101
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Pérez de Arce E, Quera R, Beltrán CJ, Madrid AM, Nos P. Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Synergy in alterations of the gut-brain axis? GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2021; 45:66-76. [PMID: 34023477 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of digestive symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in remission is a topic of growing interest. Although there is heterogeneity in clinical studies regarding the use of IBD remission criteria and the diagnosis of IBS, the available data indicate that the IBD-IBS overlap would affect up to one third of patients in remission, and they agree on the finding of a negative impact on the mental health and quality of life of the individuals who suffer from it. The pathophysiological bases that would explain this potential overlap are not completely elucidated; however, an alteration in the gut-brain axis associated with an increase in intestinal permeability, neuroimmune activation and dysbiosis would be common to both conditions. The hypothesis of a new clinical entity or syndrome of "Irritable Inflammatory Bowel Disease" or "Post-inflammatory IBS" is the subject of intense investigation. The clinical approach is based on certifying the remission of IBD activity and ruling out other non-inflammatory causes of potentially treatable persistent functional digestive symptoms. In the case of symptoms associated with IBS and in the absence of sufficient evidence, comprehensive and personalized management of the clinical picture (dietary, pharmacological and psychotherapeutic measures) should be carried out, similar to a genuine IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Pérez de Arce
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Quera
- Programa Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Departamento de Gastroenterología, Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Caroll J Beltrán
- Laboratorio de Inmuno-gastroenterología, Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Madrid
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pilar Nos
- Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, España
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102
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Ali H, Sarfraz A, Ali H. Ileal Pouchitis With Endoscopic Pictures. Cureus 2021; 13:e14778. [PMID: 34094743 PMCID: PMC8169089 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disorder, and almost one-third of UC patients ultimately undergo surgical interventions because of complications or refractory disease. Current restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the standard intervention for severe chronic UC with refractory disease. Several complications associated with this procedure can occur, including anastomotic leak, sepsis, and pouch ischemia. The most frequent long-term complication is pouchitis, an idiopathic inflammatory condition involving the ileal pouch. Presentations may vary but include stool frequency, urgency, incontinence, fatigue, malaise, and fever, less commonly bloody stools. We report a case of ileal pouchitis in a young patient, two years after proctocolectomy with IPAA responsive to antibiotic treatment. Our case supports that imaging studies like flexible sigmoidoscopy are necessary to rule out other disorders in patients with pouchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassam Ali
- Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Vidant Medical Center, Greenville, USA
| | - Abeera Sarfraz
- Internal Medicine, Federal Medical and Dental College, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Hadeera Ali
- Internal Medicine, CMH Institute of Medical Sciences, Bahawalpur, PAK
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103
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is currently the leading cause of death worldwide. Although many well-known conditions cause CVD, recent research has suggested that alterations to the gut microbiome may also promote CVD. The gastrointestinal tract houses trillions of bacteria, some of which in large numbers are considered to be part of a healthy gut microbiome profile. These "good" bacteria have the ability to process and digest complex carbohydrates into short-chain fatty acids (SFCA). These SCFA serve as signaling molecules, immune-modulating molecules, and sources of energy. However, with gut dysbiosis, there is an overgrowth of certain bacteria and these bacteria overly produce phosphatidylcholine, choline, and carnitine into the waste product trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Elevated TMAO levels are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, thrombosis, and stroke. Therefore, introducing therapeutic interventions that alter a dysbiotic gut profile back to a healthy gut microbiome may be the key to reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease in some conditions. The purpose of this review is to critically examine and consolidate the relevant information bearing on this concept. Our goal is to provide the informational framework for the possible use of microbiome modification as an optional therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Astudillo
- Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Davie, USA
| | - Harvey N Mayrovitz
- Medical Education, Nova Southeastern University, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Davie, USA
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104
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Pepe M, Carulli E, Forleo C, Moscarelli M, Di Cillo O, Bortone AS, Nestola PL, Biondi-Zoccai G, Giordano A, Favale S. Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Acute Coronary Syndromes: From Pathogenesis to the Fine Line Between Bleeding and Ischemic Risk. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:725-731. [PMID: 32592478 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a pathological condition that first involves the gastrointestinal wall but can also trigger a systemic inflammatory state and thus extraintestinal manifestations. Systemic inflammation is probably secondary to the passage of bacterial products into the bloodstream because of altered intestinal permeability and the consequent release of proinflammatory mediators. Inflammation, through several diverse pathophysiological pathways, determines both a procoagulative state and systemic endothelial dysfunction, which are both deemed to be responsible for venous and arterial thromboembolic adverse events. The management of systemic thrombotic complications is particularly challenging in this category of patients, who also present a high bleeding risk; what is more, both bleeding and thrombotic risks peak during the active phases of the disease. The literature suggests that treating physicians have been, so far, more heavily influenced by concerns about bleeding than by the thrombotic risk. Despite the absence of data provided by large cohorts or randomized studies, the high risk of arterial and venous atherothrombosis in patients with IBD seems unquestionable. Moreover, several reports suggest that when arterial thromboembolism involves the coronary vessels, causing acute coronary syndromes, ischemic complications from antithrombotic drug undertreatment are frequent and severe. This review aims to shed light on the tricky balance between the ischemic and hemorrhagic risks of patients with IBD and to highlight how difficult it is for clinicians to define a tailored therapy based on a case-by-case, careful, and unprejudiced clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Pepe
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, Cardiothoracic Department, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eugenio Carulli
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, Cardiothoracic Department, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Forleo
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, Cardiothoracic Department, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Moscarelli
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (RA), Italy
| | - Ottavio Di Cillo
- Chest Pain Unit, Cardiology Emergency, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Santo Bortone
- Division of Heart Surgery, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Palma Luisa Nestola
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, Cardiothoracic Department, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Arturo Giordano
- Invasive Cardiology Unit, Pineta Grande Hospital, Castel Volturno, Caserta, Italy
| | - Stefano Favale
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, Cardiothoracic Department, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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105
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Caiano LM, Riva N, Carrier M, Gatt A, Ageno W. Treatment of portal vein thrombosis: an updated narrative review. Minerva Med 2021; 112:713-725. [PMID: 33832217 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.21.07526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is the most frequent among the splanchnic vein thrombosis, accounting for 90% of cases. More than half of PVT are provoked by liver cirrhosis, solid cancer or myeloproliferative neoplasms. The remaining cases are non-malignant non-cirrhotic PVT and include either unprovoked events or thrombosis secondary to other less common risk factors (e.g. abdominal surgery, intrabdominal inflammations/infections, or hormonal stimuli). Anticoagulant therapy in patients with acute symptomatic PVT should be started early after diagnosis, if no active bleeding, to obtain greater vessel recanalization and reduce the occurrence of portal-hypertension related complications. Gastroesophageal varices do not represent a contraindication to anticoagulant treatment, as long as adequate measures have been undertaken for the prophylaxis of gastroesophageal bleeding. Different treatment options (unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin, vitamin K antagonists and direct oral anticoagulants [DOACs]) can be considered. In this narrative review we will discuss the treatment of PVT in the three most common scenarios (cirrhosis-associated, cancer-associated and non-malignant non-cirrhotic PVT). We will also discuss the role of the DOACs and summarise recent guidelines on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia M Caiano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nicoletta Riva
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta -
| | - Marc Carrier
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alex Gatt
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Walter Ageno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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106
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Gonzalez A, Gupta K, Rahman AU, Wadhwa V, Shen B. Risk Factors Associated With Hospital Readmission and Costs for Pouchitis. CROHN'S & COLITIS 360 2021; 3:otab006. [PMID: 36778942 PMCID: PMC9802153 DOI: 10.1093/crocol/otab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pouchitis is the most common long-term complication in patients with restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. This study aimed to identify readmission rates for pouchitis and risk factors associated with readmissions in an extensive national database. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis using the National Readmission Database to determine if patient demographics and clinical characteristics were predictors of hospital readmission within 30 days for adult patients (age >18 years) discharged with a principal diagnosis of pouchitis (ICD-9 code-569.71) from January 2013 to December 2013. Both univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to assess factors associated with 30-day readmission. Results A total of 1538 patients with pouchitis who were discharged alive were identified. 10.2% [95% confidence interval: 7.6, 12.7] of these were readmitted within 30 days of discharge. The average days to readmission were 18.6 ± 1.01. Multivariable analysis of risk factors associated with readmission showed older age as a protective factor for readmission [odds ratio (OR) = 0.88 (0.81, 0.96); P < 0.005]. Sex and the presence of permanent ileostomy were not associated with readmission in patients with pouchitis. The length of stay during readmissions was associated with postoperative wound infection [OR = 7.7 (94.0, 11.30); P < 0.001], ileus [OR = 4.5 (1.6, 7.4); P < 0.002], permanent ileostomy [OR = 3.7 (1.7, 5.7); P < 0.001], and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [OR = 3.2 (1.06, 5.3); P < 0.003]. Conclusions Readmissions in pouchitis patients are frequent. Long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ileus, permanent ileostomy, and postoperative wound infection is associated with increased length of stay in readmissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Gonzalez
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - Kapil Gupta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Asad Ur Rahman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - Vaibhav Wadhwa
- Center for Advanced Endoscopy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Address correspondence to: Vaibhav Wadhwa, MD, Center for Advanced Endoscopy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA ()
| | - Bo Shen
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-NewYork Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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107
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Kröner PT, Lee A, Farraye FA. Respiratory Tract Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:563-574. [PMID: 32448912 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease can manifest in many extraintestinal organ systems. The most frequently involved extraintestinal locations include the mucocutaneous, hepatobiliary, and ocular organ systems. The respiratory tract is less commonly involved and is therefore frequently overlooked. Consequently, it is believed that involvement of the respiratory tract in patients with inflammatory bowel disease is underreported. The pathogenesis is thought to be multifactorial, involving the common embryologic origin shared by the respiratory and luminal digestive tract, molecular mimicry, and immunologic interactions leading to immune-complex deposition in affected tissue. The spectrum of manifestations of the respiratory tract related to inflammatory bowel disease is broad. It not only includes direct involvement of the respiratory tract (ie, airways, interstitium, and pleura) but also can result as a consequence of systemic involvement such as in thromboembolic events. In addition, it may also be related to other conditions that affect the respiratory tract such as sarcoidosis and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Though some conditions related to respiratory tract involvement might be subclinical, others may have life-threatening consequences. It is critical to approach patients with suspected inflammatory bowel disease-related respiratory tract involvement in concert with pulmonology, infectious diseases, and any other pertinent experts, as treatments may require a multidisciplinary overlap of measures. Therefore, it is of paramount importance for the clinician to be aware of the array of respiratory tract manifestations of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, in addition to the possible spectrum of therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Kröner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Augustine Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Francis A Farraye
