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Lee ACH, Kahaly GJ. Novel Approaches for Immunosuppression in Graves' Hyperthyroidism and Associated Orbitopathy. Eur Thyroid J 2020; 9:17-30. [PMID: 33511082 PMCID: PMC7802437 DOI: 10.1159/000508789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH) and Graves' orbitopathy (GO) are associated with significant adverse health consequences. All conventional treatment options have limitations regarding efficacy and safety. Most importantly, they do not specifically address the underlying immunological mechanisms. We aim to review the latest development of treatment approaches in these two closely related disorders. SUMMARY Immunotherapies of GH have recently demonstrated clinical efficacy in preliminary studies. They include ATX-GD-59, an antigen-specific immunotherapy which restores immune tolerance to the thyrotropin receptor; iscalimab, an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody which blocks the CD40-CD154 costimulatory pathway in B-T cell interaction; and K1-70, a thyrotropin receptor-blocking monoclonal antibody. Novel treatment strategies have also become available in GO. Mycophenolate significantly increased the overall response rate combined with standard glucocorticoid (GC) treatment compared to GC monotherapy. Tocilizumab, an anti-interleukin 6 receptor monoclonal antibody, displayed strong anti-inflammatory action in GC-resistant cases. Teprotumumab, an anti-insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor monoclonal antibody, resulted in remarkable improvement in terms of disease activity, proptosis, and diplopia. Further, rituximab appears to be useful in active disease of recent onset without impending dysthyroid optic neuropathy. KEY MESSAGES Therapeutic advances will continue to optimize our management of GH and associated orbitopathy in an effective and safe manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Chun Hong Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - George J. Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- *George J. Kahaly, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstraße 1, DE–55131 Mainz (Germany),
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102
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Kahaly GJ. Management of Graves Thyroidal and Extrathyroidal Disease: An Update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5905591. [PMID: 32929476 PMCID: PMC7543578 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Invited update on the management of systemic autoimmune Graves disease (GD) and associated Graves orbitopathy (GO). EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Guidelines, pertinent original articles, systemic reviews, and meta-analyses. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TSH-R-Abs), foremost the stimulatory TSH-R-Abs, are a specific biomarker for GD. Their measurement assists in the differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and offers accurate and rapid diagnosis of GD. Thyroid ultrasound is a sensitive imaging tool for GD. Worldwide, thionamides are the favored treatment (12-18 months) of newly diagnosed GD, with methimazole (MMI) as the preferred drug. Patients with persistently high TSH-R-Abs and/or persistent hyperthyroidism at 18 months, or with a relapse after completing a course of MMI, can opt for a definitive therapy with radioactive iodine (RAI) or total thyroidectomy (TX). Continued long-term, low-dose MMI administration is a valuable and safe alternative. Patient choice, both at initial presentation of GD and at recurrence, should be emphasized. Propylthiouracil is preferred to MMI during the first trimester of pregnancy. TX is best performed by a high-volume thyroid surgeon. RAI should be avoided in GD patients with active GO, especially in smokers. Recently, a promising therapy with an anti-insulin-like growth factor-1 monoclonal antibody for patients with active/severe GO was approved by the Food and Drug Administration. COVID-19 infection is a risk factor for poorly controlled hyperthyroidism, which contributes to the infection-related mortality risk. If GO is not severe, systemic steroid treatment should be postponed during COVID-19 while local treatment and preventive measures are offered. CONCLUSIONS A clear trend towards serological diagnosis and medical treatment of GD has emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: George J. Kahaly, MD, PhD, JGU Medical Center, Mainz 55101, Germany. E-mail:
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Neumann S, Krieger CC, Gershengorn MC. Targeting TSH and IGF-1 Receptors to Treat Thyroid Eye Disease. Eur Thyroid J 2020; 9:59-65. [PMID: 33511086 PMCID: PMC7802449 DOI: 10.1159/000511538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease caused in part by thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAbs) that activate the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). In Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH), TSAbs cause persistent stimulation of thyroid cells leading to continuous thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. Thyroid eye disease (TED), also called Graves' orbitopathy, is an orbital manifestation of GD. We review the important roles of the TSHR and the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) in the pathogenesis of TED and discuss a model of TSHR/IGF-1R crosstalk that considers two pathways initiated by TSAb activation of TSHR in the eye, an IGF-1R-independent and an IGF-1R-dependent signaling pathway leading to hyaluronan (HA) secretion in orbital fibroblasts. We discuss current and future therapeutic approaches targeting the IGF-1R and TSHR. Teprotumumab, a human monoclonal anti-IGF-1R-blocking antibody, has been approved as an effective treatment in patients with TED. However, as the TSHR seems to be the primary target for TSAbs in patients with GD, future therapeutic interventions directly targeting the TSHR, e.g. blocking antibodies and small molecule antagonists, are being developed and have the advantage to inhibit the IGF-1R-independent as well as the IGF-1R-dependent component of TSAb-induced HA secretion. Antigen-specific immunotherapies using TSHR peptides to reduce serum TSHR antibodies are being developed also. These TSHR-targeted strategies also have the potential to treat both GH and TED with the same drug. We propose that combination therapy targeting TSHR and IGF-1R may be an effective and better tolerated treatment strategy for TED.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marvin C. Gershengorn
- *Marvin C. Gershengorn, 50 South Dr., Building 50, Room 4134, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA),
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104
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Ataabadi G, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Owji N, Bakhshayeshkaram M, Montazeri-Najafabady N. Clinical Features of Graves' Ophthalmopathy and Impact of Enalapril on the Course of Mild Graves' Ophthalmopathy: A Pilot Study. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:139-148. [PMID: 31345156 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190725113816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation, oxidative stress, and adipogenesis are associated with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) progression. OBJECTIVE We conducted a pilot study to investigate the effect of Enalapril on patients with mild ophthalmopathy. METHOD Based on the comprehensive eye examination, 12 patients with mild ophthalmopathy were selected from referred Graves' patients and treated with Enalapril (5 mg daily) for 6 months. Clinical and ophthalmological examination [IOP (Intraocular Pressure), vision, Margin reflex distance and exophthalmia measurement, CAS (clinical activity score) and VISA [V (vision); I (inflammation/ congestion); S (strabismus/motility restriction); and A (appearance/exposure] score assessment) was performed at the beginning, 3 months and 6 months of the study period. Quality of life was also evaluated using a standard questionnaire. RESULTS Mean exophthalmia at the first visit was 18.75 ± 2.39, 3 months later 18.53 ± 2.39 and 6 months later was 17.92 ± 2.31, respectively. Mean CAS was 0.71 ± 0.82 (first visit), 0.57 ± 0.54 (3 months) and 0.14 ± 0.36 (6 months), respectively. Mean Margin reflex distance was 9.09 ± 4.36 (first visit) and 9.60 ± 4.40 (6 months), respectively. There were significant differences in the case of exophthalmia (P=0.002), CAS (P=0.006), and Margin reflex distance (P=0.029) between the first visit and 6 months after treatment. The difference between the score of quality of life in patients with GO after 6 months of follow up was statistically significant (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION Our results showed that Enalapril treatment could ameliorate the clinical course of GO according to the ophthalmologic examinations and subjective parameters of disease progression. However, further studies should be performed to determine the efficacy of Enalapril in Graves' ophthalmopathy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Ataabadi
- Internal Medicine Department, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Dabbaghmanesh
- Internal Medicine Department, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Naser Owji
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Bakhshayeshkaram
- Internal Medicine Department, Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nima Montazeri-Najafabady
- Internal Medicine Department, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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105
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El-Eshmawy MM, Shahin M. Thyroid and Eye: Where They Meet in Clinical Practice. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:39-49. [PMID: 31237221 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190618120107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thyroid Hormones (TH) are essential for normal growth, development and continued optimal function of most of the body organs including the eye. TH signaling plays a central role in the regulation of retinal development and maturation. Deficiency in TH during fetal and early postnatal development impairs growth of the eye and proliferation of all retinal cell types. The present article reviews the most important topics of the different derangements in thyroid function and structure and its relation with eye diseases. METHODS A literature search strategy was conducted for all English-language literature. RESULTS From a clinical practice viewpoint, it should be mentioned that both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are accompanied by ocular diseases i.e. thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Although the orbit and globe are not common sites for metastatic thyroid cancers, orbital metastasis may be the primary clinical manifestation of thyroid carcinoma. Finally, some medications as amiodarone may be accompanied by both thyroid dysfunction and adverse ocular events. CONCLUSION Thyroid disorders and eye diseases are interrelated through several mechanisms thus, awareness of this relation has a great impact on early diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat M El-Eshmawy
- Internal Medicine Department, Mansoura Specialized Medical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maha Shahin
- Ophthalmology Department, Mansoura Ophthalmic Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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106
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Ugradar S, Shi L, Wang Y, Mester T, Yang H, Douglas RS. Teprotumumab for non-inflammatory thyroid eye disease (TED): evidence for increased IGF-1R expression. Eye (Lond) 2020; 35:2607-2612. [PMID: 33221815 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-01297-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Teprotumumab, a blocking antibody to the insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) has been shown to significantly reduce proptosis in recent phase 2 and 3 trials in patients with inflammatory thyroid eye disease (TED). Herein, we investigate the impact of teprotumumab on patients with non-inflammatory TED. We also investigate the expression of the IGF-1R on orbital tissues from patients with inflammatory and non-inflammatory TED compared to controls. METHODS Consecutive patients with non-inflammatory TED (clinical activity score, CAS ≤ 1, for at least 4 months, were treated with teprotumumab. They received a complete course (total eight infusions) of teprotumumab (10 mg/kg for the first infusion and 20 mg/kg for subsequent infusions every 3 weeks). The primary outcome was a proptosis response at week 24. Further, IGF-1R α and β expression was evaluated on orbital tissue from patients with inflammatory and non-inflammatory TED, as well as healthy controls. Non-biased histological analysis of IGF-1R expression was performed using ImageJ. RESULTS Four patients met eligibility criteria for the clinical study, with a mean (SD) CAS of 0 (0). Following teprotumumab treatment, there was a mean (SD) reduction in proptosis of 2.6 mm (1.2). Five patients were included for each group of the histological study; inflammatory TED, non-inflammatory TED and controls. IGF-1Rα and IGF-1Rβ expression was significantly greater in the orbital tissues of patients with inflammatory TED and non-inflammatory TED, when compared to controls. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate for the first time, that teprotumumab, a blocking antibody to the IGF-1R reduces proptosis in a series of patients with non-inflammatory TED. Overexpression of the IGF-1R in orbital tissue from patients with non-inflammatory disease compared to controls may be an important consideration for effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Ugradar
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Lu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tunde Mester
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huasheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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107
