101
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Wang S, Syed R, Grishina OA, Larina IV. Prolonged in vivo functional assessment of the mouse oviduct using optical coherence tomography through a dorsal imaging window. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700316. [PMID: 29359853 PMCID: PMC5945336 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The oviduct (or fallopian tube) serves as an environment for gamete transport, fertilization and preimplantation embryo development in mammals. Although there has been increasing evidence linking infertility with disrupted oviduct function, the specific roles that the oviduct plays in both normal and impaired reproductive processes remain unclear. The mouse is an important mammalian model to study human reproduction. However, most of the current analyses of the mouse oviduct rely on static histology or 2D visualization, and are unable to provide dynamic and volumetric characterization of this organ. The lack of imaging access prevents longitudinal live analysis of the oviduct and its associated reproductive events, limiting the understanding of mechanistic aspects of fertilization and preimplantation pregnancy. To address this limitation, we report a 3D imaging approach that enables prolonged functional assessment of the mouse oviduct in vivo. By combining optical coherence tomography with a dorsal imaging window, this method allows for extended volumetric visualization of the oviduct dynamics, which was previously not achievable. The approach is used for quantitative analysis of oviduct contraction, spatiotemporal characterization of cilia beat frequency and longitudinal imaging. This new approach is a useful in vivo imaging platform for a variety of live studies in mammalian reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, U.S.A
| | - Riana Syed
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, U.S.A
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, U.S.A
| | - Olga A. Grishina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, U.S.A
| | - Irina V. Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, U.S.A
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102
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Arlauckas SP, Garris CS, Kohler RH, Kitaoka M, Cuccarese MF, Yang KS, Miller MA, Carlson JC, Freeman GJ, Anthony RM, Weissleder R, Pittet MJ. In vivo imaging reveals a tumor-associated macrophage-mediated resistance pathway in anti-PD-1 therapy. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/389/eaal3604. [PMID: 28490665 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the immune checkpoint anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (aPD-1) have demonstrated impressive benefits for the treatment of some cancers; however, these drugs are not always effective, and we still have a limited understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to their efficacy or lack thereof. We used in vivo imaging to uncover the fate and activity of aPD-1 mAbs in real time and at subcellular resolution in mice. We show that aPD-1 mAbs effectively bind PD-1+ tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells at early time points after administration. However, this engagement is transient, and aPD-1 mAbs are captured within minutes from the T cell surface by PD-1- tumor-associated macrophages. We further show that macrophage accrual of aPD-1 mAbs depends both on the drug's Fc domain glycan and on Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) expressed by host myeloid cells and extend these findings to the human setting. Finally, we demonstrate that in vivo blockade of FcγRs before aPD-1 mAb administration substantially prolongs aPD-1 mAb binding to tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and enhances immunotherapy-induced tumor regression in mice. These investigations yield insight into aPD-1 target engagement in vivo and identify specific Fc/FcγR interactions that can be modulated to improve checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Arlauckas
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher S Garris
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rainer H Kohler
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Maya Kitaoka
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 8th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Michael F Cuccarese
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Katherine S Yang
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan C Carlson
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert M Anthony
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 8th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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103
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Bayarmagnai B, Perrin L, Esmaeili Pourfarhangi K, Gligorijevic B. Intravital Imaging of Tumor Cell Motility in the Tumor Microenvironment Context. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1749:175-193. [PMID: 29525998 PMCID: PMC5996994 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7701-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell motility and invasion are key features of metastatic tumors. Both are highly linked to tumor microenvironmental parameters, such as collagen architecture or macrophage density. However, due to the genetic, epigenetic and microenvironmental heterogeneities, only a small portion of tumor cells in the primary tumor are motile and furthermore, only a small portion of those will metastasize. This creates a challenge in predicting metastatic fate of single cells based on the phenotype they exhibit in the primary tumor. To overcome this challenge, tumor cell subpopulations need to be monitored at several timescales, mapping their phenotype in primary tumor as well as their potential homing to the secondary tumor site. Additionally, to