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
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108
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El-Malkey NF, Alsemeh AE, Ashour WM, Hassan NH, Edrees HM. Fetuin-A exerts a protective effect against experimentally induced intestinal ischemia/reperfusion by suppressing autophagic cell death. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1307-1317. [PMID: 33653159 DOI: 10.1177/1535370221995207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal tissue is highly susceptible to ischemia/reperfusion injury in many hazardous health conditions. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant glycoprotein fetuin-A showed efficacy in cerebral ischemic injury; however, its protective role against intestinal ischemia/reperfusion remains elusive. Therefore, this study investigated the protective role of fetuin-A supplementation against intestinal structural changes and dysfunction in a rat model of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. We equally divided 72 male rats into control, sham, ischemia/reperfusion, and fetuin-A-pretreated ischemia/reperfusion (100 mg/kg/day fetuin-A intraperitoneally for three days prior to surgery and a third dose 1 h prior to the experiment) groups. After 2 h of reperfusion, the jejunum was dissected and examined for spontaneous contractility. A jejunal homogenate was used to assess inflammatory and oxidative stress enzymes. Staining of histological sections was carried out with hematoxylin, eosin and Masson's trichrome stain for evaluation. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect autophagy proteins beclin-1, LC3, and p62. This study found that fetuin-A significantly improved ischemia/reperfusion-induced mucosal injury by reducing the percentage of areas of collagen deposition, increasing the amplitude of spontaneous contraction, decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress, and upregulating p62 expression, which was accompanied by beclin-1 and LC3 downregulation. Our findings suggest that fetuin-A treatment can prevent ischemia/reperfusion-induced jejunal structural and functional changes by increasing antioxidant activity and regulating autophagy disturbances observed in the ischemia/reperfusion rat model. Furthermore, fetuin-A may provide a protective influence against intestinal ischemia/reperfusion complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanees F El-Malkey
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Al-Sharqia 44519, Egypt
| | - Amira E Alsemeh
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Al-Sharqia 44519, Egypt
| | - Wesam Mr Ashour
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Al-Sharqia 44519, Egypt
| | - Nancy H Hassan
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Al-Sharqia 44519, Egypt
| | - Husam M Edrees
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Al-Sharqia 44519, Egypt.,Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukairiyah 51941, Saudi Arabia
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109
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Ramai D, Tai W, Rivera M, Facciorusso A, Tartaglia N, Pacilli M, Ambrosi A, Cotsoglou C, Sacco R. Natural Progression of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis to Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020184. [PMID: 33673113 PMCID: PMC7918599 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic and progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Its global incidence is increasing which makes NASH an epidemic and a public health threat. Due to repeated insults to the liver, patients are at risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The progression of NASH to HCC was initially defined according to a two-hit model which involved the development of steatosis, followed by lipid peroxidation and inflammation. However, current research defines a “multi-hit” or “multi-parallel hit” model which synthesizes several contributing pathways involved in progressive fibrosis and oncogenesis. This perspective considers the effects of cellular, genetic, immunologic, metabolic, and endocrine pathways leading up to HCC which underscores the complexity of this condition. This article will provide an updated review of the pathogenic mechanisms leading from NASH to HCC as well as an exploration of the role of biomarkers and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Ramai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; (D.R.); (W.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Waqqas Tai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; (D.R.); (W.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Michelle Rivera
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; (D.R.); (W.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Antonio Facciorusso
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Nicola Tartaglia
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (M.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Mario Pacilli
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (M.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Ambrosi
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (M.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Christian Cotsoglou
- General Surgey Unit, Department of Surgery, ASST-Vimercate, 20871 Vimercate, Italy;
| | - Rodolfo Sacco
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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110
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Geh D, Manas DM, Reeves HL. Hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-a review of an emerging challenge facing clinicians. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2021; 10:59-75. [PMID: 33575290 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn.2019.08.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a rapidly growing cause of chronic liver disease and is becoming a leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in many developed countries. This presents major challenges for the surveillance, diagnosis and treatment of HCC. Objective To discuss the clinical challenges faced by clinicians in managing the rising number of NAFLD-HCC cases. Evidence Review MEDLINE, PubMed and Embase databases were searched using the keywords; NAFLD, HCC, surveillance, hepatectomy, liver transplantation, percutaneous ablation, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), selective internal radiotherapy treatment (SIRT) and sorafenib. Relevant clinical studies were included. Findings Current HCC surveillance programmes are inadequate because they only screen for HCC in patients with cirrhosis, whereas in NAFLD a significant proportion of HCC develops in the absence of cirrhosis. Consequently NAFLD patients often present with a more advanced stage of HCC, with a poorer prognosis. NAFLD-HCC patients also tend to be older and to have more co-morbidities compared to HCC of other etiologies. This limits the use of curative treatments such as liver resection and orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Evidence suggests that although NAFLD-HCC patients who undergo liver resection or OLT have worse perioperative and short-term outcomes, overall long-term survival is comparable to HCC of other etiologies. This highlights the importance of careful patient selection, pre-habilitation and perioperative planning for NAFLD-HCC patients being considered for surgical treatment. Careful consideration is also important for non-surgical treatments, although the evidence supporting treatment selection is frequently lacking, as these patients tend to be poorly represented in clinical trials. Locoregional therapies such as percutaneous ablation and TACE may be less well tolerated and less effective in NAFLD patients with obesity or diabetes. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib may also be less effective. Conclusions and Relevance This review highlights how international guidelines, for which NAFLD traditionally has made up a small part of the evidence base, may not be appropriate for all NAFLD-HCC patients. Future guidelines need to reflect the changing landscape of HCC, by making specific recommendations for the management of NAFLD-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Geh
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Derek M Manas
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Multidisciplinary Team, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helen L Reeves
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Multidisciplinary Team, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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111
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Deroo L, Elewaut A, Van Moerkercke W. Unexplained fever in a young man with Crohn's disease: a case report and review of literature. Acta Clin Belg 2021; 76:60-64. [PMID: 31347993 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2019.1646515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A 23-year-old man with a known history of Crohn's disease (CD), who underwent an ileocaecal resection for localized disease activity three months ago, suffered from persistent fever with chills since 10 days. Despite the empirical antibiotic therapy that was started, his fever remained. A computed tomography (CT) angiography of the thorax and abdomen revealed a thrombosis of the iliacal veins bilateral and a pulmonary embolism (PE) in the right lower lobe with adjacent infiltrate. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) can be a life-threatening extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The risk that IBD patients develop a VTE is three times higher in comparison with healthy controls. They have a higher risk of recurrence and a higher mortality ratio. The pathogenesis of VTE in IBD is complex and until now not fully understood. More awareness should be raised, given the fact that it can be prevented by appropriate thromboprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Deroo
- University School of Medicine, Gent, Belgium
| | - A. Elewaut
- Department of Gastroenterology, AZ Groeninge, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - W. Van Moerkercke
- Department of Gastroenterology, AZ Groeninge, Kortrijk, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology, UZ Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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112
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Villanacci V, Reggiani-Bonetti L, Salviato T, Leoncini G, Cadei M, Albarello L, Caputo A, Aquilano MC, Battista S, Parente P. Histopathology of IBD Colitis. A practical approach from the pathologists of the Italian Group for the study of the gastrointestinal tract (GIPAD). Pathologica 2021; 113:39-53. [PMID: 33686309 PMCID: PMC8138698 DOI: 10.32074/1591-951x-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are lifelong disorders in which an interaction between genetic and environmental factors is involved. IBDs include two entities: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC); these can be adequately diagnosed and distinguished with a correct methodological approach based on communicating exhaustive clinical, endoscopic and laboratory information to the pathologist and performing adequate bioptic sampling and precise morphological signs including crypt architecture, distribution of inflammation and granulomas, when present. IBD needs to be distinguished from non-IBD colitis, mostly at its onset. Moreover, IBDs are associated with an increased risk of developing colorectal adenocarcinoma. In daily pathological practice, correct diagnosis of IBD and its subclassification as well as a correct detection of dysplasia is imperative to establish the best therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Villanacci
- Institute of Pathology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence Vincenzo Villanacci Institute of Pathology Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy E-mail:
| | - Luca Reggiani-Bonetti
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tiziana Salviato
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Moris Cadei
- Institute of Pathology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Albarello
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Caputo
- University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Serena Battista
- Institute of Pathology S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Paola Parente
- Unit of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
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113
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite three decades of clinical experience, this article is the first to comprehensively address disease recurrence after gut transplantation. Pertinent scientific literature is reviewed and management strategies are discussed with new insights into advances in gut pathobiology and human genetics. RECENT FINDINGS With growing experience and new perspectives in the field of gut transplantation, the topic of disease recurrence continues to evolve. The clinicopathologic spectrum and diagnostic criteria are better defined in milieu of the nature of the primary disease. In addition to neoplastic disorders, disease recurrence is suspected in patients with pretransplant Crohn's disease, gut dysmotility, hypercoagulability and metabolic syndrome. There has also been an increased awareness of the potential de-novo development of various disorders in the transplanted organs. For conventionally unresectable gastrointestinal and abdominal malignancies, ex-vivo excision and autotransplantation are advocated, particularly for the nonallotransplant candidates. SUMMARY Similar to other solid organ and cell transplantations, disease recurrence has been suspected following gut transplantation. Despite current lack of conclusive diagnostic criteria, recurrence of certain mucosal and neuromuscular disorders has been recently described in a large single-centre series with an overall incidence of 7%. Disease recurrence was also observed in recipients with pretransplant hypercoagulability and morbid obesity with respective incidences of 4 and 24%. As expected, tumour recurrence is largely determined by type, extent and biologic behaviour of the primary neoplasm. With the exception of high-grade aggressive malignancy, disease recurrence is still of academic interest with no significant impact on overall short and long-term outcome.