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Huang X, Liu G, Mei S, Cai J, Rao J, Tang M, Zhu T, Chen W, Peng S, Wang Y, Ye Y, Zhang T, Deng Z, Zhao J. Human leucocyte antigen alleles confer susceptibility and progression to Graves' ophthalmopathy in a Southern Chinese population. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:1462-1468. [PMID: 33221730 PMCID: PMC8479741 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the contributions of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II genes in the development of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) in a Southern Chinese population. Methods Eight HLA loci were genotyped and analysed in 272 unrelated patients with Graves’ disease (GD) or the proptosis and myogenic phenotypes of GO, and 411 ethnically matched control subjects. Results The allele frequencies of HLA-DRB1*16:02 and -DQB1*05:02 in the GD, proptosis and myogenic groups, HLA-B*38:02 and -DQA1*01:02 in the myogenic group were significantly higher than those in the control group, respectively (all corrected p values <0.05, OR >2.5). The haplotype frequencies of HLA-DRB1*16:02-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*05:02 and HLA-DRB1*16:02-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*05:02-DPA1*02:02-DPB1*05:01 in the proptosis and myogenic groups, and HLA-A*02:03-B*38:02-C*07:02 and HLA-A*02:03-B*38:02-C*07:02-DRB1*16:02-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*05:02-DPA1*02:02-DPB1*05:01 in the myogenic group were significantly higher than those in the control group respectively (all corrected p values <0.05, OR >2.5). The potential epitopes (‘FLGIFNTGL’ of TSHR, ‘IRHSHALVS’, ‘ILYIRTNAS’ and ‘FVFARTMPA’ of IGF-1R) were fitted exactly in the peptide-binding groove between HLA-DRA1-DRB1*16:02 heterodimer, and the epitopes (‘ILEITDNPY’ of THSR, ‘NYALVIFEM’ and ‘NYSFYVLDN’ of IGF-1R) were also fitted exactly in the peptide-binding groove between HLA-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*05:02 heterodimer. Conclusions The HLA-DRB1*16:02 and -DQB1*01:02 alleles might be risk factors for GD including the proptosis and myogenic phenotypes of GO. The alleles HLA-B*38:02, -DQA1*01:02, the HLA haplotypes consisting of HLA-B*38:02, -DRB1*16:02, -DQA1*01:02 and -DQB1*05:02 might be susceptibility risk factors for GO. Simultaneously, some epitopes of TSHR and IGF-1R tightly binding to groove of HLA-DRA1-DRB1*16:02 or HLA-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*05:02 heterodimers might provide some hints on presenting the pathological antigen in GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Huang
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoyi Mei
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiamin Cai
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Rao
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Minzhong Tang
- Cancer Center, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Tianhui Zhu
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenchiew Chen
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiming Peng
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ye Ye
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihui Deng
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Shenzhen Blood Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China .,Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China .,School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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108
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Jain AP, Gellada N, Ugradar S, Kumar A, Kahaly G, Douglas R. Teprotumumab reduces extraocular muscle and orbital fat volume in thyroid eye disease. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 106:165-171. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PurposeThyroid eye disease (TED) is a progressive, debilitating and potentially vision-threatening autoimmune disease. Teprotumumab, a novel human monoclonal antibody, has been shown to reverse the clinical manifestations of TED. Patients receiving teprotumumab have been shown in two multicenter, randomized placebo-controlled trials to have decreased proptosis, diplopia and inflammation after 24 weeks of treatment. This study aims to analyse volumetric and inflammatory changes on orbital imaging prior to and after teprotumumab treatment from one of these trials.DesignRetrospective review.SubjectsSix patients enrolled in the phase III teprotumumab clinical trial (OPTIC, NCT03298867) with active TED who received 24 weeks of teprotumumab and had pre- and post-treatment orbital imaging (CT or MRI). Additionally, 12 non-TED patients (24 orbits) were analysed as a comparative control group.Methods3D volumetric calculations of the extraocular muscles (EOMs), orbital fat, and bony orbit were measured using previously validated image processing software. 3D volumetric results and changes in EOM inflammation were compared with clinical measurements of TED.ResultsTotal EOM volume within each orbit was markedly reduced post-teprotumumab in all patients (n=six patients, 12/12 orbits, p<0.02). There was no statistical difference in post-treatment EOM volume when compared to non-TED controls. Total orbital fat volume was also reduced in 11 of 12 studied orbits (n=six patients, p=0.04). Overall EOM inflammation based on MRI signal intensity ratio was reduced in 8/8 orbits (n=four patients, p<0.01).ConclusionOrbital imaging demonstrated decreased EOM volumes and orbital fat tissue volumes after teprotumumab treatment.
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109
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Krieger CC, Neumann S, Gershengorn MC. Is There Evidence for IGF1R-Stimulating Abs in Graves' Orbitopathy Pathogenesis? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186561. [PMID: 32911689 PMCID: PMC7555308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the evidence against direct stimulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors (IGF1Rs) by autoantibodies in Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) pathogenesis. We describe a model of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR)/IGF1R crosstalk and present evidence that observations indicating IGF1R’s role in GO could be explained by this mechanism. We evaluate the evidence for and against IGF1R as a direct target of stimulating IGF1R antibodies (IGF1RAbs) and conclude that GO pathogenesis does not involve directly stimulating IGF1RAbs. We further conclude that the preponderance of evidence supports TSHR as the direct and only target of stimulating autoantibodies in GO and maintain that the TSHR should remain a major target for further development of a medical therapy for GO in concert with drugs that target TSHR/IGF1R crosstalk.
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110
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Ting M, Ezra DG. Teprotumumab: a disease modifying treatment for graves' orbitopathy. Thyroid Res 2020; 13:12. [PMID: 32636936 PMCID: PMC7334856 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-020-00086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND On 21st January 2020, the FDA approved Tepezza (teprotumumab-trbw) for the treatment of active Graves' orbitopathy (GO) in adults. This approval was based on positive results from two multinational randomised double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials. DISCUSSION This article discusses the outcomes of those trials and the potential role of teprotumumab in altering current treatment paradigms in Graves' orbitopathy. Future challenges are explored, including the need to confirm its disease-modifying effect, to establish its optimal position in the treatment pathway, and to define the appropriate subset of patients who would benefit from its use. CONCLUSIONS The results from these two large clinical trials have shown teprotumumab to have remarkable effects on multiple clinical outcomes in GO, particularly in its ability to reverse proptosis. It may herald a new era in the treatment of thyroid eye disease and could offer an alternative to surgery and its associated complications. Additional studies will continue to shape the treatment of GO and define the role of teprotumumab within the treatment paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ting
- Adnexal Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 162 City Road, London, EC1V 2PD UK
| | - Daniel G. Ezra
- Adnexal Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 162 City Road, London, EC1V 2PD UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology and Moorfields Eye Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for ophthalmology, London, UK
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111
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Slentz DH, Nelson CC, Smith TJ. Teprotumumab: a novel therapeutic monoclonal antibody for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:645-649. [PMID: 32429706 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1772752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a disfiguring, potentially blinding, and sub-optimally managed autoimmune condition. Current therapy of active TAO consists most frequently of glucocorticoid steroids, orbital radiation, or B-cell depletion; all of which are associated with substantial side effects. Teprotumumab (Tepezza) is a human monoclonal antibody against the insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF-IR), recently evaluated in two clinical trials for active moderate-to-severe TAO that was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in TAO. AREAS COVERED This article reviews phase II and III placebo-controlled, double-masked, prospective, multicenter studies assessing the efficacy and safety of teprotumumab for the treatment of active, moderate-to-severe TAO. EXPERT OPINION Teprotumumab has demonstrated substantial and rapid improvement in Clinical Activity Score and proptosis reduction in TAO compared to placebo. Subjective diplopia and quality of life were also improved in both clinical trials. Teprotumumab exhibited a favorable safety profile, with transient hyperglycemia, muscle cramps, and auditory side effects being associated with the drug; these were usually transient. The trial findings indicate that teprotumumab is a promising, potential first-line therapy for treating TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane H Slentz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W. K Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Christine C Nelson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W. K Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W. K Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI USA.,Division of Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI USA
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112
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New Insights from IGF-IR Stimulating Activity Analyses: Pathological Considerations. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040862. [PMID: 32252327 PMCID: PMC7226833 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) play a crucial factor in the growth, differentiation and survival of cells in health and disease. IGF-I and IGF-II primarily activate the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), which is present on the cell surface. Activation of the IGF-IR stimulates multiple pathways which finally results in multiple biological effects in a variety of tissues and cells. In addition, activation of the IGF-IR has been found to be essential for the growth of cancers. The conventional view in the past was that the IGF-IR was exclusively a tyrosine kinase receptor and that phosphorylation of tyrosine residues, after binding of IGF-I to the IGF-IR, started a cascade of post-receptor events. Recent research has shown that this view was too simplistic. It has been found that the IGF-IR also has kinase-independent functions and may even emit signals in the unoccupied state through some yet-to-be-defined non-canonical pathways. The IGF-IR may further form hybrids with the insulin receptors but also with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) outside the insulin-IGF system. In addition, the IGF-IR has extensive cross-talk with many other receptor tyrosine kinases and their downstream effectors. Moreover, there is now emerging evidence that the IGF-IR utilizes parts of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways: the IGF-IR can be considered as a functional RTK/GPCR hybrid, which integrates the kinase signaling with some IGF-IR mediated canonical GPCR characteristics. Like the classical GPCRs the IGF-IR can also show homologous and heterologous desensitization. Recently, it has been found that after activation by a ligand, the IGF-IR may be translocated into the nucleus and function as a transcriptional cofactor. Thus, in recent years, it has become clear that the IGF-IR signaling pathways are much more complex than first thought. Therefore a big challenge for the (near) future will be how all the new knowledge about IGF-IR signaling can be translated into the clinical practice and improve diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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TSH/IGF1 receptor crosstalk: Mechanism and clinical implications. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107502. [PMID: 32061922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence of interdependence between G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways has prompted reevaluation of crosstalk between these receptors in disease and therapy. Investigations into thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) receptor crosstalk, and its application to the clinic have in particular shown recent progress. In this review, we summarize current insights into the mechanism of TSH/IGF1 receptor crosstalk. We discuss evidence that crosstalk is one of the underlying causes of TSHR-based disease and the feasibility of using combinations of TSH receptor and IGF1 receptor antagonists to increase the therapeutic index for the treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism and Graves' ophthalmopathy.