address the spatial heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment and how it relates to tumor cell phenotypes, large numbers of images need to be obtained from the same tumor. Finally, as the microenvironment complexity results in nonlinear relationships between tumor cell phenotype and its surroundings, advanced statistical models are required to interpret the imaging data. Toward improving our understanding of the relationship between cancer cell motility, the tumor microenvironment context and successful metastasis, we have developed several intravital approaches for continuous and longitudinal imaging, as well as data classification via support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. We also describe methods that extend the capabilities of intravital imaging by postsacrificial microscopy of the lung as well as correlative immunofluorescence in the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louisiane Perrin
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Bojana Gligorijevic
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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104
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Antunes MM, Carvalho ÉD, Menezes GB. DIY: "Do Imaging Yourself" - Conventional microscopes as powerful tools for in vivo investigation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 94:1-5. [PMID: 29128683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Intravital imaging has been increasingly employed in cell biology studies and it is becoming one of the most powerful tools for in vivo investigation. Although some protocols can be extremely complex, most intravital imaging procedures can be performed using basic surgery and animal maintenance techniques. More importantly, regular confocal microscopes - the same that are used for imaging immunofluorescence slides - can also acquire high quality intravital images and movies after minor adaptations. Here we propose minimal adaptations in stock microscopes that allow major improvements in different fields of scientific investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maísa Mota Antunes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Érika de Carvalho
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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105
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Owyong M, Hosseini-Nassab N, Efe G, Honkala A, van den Bijgaart RJE, Plaks V, Smith BR. Cancer Immunotherapy Getting Brainy: Visualizing the Distinctive CNS Metastatic Niche to Illuminate Therapeutic Resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2017; 33-35:23-35. [PMID: 29145972 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The advent of cancer immunotherapy (CIT) and its success in treating primary and metastatic cancer may offer substantially improved outcomes for patients. Despite recent advancements, many malignancies remain resistant to CIT, among which are brain metastases, a particularly virulent disease with no apparent cure. The immunologically unique niche of the brain has prompted compelling new questions in immuno-oncology such as the effects of tissue-specific differences in immune response, heterogeneity between primary tumors and distant metastases, and the role of spatiotemporal dynamics in shaping an effective anti-tumor immune response. Current methods to examine the immunobiology of metastases in the brain are constrained by tissue processing methods that limit spatial data collection, omit dynamic information, and cannot recapitulate the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. In the current review, we describe how high-resolution, live imaging tools, particularly intravital microscopy (IVM), are instrumental in answering these questions. IVM of pre-clinical cancer models enables short- and long-term observations of critical immunobiology and metastatic growth phenomena to potentially generate revolutionary insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of brain metastasis, interactions of CIT with immune elements therein, and influence of chemo- and radiotherapy. We describe the utility of IVM to study brain metastasis in mice by tracking the migration and growth of fluorescently-labeled cells, including cancer cells and immune subsets, while monitoring the physical environment within optical windows using imaging dyes and other signal generation mechanisms to illuminate angiogenesis, hypoxia, and/or CIT drug expression within the metastatic niche. Our review summarizes the current knowledge regarding brain metastases and the immune milieu, presents the current status of CIT and its prospects in targeting brain metastases to circumvent therapeutic resistance, and proposes avenues to utilize IVM to study CIT drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models that will ultimately facilitate novel drug discovery and innovative combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Owyong
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | | | - Gizem Efe
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | - Alexander Honkala
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94306, USA
| | - Renske J E van den Bijgaart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy and Oncoimmunology Laboratory, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vicki Plaks
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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106