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114
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Naymagon L, Tremblay D, Zubizarreta N, Moshier E, Naymagon S, Mascarenhas J, Schiano T. The Natural History, Treatments, and Outcomes of Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:215-223. [PMID: 32185400 PMCID: PMC8427727 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a poorly described complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We sought to better characterize presentations, compare treatments, and assess outcomes in IBD-related PVT. METHODS We conducted a retrospective investigation of IBD-related PVT at our institution. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios across treatments. RESULTS Sixty-three patients with IBD-related PVT (26 with Crohn disease, 37 with ulcerative colitis) were followed for a median 21 months (interquartile ratio [IQR] = 9-52). Major risk factors included intra-abdominal surgery (60%), IBD flare (33%), and intra-abdominal infection (13%). Primary hematologic thrombophilias were rare and did not impact management. Presentations were generally nonspecific, and diagnosis was incidental. Ninety-two percent of patients (58/63) received anticoagulation (AC), including 23 who received direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), 22 who received warfarin, and 13 who received enoxaparin. All anticoagulated patients started AC within 3 days of diagnosis. Complete radiographic resolution (CRR) of PVT occurred in 71% of patients. We found that DOACs were associated with higher CRR rates (22/23; 96%) relative to warfarin (12/22; 55%): the hazard ratio of DOACs to warfarin was 4.04 (1.83-8.93; P = 0.0006)). Patients receiving DOACs required shorter courses of AC (median 3.9 months; IQR = 2.7-6.1) than those receiving warfarin (median 8.5 months; IQR = 3.9-NA; P = 0.0190). Incidence of gut ischemia (n = 3), symptomatic portal hypertension (n = 3), major bleeding (n = 4), and death (n = 2) were rare, and no patients receiving DOACs experienced these adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS We show that early and aggressive use of AC can lead to excellent outcomes in IBD-associated PVT and that DOACs are associated with particularly favorable outcomes in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Naymagon
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Douglas Tremblay
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicole Zubizarreta
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy/Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Erin Moshier
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy/Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven Naymagon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - John Mascarenhas
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Schiano
- Division of Liver Diseases, Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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115
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Jiang M, Mu J, Shen S, Zhang H. COVID-19 With Preexisting Hypercoagulability Digestive Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:587350. [PMID: 33521013 PMCID: PMC7838325 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.587350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global public health and economic crisis. The advent of hypercoagulability and thrombotic complications can substantially influence the prognosis of COVID-19 patients. In this review, we elaborate on the clinical findings, potential underlying pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategy of hypercoagulability and thromboembolism in COVID-19, particularly focusing on the COVID-19 patients with preexisting digestive hypercoagulability disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshan Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingxi Mu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Silan Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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116
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Tozlu M, Cash B, Younes M, Ertan A. Dilemma in post-IBD patients with IBS-D symptoms: A 2020 overview. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:5-8. [PMID: 32990090 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1829469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in apparent clinical remission who present with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like symptoms pose a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma that is called post-IBD IBS. When associated with a diarrheal IBS presentation, this clinical syndrome is known as post-IBD IBS-D. AREAS COVERED We review and describe the literature regarding the clinical overlap of IBD and IBS. We discuss prevalent theories regarding the pathophysiology of post-IBD IBS-D and whether this presentation represents coincident inherent IBS-D, IBS-D triggered by IBD, or an even more subtle level of IBD activity that is unrecognized by available laboratory modalities. We also discuss observations that post-IBD IBS-D patients harbor significantly increased colon mucosal eosinophils and appear to respond to a GI-hypoallergenic diet and budesonide therapy. EXPERT OPINION The symptoms overlap between IBD and IBS complicates diagnosis and subsequent management of patients with post-IBD IBS-D. In addition to current theories regarding the pathophysiology of this condition such as alterations in mucosal inflammation, the microbiota, mucosal permeability, and gut-brain interactions. This new avenue of eosinophilic colopathy and therapy directed toward food-derived immune response in patients with post-IBD IBS-D deserves additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukaddes Tozlu
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Section, Ertan Digestive Disease Center, University of Texas McGovern Medical School , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brooks Cash
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Section, Ertan Digestive Disease Center, University of Texas McGovern Medical School , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mamoun Younes
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Section, Ertan Digestive Disease Center, University of Texas McGovern Medical School , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Atilla Ertan
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Section, Ertan Digestive Disease Center, University of Texas McGovern Medical School , Houston, TX, USA
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117
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Venous thromboembolism in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: review of literature and practical algorithms. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2021; 84:79-85. [PMID: 33639697 DOI: 10.51821/84.1.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with several extra-intestinal complications, including venous thromboembolism (VTE). In patients with IBD, VTE occurs at younger age and is associated with higher recurrence and mortality rates as compared to patients without IBD. The risk appears to be higher during active disease and hospitalization. In this review we target the importance of prophylaxis and aim to describe strategies for treatment of VTE in patients with IBD. More awareness is needed, given the fact that VTE is often preventable with appropriate pharmacological prophylaxis. Algorithms are provided on which patients should be given prophylaxis and on treatment duration of VTE in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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118
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Sugimoto K, Fujita S, Miyazu T, Ishida N, Tani S, Yamade M, Hamaya Y, Iwaizumi M, Furuta T, Osawa S. Improvement in Ulcerative Colitis by Administration of Benralizumab for Comorbid Refractory Bronchial Asthma: A Novel Clinical Observation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:e3-e4. [PMID: 32812020 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of ulcerative colitis improved through benralizumab, which binds to the eosinophil IL-5 receptor and the Fcy receptor on natural killer cells, inducing antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, causing apoptosis, and directly removing eosinophils, in treating comorbid refractory bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sugimoto
- The First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shoya Fujita
- The First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyazu
- The First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Natsuki Ishida
- The First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shinya Tani
- The First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mihoko Yamade
- The First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hamaya
- The First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Moriya Iwaizumi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furuta
- Center for Clinical Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Osawa
- Department of Endoscopic and Photodynamic Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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119
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Liu J, Gao X, Chen Y, Mei Q, Zhu L, Qian J, Hu P, Cao Q. Incidence and risk factors for venous thrombosis among patients with inflammatory bowel disease in China: a multicenter retrospective study. Intest Res 2020; 19:313-322. [PMID: 33232589 PMCID: PMC8322025 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Risk of venous thrombosis is increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); data on Asian IBD patients is limited and status quo of thrombosis screening and prophylaxis are unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the incidence, screening, prophylaxis, and risk factors for venous thrombosis among Asian IBD patients. Methods Medical files of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) from 17 hospitals across China between 2011 and 2016 were reviewed for venous thrombosis, use of screening and prophylaxis. A case-control study was performed among hospitalized patients with venous thrombosis and their age-, sex-matched IBD controls hospitalized around the same period; disease characteristics and known provoking factors of venous thrombosis were recorded. Risk factors were analyzed in both univariate and logistic regression analyses. Results A total of 8,459 IBD patients were followed for 12,373 person-year. Forty-six patients (0.54%) had venous thrombosis, yielding an incidence of 37.18 per 10,000 person-year. Incidence increased with age, especially among CD. Less than 20% of patients received screening tests and 35 patients (0.41%) received prophylaxis. Severe disease flare was an independent risk factor for venous thrombosis (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: CD, 9.342 [1.813– 48.137]; UC, 5.198 [1.268–21.305]); past use of steroids and extensive involvement were 2 additional risk factors in CD and UC, respectively. Conclusions Incidence of venous thrombosis in China was 37.18 per 10,000 person-year (0.54%). Use of screening and prophylaxis were rare. Severe disease flare was an independent risk factor for thrombosis among hospitalized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liangru Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaming Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pinjin Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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120
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Krogh AKH, Lyngby JG, Bjørnvad CR, Nielsen LN. Presence of nucleosomes in plasma and increased thrombin generation in dogs with acute and chronic gastroenteropathies. Res Vet Sci 2020; 135:504-510. [PMID: 33243453 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) which contain nucleosomes protect the host by eliminating extracellular pathogens. However, any inflammatory stimuli can activate NETs and eventually lead to an immune overreaction leading to autoimmune diseases and thrombosis. Acute/chronic gastroenteropathies(aGE/cGE) are prevalent in dogs, and are associated with a strong inflammatory component. The aim of this study was to investigate if dogs with aGE and cGE have increased concentrations of nucleosomes indicative of NETs formation, and whether increased concentrations of nucleosomes are associated with hypercoagulability determined by increased thrombin generation. Twenty-six dogs were enrolled. The dogs were healthy (n = 11), or presented with aGE(n = 7) or cGE(n = 8). Minimum database including CRP, APTT, PT and fibrinogen, was obtained from all dogs. Citrated plasma was batched and used for subsequent analyses. Nucleosome concentration was analysed using a Cell-Death Detection ELISA-kit and thrombin generation by a calibrated automated thrombogram assay. No statistical differences in nucleosome concentrations were present between the groups. Although a numerically increased concentration of nucleosomes where seen in dogs with aGE(median;range) (0.019 AU;0.003-0.088) and cGE(0.023 AU;0.011-0.256) compared to controls(0.007 AU;0.003-0.042). One dog with GI-lymphoma demonstrated a markedly increased concentration of nucleosomes (0.256 AU). Dogs with aGE showed increased thrombin generation by increased peak (p = 0.03) and endogenous thrombin potential (p = 0.03); and increased CRP (p = 0.001), fibrinogen (p = 0.0002) and prolonged APTT (p = 0.03) compared to controls. This proof of concept study demonstrates that dogs with aGE and cGE have presence of nucleosomes with marked increase in one dog with GI-lymphoma. Nucleosomes might be linked to haemostatic alterations in dogs with inflammatory and neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K H Krogh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - J G Lyngby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C R Bjørnvad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L N Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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121
