8 T cells during acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus challenges, but did not affect the ability to clear an infection. Following acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, memory CD8 T cells in the CR-C knockout mouse were formed in greater numbers, were more functional, and were more effective at responding to a melanoma tumor than wild-type memory cells. These data implicate a critical role for CR-C in governing PD-1 expression, and a subsequent role in guiding CD8 T cell differentiation. The data suggest the possibility that titrating PD-1 expression during CD8 T cell activation could have important ramifications in vaccine development and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P R Bally
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Joshua T Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Benjamin G Barwick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Ryan Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and .,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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126
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Bally APR, Austin JW, Boss JM. Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of PD-1 Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2431-7. [PMID: 26945088 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory immune receptor programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is intricately regulated. In T cells, PD-1 is expressed in response to most immune challenges, but it is rapidly downregulated in acute settings, allowing for normal immune responses. On chronically stimulated Ag-specific T cells, PD-1 expression remains high, leading to an impaired response to stimuli. Ab blockade of PD-1 interactions during chronic Ag settings partially restores immune function and is now used clinically to treat a variety of devastating cancers. Understanding the regulation of PD-1 expression may be useful for developing novel immune-based therapies. In this review, the molecular mechanisms that drive dynamic PD-1 expression during acute and chronic antigenic stimuli are discussed. An array of cis-DNA elements, transcription factors, and epigenetic components, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, control PD-1 expression. The interplay between these regulators fine-tunes PD-1 expression in different inflammatory environments and across numerous cell types to modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P R Bally
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - James W Austin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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127
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The anticancer immune response of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and the genetic determinants of response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in cancer patients. Oncotarget 2016; 6:19393-404. [PMID: 26305724 PMCID: PMC4637293 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The programmed death-1 (PD-1), a coinhibitory receptor expressed on activated T cells and B cells, is demonstrated to induce an immune-mediated response and play a critical role in tumor initiation and development. The cancer patients harboring PD-1 or PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein expression have often a poor prognosis and clinical outcome. Currently, targeting PD-1 pathway as a potential new anticancer strategy is attracting more and more attention in cancer treatment. Several monoclonal antibodies against PD-1 or PD-L1 have been reported to enhance anticancer immune responses and induce tumor cell death. Nonetheless, the precise molecular mechanisms by which PD-1 affects various cancers remain elusive. Moreover, this therapy is not effective for all the cancer patients and only a fraction of patients respond to the antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1, indicating these antibodies may only works in a subset of certain cancers. Thus, understanding the novel function of PD-1 and genetic determinants of response to anti-PD-1 therapy will allow us to develop a more effective and individualized immunotherapeutic strategy for cancer.
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128
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Chen W, Wang J, Jia L, Liu J, Tian Y. Attenuation of the programmed cell death-1 pathway increases the M1 polarization of macrophages induced by zymosan. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2115. [PMID: 26913605 PMCID: PMC4849159 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is a member of the CD28 superfamily that delivers negative signals on interaction with its 2 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. We assessed the contribution of the PD-1 pathway to regulating the polarization of macrophages that promote inflammation induced by zymosan. We found that PD-1−/− mice developed robust peritonitis with more abundant infiltration of M1 macrophages, accompanied by higher levels of pro-inflammation factors, especially monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) compared with wild-type controls ex vivo and in vitro. Our results indicated that PD-1 deficiency promotes M1 rather than M2 polarization of macrophages by enhancing the expression of p-STAT1/p-NF-κB p65 and downregulating p-STAT6. We found that PD-1 engagement followed by zymosan stimulation might primarily attenuate the phosphorylation of tyrosine residue in PD-1 receptor/ligand and the recruitment of SHP-2 to PD-1 receptor/ligand, leading to the reduction of M1 type cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chen
- Department of Medical Science of Laboratory, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China.,Graduate Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - L Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - J Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Y Tian
- Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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129
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Gonzalez SM, Zapata W, Rugeles MT. Role of Regulatory T Cells and Inhibitory Molecules in the Development of Immune Exhaustion During Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. Viral Immunol 2015; 29:2-10. [PMID: 26566019 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key hallmarks of chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is the persistent immune activation triggered since early stages of the infection, followed by the development of an exhaustion phenomena, which leads to the inability of immune cells to respond appropriately to the virus and other pathogens, constituting the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); this exhausting state is characterized by a loss of effector functions of immune cells such as proliferation, production of cytokine, as well as cytotoxic potential and it has been attributable to an increased response of regulatory T cells and recently also to the expression in different cell populations of inhibitory molecules, such as programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), T cell immunoglobulin-3 (Tim-3), and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3). The importance of these molecules relies on the possibility to restore the immune response once these molecules are blocked, constituting a potential therapeutic target for treatment during HIV infection. In this regard, we explored the available data evaluating the functional role of Treg cells and inhibitory molecules during the infection in both blood and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and their contribution to the development of immune exhaustion and progression to AIDS, as well as their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Milena Gonzalez
- 1 Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata
- 1 Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia .,2 Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Sede Medellín, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia , Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Teresa Rugeles
- 1 Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia
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130
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Harnessing the Microbiome to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:368736. [PMID: 26101781 PMCID: PMC4458560 DOI: 10.1155/2015/368736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota plays a key role in regulating the innate and adaptive immune system. Herein, we review the immunological aspects of the microbiota in tumor immunity in mice and man, with a focus on toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, vaccines, checkpoint modulators, chemotherapy, and adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) therapies. We propose innovative treatments that may safely harness the microbiota to enhance T cell-based therapies in cancer patients. Finally, we highlight recent developments in tumor immunotherapy, particularly novel ways to modulate the microbiome and memory T cell responses to human malignancies.
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