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Benjamin DC, Hynes RO. Intravital imaging of metastasis in adult Zebrafish. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:660. [PMID: 28946867 PMCID: PMC5613480 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis is a major clinical problem whose biology is not yet fully understood. This lack of understanding is especially true for the events at the metastatic site, which include arrest, extravasation, and growth into macrometastases. Intravital imaging is a powerful technique that has shown great promise in increasing our understanding of these events. To date, most intravital imaging studies have been performed in mice, which has limited its adoption. Zebrafish are also a common system for the intravital imaging of metastasis. However, as imaging in embryos is technically simpler, relatively few studies have used adult zebrafish to study metastasis and none have followed individual cells at the metastatic site over time. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that adult casper zebrafish offer a convenient model system for performing intravital imaging of the metastatic site over time with single-cell resolution. Methods ZMEL1 zebrafish melanoma cells were injected into 6 to 10-week-old casper fish using an intravenous injection protocol. Because casper fish are transparent even as adults, they could be imaged without surgical intervention. Individual cells were followed over the course of 2 weeks as they arrested, extravasated, and formed macroscopic metastases. Results Our injection method reliably delivered cells into circulation and led to the formation of tumors in multiple organs. Cells in the skin and sub-dermal muscle could be imaged at high resolution over 2 weeks using confocal microscopy. Arrest was visualized and determined to be primarily due to size restriction. Following arrest, extravasation was seen to occur between 1 and 6 days post-injection. Once outside of the vasculature, cells were observed migrating as well as forming protrusions. Conclusions Casper fish are a useful model for studying the events at the metastatic site using intravital imaging. The protocols described in this study are relatively simple. Combined with the reasonably low cost of zebrafish, they offer to increase access to intravital imaging. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-017-3647-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Benjamin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute For Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Richard O Hynes
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,David H. Koch Institute For Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
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107
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Alieva M, Margarido AS, Wieles T, Abels ER, Colak B, Boquetale C, Jan Noordmans H, Snijders TJ, Broekman ML, van Rheenen J. Preventing inflammation inhibits biopsy-mediated changes in tumor cell behavior. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7529. [PMID: 28790339 PMCID: PMC5548904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although biopsies and tumor resection are prognostically beneficial for glioblastomas (GBM), potential negative effects have also been suggested. Here, using retrospective study of patients and intravital imaging of mice, we identify some of these negative aspects, including stimulation of proliferation and migration of non-resected tumor cells, and provide a strategy to prevent these adverse effects. By repeated high-resolution intravital microscopy, we show that biopsy-like injury in GBM induces migration and proliferation of tumor cells through chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL-2)-dependent recruitment of macrophages. Blocking macrophage recruitment or administrating dexamethasone, a commonly used glucocorticoid to prevent brain edema in GBM patients, suppressed the observed inflammatory response and subsequent tumor growth upon biopsy both in mice and in multifocal GBM patients. Taken together, our study suggests that inhibiting CCL-2-dependent recruitment of macrophages may further increase the clinical benefits from surgical and biopsy procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alieva
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreia S Margarido
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara Wieles
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik R Abels
- Departments of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Burcin Colak
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Boquetale
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Herke Jan Noordmans
- Medical Technology and Clinical Physics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J Snijders
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marike L Broekman
- Departments of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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108
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Procedures and applications of long-term intravital microscopy. Methods 2017; 128:52-64. [PMID: 28669866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is increasingly used in biomedical research to study dynamic processes at cellular and subcellular resolution in their natural environment. Long-term IVM especially can be applied to visualize migration and proliferation over days to months within the same animal without recurrent surgeries. Skin can be repetitively imaged without surgery. To intermittently visualize cells in other organs, such as liver, mammary gland and brain, different imaging windows including the abdominal imaging window (AIW), dermal imaging window (DIW) and cranial imaging window (CIW) have been developed. In this review, we describe the procedure of window implantation and pros and cons of each technique as well as methods to retrace a position of interest over time. In addition, different fluorescent biosensors to facilitate the tracking of cells for different purposes, such as monitoring cell migration and proliferation, are discussed. Finally, we consider new techniques and possibilities of how long-term IVM can be even further improved in the future.