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Magro F, Doherty G, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Svrcek M, Borralho P, Walsh A, Carneiro F, Rosini F, de Hertogh G, Biedermann L, Pouillon L, Scharl M, Tripathi M, Danese S, Villanacci V, Feakins R. ECCO Position Paper: Harmonization of the Approach to Ulcerative Colitis Histopathology. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:1503-1511. [PMID: 32504534 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the main targets of drug therapy for ulcerative colitis [UC] are endoscopic and clinical remission. However, there is active discussion about the additional advantages of including histological remission as a target. Accumulating evidence indicates that microscopic activity persists in endoscopically quiescent UC, that histological changes may lag behind clinical remission after treatment, and that absence of histological activity predicts lower rates of relapse, hospitalization, surgery and subsequent neoplasia. Obtaining useful information from mucosal biopsies in this setting depends on accurate and consistent evaluation of histological features. However, there is no standardization of biopsy procedures, histological sample processing technique or histological scoring systems, and there is no agreement on the definitions of histological remission, response or activity. Accordingly, a consensus expert panel convened by the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation [ECCO] reviewed the literature and agreed a number of position statements regarding harmonization of UC histopathology. The objective was to provide evidence-based guidance for the standardization and harmonization of procedures, definitions and scoring systems for histology in UC, and to reach expert consensus where possible. We propose the absence of intraepithelial neutrophils, erosion and ulceration as a minimum requirement for the definition of histological remission. For randomized control trials we recommend the use of the Robarts histopathology index [RHI] or the Nancy index [NI]. For observational studies or in clinical practice we recommend the use of the NI. To predict the risk of future neoplasia in UC, cumulative histological scores over time are more useful than single scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Magro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Glen Doherty
- School of Medicine & Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nancy University Hospital, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France.,Inserm U1256 NGERE, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France
| | - Magali Svrcek
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Department of Pathology, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Paula Borralho
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Cuf Descobertas, Lisboa and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alissa Walsh
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Fatima Carneiro
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP) & Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João (CHUSJ), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S) & Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
| | - Francesca Rosini
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North West London Pathology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Gert de Hertogh
- Pathology Lab, UZ Gasthuisberg and KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Biedermann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lieven Pouillon
- Imelda GI Clinical Research Center, Imeldaziekenhuis Bonheiden, Bonheiden, Belgium
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Tripathi
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,IBD center, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Villanacci
- Department of Histopathology, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roger Feakins
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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122
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Akiyama S, Rai V, Rubin DT. Pouchitis in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Intest Res 2020; 19:1-11. [PMID: 33138344 PMCID: PMC7873408 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) occasionally need a restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) because of medically refractory colitis or dysplasia/cancer. However, pouchitis may develop in up to 70% of patients after this procedure and significantly impair quality of life, more so if the inflammation becomes a chronic condition. About 10% of patients with IBD who develop pouchitis require pouch excision, and several risk factors of the failure have been reported. A phenotype that has features similar to Crohn’s disease may develop in a subset of ulcerative colitis patients following proctocolectomy with IPAA and is the most frequent reason for pouch failure. In this review, we discuss the diagnosis and prognosis of pouchitis, risk factors for pouchitis development, and treatment options for pouchitis, including the newer biological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Akiyama
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victoria Rai
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David T Rubin
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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123
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Nyabanga CT, Axelrad JE, Zhang X, Barnes EL, Chang S. Adjunctive Pharmacotherapy Use in Patients With Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis (IPAA). CROHN'S & COLITIS 360 2020; 2:otaa091. [PMID: 36777759 PMCID: PMC9802495 DOI: 10.1093/crocol/otaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study evaluated the prevalence of adjunctive pharmacotherapies use among ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) patients. Methods The IBD Partners database was queried to compare IPAA patients with and without pouch-related symptoms (PRS). Within the cohort of patients with PRS, patient reported outcomes were compared among opioid, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and probiotic users. Results There were no differences in patient reported outcomes based on NSAID or probiotic usage. Opioid users reported increased bowel frequency, urgency, poor general well-being, abdominal pain, and depression (P < 0.05 for all variables). Conclusions In IPAA patients with PRS, opioid use, but not NSAIDs or probiotics, was associated with a higher burden of PRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Custon T Nyabanga
- Department of Internal Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jordan E Axelrad
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xian Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward L Barnes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shannon Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA,Address correspondence to: Shannon Chang, MD, Division of Gastroenterology, NYU Langone Medical Center, 240 East 38th Street, 23rd Floor, New York, NY 10016 ()
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Tsuboi K, Tamura M, Sone N, Kaihotsu K, Tomita T, Azuma N, Kitano M, Abe K, Tsuji G, Miwa H, Sano H, Matsui K. Recurrent myocardial infarction associated with vasculo-Behçet's disease: a case report. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep 2020; 4:296-301. [PMID: 33087010 DOI: 10.1080/24725625.2019.1685149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 39-year-old Japanese man presented with chest oppression in February 2017. Electrocardiogram showed ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI), and cardiac catheterisation revealed thrombotic occlusion of the right coronary artery (RCA), which was treated with thrombectomy, and he received warfarin. Three days after discharge, he complained of chest oppression again, and re-cardiac catheterisation showed thrombi occlusion of the circumflex artery (LCX) and 90% stenosis with thrombosis in the proximal site of the anterior descending artery (LAD) and RCA. Drug eluting stent was implanted in the LAD and RCA; aspirin and prasugrel hydrochloride were added to warfarin. Before discharge, coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) found new thrombi in the RCA, LAD, and LCX, and he was referred to our hospital on suspicion of Behçet's disease (BD). Past medical history was notable for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, a pudendal ulcer, and Crohn's disease, for which he had been taking infliximab (5 mg/kg) every 8 weeks until December 2016. Notably, his C-reactive protein (CRP) level increased before and after each MI, suggesting that the thrombi were caused by inflammation. Consequently, we concluded that his abnormalities were manifestations of vasculo-BD. After 3 days of hospitalisation, treatment with prednisolone and colchicine was started. His CRP and D-dimer levels decreased, and coronary CTA after 8 days showed disappearance of the thrombi. We tapered the prednisolone dose, and cardiovascular events have not been observed for 7 months after the treatment initiation. In summary, we report a rare case of MI associated with vasculo-BD and review the relevant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Tsuboi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Masao Tamura
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Naohiko Sone
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shinko Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenji Kaihotsu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shinko Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Tomita
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Naoto Azuma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kitano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Abe
- Department of Rheumatology, Shinko Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Goh Tsuji
- Department of Rheumatology, Shinko Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroto Miwa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hajime Sano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Matsui
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Bafford AC, Cross RK. Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Extends beyond Hospitalization. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:1769-1770. [PMID: 31995188 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Bafford
- Department of Surgery, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raymond K Cross
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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126
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Macaigne G. Eosinophilic colitis in adults. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2020; 44:630-637. [PMID: 32249151 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic colitis (EoC) is a pathological entity associated with abnormal infiltration of colonic mucosa by eosinophilic polynuclear cells (Eo). This is a relatively common pathology in infants and children under 2 years old, but is more rare and has been less studied in adults. EoC can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary EoC is, in the majority of cases, related to an allergic reaction, either IgE-mediated and capable of causing an anaphylactic-type food allergy, or not mediated by IgE and capable of giving rise to food enteropathy. The symptoms for adults with EoC are variable and non-specific, diarrhoea and abdominal pain being the most common signs. There is no histological consensus for the diagnosis of EoC. The presence of over 40 Eo per high-power field (×400) in at least two different colonic segments could be suggested as the criterion for the diagnosis. In adults with primary EoC, skin tests are of limited value and the response to a restrictive diet is less effective than in young children, given that IgE or non-IgE-mediated allergic reactions are rarely identified and EoC generally require medical treatment. There is no consensus on the treatment of EoC, but the potential efficacy of corticosteroids and budesonide has been demonstrated in the vast majority of cases studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Macaigne
- Service d'hépato-gastro-entérologie, Centre Hospitalier Marne-la-Vallée (GHEF), 2-4, cours de la Gondoire 77600 Jossigny, France.
