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Abdelwahid E, Kalvelyte A, Stulpinas A, de Carvalho KAT, Guarita-Souza LC, Foldes G. Stem cell death and survival in heart regeneration and repair. Apoptosis 2016; 21:252-68. [PMID: 26687129 PMCID: PMC5200890 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are major causes of mortality and morbidity. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis disrupts cardiac function and leads to cardiac decompensation and terminal heart failure. Delineating the regulatory signaling pathways that orchestrate cell survival in the heart has significant therapeutic implications. Cardiac tissue has limited capacity to regenerate and repair. Stem cell therapy is a successful approach for repairing and regenerating ischemic cardiac tissue; however, transplanted cells display very high death percentage, a problem that affects success of tissue regeneration. Stem cells display multipotency or pluripotency and undergo self-renewal, however these events are negatively influenced by upregulation of cell death machinery that induces the significant decrease in survival and differentiation signals upon cardiovascular injury. While efforts to identify cell types and molecular pathways that promote cardiac tissue regeneration have been productive, studies that focus on blocking the extensive cell death after transplantation are limited. The control of cell death includes multiple networks rather than one crucial pathway, which underlies the challenge of identifying the interaction between various cellular and biochemical components. This review is aimed at exploiting the molecular mechanisms by which stem cells resist death signals to develop into mature and healthy cardiac cells. Specifically, we focus on a number of factors that control death and survival of stem cells upon transplantation and ultimately affect cardiac regeneration. We also discuss potential survival enhancing strategies and how they could be meaningful in the design of targeted therapies that improve cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eltyeb Abdelwahid
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Tarry 14-725, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Audrone Kalvelyte
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aurimas Stulpinas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Katherine Athayde Teixeira de Carvalho
- Cell Therapy and Biotechnology in Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Pequeno Príncipe Faculty, Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Institute, Curitiba, Paraná, 80250-200, Brazil
| | - Luiz Cesar Guarita-Souza
- Experimental Laboratory of Institute of Biological and Health Sciences of Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Gabor Foldes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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102
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Batrakova EV, Kim MS. Development and regulation of exosome-based therapy products. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:744-57. [PMID: 26888041 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, various innovative therapies involving the ex vivo manipulation and subsequent reintroduction of exosome-based therapeutics into humans have been developed and validated, although no exosome-based therapeutics have yet to be brought into the clinic. Exosomes are nanosized vesicles secreted by many cells that utilize them for cell-to-cell communications to facilitate transport of proteins and genetic material. Comprised of cellular membranes with multiple adhesive proteins on their surface, exosomes offer distinct advantages that exceptionally position them as highly effective drug carriers. Additionally, exosomes can exert unique biological activity reflective of their origin that may be used for therapy of various diseases. In fact, exosomes have benefits of both synthetic nanocarriers and cell-mediated drug delivery systems, and avoid their limitations. This concise review highlights the recent developments in exosome-based drug delivery systems and the main regulatory considerations for using this type of therapeutic in clinic. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:744-757. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1395 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Myung Soo Kim
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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103
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Merino-González C, Zuñiga FA, Escudero C, Ormazabal V, Reyes C, Nova-Lamperti E, Salomón C, Aguayo C. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Angiogenesis: Potencial Clinical Application. Front Physiol 2016; 7:24. [PMID: 26903875 PMCID: PMC4746282 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent stem cells that are able to differentiate into multiple specialized cell types including osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. MSCs exert different functions in the body and have recently been predicted to have a major clinical/therapeutic potential. However, the mechanisms of self-renewal and tissue regeneration are not completely understood. It has been shown that the biological effect depends mainly on its paracrine action. Furthermore, it has been reported that the secretion of soluble factors and the release of extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, could mediate the cellular communication to induce cell-differentiation/self-renewal. This review provides an overview of MSC-derived exosomes in promoting angiogenicity and of the clinical relevance in a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Merino-González
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe A Zuñiga
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (GIANT), Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Bío-BíoChillán, Chile; Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health)Chillán, Chile
| | - Valeska Ormazabal
- Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Camila Reyes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Carlos Salomón
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Claudio Aguayo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of ConcepciónConcepción, Chile; Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health)Chillán, Chile
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104
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Salem MY, El-Eraky El-Azab N, Helal OK, Gabr Metwaly H, Abd El-Halim Bayoumi HE. Does selenium improve the stem cell therapeutic effect on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats? A histological and immunohistochemical study. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF HISTOLOGY 2015; 38:679-691. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000475224.41506.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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105
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Konala VBR, Mamidi MK, Bhonde R, Das AK, Pochampally R, Pal R. The current landscape of the mesenchymal stromal cell secretome: A new paradigm for cell-free regeneration. Cytotherapy 2015; 18:13-24. [PMID: 26631828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unique properties of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) to self-renew and their multipotentiality have rendered them attractive to researchers and clinicians. In addition to the differentiation potential, the broad repertoire of secreted trophic factors (cytokines) exhibiting diverse functions such as immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory activity, angiogenesis and anti-apoptotic, commonly referred to as the MSC secretome, has gained immense attention in the past few years. There is enough evidence to show that the one important pathway by which MSCs participate in tissue repair and regeneration is through its secretome. Concurrently, a large body of MSC research has focused on characterization of the MSC secretome; this includes both soluble factors and factors released in extracellular vesicles, for example, exosomes and microvesicles. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the MSC secretome with respect to their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Konala
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, AMET University, Kanathur, Chennai, India; Genes & Life Health Care Pvt. Ltd, Punjagutta, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Ramesh Bhonde
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore, India
| | - Anjan Kumar Das
- Department of Surgery, Taylor's University School of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Radhika Pochampally
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Rajarshi Pal
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore, India.