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109
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Abstract
Imaging is widely used in anticancer drug development, typically for whole-body tracking of labelled drugs to different organs or to assess drug efficacy through volumetric measurements. However, increasing attention has been drawn to pharmacology at the single-cell level. Diverse cell types, including cancer-associated immune cells, physicochemical features of the tumour microenvironment and heterogeneous cell behaviour all affect drug delivery, response and resistance. This Review summarizes developments in the imaging of in vivo anticancer drug action, with a focus on microscopy approaches at the single-cell level and translational lessons for the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles A. Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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110
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Arlauckas SP, Garris CS, Kohler RH, Kitaoka M, Cuccarese MF, Yang KS, Miller MA, Carlson JC, Freeman GJ, Anthony RM, Weissleder R, Pittet MJ. In vivo imaging reveals a tumor-associated macrophage-mediated resistance pathway in anti-PD-1 therapy. Sci Transl Med 2017. [PMID: 28490665 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3604.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the immune checkpoint anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (aPD-1) have demonstrated impressive benefits for the treatment of some cancers; however, these drugs are not always effective, and we still have a limited understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to their efficacy or lack thereof. We used in vivo imaging to uncover the fate and activity of aPD-1 mAbs in real time and at subcellular resolution in mice. We show that aPD-1 mAbs effectively bind PD-1+ tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells at early time points after administration. However, this engagement is transient, and aPD-1 mAbs are captured within minutes from the T cell surface by PD-1- tumor-associated macrophages. We further show that macrophage accrual of aPD-1 mAbs depends both on the drug's Fc domain glycan and on Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) expressed by host myeloid cells and extend these findings to the human setting. Finally, we demonstrate that in vivo blockade of FcγRs before aPD-1 mAb administration substantially prolongs aPD-1 mAb binding to tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and enhances immunotherapy-induced tumor regression in mice. These investigations yield insight into aPD-1 target engagement in vivo and identify specific Fc/FcγR interactions that can be modulated to improve checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Arlauckas
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher S Garris
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rainer H Kohler
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Maya Kitaoka
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 8th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Michael F Cuccarese
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Katherine S Yang
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan C Carlson
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert M Anthony
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 8th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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111
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Suijkerbuijk SJE, van Rheenen J. From good to bad: Intravital imaging of the hijack of physiological processes by cancer cells. Dev Biol 2017; 428:328-337. [PMID: 28473106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis of tissues is tightly regulated at the cellular, tissue and organismal level. Interestingly, tumor cells have found ways to hijack many of these physiological processes at all the different levels. Here we review how intravital microscopy techniques have provided new insights into our understanding of tissue homeostasis and cancer progression. In addition, we highlight the different strategies that tumor cells have adopted to use these physiological processes for their own benefit. We describe how visualization of these dynamic processes in living mice has broadened to our view on cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J E Suijkerbuijk
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Netherlands, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Netherlands, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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112
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Miller MA, Weissleder R. Imaging the pharmacology of nanomaterials by intravital microscopy: Toward understanding their biological behavior. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 113:61-86. [PMID: 27266447 PMCID: PMC5136524 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic nanoparticles (NPs) can deliver cytotoxic chemotherapeutics and other drugs more safely and efficiently to patients; furthermore, selective delivery to target tissues can theoretically be accomplished actively through coating NPs with molecular ligands, and passively through exploiting physiological "enhanced permeability and retention" features. However, clinical trial results have been mixed in showing improved efficacy with drug nanoencapsulation, largely due to heterogeneous NP accumulation at target sites across patients. Thus, a clear need exists to better understand why many NP strategies fail in vivo and not result in significantly improved tumor uptake or therapeutic response. Multicolor in vivo confocal fluorescence imaging (intravital microscopy; IVM) enables integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) measurement at the single-cell level, and has helped answer key questions regarding the biological mechanisms of in vivo NP behavior. This review summarizes progress to date and also describes useful technical strategies for successful IVM experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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113
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Identity and dynamics of mammary stem cells during branching morphogenesis. Nature 2017; 542:313-317. [PMID: 28135720 DOI: 10.1038/nature21046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During puberty, the mouse mammary gland develops into a highly branched epithelial network. Owing to the absence of exclusive stem cell markers, the location, multiplicity, dynamics and fate of mammary stem cells (MaSCs), which drive branching morphogenesis, are unknown. Here we show that morphogenesis is driven by proliferative terminal end buds that terminate or bifurcate with near equal probability, in a stochastic and time-invariant manner, leading to a heterogeneous epithelial network. We show that the majority of terminal end bud cells function as highly proliferative, lineage-committed MaSCs that are heterogeneous in their expression profile and short-term contribution to ductal extension. Yet, through cell rearrangements during terminal end bud bifurcation, each MaSC is able to contribute actively to long-term growth. Our study shows that the behaviour of MaSCs is not directly linked to a single expression profile. Instead, morphogenesis relies upon lineage-restricted heterogeneous MaSC populations that function as single equipotent pools in the long term.