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127
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Puthenpura MM, Patel V, Fam J, Katz L, Tichansky DS, Myers S. The Use of Transient Elastography Technology in the Bariatric Patient: a Review of the Literature. Obes Surg 2020; 30:5108-5116. [PMID: 32981002 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-05002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transient elastography (TE) is a non-invasive technology that demonstrates promise in assessing liver steatosis and fibrosis without the risks of traditional percutaneous liver biopsy. Many studies have examined its reliability in respect to liver biopsy, but fewer have examined using TE in obese and bariatric surgery patients. With evidence showing that bariatric surgery can lead to improvement of liver steatosis and fibrosis, TE has the potential to provide a simple avenue of hepatic assessment in patients before and after procedures. This review article investigates what is known about the reliability of TE and its implementation in obese and bariatric surgery patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Puthenpura
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 W Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.
| | - Vishal Patel
- The Center for Liver Disease, Tower Health Transplant Institute, 420 S 5th Ave, West Reading, PA, 19611, USA
| | - John Fam
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 W Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.,Tower Health Weight Loss Surgery and Wellness Center, 1220 Broadcasting Rd, Wyomissing, PA, 19610, USA
| | - Leon Katz
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 W Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.,Tower Health Weight Loss Surgery and Wellness Center, 1220 Broadcasting Rd, Wyomissing, PA, 19610, USA
| | - David S Tichansky
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 W Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.,Tower Health Weight Loss Surgery and Wellness Center, 1220 Broadcasting Rd, Wyomissing, PA, 19610, USA
| | - Stephan Myers
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 W Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.,Tower Health Weight Loss Surgery and Wellness Center, 1220 Broadcasting Rd, Wyomissing, PA, 19610, USA
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128
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Cold F, Kousgaard SJ, Halkjaer SI, Petersen AM, Nielsen HL, Thorlacius-Ussing O, Hansen LH. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Treatment of Chronic Pouchitis: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091433. [PMID: 32962069 PMCID: PMC7565999 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate available literature on treatment of chronic pouchitis with fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) focusing on clinical outcomes, safety, and different approaches to FMT preparation and delivery. A systematic review of electronic databases was conducted using Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials Library from inception through April 2020. Human studies of all study types reporting results of FMT to treat chronic pouchitis were included. Nine studies, reporting FMT treatment of 69 patients with chronic pouchitis were found eligible for the review. Most studies were case series and cohort studies rated as having fair to poor quality due to high risk of bias and small sample size. Only one randomized controlled trial was included, finding no beneficial effect of FMT. In total clinical response after FMT was reported in 14 (31.8%) out of 44 evaluated patients at various timepoints after FMT, and clinical remission in ten (22.7%) patients. Only minor self-limiting adverse events were reported. FMT varied greatly regarding preparation, length of treatment, and route of delivery. The effects of FMT on symptoms of chronic pouchitis are not established, though some studies show promising results. Future controlled well-designed studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Cold
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, Copenhagen University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
- Gastrounit, Medical Division, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (S.I.H.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Sabrina Just Kousgaard
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.J.K.); (O.T.-U.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Sofie Ingdam Halkjaer
- Gastrounit, Medical Division, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (S.I.H.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Andreas Munk Petersen
- Gastrounit, Medical Division, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (S.I.H.); (A.M.P.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Hans Linde Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ole Thorlacius-Ussing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.J.K.); (O.T.-U.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Lars Hestbjerg Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, Copenhagen University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
- Correspondence:
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Aktary ML, Eller LK, Nicolucci AC, Reimer RA. Cross-sectional analysis of the health profile and dietary intake of a sample of Canadian adults diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Food Nutr Res 2020; 64:4548. [PMID: 33061886 PMCID: PMC7534951 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v64.4548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary intake is an important factor in the development and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, optimal dietary composition remains unclear. Moreover, there is minimal evidence on the relationship between dietary intake and markers of liver health in Canadian adults diagnosed with NAFLD. Objective The aim of this study is to characterize the dietary intake of a sample of Canadian adults diagnosed with NAFLD and examine the correlations with markers of liver health. Design Forty-two adults recruited from the community and hepatology clinics in Calgary, Canada from 2016 to 2019 completed a 3-day food record. Anthropometrics, blood biomarkers, liver stiffness (FibroScan), and liver fat (magnetic resonance imaging) were measured. Nutrient intake was compared with the data from the 2004 and 2015 Canadian Community Health Surveys. Relationships were assessed using Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis. Results Relative to Canadian dietary recommendations, participants consumed lower magnesium, fiber, calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin E, and higher cholesterol, saturated fat, total fat, fructose, iron, vitamin B12, selenium, phosphorus, and sodium. Compared with the national average, participants consumed more energy, fiber, sodium, total fat, and saturated fat. Systolic blood pressure (P = 0.012), serum α-2 macroglobulin (P = 0.008), carbohydrate (P = 0.022), total fat (P = 0.029), and saturated fat intakes (P = 0.029) were associated with FibroScan scores. Liver fat was correlated with serum triglycerides (P < 0.001), trunk fat (P = 0.029), added sugar (P = 0.042), phosphorus (P = 0.017), and magnesium intake (P = 0.013). In females, selenium intake was associated with liver fat (P = 0.015) and FibroScan score (P = 0.05), while in males, liver fat was associated with trunk fat (P = 0.004), body weight (P = 0.004), high-density lipoprotein (P < 0.001), and fructose intake (P = 0.037). Regression analysis showed that increasing magnesium intake corresponds to a decrease in liver fat. Conclusion Despite the higher energy intake of participants, overall nutrient intake is low, suggesting lower diet quality. Associations between select micronutrients and liver health markers warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay K Eller
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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130
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Reporting Templates for MRI and Water-Soluble Contrast Enema in Patients With Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis: Experience From a Large Referral Center. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2020; 217:347-358. [PMID: 32936014 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.20.24031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) surgery is the reference standard surgical procedure for treatment of ulcerative colitis and most patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. This procedure allows preservation of fecal continence and gastrointestinal continuity. However, it is associated with a wide variety of complications, which often have nonspecific and overlapping clinical presentations, making imaging an important part of workup for pouch dysfunction. The purpose of this article is to propose structured reporting templates for MRI and water-soluble contrast enema (WSCE), based on our referral pouch center's experience, in patients who have undergone IPAA surgery. We review salient surgical technique, pouch anatomy, and imaging protocols, with an emphasis on a systematic search pattern for evaluation of ileal pouch complications using proposed structured reporting templates for MRI and WSCE.
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131
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Recurrent Unprovoked Venous Thrombosis (Cerebral Sinus Thrombosis and Mesenteric Vein Thrombosis) in Young Patient with Crohn's Disease: A Case Report and Review. Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2020; 2020:8863900. [PMID: 32908724 PMCID: PMC7471786 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8863900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients have a higher risk of thrombosis. Most data about thrombosis in inflammatory bowel disease are related mainly to inpatients with disease activity, but in this article, we report one case of inflammatory bowel disease with two different sites of venous thrombosis which happened in a patient with nonactive IBD at an outpatient setting.