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Wu L, Zhang S, Li X, Yao J, Ling L, Huang X, Hu C, Zhang Y, Sun X, Qin B, Liu G, Zhao C. Integrative transcriptomics and proteomic analysis of extraocular muscles from patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107962. [PMID: 32057773 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Our study aimed to reveal the underlying pathologic mechanisms of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) by integrative transcriptomics and proteomic analysis of extraocular muscles (EOM). The study involved 11 TAO patients (clinical activity score ≤ 2) and 11 control donors. Total RNA was extracted from EOM samples of 5 TAO patients and 5 control individuals for gene microarray analysis to reveal differentially expressed genes. Concurrently, EOM samples from 3 TAO patients and 3 control individuals were lysed for quantitative proteomic analysis. Differentially expressed genes and proteins were identified, followed by functional and pathway enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction network construction. Concordance between proteins and transcripts was examined, and functional annotations were conducted. Expressions of versican (VCAN) and lipocalin 1 (LCN1) in EOM samples from another 3 TAO patients and 3 control individuals were measured by western blotting. In total, 952 genes and 137 proteins were identified as differentially expressed, as well as 96 differentially expressed proteins without significantly changed mRNA abundance. Proteins mainly related to the composition (such as MYH1, MYH2, and MYH13) and contraction force (MYH3, MYH8, ACTN3, and TNNT1) of the muscle fibers were significantly up-regulated in EOM samples of TAO, as well as those (such as VCAN, MPZ, and PTPRC) associated with cell adhesion. In addition, differentially expressed proteins related to the components and metabolism of extracellular matrix (ECM) (such as COL1A1, COL1A2, COL2A1, VCAN, OGN, and DCN) were identified. Similarly, expressions of genes involved in cell adhesion and ECM metabolism were significantly different between EOM samples of TAO patients and controls. Western blotting verified that VCAN involved in ECM proteoglycans and diseases associated with glycosaminoglycan metabolism was markedly higher in EOM samples of TAO, whereas LCN1 was obviously decreased. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the significantly altered cellular components of EOM, muscle contraction, cell adhesion and ECM metabolism, which might be involved in the pathologic mechanisms and/or consequences of TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianqun Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuyi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunchun Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiantao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmolgoy, Children's Hospital Affiliated of Zhengzhou University, 255 Gangdu Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bing Qin
- Department of Ophthalmolgoy, Suqian First Hospital, 120 Suzhi Road, Suqian, China
| | - Guohua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, 430 Jingshi Road, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China.
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Taylor PN, Zhang L, Lee RWJ, Muller I, Ezra DG, Dayan CM, Kahaly GJ, Ludgate M. New insights into the pathogenesis and nonsurgical management of Graves orbitopathy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:104-116. [PMID: 31889140 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0305-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Graves orbitopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease or thyroid-associated orbitopathy, is visually disabling, cosmetically disfiguring and has a substantial negative impact on a patient's quality of life. There is increasing awareness of the need for early diagnosis and rapid specialist input from endocrinologists and ophthalmologists. Glucocorticoids are the mainstay of treatment; however, recurrence occurs frequently once these are withdrawn. Furthermore, in >60% of cases, normal orbital anatomy is not restored, and skilled rehabilitative surgery is required. Clinical trials have shown that considerable benefit can be derived from the addition of antiproliferative agents (such as mycophenolate or azathioprine) in preventing deterioration after steroid cessation. In addition, targeted biologic therapies have shown promise, including teprotumumab, which reduces proptosis, rituximab (anti-CD20), which reduces inflammation, and tocilizumab, which potentially benefits both of these parameters. Other strategies such as orbital radiotherapy have had their widespread role in combination therapy called into question. The pathophysiology of Graves orbitopathy has also been revised with identification of new potential therapeutic targets. In this Review we provide an up-to-date overview of the field, outline the optimal management of Graves orbitopathy and summarize the research developments in this area to highlight future research questions and direct future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Taylor
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Richard W J Lee
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilaria Muller
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Fondazione IRRCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policinico, Department of Endocrinology, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel G Ezra
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Colin M Dayan
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - George J Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marian Ludgate
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Douglas RS, Kahaly GJ, Patel A, Sile S, Thompson EHZ, Perdok R, Fleming JC, Fowler BT, Marcocci C, Marinò M, Antonelli A, Dailey R, Harris GJ, Eckstein A, Schiffman J, Tang R, Nelson C, Salvi M, Wester S, Sherman JW, Vescio T, Holt RJ, Smith TJ. Teprotumumab for the Treatment of Active Thyroid Eye Disease. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:341-352. [PMID: 31971679 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1910434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid eye disease is a debilitating, disfiguring, and potentially blinding periocular condition for which no Food and Drug Administration-approved medical therapy is available. Strong evidence has implicated the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) in the pathogenesis of this disease. METHODS In a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, phase 3 multicenter trial, we assigned patients with active thyroid eye disease in a 1:1 ratio to receive intravenous infusions of the IGF-IR inhibitor teprotumumab (10 mg per kilogram of body weight for the first infusion and 20 mg per kilogram for subsequent infusions) or placebo once every 3 weeks for 21 weeks; the last trial visit for this analysis was at week 24. The primary outcome was a proptosis response (a reduction in proptosis of ≥2 mm) at week 24. Prespecified secondary outcomes at week 24 were an overall response (a reduction of ≥2 points in the Clinical Activity Score plus a reduction in proptosis of ≥2 mm), a Clinical Activity Score of 0 or 1 (indicating no or minimal inflammation), the mean change in proptosis across trial visits (from baseline through week 24), a diplopia response (a reduction in diplopia of ≥1 grade), and the mean change in overall score on the Graves' ophthalmopathy-specific quality-of-life (GO-QOL) questionnaire across trial visits (from baseline through week 24; a mean change of ≥6 points is considered clinically meaningful). RESULTS A total of 41 patients were assigned to the teprotumumab group and 42 to the placebo group. At week 24, the percentage of patients with a proptosis response was higher with teprotumumab than with placebo (83% [34 patients] vs. 10% [4 patients], P<0.001), with a number needed to treat of 1.36. All secondary outcomes were significantly better with teprotumumab than with placebo, including overall response (78% of patients [32] vs. 7% [3]), Clinical Activity Score of 0 or 1 (59% [24] vs. 21% [9]), the mean change in proptosis (-2.82 mm vs. -0.54 mm), diplopia response (68% [19 of 28] vs. 29% [8 of 28]), and the mean change in GO-QOL overall score (13.79 points vs. 4.43 points) (P≤0.001 for all). Reductions in extraocular muscle, orbital fat volume, or both were observed in 6 patients in the teprotumumab group who underwent orbital imaging. Most adverse events were mild or moderate in severity; two serious events occurred in the teprotumumab group, of which one (an infusion reaction) led to treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with active thyroid eye disease, teprotumumab resulted in better outcomes with respect to proptosis, Clinical Activity Score, diplopia, and quality of life than placebo; serious adverse events were uncommon. (Funded by Horizon Therapeutics; OPTIC ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03298867, and EudraCT number, 2017-002763-18.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond S Douglas
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - George J Kahaly
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Amy Patel
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Saba Sile
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Elizabeth H Z Thompson
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Renee Perdok
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - James C Fleming
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Brian T Fowler
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Claudio Marcocci
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Michele Marinò
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Roger Dailey
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Gerald J Harris
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Anja Eckstein
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Jade Schiffman
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Rosa Tang
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Christine Nelson
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Mario Salvi
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Sara Wester
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Jeffrey W Sherman
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Thomas Vescio
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Robert J Holt
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
| | - Terry J Smith
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.S.D., A.P.); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz (G.J.K.), and University Hospital Essen, Essen (A.E.) - both in Germany; Horizon Therapeutics, Lake Forest, IL (S.S., E.H.Z.T., R.P., J.W.S., T.V., R.J.H.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F., B.T.F.); University of Pisa, Pisa (C.M., M.M., A.A.), and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland (R.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); Eye Wellness Center-Neuro-Eye Clinical Trials, Houston (J.S., R.T.); Kellogg Eye Center-Michigan Medicine (C.N., T.J.S.) and University of Michigan Medical School (T.J.S.) - both in Ann Arbor; and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami (S.W.)