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114
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van Grinsven E, Prunier C, Vrisekoop N, Ritsma L. Two-Photon Intravital Microscopy Animal Preparation Protocol to Study Cellular Dynamics in Pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1563:51-71. [PMID: 28324601 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6810-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM) is an advanced imaging platform that allows the visualization of dynamic processes at subcellular resolution in vivo. Dynamic processes like cell migration, cell proliferation, cell-cell interactions, and cell signaling have an interactive character and occur in complex environments. Hence, it is of pivotal importance to study these processes in living animals, using for example 2P-IVM. 2P-IVM can be performed on a variety of tissues, from the skin of the animal to internal organs, and a variety of methods can be utilized to perform 2P-IVM on these tissues. Here, we discuss the protocols and considerations for four of those 2P-IVM methods, namely tissue explant imaging, skin imaging, surgical exposure imaging, and multi-day window imaging. We carefully compare and explain in depth how to set up each method. Lastly, in the notes section we mention some alternative solutions for the 2P-IVM methods described. In conclusion, this protocol can be used as a guide towards deciding which 2P-IVM method to use and to enable the setup of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinke van Grinsven
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chloé Prunier
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Vrisekoop
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laila Ritsma
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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115
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Longitudinal imaging of the ageing mouse. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 160:93-116. [PMID: 27530773 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several non-invasive imaging techniques are used to investigate the effect of pathologies and treatments over time in mouse models. Each preclinical in vivo technique provides longitudinal and quantitative measurements of changes in tissues and organs, which are fundamental for the evaluation of alterations in phenotype due to pathologies, interventions and treatments. However, it is still unclear how these imaging modalities can be used to study ageing with mice models. Almost all age related pathologies in mice such as osteoporosis, arthritis, diabetes, cancer, thrombi, dementia, to name a few, can be imaged in vivo by at least one longitudinal imaging modality. These measurements are the basis for quantification of treatment effects in the development phase of a novel treatment prior to its clinical testing. Furthermore, the non-invasive nature of such investigations allows the assessment of different tissue and organ phenotypes in the same animal and over time, providing the opportunity to study the dysfunction of multiple tissues associated with the ageing process. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the applications of the most commonly used in vivo imaging modalities used in mouse studies: micro-computed-tomography, preclinical magnetic-resonance-imaging, preclinical positron-emission-tomography, preclinical single photon emission computed tomography, ultrasound, intravital microscopy, and whole body optical imaging.