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132
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Wasmann KA, van der Does de Willebois EM, Koens L, Duijvestein M, Bemelman WA, Buskens CJ. The Impact of Rectal Stump Inflammation After Subtotal Colectomy on Pouch Outcomes in Ulcerative Colitis Patients. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 15:jjaa157. [PMID: 32901798 PMCID: PMC7904055 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Proctitis after subtotal colectomy with ileostomy for ulcerative colitis [UC] is common, but its impact on short- and long-term outcome after pouch surgery is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of proctitis after subtotal colectomy and its impact on postoperative morbidity and pouchitis. METHODS The distal margin of the rectal stump of all consecutive patients undergoing completion proctectomy and pouch procedure for UC, between 1999 and 2017, was revised and scored for active inflammation according to the validated Geboes score, and for diversion proctitis. Pathological findings were correlated to complications after pouch surgery and pouchitis [including therapy-refractory] using multivariate analyses. RESULTS Out of 204 included patients, 167 [82%] had active inflammation in the rectal stump and diversion colitis was found in 170 specimens [83%]. Overall postoperative complications and anastomotic leakage rates were not significantly different between patients with and without active inflammation in the rectal stump [34.7% vs 32.4%, p = 0.79, and 10.2% vs 5.4%, p = 0.54, respectively]. Active inflammation of the rectal stump was significantly associated with the development of pouchitis [54.3% vs 25.5%, plog = 0.02], as well as with therapy refractory pouchitis [14% vs 0%, plog = 0.05]. Following multivariate analysis, active inflammation was an independent predictor for the development of pouchitis. Diversion proctitis showed no association with these outcome parameters. CONCLUSIONS Active inflammation in the rectal stump after subtotal colectomy occurs in 80% of UC patients and is a predictor for the development of pouchitis and therapy-refractory pouchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Wasmann
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lianne Koens
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn Duijvestein
- Departmen of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A Bemelman
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christianne J Buskens
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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133
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Abstract
Total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the surgical procedure of choice for patients with medically-refractory ulcerative colitis or ulcerative colitis with associated dysplasia. Although most patients after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis experience good functional outcomes, a number of complications may develop. Of the long-term complications, pouchitis is most common. Although most respond to antibiotic treatment, some patients develop chronic pouchitis, leading to substantial morbidity and occasionally pouch failure. In patients with pouchitis who are not responsive to conventional antimicrobial therapy, secondary causes of chronic pouchitis need to be considered, including Crohn's disease of the pouch. In recent years, more literature has become available regarding the medical management of chronic pouchitis and Crohn's disease of the pouch, including the use of newer biologic agents. We herein provide a concise review on inflammatory complications involving the ileal pouch, including a focused approach to diagnosis and medical management.
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134
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The role of fecal calprotectin in the diagnosis of acute pouchitis following IPAA for ulcerative colitis: a systematic clinical review. Int J Colorectal Dis 2020; 35:1619-1628. [PMID: 32617664 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-020-03669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Total proctocolectomy (TPC) with ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) is commonly performed for patients with refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). Pouchitis occurs in 20-50% of these patients. Fecal calprotectin is a biomarker that correlates well with the pouchitis disease activity index. However, its role in the diagnosis and management of acute pouchitis has not been thoroughly defined. The aim of this study is to review previously established cut-off values and contextualize the clinical utility of fecal calprotectin. METHODS Search of Medline, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and PubMed was performed. Articles were eligible if they measured fecal calprotectin in the setting of pouchitis in patients who underwent TPC with IPAA for UC. Risk of bias of the included studies was evaluated with the QUADAS-2. RESULTS From 117 relevant citations, seven studies with 256 patients (44.8% female, 39.88 years) met inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of pouchitis was 42%. The derived fecal calprotectin cut-off values ranged from 56 to 494 μg/g. The corresponding sensitivities and specificities ranged from 57 to 100% and 38 to 92%, respectively. The area under the curve was reported in three studies and ranged from 0.832 to 0.840. CONCLUSION Fecal calprotectin may be a reliable diagnostic tool for acute pouchitis in patients following TPC with IPAA for UC. The high sensitivity of fecal calprotectin for detection of pouchitis makes it a valuable test for ruling out pouchitis. When used in conjunction with other biomarkers, the high specificity offers value in ruling in pouchitis. However, given the complexity of this disease process, relying solely on biomarkers for diagnosis is currently unreasonable.
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135
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Kaufmann B, Reca A, Wang B, Friess H, Feldstein AE, Hartmann D. Mechanisms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and implications for surgery. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2020; 406:1-17. [PMID: 32833053 PMCID: PMC7870612 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-020-01965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common form of chronic liver disease in both adults and children worldwide. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms behind NAFLD provides the basis for identifying risk factors, such as metabolic syndrome, pancreatoduodenectomy, and host genetics, that lead to the onset and progression of the disease. The progression from steatosis to more severe forms, such as steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, leads to an increased number of liver and non-liver complications. Purpose NAFLD-associated end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often require surgery as the only curative treatment. In particular, the presence of NAFLD together with the coexisting metabolic comorbidities that usually occur in these patients requires careful preoperative diagnosis and peri-/postoperative management. Bariatric surgery, liver resection, and liver transplantation (LT) have shown favorable results for weight loss, HCC, and ESLD in patients with NAFLD. The LT demand and the increasing spread of NAFLD in the donor pool reinforce the already existing lack of donor organs. Conclusion In this review, we will discuss the diverse mechanisms underlying NAFLD, its implications for surgery, and the challenges for patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Kaufmann
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Agustina Reca
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Baocai Wang
- Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Hartmann
- Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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Donet JA, Rieder F, Charabaty A. #MondayNightIBD: Management of Chronic #Pouchitis. CROHN'S & COLITIS 360 2020; 2:otaa071. [PMID: 36777755 PMCID: PMC9802225 DOI: 10.1093/crocol/otaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a #MondayNightIBD case of chronic pouchitis and discuss key diagnostic and therapeutic challenges commonly encountered in clinical practice. We make reference not only to the limited published literature but also to the informed opinions of the #MondayNightIBD discussion participants, identifying gaps where management guidelines and research are needed. A #MondayNightIBD Algorithm for Pouchitis Management is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Donet
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Francisco-Fresno, Fresno, California, USA,Address correspondence to: Jean A. Donet, MD, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Francisco-Fresno, 2615 E Clinton Ave, Fresno, CA 93703 (). Twitter: @jeandonet, @IBD_FloMD, @DCharabaty
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Aline Charabaty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sibley Memorial Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Benlice C, Shen B, Steele SR. Prevention and Medical Treatment of Pouchitis In Ulcerative Colitis. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1399-1408. [PMID: 31333137 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190723130137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of patients who have undergone IPAA surgery for Ulcerative Colitis (UC) develop at least 1 episode of pouchitis. Patients with pouchitis have a wide range of symptoms, endoscopic and histologic features, disease course, and prognosis. To date, there are no universally accepted diagnostic criteria in terms of endoscopy and histology; though, semi-objective assessments to diagnose pouchitis in patients with ileal pouch- anal anastomosis (IPAA) have been proposed using composite scores such as the Pouchitis Triad, Heidelberg Pouchitis Activity Score and Pouchitis Disease Activity Index (PDAI). In a systematic review that included four randomized trials evaluating five agents for the treatment of acute pouchitis, ciprofloxacin was more effective at inducing remission as compared with metronidazole. Rifaximin was not more effective than placebo, while budesonide enemas and metronidazole were similarly effective for inducing remission of acute pouchitis. Patients with pouchitis relapsing more than three times per year are advised maintenance therapy, and guidelines recommend ciprofloxacin or the probiotic VSL#3. In patients with antibiotic-refractory pouchitis, secondary factors associated with an antibiotic-refractory course should be sought and treated. In this review, we will discuss the prevention and management of pouchitis in Ulcerative Colitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Benlice
- Desk A-30, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave. Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Bo Shen
- Desk A-30, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave. Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Scott R Steele
- Desk A-30, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave. Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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138
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Kang SY, Kim YJ, Park HS. Trends in the Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Future Predictions in Korean Men, 1998-2035. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082626. [PMID: 32823604 PMCID: PMC7465994 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious health concern as it can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatoma. We investigated past trends in the prevalence of NAFLD and related factors among Korean men and women from 1998 to 2017 and predicted their future prevalence among Korean men. We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I–VII (KNHANES). NAFLD was defined as a hepatic steatosis index of >36. Subjects with viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, cancer, pregnancy, and a habit of drinking ≥30 g alcohol per occasion were excluded. We evaluated the prevalence trends of NAFLD, obesity, abdominal obesity, high fat intake, and low physical activity in each KNHANES wave. For future prevalence predictions, average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) were estimated from the joinpoint model. In men, NAFLD prevalence has increased by approximately 11 percentage points in the past 19 years, reaching 30.7% in wave VII. Prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity, high fat intake, and low physical activity also increased. The AAPC of NAFLD prevalence was 2.3% per year, and the estimated NAFLD prevalence in 2030 and 2035 was 39.1% and 43.8%, respectively. The forecasted prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity, and high fat intake among Korean men in 2035 was 65.0%, 52.2%, and 23.5%, respectively. The estimated future prevalence of NAFLD and related factors was considerably high in the younger age group (19–45 year). In women, NAFLD prevalence has increased by approximately three percentage points in the past 19 years; however, this increase was not significant in the multivariate analysis. Public strategies to manage obesity, abdominal obesity, and unhealthy lifestyles are needed to prevent NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Young Kang
- International Healthcare Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Ye-Jee Kim
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Hye Soon Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro-43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3010-3813; Fax: +82-2-3010-3015
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Thromboembolic complications and cardiovascular events associated with celiac disease. Ir J Med Sci 2020; 190:133-141. [PMID: 32691305 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic intestinal immune-mediated disease occurring in genetically susceptible individuals who are exposed to gluten. Although it primarily affects the small intestine, CD has been associated with a wide spectrum of extraintestinal manifestations, including thromboembolism and cardiovascular events. The risk of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and thromboembolism, such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is higher in patients with CD, while there is accumulating evidence that gluten-free diet in CD patients decreases the risk of these complications. The pathogenetic mechanism of increasing hypercoagulability in CD is multifactorial and involves hyperhomocysteinemia due to malabsorption of vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid; endothelial dysfunction; acceleration of atherosclerosis; chronic inflammation; thrombocytosis; and thrombophilia. Therefore, in cases of thromboembolic complications and cardiovascular disease of obscure etiology, clinicians' awareness of possible celiac disease is warranted.