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Thyroid eye disease: current and potential medical management. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:1035-1048. [PMID: 31919775 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-019-01258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thyroid eye disease (TED) is the most frequent extra-thyroid manifestation of Graves' disease and it is more frequent in middle age and in female gender. Nowadays, the causal mechanisms of this disease are not completely understood, but the current available studies suggest that the main causative factor is the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. MATERIALS AND METHODS To collect reports on TED medical management, a thorough literature search was performed in PubMed database. An additional search was made in Google Scholar to complete the collected items. RESULTS Among the indentified risk factors, tobacco habit is the most relevant. The main criteria to choose a suitable treatment are the activity and severity of the disease. Support measures can be used to improve the patient's symptoms in any phase of the disease. There is a large number of drugs proposed to manage TED, although with different reported rates of success. CONCLUSIONS Currently, the drugs of choice are corticosteroids in moderate-to-severe and in sight-threatening forms. The main problem of corticosteroids is their spectrum of side effects. Therefore, other alternatives are being suggested for medical management of this disease. The efficacy of these alternatives remains unclear.
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Virakul S, Somparn P, Pisitkun T, van der Spek PJ, Dalm VASH, Paridaens D, van Hagen PM, Hirankarn N, Palaga T, Dik WA. Integrative Analysis of Proteomics and DNA Methylation in Orbital Fibroblasts From Graves' Ophthalmopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:619989. [PMID: 33658982 PMCID: PMC7919747 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.619989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is a frequent extrathyroidal complication of Graves' hyperthyroidism. Orbital fibroblasts contribute to both orbital tissue inflammation and remodeling in GO, and as such are crucial cellular elements in active GO and inactive GO. However, so far it is largely unknown whether GO disease progression is associated with functional reprogramming of the orbital fibroblast effector function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare both the proteome and global DNA methylation patterns between orbital fibroblasts isolated from active GO, inactive GO and healthy controls. METHODS Orbital fibroblasts from inactive GO (n=5), active GO (n=4) and controls (n=5) were cultured and total protein and DNA was isolated. Labelled and fractionated proteins were analyzed with a liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD022257. Furthermore, bisulphite-treated DNA was analyzed for methylation pattern with the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450K beadchip. In addition, RNA was isolated from the orbital fibroblasts for real-time quantitative (RQ)-PCR. Network and pathway analyses were performed. RESULTS Orbital fibroblasts from active GO displayed overexpression of proteins that are typically involved in inflammation, cellular proliferation, hyaluronan synthesis and adipogenesis, while various proteins associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) biology and fibrotic disease, were typically overexpressed in orbital fibroblasts from inactive GO. Moreover, orbital fibroblasts from active GO displayed hypermethylation of genes that linked to inflammation and hypomethylated genes that linked to adipogenesis and autoimmunity. Further analysis revealed networks that contained molecules to which both hypermethylated and hypomethylated genes were linked, including NF-κB, ERK1/2, Alp, RNA polymerase II, Akt and IFNα. In addition, NF-κB, Akt and IFNα were also identified in networks that were derived from the differentially expressed proteins. Generally, poor correlation between protein expression, DNA methylation and mRNA expression was observed. CONCLUSIONS Both the proteomics and DNA methylation data support that orbital fibroblasts from active GO are involved in inflammation, adipogenesis, and glycosaminoglycan production, while orbital fibroblasts from inactive disease are more skewed towards an active role in extracellular matrix remodeling. This switch in orbital fibroblast effector function may have therapeutic implications and further studies into the underlying mechanism are thus warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Virakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poorichaya Somparn
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peter J. van der Spek
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Virgil A. S. H. Dalm
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dion Paridaens
- Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - P. Martin van Hagen
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune Mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Willem A. Dik
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Willem A. Dik,
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Boutin A, Gershengorn MC, Neumann S. β-Arrestin 1 in Thyrotropin Receptor Signaling in Bone: Studies in Osteoblast-Like Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:312. [PMID: 32508750 PMCID: PMC7251030 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A direct action of thyrotropin (TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone) on bone precursors in humans is controversial. Studies in rodent models have provided conflicting findings. We used cells derived from a moderately differentiated osteosarcoma stably overexpressing human TSH receptors (TSHRs) as a model of osteoblast precursors (U2OS-TSHR cells) to investigate TSHR-mediated effects in bone differentiation in human cells. We review our findings that (1) TSHR couples to several different G proteins to induce upregulation of genes associated with osteoblast activity-interleukin 11 (IL-11), osteopontin (OPN), and alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) and that the kinetics of the induction and the G protein-mediated signaling pathways involved were different for these genes; (2) TSH can stimulate β-arrestin-mediated signal transduction and that β-arrestin 1 in part mediates TSH-induced pre-osteoblast differentiation; and (3) TSHR/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) receptor (IGF1R) synergistically increased OPN secretion by TSH and IGF1 and that this crosstalk was mediated by physical association of these receptors in a signaling complex that uses β-arrestin 1 as a scaffold. These findings were complemented using a novel β-arrestin 1-biased agonist of TSHR. We conclude that TSHR can signal via several transduction pathways leading to differentiation of this model system of human pre-osteoblast cells and, therefore, that TSH can directly regulate these bone cells.
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Smith TJ. Teprotumumab as a Novel Therapy for Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:610337. [PMID: 33391187 PMCID: PMC7774640 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.610337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) has remained a vexing and poorly managed autoimmune component of Graves' disease where the tissues surrounding the eye and in the upper face become inflamed and undergo remodeling. This leads to substantial facial disfigurement while in its most severe forms, TAO can threaten eye sight. In this brief paper, I review some of the background investigation that has led to development of teprotumumab as the first and only US FDA approved medical therapy for TAO. This novel treatment was predicated on recognition that the insulin-like growth factor I receptor plays an important role in the pathogenesis of TAO. It is possible that a similar involvement of that receptor in other autoimmune disease may lead to additional indications for this and alternative insulin-like growth factor I receptor-inhibiting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Terry J. Smith,
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Smith TJ. Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: Emergence of teprotumumab as a promising medical therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 34:101383. [PMID: 32088116 PMCID: PMC7344338 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) remains a vexing autoimmune component of Graves' disease that can diminish the quality of life as a consequence of its impact on visual function, physical appearance and emotional well-being. Because of its relative rarity and variable presentation, the development of highly effective and well-tolerated medical therapies for TAO has been slow relative to other autoimmune diseases. Contributing to the barriers of greater insight into TAO has been the historical absence of high-fidelity preclinical animal models. Despite these challenges, several agents, most developed for treatment of other diseases, have found their way into consideration for use in active TAO through repurposing. Among these, teprotumumab is a fully human inhibitory monoclonal antibody against the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. It has shown remarkable effectiveness in moderate to severe, active TAO in two completed multicenter, double masked, and placebo controlled clinical trials. The drug exhibits a favorable safety profile. Teprotumumab has recently been approved by the U.S. F.D.A, and may rapidly become the first line therapy for this disfiguring and potentially blinding condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Room 7112, Brehm Tower, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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Paik JS, Kim SE, Kim JH, Lee JY, Yang SW, Lee SB. Insulin-like growth factor-1 enhances the expression of functional TSH receptor in orbital fibroblasts from thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Immunobiology 2019; 225:151902. [PMID: 31899052 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.151902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), an autoimmune disease, occurs in approximately 50 % of patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) that is expressed in orbital fibroblasts is the autoimmune target in the development of TAO. In addition to thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is also involved in the development of TAO. IGF-1 has been reported to potentiate the effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and TSI on TSHR signaling. In the current study, we investigated the effects of IGF-1 on the cell surface expression of the functional TSHR and its possible mechanism of action in human orbital fibroblasts. Our results show that orbital fibroblasts from the TAO patients expressed higher levels of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-R), compared to control subjects. Treatment with IGF-1 enhanced the expression of surface TSHR in orbital fibroblasts from TAO patients, but not from control subjects. In addition, treatment with IGF-1 increased the level of TSHR at both the protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, pre-treatment with IGF-1 potentiated TSH-induced cAMP production, compared to cells that were treated with only TSH. Our results also show that pre-treatment with cycloheximide, an inhibitor of mRNA translation, partially, but not completely, inhibited the expression of TSHR on the cell surfaces of orbital fibroblasts from TAO patients. These collective results show that IGF-1enhances the cell surface expression of functional TSHR, not only by increasing TSHR expression, but also by inducing TSHR translocation to the plasma membrane in orbital fibroblasts from TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Paik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Woo Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Patel A, Yang H, Douglas RS. A New Era in the Treatment of Thyroid Eye Disease. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 208:281-288. [PMID: 31377284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Improved understanding of thyroid eye disease (TED) pathogenesis has facilitated identification of a targeted molecular approach for TED treatment offering the potential to halt or slow disease progression in a nonsurgical manner. Herein, we provide a summary of the current knowledge of TED management, followed by discussion of a novel insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) antagonist antibody and its potential to change the course of the disease. DESIGN Perspective. METHODS Review of the literature and authors' experience. RESULTS Many publications demonstrate IGF-1R overexpression in TED, and its activation as an autoantigen as a critical factor in TED pathogenesis. Several in vitro studies demonstrate that IGF-1R inhibition attenuates downstream molecular events including cytokine and hyaluronan production, and cellular differentiation. These observations led to the hypothesis that blocking IGF-1R may abrogate the clinical progression of TED. The recent completion of phase 2 and 3 randomized, placebo-controlled trials demonstrate the efficacy and safety of teprotumumab, a fully human monoclonal IGF-1R antagonist antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe, active TED. Both the phase 2 and the recent phase 3 study results demonstrate that more patients with active TED receiving teprotumumab experienced a meaningful improvement in proptosis. CONCLUSIONS Current TED treatment strategies target inflammation and symptoms, but do not modify the disease course. Therefore, proptosis as well as strabismus and its resulting diplopia often remain, impacting patient well-being and quality of life over the long term. Targeted molecular therapy using teprotumumab demonstrates disease-modifying benefits with the potential to shift the paradigm for TED treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Patel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Huasheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Raymond S Douglas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Martínez-Hernández R, Serrano-Somavilla A, Ramos-Leví A, Sampedro-Nuñez M, Lens-Pardo A, Muñoz De Nova JL, Triviño JC, González MU, Torné L, Casares-Arias J, Martín-Cófreces NB, Sánchez-Madrid F, Marazuela M. Integrated miRNA and mRNA expression profiling identifies novel targets and pathological mechanisms in autoimmune thyroid diseases. EBioMedicine 2019; 50:329-342. [PMID: 31735554 PMCID: PMC6921241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms underlying autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) remain elusive. Identification of such mechanisms would reveal novel and/or better therapeutic targets. Here, we use integrated analysis of miRNAs and mRNAs expression profiling to identify potential therapeutic targets involved in the mechanisms underlying AITD. Methods miRNA and mRNA from twenty fresh-frozen thyroid tissues (15 from AITD patients and 5 from healthy controls) were subjected to next-generation sequencing. An anti-correlated method revealed potential pathways and disease targets, including proteins involved in the formation of primary cilia. Thus, we examined the distribution and length of primary cilia in thyroid tissues from AITD and controls using immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy, and parsed cilia formation in thyroid cell lines in response to inflammatory stimuli in the presence of miRNA mimics. Findings We found that the expression of miR-21-5p, miR-146b-3p, miR-5571-3p and miR-6503-3p was anti-correlated with Enolase 4 (ENO4), in-turned planar cell polarity protein (INTU), kinesin family member 27 (KIF27), parkin co-regulated (PACRG) and serine/threonine kinase 36 (STK36) genes. Functional classification of these miRNA/mRNAs revealed that their differential expression was associated with cilia organization. We demonstrated that the number and length of primary cilia in thyroid tissues was significantly lower in AITD than in control (frequency of follicular ciliated cells in controls = 67.54% vs a mean of 22.74% and 21.61% in HT and GD respectively p = 0.0001, by one-way ANOVA test). In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ and TNFα) and specific miRNA mimics for the newly identified target genes affected cilia appearance in thyroid cell lines. Interpretation Integrated miRNA/gene expression analysis has identified abnormal ciliogenesis as a novel susceptibility pathway that is involved in the pathogenesis of AITD. These results reflect that ciliogenesis plays a relevant role in AITD, and opens research pathways to design therapeutic targets in AITD. Funding Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Comunidad de Madrid, Grupo Español de Tumores Neuroendocrinos y Endocrinos, Ministerio de Economía y Empresa and FEDER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Martínez-Hernández
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Serrano-Somavilla
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramos-Leví
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Sampedro-Nuñez
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lens-Pardo
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Muñoz De Nova
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Ujue González
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Lorena Torné
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Javier Casares-Arias
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científcas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa B Martín-Cófreces
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Spain
| | - Mónica Marazuela
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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126
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Immunological Aspects of Graves' Ophthalmopathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7453260. [PMID: 31781640 PMCID: PMC6875285 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7453260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The body's autoimmune process is involved in the development of Graves' disease (GD), which is manifested by an overactive thyroid gland. In some patients, autoreactive inflammatory reactions contribute to the development of symptoms such as thyroid ophthalmopathy, and the subsequent signs and symptoms are derived from the expansion of orbital adipose tissue and edema of extraocular muscles within the orbit. The autoimmune process, production of antibodies against self-antigens such as TSH receptor (TSHR) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), inflammatory infiltration, and accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) lead to edematous-infiltrative changes in periocular tissues. As a consequence, edema exophthalmos develops. Orbital fibroblasts seem to play a crucial role in orbital inflammation, tissue expansion, remodeling, and fibrosis because of their proliferative activity as well as their capacity to differentiate into adipocytes and myofibroblasts and production of GAG. In this paper, based on the available medical literature, the immunological mechanism of GO pathogenesis has been summarized. Particular attention was paid to the role of orbital fibroblasts and putative autoantigens. A deeper understanding of the pathomechanism of the disease and the involvement of immunological processes may give rise to the introduction of new, effective, and safe methods of treatment or monitoring of the disease activity.
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127
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Wang Y, Patel A, Douglas RS. Thyroid Eye Disease: How A Novel Therapy May Change The Treatment Paradigm. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2019; 15:1305-1318. [PMID: 31814726 PMCID: PMC6858302 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s193018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a complex, debilitating autoimmune disease that causes orbital inflammation and tissue remodeling, resulting in proptosis, diplopia, and in severe cases, loss of vision. TED can lead to facial disfigurement and severely impact patients’ quality of life. Although the course of TED was identified over 60 years ago, effective treatment options have proved to be challenging. Current treatments such as glucocorticoid therapy and orbital radiation focus on reducing orbital inflammation. However, these therapies fail to modify the disease outcomes, including proptosis and diplopia. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular basis of TED have facilitated the development of targeted molecular therapies such as teprotumumab, an insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibiting monoclonal antibody. In recent phase 2 and phase 3 randomized placebo-controlled trials, teprotumumab rapidly achieved improvement in clinical endpoints defining TED, including improved proptosis and diplopia. Dramatic improvement in clinical outcomes achieved after teprotumumab therapy during active TED are heretofore singular and comparable only to surgical therapies achieved during the inactive phase of TED. The advent of effective medical therapy can lead to a paradigm shift in the clinical management of TED. This review will provide an overview of TED, its epidemiology, insight into the molecular biology of the disease, clinical characteristics and diagnosis, and current and emerging treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy Patel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raymond S Douglas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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128
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Smith TJ, Bartalena L. Will biological agents supplant systemic glucocorticoids as the first-line treatment for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy? Eur J Endocrinol 2019; 181:D27-D43. [PMID: 31370005 PMCID: PMC7398270 DOI: 10.1530/eje-19-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the two authors present their opposing points of view concerning the likelihood that glucocorticoids will be replaced by newly developed biological agents in the treatment of active, moderate-to-severe thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). TAO is a vexing, disfiguring and potentially blinding autoimmune manifestation of thyroid autoimmunity. One author expresses the opinion that steroids are nonspecific, frequently fail to improve the disease and can cause sometimes serious side effects. He suggests that glucocorticoids should be replaced as soon as possible by more specific and safer drugs, once they become available. The most promising of these are biological agents. The other author argues that glucocorticoids are proven effective and are unlikely to be replaced by biologicals. He reasons that while they may not uniformly result in optimal benefit, they have been proven effective in many reports. He remains open minded about alternative therapies such as biologicals but remains skeptical that they will replace steroids as the first-line therapy for active, moderate-to-severe TAO without head-to-head comparative clinical trials demonstrating superiority. Despite these very different points of view, both authors are optimistic about the availability of improved medical therapies for TAO, either as single agents or in combination. Further, both agree that better treatment options are needed to improve the care of our patients with active moderate-to-severe TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Division of metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Luigi Bartalena
- Department of Medicine & Surgery,University of Insubria, Endocrine Unit, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Viale Borri, 57, 21100 Varese, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Thyroid eye disease is a complex autoimmune disorder which causes substantial morbidity. It can result in orbital disfigurement, double vision, and visual loss. Consequently, it has a substantial negative effect on quality of life, mental health, and socioeconomic status. Most signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease (TED) can be explained by the expansion of the orbital contents. Steroids are the mainstay of treatment in TED. However, recurrence may occur once steroids are withdrawn. Furthermore, in most cases, normal orbital anatomy is not restored, and skilled rehabilitative surgery is required to reduce disfigurement, double vision, and to preserve vision. Therefore, novel, causal, and more efficacious treatment strategies are warranted. RECENT FINDINGS In the last decade, the pathophysiology of TED has also been revised with the identification of new potential therapeutic targets. Recent clinical trials have shown that considerable benefit may be derived from the addition of antiproliferative agents (e.g., mycophenolate sodium) in preventing deterioration after steroid cessation. In addition, targeted biologic therapies have shown promise, including teprotumumab (anti-IGFR) which appears to substantially reduce proptosis, rituximab (anti-CD20) which reduces inflammation and tocilizumab (anti-IL-6) which potentially benefits both of these parameters. SUMMARY This short review summarizes the recent research developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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130
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Wang ZM, Wang ZY, Lu Y. The role of cell mediated immunopathogenesis in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1209-1214. [PMID: 31341815 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.07.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) lacks effective treatment due to our lack of clarity in its immunopathogenesis. Orbital fibroblasts play a key role in altering inflammation and immune response in TAO, and are considered as the key target and effector cells in its pathogenesis. The orbit infiltrating CD34+ fibrocytes add on to the process by expressing high levels of autoantigens and inflammatory cytokines, while also differentiating into myofibroblasts or adipocytes. This review focuses on the role of orbital fibroblasts and CD34+ fibrocytes in the pathogenesis of TAO, highlighting the basis of emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Mao Wang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zheng-Yan Wang
- The People's Hospital of Xintai, Xintai 271200, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
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131
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Krieger CC, Boutin A, Jang D, Morgan SJ, Banga JP, Kahaly GJ, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Neumann S, Gershengorn MC. Arrestin-β-1 Physically Scaffolds TSH and IGF1 Receptors to Enable Crosstalk. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1468-1479. [PMID: 31127272 PMCID: PMC6542485 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endogenously expressed TSH receptors (TSHRs) on orbital fibroblasts of patients with Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) use crosstalk with IGF1 receptors (IGF1R) to synergistically stimulate secretion of hyaluronan (HA), a major component of GO pathology. We previously showed crosstalk occurred upstream of mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Because other G protein-coupled receptors engage arrestin-β-1 (ARRB1) and ERK, we tested whether ARRB1 was a necessary component of TSHR/IGF1R crosstalk. HA secretion was stimulated by the TSHR-stimulating monoclonal antibodies M22 and KSAb1, or immunoglobulins from patients with GO (GO-Igs). Treatment with M22, as previously shown, resulted in biphasic dose-response stimulation of HA secretion. The high-potency phase was IGF1R dependent, and the low-potency phase was partly IGF1R independent. KSAb1 produced a monophasic dose-response stimulation of HA secretion, whose potency was lowered >20-fold after IGF1R knockdown. ARRB1 knockdown abolished M22's high-potency phase and lowered KSAb1's potency and efficacy. ARRB1 knockdown inhibited GO-Ig stimulation of HA secretion and of ERK phosphorylation. Last, ARRB1 was shown to be necessary for TSHR/IGF1R proximity. In contrast, ARRB2 knockdowns did not show these effects. Thus, TSHR must neighbor IGF1R for crosstalk in GO fibroblasts to occur, and this depends on ARRB1 acting as a scaffold. Similar scaffolding of TSHR and IGF1R by ARRB1 was found in human osteoblast-like cells and human thyrocytes. These findings support a model of TSHR/IGF1R crosstalk that may be a general mechanism for G-protein-coupled receptor/receptor tyrosine kinase crosstalk dependent on ARRB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Krieger