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116
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Chen Y, Maeda A, Bu J, DaCosta R. Femur Window Chamber Model for In Vivo Cell Tracking in the Murine Bone Marrow. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27500928 DOI: 10.3791/54205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow is a complex organ that contains various hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. These cells are involved in many biological processes, including hematopoiesis, immune regulation and tumor regulation. Commonly used methods for understanding cellular actions in the bone marrow, such as histology and blood counts, provide static information rather than capturing the dynamic action of multiple cellular components in vivo. To complement the standard methods, a window chamber (WC)-based model was developed to enable serial in vivo imaging of cells and structures in the murine bone marrow. This protocol describes a surgical procedure for installing the WC in the femur, in order to facilitate long-term optical access to the femoral bone marrow. In particular, to demonstrate its experimental utility, this WC approach was used to image and track neutrophils within the vascular network of the femur, thereby providing a novel method to visualize and quantify immune cell trafficking and regulation in the bone marrow. This method can be applied to study various biological processes in the murine bone marrow, such as hematopoiesis, stem cell transplantation, and immune responses in pathological conditions, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azusa Maeda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto
| | | | - Ralph DaCosta
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Techna Institute, University Health Network;
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117
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Miller MA, Zheng YR, Gadde S, Pfirschke C, Zope H, Engblom C, Kohler RH, Iwamoto Y, Yang KS, Askevold B, Kolishetti N, Pittet M, Lippard SJ, Farokhzad OC, Weissleder R. Tumour-associated macrophages act as a slow-release reservoir of nano-therapeutic Pt(IV) pro-drug. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8692. [PMID: 26503691 PMCID: PMC4711745 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic nanoparticles (TNPs) aim to deliver drugs more safely and effectively to cancers, yet clinical results have been unpredictable owing to limited in vivo understanding. Here we use single-cell imaging of intratumoral TNP pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to better comprehend their heterogeneous behaviour. Model TNPs comprising a fluorescent platinum(IV) pro-drug and a clinically tested polymer platform (PLGA-b-PEG) promote long drug circulation and alter accumulation by directing cellular uptake toward tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). Simultaneous imaging of TNP vehicle, its drug payload and single-cell DNA damage response reveals that TAMs serve as a local drug depot that accumulates significant vehicle from which DNA-damaging Pt payload gradually releases to neighbouring tumour cells. Correspondingly, TAM depletion reduces intratumoral TNP accumulation and efficacy. Thus, nanotherapeutics co-opt TAMs for drug delivery, which has implications for TNP design and for selecting patients into trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Yao-Rong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Suresh Gadde
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Christina Pfirschke
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Harshal Zope
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Camilla Engblom
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Rainer H Kohler
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Katherine S Yang
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Bjorn Askevold
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mikael Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Stephen J Lippard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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118
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Maeda A, Kulbatski I, DaCosta RS. Emerging Applications for Optically Enabled Intravital Microscopic Imaging in Radiobiology. Mol Imaging 2015. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2015.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Maeda
- From the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, MaRS Centre; Techna Institute for Advancement of Technologies for Health; and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON
| | - Iris Kulbatski
- From the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, MaRS Centre; Techna Institute for Advancement of Technologies for Health; and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON
| | - Ralph S. DaCosta
- From the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, MaRS Centre; Techna Institute for Advancement of Technologies for Health; and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON
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119
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Visualization and tracking of tumour extracellular vesicle delivery and RNA translation using multiplexed reporters. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7029. [PMID: 25967391 PMCID: PMC4435621 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate spatiotemporal assessment of extracellular vesicle (EV) delivery and cargo RNA translation requires specific and robust live-cell imaging technologies. Here we engineer optical reporters to label multiple EV populations for visualization and tracking of tumour EV release, uptake and exchange between cell populations both in culture and in vivo. Enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) and tandem dimer Tomato (tdTomato) were fused at NH2-termini with a palmitoylation signal (PalmGFP, PalmtdTomato) for EV membrane labelling. To monitor EV-RNA cargo, transcripts encoding PalmtdTomato were tagged with MS2 RNA binding sequences and detected by co-expression of bacteriophage MS2 coat protein fused with EGFP. By multiplexing fluorescent and bioluminescent EV membrane reporters, we reveal the rapid dynamics of both EV uptake and translation of EV-delivered cargo mRNAs in cancer cells that occurred within 1-hour post-horizontal transfer between cells. These studies confirm that EV-mediated communication is dynamic and multidirectional between cells with delivery of functional mRNA. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as a conduit for intercellular communication through the exchange of cellular materials without direct cell-to-cell contacts. Here the authors develop a multiplexed reporter system that allows monitoring of EV exchange, cargo delivery and protein translation between different cell populations.
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