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140
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Kayal M, Tixier E, Plietz M, Radcliffe M, Rizvi A, Riggs A, Trivedi P, Khaitov S, Sylla P, Greenstein A, Dubinsky MC, Grinspan A. Clostridioides Difficile Infection Is a Rare Cause of Infectious Pouchitis. Inflamm Intest Dis 2020; 5:59-64. [PMID: 32596255 DOI: 10.1159/000505658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The true incidence of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in patients with an ileal pouch is unknown, and there is little published on its associated risk factors. Objective We aimed to evaluate the rate and risk factors of CDI in pouch patients. Methods This was a retrospective review conducted at a single tertiary care inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) center. All ulcerative colitis or IBD-unspecified (IBD-U) patients who underwent total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis for medically refractory disease or dysplasia between 2008 and 2017 were identified. Symptomatic patients tested for CDI were included. Demographic, disease, and surgical characteristics were collected. Nonparametric methods were used to compare continuous outcomes, and χ<sup>2</sup> and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare patients with and without CDI as appropriate. Results A total of 154 pouch patients had postoperative C. difficilestool testing for symptoms of fever, urgency, increased stool frequency, hematochezia, incontinence, and abdominal and/or pelvic pain. CDI was diagnosed in 11 (7.1%) patients a median of 139 days (IQR 34-1,170) after the final surgical stage. Ten patients (90.9%) received oral vancomycin for 10 days and 1 patient (9.1%) received oral metronidazole for 2 weeks. Ten patients (90.9%) reported improvement in symptoms at completion of therapy. Nine patients (81.8%) were retested for CDI for recurrent symptoms and found to be negative. No patient had CDI recurrence. There was no significant difference in demographic and surgical characteristics, previous antibiotic or proton pump inhibitor use, or previous hospital admission among the patients with and without CDI. Conclusions CDI is a rare cause of infectious pouchitis and treatment with oral vancomycin improves symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Kayal
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emily Tixier
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Plietz
- Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marlana Radcliffe
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anam Rizvi
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexa Riggs
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Parth Trivedi
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sergey Khaitov
- Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patricia Sylla
- Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Greenstein
- Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marla C Dubinsky
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ari Grinspan
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Barreiro-de Acosta M, Marín-Jimenez I, Rodríguez-Lago I, Guarner F, Espín E, Ferrer Bradley I, Gutiérrez A, Beltrán B, Chaparro M, Gisbert JP, Nos P. Recommendations of the Spanish Working Group on Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU) on pouchitis in ulcerative colitis. Part 2: Treatment. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2020; 43:649-658. [PMID: 32600917 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pouchitis treatment is a complex entity that requires a close medical and surgical relationship. The elective treatment for acute pouchitis is antibiotics. After a first episode of pouchitis it is recommended prophylaxis therapy with a probiotic mix, nevertheless it is not clear the use of this formulation for preventing a first episode of pouchitis after surgery. First-line treatment for chronic pouchitis is an antibiotic combination. The next step in treatment should be oral budesonide. Selected cases of severe, chronic refractory pouchitis may benefit from biologic agents, and anti-TNF α should be recommended as the first option, leaving the new biologicals for multi-refractory patients. Permanent ileostomy may be an option in severe refractory cases to medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Barreiro-de Acosta
- Unidad EII, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, España.
| | - Ignacio Marín-Jimenez
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
| | - Iago Rodríguez-Lago
- Unidad de EII, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital de Galdakao, Galdakao, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces Bizkaia, Barakaldo, España
| | - Francisco Guarner
- Grupo de Fisiología y Fisiopatología Digestiva, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, España
| | - Eloy Espín
- Unidad de Cirugía Colorrectal, Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | | | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | - Belén Beltrán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Unidad de EII, Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - María Chaparro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Javier P Gisbert
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Pilar Nos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Unidad de EII, Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España
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Yan Y, Sun Y, Wang P, Zhang R, Huo C, Gao T, Song C, Xing J, Dong Y. Mucoadhesive nanoparticles-based oral drug delivery systems enhance ameliorative effects of low molecular weight heparin on experimental colitis. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116660. [PMID: 32747292 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is reported to have therapeutic action on ulcerative colitis (UC). To facilitate its oral administration and improve the colon-targeting property, LMWH-loaded nanoparticles (TMC-NPs and SA-TMC-NPs) are prepared and evaluated by a series of studies, including their stabilities, drug release profiles, mucosal permeation, mucoadhesion, cytotoxicities, cellular uptake profiles, anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory activities, mucosal healing properties, biosafety and ameliorative effects on experimental colitis. Consequently, oral administration of LMWH-loaded NPs for 5 days perform significant therapeutic effects on mice, which are manifested as improved body weight gains, colon length, DAI score, MPO activity and histological characteristics. Besides, SA-TMC-NPs show better colon-targeting property than TMC-NPs that is demonstrated by lower oral absorption (ATPP 38.95 s) and stronger mucoadhesion (kcps reduces 36.46 %) to inflamed colon tissues. Therefore, TMC-based NPs are proved to be as promising oral colon-targeting drug delivery systems of LMWH and has potential application in UC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengchong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chuanchuan Huo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenghua Song
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianfeng Xing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yalin Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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143
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EGF-GH Axis in Rat Steatotic and Non-steatotic Liver Transplantation From Brain-dead Donors. Transplantation 2020; 103:1349-1359. [PMID: 31241554 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the potential dysfunction caused by changes in growth hormone (GH) levels after brain death (BD), and the effects of modulating GH through exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) in steatotic and nonsteatotic grafts. METHODS Steatotic and nonsteatotic grafts from non-BD and BD rat donors were cold stored for 6 hours and transplanted to live rats. Administration of GH and EGF and their underlying mechanisms were characterized in recipients of steatotic and nonsteatotic grafts from BD donors maintained normotensive during the 6 hours before donation. Circulating and hepatic GH and EGF levels, hepatic damage, and regeneration parameters were evaluated. Recipient survival was monitored for 14 days. Somatostatin, ghrelin, and GH-releasing hormones that regulate GH secretion from the anterior pituitary were determined. The survival signaling pathway phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B that regulates inflammation (suppressors of cytokine signaling, high-mobility group protein B1, oxidative stress, and neutrophil accumulation) was evaluated. RESULTS BD reduced circulating GH and increased GH levels only in steatotic livers. GH administration exacerbated adverse BD-associated effects in both types of graft. Exogenous EGF reduced GH in steatotic livers, thus activating cell proliferation and survival signaling pathways, ultimately reducing injury and inflammation. However, EGF increased GH in nonsteatotic grafts, which exacerbated damage. The benefits of EGF for steatotic grafts were associated with increased levels of somatostatin, a GH inhibitor, whereas the deleterious effect on nonsteatotic grafts was exerted through increased amounts of ghrelin, a GH stimulator. CONCLUSIONS GH treatment is not appropriate in rat liver transplant from BD donors, whereas EGF (throughout GH inhibition) protects only in steatotic grafts.