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106
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How to Improve the Survival of Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cell in Ischemic Heart? Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:9682757. [PMID: 26681958 PMCID: PMC4670674 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9682757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is an intensely studied stem cell type applied for cardiac repair. For decades, the preclinical researches on animal model and clinical trials have suggested that MSC transplantation exerts therapeutic effect on ischemic heart disease. However, there remain major limitations to be overcome, one of which is the very low survival rate after transplantation in heart tissue. Various strategies have been tried to improve the MSC survival, and many of them showed promising results. In this review, we analyzed the studies in recent years to summarize the methods, effects, and mechanisms of the new strategies to address this question.
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107
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Batrakova EV, Kim MS. Using exosomes, naturally-equipped nanocarriers, for drug delivery. J Control Release 2015; 219:396-405. [PMID: 26241750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes offer distinct advantages that uniquely position them as highly effective drug carriers. Comprised of cellular membranes with multiple adhesive proteins on their surface, exosomes are known to specialize in cell-cell communications and provide an exclusive approach for the delivery of various therapeutic agents to target cells. In addition, exosomes can be amended through their parental cells to express a targeting moiety on their surface, or supplemented with desired biological activity. Development and validation of exosome-based drug delivery systems are the focus of this review. Different techniques of exosome isolation, characterization, drug loading, and applications in experimental disease models and clinic are discussed. Exosome-based drug formulations may be applied to a wide variety of disorders such as cancer, various infectious, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. Overall, exosomes combine benefits of both synthetic nanocarriers and cell-mediated drug delivery systems while avoiding their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Myung Soo Kim
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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108
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Tyndall A. Mesenchymal stromal cells and rheumatic disorders. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:201-7. [PMID: 26142543 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), often incorrectly called stem cells, have been the intense focus of in vitro studies and animal models of rheumatic and other diseases over more than a decade. Despite multiple plausible mechanisms of action and a plethora of positive in vivo animal studies, few randomised controlled clinical trials have demonstrated meaningful clinical benefit in any condition so far. This could be due to confusion in cell product terminology, complexity of clinical study design and execution or agreement on meaningful outcome measures. It could also indicate that MSC as currently employed are ineffective. Within the rheumatic diseases, SLE, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) have received most attention. Uncontrolled multiple trial data from over 300 SLE patients have been published from one centre suggesting a positive outcome; one single centre comparative study in 172 RA was positive and no human studies have compared intra-articular MSC therapy to non-MSC techniques for osteoarthritis in the absence of surgery. Two randomised studies suggested benefit from the addition of bone marrow derived MSC and peripheral blood mononuclear cells added to surgical "standard of care" in knee OA and knee focal cartilage defects, respectively. The possible reasons for this apparent mismatch between expectation and clinical reality will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Tyndall
- Dept of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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109
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A New Paradigm in Cardiac Regeneration: The Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:765846. [PMID: 26074978 PMCID: PMC4436518 DOI: 10.1155/2015/765846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The potentialities to apply mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine have been extensively studied over the last decades. In the cardiovascular disease (CVD) field, MSCs-based therapy is the subject of great expectations. Its therapeutic potential has been already shown in several preclinical models and both the safety and efficacy of MSCs-based therapy are being evaluated in humans. It is now clear that the predominant mechanism by which MSCs participate in heart tissue repair is through a paracrine activity. Via the production of a multitude of trophic factors endowed with different properties, MSCs can reduce tissue injury, protect tissue from further adverse effects, and enhance tissue repair. The present review discusses the current understanding of the MSCs secretome as a therapy for treatment of CVD. We provide insights into the possible employment of the MSCs secretome and their released extracellular vesicles as novel approaches for cardiac regeneration that would have certain advantages over injection of living cells.
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