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alisa Boutin
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daesong Jang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah J Morgan
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J Paul Banga
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, The Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - George J Kahaly
- Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marvin C Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Choi CJ, Tao W, Doddapaneni R, Acosta-Torres Z, Blessing NW, Lee BW, Pelaez D, Wester ST. The Effect of Prostaglandin Analogue Bimatoprost on Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:5912-5923. [PMID: 30551199 PMCID: PMC6296211 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We characterize the effect of bimatoprost on orbital adipose tissue in thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) with clinicopathologic correlation. Methods Orbital adipose-derived stem cells (OASCs) from types 1 and 2 TAO and control patients with and without exposure to 1 μm bimatoprost were examined via immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and Western blot for cell viability, migration capacity, lipid content, adipocyte morphology, mitochondrial content, and levels of adipogenic markers. A retrospective chart review was performed for clinicopathologic correlation. In mice, optical coherence tomography and pattern electroretinography were performed at baseline and at 1 month following a retrobulbar injection of bimatoprost, followed by orbital exenteration for histopathologic examination. Results Types 1 and 2 TAO-derived cells had a significantly higher migration capacity and lipid content than those of healthy controls. With the addition of bimatoprost, types 1 and 2 TAO and control adipocytes exhibited a significant decrease in lipid content with morphologic transformation into smaller and multilocular lipid droplets, and an increase in mitochondrial load and UCP-1 expression consistent with an increase in brown adipose tissue turnover. Retrobulbar injection of bimatoprost in mice did not alter the gross morphology, retinal thickness, or ganglion cell function in vivo. Conclusions Bimatoprost inhibits adipogenesis in OASCs and upregulates pathways involved in the browning of adipocytes. Furthermore, retrobulbar injection of bimatoprost is tolerated without immediate adverse effects in mice. Our results suggest a potential future application of prostaglandin analogues in the treatment of TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Choi
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Wensi Tao
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Ravi Doddapaneni
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Zenith Acosta-Torres
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Nathan W Blessing
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Bradford W Lee
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Daniel Pelaez
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Sara T Wester
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
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Abstract
Graves' orbitopathy is a debilitating disorder which occurs in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, mainly Graves' disease, and adds layers of complexity to management of both conditions. We conducted a comprehensive review of literature for publications relating to established and new management options for Graves' orbitopathy and have summarized key articles in this review. Initial evaluation of patients with Graves' disease should also include clinical evaluation for orbitopathy. If eye disease is present, patients are best managed by a multi-specialty team including an endocrinologist and ophthalmologist. All patients with Graves' orbitopathy benefit from risk factor modification and normalization of thyroid function tests. Patients with active, mild disease generally benefit from local therapies and selenium, while patients with moderate-to-severe disease usually require the addition of intravenous glucocorticoid therapy. If there is an inadequate response to glucocorticoid therapy, several second-line therapies have been investigated for use, including orbital radiotherapy (with additional glucocorticoids), rituximab, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and methotrexate. Use of new biologic agents, mainly teprotumumab and tocilizumab, have demonstrated impressive reductions in disease activity and severity. If these results are confirmed, the treatment paradigm is likely to change in the future. Finally, there are several novel immunotherapies being investigated for Graves' disease, which may have treatment implications for Graves' orbitopathy as well. Overall, there are many encouraging advances in the therapy of Graves' orbitopathy that are making the future more promising for patients suffering from this disease.
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134
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Marinò M, Rotondo Dottore G, Ionni I, Lanzolla G, Sabini E, Ricci D, Sframeli A, Mazzi B, Menconi F, Latrofa F, Vitti P, Marcocci C, Chiovato L. Serum antibodies against the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in Graves' disease and Graves' orbitopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:471-480. [PMID: 30132285 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A role of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in the pathogenesis of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) has been proposed, but the existence and function of anti-IGF-1R-antibodies (IGF-1R-Abs) are debated. METHODS We designed a cross-sectional investigation to measure serum IGF-1R-Abs by a commercial assay in consecutive patients with Graves' disease (GD) compared with healthy subjects and patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (AT). A total of 134 subjects were screened including 27 healthy subjects, 80 GD patients (54 of whom with GO), and 27 AT patients. The main outcome measure was the prevalence of positive serum IGF-1R-Abs in GO, compared with GD without GO and with the other study groups. RESULTS Having established a cut-off value at 55.2 ng/ml for positive tests, positive IGF-1R-Abs were more frequent in GD (25%), than in AT (3.7%, P = 0.003) and healthy subjects (0%, P = 0.006). Within GD, there was no difference between patients with or without GO. Serum levels of IGF-1R-Abs differed across the study population (P < 0.0001), reflecting their higher concentrations in GD (P < 0.0001 vs both AT and healthy subjects), but with no difference between patients with or without GO. In patients with GO, there was an inverse correlation between serum IGF-1R-Abs and CAS (R = - 0.376, 95% CI: from - 0.373 to - 0.631; P = 0.005), the significance of which remains to be investigated. CONCLUSIONS Serum autoantibodies against the IFG-1R are present in one-fourth of GD patients, regardless of the presence of GO. Further functional studies are needed to investigate the significance of their inverse correlation with GO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marinò
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - G Rotondo Dottore
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Ionni
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Lanzolla
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Sabini
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Ricci
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Sframeli
- Ophthalmology Unit I, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - B Mazzi
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Menconi
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Latrofa
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - P Vitti
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Marcocci
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Chiovato
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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Rahman S, Archana A, Jan AT, Dutta D, Shankar A, Kim J, Minakshi R. Molecular Insights Into the Relationship Between Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases and Breast Cancer: A Critical Perspective on Autoimmunity and ER Stress. Front Immunol 2019; 10:344. [PMID: 30881358 PMCID: PMC6405522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiopathologies behind autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) unravel misbehavior of immune components leading to the corruption of immune homeostasis where thyroid autoantigens turn foe to the self. In AITDs lymphocytic infiltration in the thyroid shows up a deranged immune system charging the follicular cells of the thyroid gland (thyrocytes) leading to the condition of either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. The inflammation in AITDs consistently associate with ER function due to which disturbances in the ER protein homeostasis leads to unfolded protein response (UPR) that promotes pathogenesis of autoimmunity. The roles of ER stress in the instantaneous downregulation of MHC class I molecules on thyrocytes and the relevance of IFN γ in the pathogenesis of AITD has been well-documented. Thyroglobulin being the major target of autoantibodies in most of the AITDs is because of its unusual processing in the ER. Autoimmune disorders display a conglomeration of ER stress-induced UPR activated molecules. Several epidemiological data highlight the preponderance of AITDs in women as well as its concurrence with breast cancer. Both being an active glandular system displaying endocrine activity, thyroid as well as breast tissue show various commonalities in the expression pattern of heterogenous molecules that not only participate in the normal functioning but at the same time share the blame during disease establishment. Studies on the development and progression of breast carcinoma display a deranged and uncontrolled immune response, which is meticulously exploited during tumor metastasis. The molecular crosstalks between AITDs and breast tumor microenvironment rely on active participation of immune cells. The induction of ER stress by Tunicamycin advocates to provide a model for cancer therapy by intervening glycosylation. Therefore, this review attempts to showcase the molecules that are involved in feeding up the relationship between breast carcinoma and AITDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Ayyagari Archana
- Department of Microbiology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Durgashree Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry, Jan Nayak Chaudhary Devilal Dental College, Sirsa, India
| | - Abhishek Shankar
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jihoe Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Rinki Minakshi
- Department of Microbiology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Tseng FY, Chen YT, Chi YC, Chen PL, Yang WS. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 are negatively associated with log transformation of thyroid-stimulating hormone in Graves' disease patients with hyperthyroidism or subjects with euthyroidism: A prospective observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14862. [PMID: 30882687 PMCID: PMC6426554 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has a molecular structure similar to that of insulin. As an essential mediator of growth hormone, IGF-1 plays a vital role in growth of children and anabolic effects of adults. We evaluated the serum levels of IGF-1 in patients with hyperthyroidism or euthyroidism.In this study, 30 patients each of Graves' disease with hyperthyroidism (HY group) and euthyroid individuals (EU group) were recruited. The HY patients were treated with antithyroid regimens as clinically indicated. No medications were given to EU patients. The demographic characteristics and anthropometric and laboratory data of both groups at baseline and 6 months were compared. Associations between levels of IGF-1 and free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), or log transformation of TSH (logTSH) were analyzed.At baseline, the HY patients had significantly higher serum IGF-1 levels than EU patients (median [Q1, Q3]: 305.4 [257.4, 368.1] vs. 236.7 [184.6, 318.8] ng/mL, P = .007). At 6 months, the HY patients still had higher serum levels of IGF-1 than EU patients (299.5 [249.9, 397.9] vs 222.1 [190.2, 305.4] ng/mL, P = .003). At baseline, the serum levels of IGF-1 in the HY and EU patients were positively associated with fT4 (β = 29.02, P = .002) and negatively associated with TSH (β = -31.46, P = .042) and logTSH (β = -29.04, P = .007). The associations between serum levels of IGF-1 with fT4 or TSH became insignificant at 6 months. However, the serum IGF-1 levels had persistent negative associations with logTSH at 6 months (β = -26.65, P = .021). The negative associations between IGF-1 and logTSH at baseline and 6 months remained significant even after adjustment with sex and age (β = -20.22, P = .023 and β = -20.51, P = .024, respectively).The HY patients had higher serum IGF-1 levels than EU patients. The serum IGF-1 concentrations were negatively associated with logTSH in patients with hyperthyroidism or euthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen-Yu Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital
| | - Yen-Ting Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine
| | - Yu-Chiao Chi
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine
| | - Pei-Lung Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shiung Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine