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144
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Grimm D, Wehland M, Corydon TJ, Richter P, Prasad B, Bauer J, Egli M, Kopp S, Lebert M, Krüger M. The effects of microgravity on differentiation and cell growth in stem cells and cancer stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:882-894. [PMID: 32352658 PMCID: PMC7381804 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A spaceflight has enormous influence on the health of space voyagers due to the combined effects of microgravity and cosmic radiation. Known effects of microgravity (μg) on cells are changes in differentiation and growth. Considering the commercialization of spaceflight, future space exploration, and long-term manned flights, research focusing on differentiation and growth of stem cells and cancer cells exposed to real (r-) and simulated (s-) μg is of high interest for regenerative medicine and cancer research. In this review, we focus on platforms to study r- and s-μg as well as the impact of μg on cancer stem cells in the field of gastrointestinal cancer, lung cancer, and osteosarcoma. Moreover, we review the current knowledge of different types of stem cells exposed to μg conditions with regard to differentiation and engineering of cartilage, bone, vasculature, heart, skin, and liver constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grimm
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas J Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Richter
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Binod Prasad
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johann Bauer
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marcel Egli
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Space Biology Group, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Kopp
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lebert
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Space Biology Unlimited SAS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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145
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Nelson SM, Hoskins JD, Lisanti C, Chaudhuri J. Ultrasound Fatty Liver Indicator: A Simple Tool for Differentiating Steatosis From Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Validity in the Average Obese Population. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2020; 39:749-759. [PMID: 31647137 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and fibrosis/cirrhosis represent a spectrum of fatty liver disease. The ultrasound fatty liver indicator (US-FLI) evaluates ultrasound (US) features to identify stages of fatty liver disease. We hypothesized that US features could be independent predictors of NASH and that the US-FLI differentiates steatosis from NASH in the average obese population. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 208 patients with normal (n = 14), steatotic (n = 89), and NASH (n = 105) livers was performed. Liver/biliary disease and a history of alcohol intake were excluded. Ultrasound metrics included liver-kidney contrast, posterior attenuation, vessel blurring, difficulty visualizing the gallbladder wall, difficulty visualizing the diaphragm, and areas of focal fatty sparing. A statistical comparison of the 3 groups as well as fibrosis stage I and II/III NASH groups was performed. Logistic regression identified independent predictors of NASH. RESULTS Gallbladder wall visualization and vessel blurring were different between the steatosis and NASH groups (P ≤ .01). Gallbladder wall visualization was specific for NASH (89%), and vessel blurring was sensitive for NASH (93%). A US-FLI score of 4 or lower suggested the absence of NASH (negative predictive value, 88%; sensitivity, 91%). Logistic regression revealed vessel blurring as the only US predictor of NASH (P ≤ .01). However, the area under the curve (0.649) showed poor performance in differentiating steatosis from NASH when the US-FLI score was 5 or higher. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the US-FLI may differentiate steatosis from NASH in the average obese population. Vessel blurring and poor gallbladder wall visualization were the most important metrics. Identification of NASH was enhanced by including the US-FLI score with vessel blurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve M Nelson
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jason D Hoskins
- Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- David Grant Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base, Fairfield, California, USA
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146
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Cheng K, Faye AS. Venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1231-1241. [PMID: 32256013 PMCID: PMC7109271 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i12.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at an increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE events carry significant morbidity and mortality, and have been associated with worse outcomes in patients with IBD. Studies have suggested that the hypercoagulable nature of the disease stems from a complex interplay of systems that include the coagulation cascade, natural coagulation inhibitors, fibrinolytic system, endothelium, immune system, and platelets. Additionally, clinical factors that increase the likelihood of a VTE event among IBD patients include older age (though some studies suggest younger patients have a higher relative risk of VTE, the incidence in this population is much lower as compared to the older IBD patient population), pregnancy, active disease, more extensive disease, hospitalization, the use of certain medications such as corticosteroids or tofacitinb, and IBD-related surgeries. Despite the increased risk of VTE among IBD patients and the safety of pharmacologic prophylaxis, adherence rates among hospitalized IBD patients appear to be low. Furthermore, recent data suggests that there is a population of high risk IBD patients who may benefit from post-discharge prophylaxis. This review will provide an overview of patient specific factors that affect VTE risk, elucidate reasons for lack of VTE prophylaxis among hospitalized IBD patients, and focus on recent data describing those at highest risk for recurrent VTE post-hospital discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Cheng
- Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Adam S Faye
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, United States
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147
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Bohossian HB, Lopes EW, Roller LA, Ananthakrishnan AN, Zukerberg LR. Case 8-2020: An 89-Year-Old Man with Recurrent Abdominal Pain and Bloody Stools. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1042-1052. [PMID: 32160667 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1913476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hacho B Bohossian
- From the Department of Medicine, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.B.B.), and the Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine (H.B.B.), the Departments of Medicine (E.W.L., A.N.A.), Radiology (L.A.R.), and Pathology (L.R.Z.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (E.W.L., A.N.A.), Radiology (L.A.R.), and Pathology (L.R.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston - all in Massachusetts
| | - Emily W Lopes
- From the Department of Medicine, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.B.B.), and the Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine (H.B.B.), the Departments of Medicine (E.W.L., A.N.A.), Radiology (L.A.R.), and Pathology (L.R.Z.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (E.W.L., A.N.A.), Radiology (L.A.R.), and Pathology (L.R.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston - all in Massachusetts
| | - Lauren A Roller
- From the Department of Medicine, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.B.B.), and the Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine (H.B.B.), the Departments of Medicine (E.W.L., A.N.A.), Radiology (L.A.R.), and Pathology (L.R.Z.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (E.W.L., A.N.A.), Radiology (L.A.R.), and Pathology (L.R.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston - all in Massachusetts
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- From the Department of Medicine, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.B.B.), and the Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine (H.B.B.), the Departments of Medicine (E.W.L., A.N.A.), Radiology (L.A.R.), and Pathology (L.R.Z.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (E.W.L., A.N.A.), Radiology (L.A.R.), and Pathology (L.R.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston - all in Massachusetts
| | - Lawrence R Zukerberg
- From the Department of Medicine, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.B.B.), and the Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine (H.B.B.), the Departments of Medicine (E.W.L., A.N.A.), Radiology (L.A.R.), and Pathology (L.R.Z.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (E.W.L., A.N.A.), Radiology (L.A.R.), and Pathology (L.R.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston - all in Massachusetts
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148
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Villanacci V, Reggiani-Bonetti L, Caprioli F, Saragoni L, Salviato T, Mescoli C, Canavese G, Manenti S, Spada E, Baron L, Leoncini G, Cadei M, Battista S, Armuzzi A. Histopathology of inflammatory bowel disease - Position statement of the Pathologists of the Italian Group for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IG-IBD) and Italian Group of Gastrointestinal Pathologists (GIPAD-SIAPEC). Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52:262-267. [PMID: 31884010 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of the inflammatory bowel diseases ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) relies mainly on the histopathological examination of endoscopic biopsies of the gastrointestinal tract. To facilitate the accurate diagnosis of these two conditions, this paper addresses key issues on the: (A) gastrointestinal biopsy procedure, (B) histomorphological characteristics of UC and CD, and (C) diagnosis of dysplasia. The 13 statements presented here represent the consensus of two groups of Italian pathologists (IG-IBD and GIPAD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Reggiani-Bonetti
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Flavio Caprioli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Policlinico di Milano, and Department of Pathophysiology, Department of Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Saragoni
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, AUSL Romagna, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Tiziana Salviato
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Claudia Mescoli
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Gabriella Canavese
- Pathology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Luigi Baron
- Pathology Unit, St. Leonardo Hospital, Castellammare di Stabia, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Leoncini
- Pathology Unit, ASST del Garda, Desenzano del Garda (BS), Brescia, Italy
| | - Moris Cadei
- Institute of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Serena Battista
- Institute of Pathology Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandro Armuzzi
- IBD Unit, Presidio Columbus Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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149
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Burge K, Bergner E, Gunasekaran A, Eckert J, Chaaban H. The Role of Glycosaminoglycans in Protection from Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020546. [PMID: 32093194 PMCID: PMC7071410 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis, a potentially fatal intestinal inflammatory disorder affecting primarily premature infants, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates. While the etiology of the disease is, as yet, unknown, a number of risk factors for the development of necrotizing enterocolitis have been identified. One such risk factor, formula feeding, has been shown to contribute to both increased incidence and severity of the disease. The protective influences afforded by breastfeeding are likely attributable to the unique composition of human milk, an extremely potent, biologically active fluid. This review brings together knowledge on the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis and current thinking on the instrumental role of one of the more prominent classes of bioactive components in human breast milk, glycosaminoglycans.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Feeding
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/etiology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/pathology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/prevention & control
- Female
- Glycosaminoglycans/pharmacology
- Humans
- Infant Formula/adverse effects
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/etiology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/pathology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/prevention & control
- Male
- Milk, Human/chemistry
- Protective Agents/pharmacology
- Risk Factors
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Alhmoud T, Gremida A, Colom Steele D, Fallahi I, Tuqan W, Nandy N, Ismail M, Aburajab Altamimi B, Xiong MJ, Kerwin A, Martin D. Outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with eosinophil-predominant colonic inflammation. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2020; 7:e000373. [PMID: 32128230 PMCID: PMC7039632 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2020-000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterised by acute intestinal mucosal inflammation with chronic inflammatory features. Various degrees of mucosal eosinophilia are present along with the typical acute (neutrophil-predominant) inflammation. The effect of intestinal eosinophils on IBD outcomes remains unclear. Methods This is a retrospective study. Archived intestinal mucosal biopsy specimens of treatment-naïve IBD patients were examined by two pathologists. The number of eosinophils per high-power field was counted, and the mucosal inflammation was classified according to the eosinophilic inflammatory patterns. Clinical outcomes during the follow-up period were recorded. Results 142 treatment-naïve IBD patients were included. Mean age was 39 years. 83% of patients had ulcerative colitis, and median follow-up was 3 years. 41% of patients had disease flare(s) and 24% required hospitalisation. Eosinophil count was not associated with risk of disease flare or hospitalisation. Patients with neutrophil-predominant inflammation (>70% neutrophils) had greater risk of disease flare(s): 27(55%) versus 24(36%) and 7(28%) in patients with mixed and eosinophil-predominant inflammation, respectively (p=0.04). Overall, patients with neutrophil-predominant inflammation were more likely to have a disease flare; HR: 2.49, 95% CI (1.0 to 5.6). Hospitalisation rate was higher in patients with neutrophil-predominant inflammation: 17(35%) compared to 17(19%) in patients with eosinophil-rich inflammation (p=0.04). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed higher flare-free survival in patients with eosinophil-predominant inflammation compared to mixed and neutrophil-predominant inflammation. Conclusion IBD patients with eosinophil-predominant inflammation phenotype might have reduced risk of disease flares and hospitalisation. Larger prospective studies to assess IBD outcomes in this subpopulation are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Alhmoud
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Anas Gremida
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Diego Colom Steele
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Imaneh Fallahi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Wael Tuqan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Nina Nandy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Mahmoud Ismail
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Barakat Aburajab Altamimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Meng-Jun Xiong
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Audra Kerwin
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - David Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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