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137
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Lu Y, Atkins SJ, Fernando R, Trierweiler A, Mester T, Grisolia ABD, Mou P, Novaes P, Smith TJ. CD34- Orbital Fibroblasts From Patients With Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy Modulate TNF-α Expression in CD34+ Fibroblasts and Fibrocytes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2615-2622. [PMID: 29847668 PMCID: PMC5968835 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-23951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves' disease (GD-OF) express many different cytokines when treated with bovine thyrotropin (bTSH). The present study aimed to determine why TNF-α cannot be induced by bTSH in GD-OF. Methods Fibrocytes and GD-OFs were cultivated from donors who were patients in a busy academic medical center practice. Real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, reporter gene assays, cell transfections, mRNA stability assays, ELISA, and flow cytometry were performed. Results We found that bTSH induces TNF-α dramatically in fibrocytes but is undetectable in GD-OF. The induction in fibrocytes is a consequence of increased TNF-α gene promoter activity and is independent of ongoing protein synthesis. It could be attenuated by dexamethasone and the IGF-1 receptor inhibiting antibody, teprotumumab. When separated into pure CD34+ OF and CD34- OF subsets, TNF-α mRNA became highly inducible by bTSH in CD34+ OF but remained undetectable in CD34- OF. Conditioned medium from CD34- OF inhibited induction of TNF-α in fibrocytes. Conclusions Our data indicate that CD34- OF appear to release a soluble(s) factor that downregulates expression and induction by bTSH of TNF-α in fibrocytes and their derivative CD34+ OF. We proffer that CD34- OF produce an unidentified modulatory factor that attenuates TNF-α expression in GD-OF and may do so in the TAO orbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Stephen J Atkins
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Roshini Fernando
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Aaron Trierweiler
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Tünde Mester
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Ana Beatriz Diniz Grisolia
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Pei Mou
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Priscila Novaes
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Terry J Smith
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Smith TJ. The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and its role in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Eye (Lond) 2019; 33:200-205. [PMID: 30385883 PMCID: PMC6367397 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), an autoimmune component of Graves' disease, remains a disfiguring and potentially blinding condition. Here, the author reviews the role of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor pathway in TAO and how it might be therapeutically targeted. METHODS The recent literature is reviewed. RESULTS TAO involves reactivity of orbital connective tissues and their remodeling. While many of the details concerning the pathogenesis of TAO remain to be determined, several insights have come to light recently. Among them is the apparent involvement of IGF-IR. This receptor protein, a membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase receptor can form both physical and functional complexes with the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR). This is notable because TSHR is the established primary autoantigen in Graves' disease. IGF-IR activity is critical to signaling downstream from both IGF-IR and TSHR. In addition, antibodies against IGF-IR have been detected in patients with Graves' disease and in rodent models of TAO. Evidence has been put forward that these antibodies may act directly on IGF-IR, perhaps in some manner activating the receptor. These experimental observations have led to the development of a novel therapy for active TAO, utilizing a monoclonal anti-IGF-IR inhibitory antibody which had been produced originally as treatment for cancer. The agent, teprotumumab was recently evaluated in a clinical trial and found to be highly effective and relatively well-tolerated. It is currently undergoing assessment in a follow-up trial. CONCLUSIONS Should the current study yield similarly encouraging results, it is possible that teprotumumab will emerge as a paradigm-shifting medical therapy for TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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Smith TJ. Potential Roles of CD34+ Fibrocytes Masquerading as Orbital Fibroblasts in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:581-594. [PMID: 30445529 PMCID: PMC6320239 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Orbital tissues in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy exhibit particular reactivity and undergo characteristic remodeling. Mechanisms underlying these changes have remained largely unexplained. Studies have characterized orbital connective tissues and derivative fibroblasts to gain insights into local manifestations of a systemic autoimmune syndrome. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic search of PubMed was undertaken for studies related to thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), orbital fibroblasts, and fibrocytes involved in pathogenesis. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Orbital tissues display marked cellular heterogeneity. Fibroblast subsets, putatively derived from multiple precursors, inhabit the orbit in TAO. Among them are cells displaying the CD34+CXC chemokine receptor 4+collagen I+ phenotype, identifying them as fibrocytes, derived from the monocyte lineage. Their unique presence in the TAO orbit helps explain the tissue reactivity and characteristic remodeling that occurs in the disease. Their unanticipated expression of several proteins traditionally thought to be thyroid gland specific, including the TSH receptor and thyroglobulin, may underlie orbital involvement in Graves disease. Although no currently available information unambiguously establishes that CD34+ orbital fibroblasts originate from circulating fibrocytes, inferences from animal models of lung disease suggest that they derive from bone marrow. Further studies are necessary to determine whether fibrocyte abundance and activity in the orbit determine the clinical behavior of TAO. CONCLUSION Evidence supports a role for fibrocytes in the pathogenesis of TAO. Recognition of their presence in the orbit now allows development of therapies specifically targeting these cells that ultimately could allow the restoration of immune tolerance within the orbit and perhaps systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Terry J. Smith, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105. E-mail:
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Smith TJ, Janssen JAMJL. Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor and Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:236-267. [PMID: 30215690 PMCID: PMC6338478 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a complex disease process presumed to emerge from autoimmunity occurring in the thyroid gland, most frequently in Graves disease (GD). It is disfiguring and potentially blinding, culminating in orbital tissue remodeling and disruption of function of structures adjacent to the eye. There are currently no medical therapies proven capable of altering the clinical outcome of TAO in randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trials. The orbital fibroblast represents the central target for immune reactivity. Recent identification of fibroblasts that putatively originate in the bone marrow as monocyte progenitors provides a plausible explanation for why antigens, the expressions of which were once considered restricted to the thyroid, are detected in the TAO orbit. These cells, known as fibrocytes, express relatively high levels of functional TSH receptor (TSHR) through which they can be activated by TSH and the GD-specific pathogenic antibodies that underpin thyroid overactivity. Fibrocytes also express insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) with which TSHR forms a physical and functional signaling complex. Notably, inhibition of IGF-IR activity results in the attenuation of signaling initiated at either receptor. Some studies suggest that IGF-IR-activating antibodies are generated in GD, whereas others refute this concept. These observations served as the rationale for implementing a recently completed therapeutic trial of teprotumumab, a monoclonal inhibitory antibody targeting IGF-IR in TAO. Results of that trial in active, moderate to severe disease revealed dramatic and rapid reductions in disease activity and severity. The targeting of IGF-IR with specific biologic agents may represent a paradigm shift in the therapy of TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Zimering MB, Shin JJ, Zaitz JD, Nunez EA, Gianoukakis AG. Endothelial Cell Growth Promoting Activity in Graves' Disease Sera is Neutralized by Anti-Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Antibodies in Patients with Fat Expansive but Not Infiltrative Orbitopathy. ENDOCRINOLOGY, DIABETES AND METABOLISM JOURNAL 2019; 3:http://researchopenworld.com/endothelial-cell-growth-promoting-activity-in-graves-disease-sera-is-neutralized-by-anti-basic-fibroblast-growth-factor-antibodies-in-patients-with-fat-expansive-but-not-infiltrative-orbitopa/. [PMID: 30854171 PMCID: PMC6407713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a case of orbital fat expansion leading to globe prolapse in a Graves' disease patient undergoing high-dose glucocorticoid therapy. To evaluate the growth factor receptor specificities of plasma autoantibodies in Graves' disease patients who exhibited contrasting subtypes of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, i.e. orbital fat expansion-type vs. infiltrative. METHODS Sera from Graves' orbitopathy and control patients with or without Graves' disease were subjected to protein-A affinity chromatography to obtain immunoglobulin G. A (1/50th to 1/1600th) range in dilutions of the protein-A eluate fraction was incubated for four days at 37 degrees C with bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells to test for endothelial cell inhibition or stimulation. Growth stimulatory autoantibodies were co-incubated with specific neutralizing anti-insulin like growth factor 1 receptor antibodies or anti-basic fibroblast growth factor antibodies to assess autoantibody specificity in contrasting Graves' orbitopathy subtypes. RESULTS We observed increased mean endothelial cell growth promoting activity in the protein-A eluates of serum from eighteen patients with active Graves' disease (117 ± 28%, n = 18) compared to mean endothelial cell activity (89 ± 10%, n = 13, P = 0.003) in thirteen adults without Graves' disease. The protein-A eluate fraction in acute infiltrative-type Graves' orbitopathy contained a high titer (> 1:1000) of endothelial cell stimulatory activity which was significantly neutralized by specific monoclonal anti-human insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor antibodies. The protein-A eluate fraction in fat expansion-type Graves' orbitopathy contained endothelial cell inhibitory activity (at low titers) and stimulatory activity (at high titers), and the latter stimulatory activity was completely neutralized by specific anti-basic fibroblast growth factor antibodies. CONCLUSION Graves' disease suffering globe prolapse secondary to marked orbital fat-expansion had coexisting plasma fibroblast growth factor-inhibitory and -stimulatory autoantibodies. The latter was completely neutralized by anti-basic fibroblast growth factor antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Zimering
- Veterans Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System, East Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - John J Shin
- Veterans Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System, East Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Elkin A Nunez
- Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrew G Gianoukakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Interruption of autoimmunity for thyroid eye disease: B-cell and T-cell strategy. Eye (Lond) 2019; 33:191-199. [PMID: 30610229 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent new insights into the molecular basis of thyroid eye disease have led to the use of more specific therapies such as monoclonal antibodies This review explores the traditional immunosuppressant therapy for TED, highlighting the basis for emergent recent medications, possible treatment options and, eventually possible new general recommendation for management of TED. Data has been retrieved from the literature searching on Pubmed. Steroid therapy remains the first line therapy for moderate/severe and severe vision threatening TED The use of some traditional nonspecific immunosuppressant such as mycophenolate, cyclosporine and azathioprine seems useful in combination with steroid therapy to achieve stable results in the long term; methotrexate is useful as steroid-sparing medications and in steroid resistant or intolerant patients. In recent years, many scientific reports have showed the effectiveness of biological immunosuppressive agents in the management of TED. Etanercept, adalimumab, and tocilizumab have shown to be effective in reduction of the inflammatory signs with the possible advantage to prevent relapse of the disease. Particularly Tociliuzumab seems very effective as second line therapy, after steroid failure. Teprotumumab may control the disease activity and it seems to be very effective in preventing severity disease progression. Infliximab might be useful in severe TED with optic nerve compression resistant to steroid and decompression. Indeed, the actual incidence of adverse effects is not well assessed yet, therefore the use should be limited at those cases that really need an alternative therapy to steroid, handled by an expert multidisciplinary team.
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Teprotumumab, an insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor antagonist antibody, in the treatment of active thyroid eye disease: a focus on proptosis. Eye (Lond) 2018; 33:183-190. [PMID: 30575804 PMCID: PMC6367366 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid eye disease is a disabling autoimmune disease associated with orbital inflammation and tissue remodeling which can result in significant proptosis, leading to visual alterations and is potentially sight threatening. Current evidence indicates that autoantibodies to the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), along with the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), mediate the pathogenesis in susceptible individuals. Teprotumumab, a monoclonal IGF-1R antagonist, has demonstrated previously in a 24 week, randomized, controlled trial to produce significant changes in composite outcomes of proptosis and clinical activity score as compared with placebo. Further examination of the proptosis results reported here, indicate that the proptosis outcome (≥ 2 mm reduction) was met in 71.4% of the teprotumumab-treated patients as compared with 20% of the placebo-treated patients (p < 0.001). Additionally, the proptosis benefit was observed early in the trial (study week 6), and all individual patients demonstrated some benefit at week 24. Improvement was noted among smokers, non-smokers, men and women, and particularly those with higher levels of proptosis at baseline. The level of proptosis reduction with teprotumumab reported here is similar to that seen with decompression surgery. If these results are confirmed in the ongoing Phase 3 trial, teprotumumab will offer an alternative to surgery and its associated complications.
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Krieger CC, Morgan SJ, Neumann S, Gershengorn MC. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)/Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) Receptor Cross-talk in Human Cells. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2018; 2:29-33. [PMID: 30547142 PMCID: PMC6287758 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors (TSHRs and IGF1Rs, respectively) interact leading to additive or synergistic stimulation of cellular responses. Recent findings provide evidence that the interaction between TSHRs and IGF1Rs is similar to that described for other G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. These types of interactions occur at or proximal to the receptors and are designated "receptor cross-talk." Herein, we describe our studies in human thyrocytes, human retro-orbital fibroblasts from Graves' orbitopathy patients and a model cell line that support the concept of TSHR/IGF1R cross-talk. We also discuss how receptor cross-talk is involved in stimulation by a monoclonal TSHR-stimulating antibody and how targeting both receptors may lead to novel treatments of Graves' orbitopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C. Krieger
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah J. Morgan
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marvin C. Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Smith TJ. Is there potential for the approval of monoclonal antibodies to treat thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy? Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2018; 6:593-595. [PMID: 31662952 DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2018.1521268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- University of Michigan Ringgold standard institution - Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Ko J, Kim JY, Lee EJ, Yoon JS. Inhibitory Effect of Idelalisib, a Selective Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase δ Inhibitor, on Adipogenesis in an In Vitro Model of Graves' Orbitopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:4477-4485. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JaeSang Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Department of Endocrinology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Sook Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE Thyroid autoimmunity affects approximately 5% of the population, and its investigation relies heavily on the use of autoantibodies. Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) autoantibodies (TRAb) play a central role in the evaluation of Graves disease (GD), Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) and pretibial myxedema (PTM). However, there is still controversy regarding overall TRAb assay diagnostic accuracy and their prognostic utility. METHODS We reviewed and analyzed the literature reporting TRAb assays and their clinical utility. RESULTS Current assays measure the overall TRAb titer in a competitive manner (TSH binding inhibiting immunoglobulin assay) or biologic activity of the stimulating TSHR autoantibodies (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin assay). Both types of assays have improved over time with advances in sensitivity and specificity. TRAb are particularly relevant in hyperthyroidism cases where use of iodinated contrast is not an option (e.g., pregnancy or recent use of iodinated contrast) or in cases of euthyroid eye disease, suspicious for GO. Third generation TRAb assays are useful for therapy selection in GD, prognostic predictions in GO and risk prediction for fetal and neonatal thyrotoxicosis. DISCUSSION Given the pathogenic role of TRAb, we expect that the future will bring useful evidence regarding their predictive role with respect to efficacy of therapeutic modalities for GO and PTM. We also hope to better understand the role of blocking and neutral antibodies against TSHR, and harness that ability for modulation of thyroid function or therapy of differentiated thyroid carcinoma managed with TSH suppression. CONCLUSIONS Thyroid autoimmune diseases have seen tremendous gains in understanding their pathophysiology, largely antibody mediated. Better TRAb testing is becoming a springboard for providing individualized patient care.
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Smith TJ. Challenges in Orphan Drug Development: Identification of Effective Therapy for Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 59:129-148. [PMID: 30044728 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), the ocular manifestation of Graves' disease, is a process in which orbital connective tissues and extraocular muscles undergo inflammation and remodeling. The condition seems to result from autoimmune responses to antigens shared by the thyroid and orbit. The thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), expressed at low levels in orbital tissues, is a leading candidate antigen. Recent evidence suggests that another protein, the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR), is overexpressed in TAO, and antibodies against IGF-IR have been detected in patients with the disease. Furthermore, TSHR and IGF-IR form a physical and functional complex, and signaling initiated at TSHR requires IGF-IR activity. Identification of therapy for this rare disease has proven challenging and currently relies on nonspecific and inadequate agents, thus representing an important unmet need. A recently completed therapeutic trial suggests that inhibiting IGF-IR activity with a monoclonal antibody may be an effective and safe treatment for active TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA;
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Mohyi M, Smith TJ. IGF1 receptor and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T29-T43. [PMID: 29273685 PMCID: PMC6561656 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a vexing and poorly understood autoimmune process involving the upper face and tissues surrounding the eyes. In TAO, the orbit can become inflamed and undergo substantial remodeling that is disfiguring and can lead to loss of vision. There are currently no approved medical therapies for TAO, the consequence of its uncertain pathogenic nature. It usually presents as a component of the syndrome known as Graves' disease where loss of immune tolerance to the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) results in the generation of activating antibodies against that protein and hyperthyroidism. The role for TSHR and these antibodies in the development of TAO is considerably less well established. We have reported over the past 2 decades evidence that the insulin-like growth factorI receptor (IGF1R) may also participate in the pathogenesis of TAO. Activating antibodies against IGF1R have been detected in patients with GD. The actions of these antibodies initiate signaling in orbital fibroblasts from patients with the disease. Further, we have identified a functional and physical interaction between TSHR and IGF1R. Importantly, it appears that signaling initiated from either receptor can be attenuated by inhibiting the activity of IGF1R. These findings underpin the rationale for therapeutically targeting IGF1R in active TAO. A recently completed therapeutic trial of teprotumumab, a human IGF1R inhibiting antibody, in patients with moderate to severe, active TAO, indicates the potential effectiveness and safety of the drug. It is possible that other autoimmune diseases might also benefit from this treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Mohyi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of MetabolismEndocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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150
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Cheng KC, Wu YJ, Cheng KH, Cheng KY, Chen KJ, Wu WC, Lee PY, Chang CH. Autoantibody against aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 could be a biomarker to monitor progression of Graves' orbitopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256:1195-1201. [PMID: 29397435 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study surveyed the novel autoantigens expressed in the orbital fat tissue of patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO) and explored the possibility of the autoantibodies against novel autoantigens as biomarkers for GO. METHODS We used immuno-proteomic methods to survey novel autoantigens expressed in the orbit fat tissue of GO patients and confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS One protein spot (aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2)) revealed high reactivity with the GO serum than did the healthy control serum and was further verified by ELISA. We found that the plasma anti-ALDH2 antibody level was increased in GO patients compared to healthy control donors. In addition, anti-ALDH2 antibody level was correlated with GO activity classified by clinical activity score(r = 0.588, p < 0.001, using Pearson's correlation). CONCLUSIONS These increased levels of anti-ALDH2 antibody in GO serum suggested that ALDH2 could attribute target autoantigen in GO, and anti-ALDH2 autoantibody might serve as a biomarker for GO and help to predict disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Zihyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Shu-Zen junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hung Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Health and Welfare Pingtung Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Zihyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Zihyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Zihyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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