1601
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Hammer SC, Syrén PO, Seitz M, Nestl BM, Hauer B. Squalene hopene cyclases: highly promiscuous and evolvable catalysts for stereoselective CC and CX bond formation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:293-300. [PMID: 23485581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We review here how the inherent promiscuous nature, as well as the evolvability of terpene cyclase enzymes enables new applications in chemistry. We mainly focus on squalene hopene cyclases, class II triterpene synthases that use a proton-initiated cationic polycyclization cascade to form carbopolycyclic products. We highlight recent findings to demonstrate that these enzymes are capable of activating different functionalities other than the traditional terminal isoprene C=C-group as well as being compatible with a wide range of nucleophiles beyond the 'ene-functionality'. Thus, squalene hopene cyclases demonstrate a great potential to be used as a toolbox for general Brønsted acid catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Hammer
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Universitaet Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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1602
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Shainsky J, Bernath-Levin K, Isaschar-Ovdat S, Glaser F, Fishman A. Protein engineering of nirobenzene dioxygenase for enantioselective synthesis of chiral sulfoxides. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:335-45. [PMID: 23442445 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrobenzene dioxygenase (NBDO) from Comamonas sp. is shown here to perform enantioselective oxidation of aromatic sulfides. Several para-substituted alkyl aryl sulfides were examined and it was found that the activity of the enzyme is dependent on the size of the substrate. Saturation mutagenesis was performed on different residues in the active site in order to improve activity and selectivity. Mutagenesis at position 258 in the α-hydroxylase subunit of NBDO improved both activity and enantioselectivity. Substitutions in position 293 improved the activity on all substrates and had diverse influence on enantioselectivity. Mutagenesis in position 207 provided two interesting variants, V207I and V207A, with opposite enantioselectivities. Furthermore, combining two favorable mutations, N258A and F293H, provided an improved variant with both higher activity (5.20 ± 0.01, 2.12 ± 0.21, 2.64 ± 0.14 and 4.01 ± 0.34 nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1) on thioanisole, ptolyl, Cl-thioanisole and Br-thioanisole, respectively, which is 1.7, 4.6, 7.1 and 26.7-fold compared with wild type) and improved enantioselectivity (e.g. 67% enantiomeric excess for Cl-thioanisole vs. 5% for wild type). Molecular docking and active site volume calculations were used to correlate between the structure of the substrates and the function of the enzymes. The results from this work suggest that the location of pro-chiral sulfides in the active site is coordinated by hydrophobic interactions and by steric considerations, which in turn influences the activity and enantioselectivity of NBDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Shainsky
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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1603
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Siirola E, Mutti FG, Grischek B, Hoefler SF, Fabian WMF, Grogan G, Kroutil W. Asymmetric Synthesis of 3-Substituted Cyclohexylamine Derivatives from Prochiral DiketonesviaThree Biocatalytic Steps. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201201057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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1604
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Nobili A, Gall MG, Pavlidis IV, Thompson ML, Schmidt M, Bornscheuer UT. Use of ‘small but smart’ libraries to enhance the enantioselectivity of an esterase fromBacillus stearothermophilustowards tetrahydrofuran-3-yl acetate. FEBS J 2013; 280:3084-93. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Nobili
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis; Institute of Biochemistry; Greifswald University; Germany
| | - Markus G. Gall
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis; Institute of Biochemistry; Greifswald University; Germany
| | - Ioannis V. Pavlidis
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis; Institute of Biochemistry; Greifswald University; Germany
| | - Mark L. Thompson
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis; Institute of Biochemistry; Greifswald University; Germany
| | - Marlen Schmidt
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis; Institute of Biochemistry; Greifswald University; Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis; Institute of Biochemistry; Greifswald University; Germany
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1605
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Leconte AM, Dickinson BC, Yang DD, Chen IA, Allen B, Liu DR. A population-based experimental model for protein evolution: effects of mutation rate and selection stringency on evolutionary outcomes. Biochemistry 2013; 52:1490-9. [PMID: 23360105 DOI: 10.1021/bi3016185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein evolution is a critical component of organismal evolution and a valuable method for the generation of useful molecules in the laboratory. Few studies, however, have experimentally characterized how fundamental parameters influence protein evolution outcomes over long evolutionary trajectories or multiple replicates. In this work, we applied phage-assisted continuous evolution (PACE) as an experimental platform to study evolving protein populations over hundreds of rounds of evolution. We varied evolutionary conditions as T7 RNA polymerase evolved to recognize the T3 promoter DNA sequence and characterized how specific combinations of both mutation rate and selection stringency reproducibly result in different evolutionary outcomes. We observed significant and dramatic increases in the activity of the evolved RNA polymerase variants on the desired target promoter after selection for 96 h, confirming positive selection occurred under all conditions. We used high-throughput sequencing to quantitatively define convergent genetic solutions, including mutational "signatures" and nonsignature mutations that map to specific regions of protein sequence. These findings illuminate key determinants of evolutionary outcomes, inform the design of future protein evolution experiments, and demonstrate the value of PACE as a method for studying protein evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Leconte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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1606
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Bolivar JM, Consolati T, Mayr T, Nidetzky B. Shine a light on immobilized enzymes: real-time sensing in solid supported biocatalysts. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:194-203. [PMID: 23384504 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization on solid supports has been key to biotransformation development. Although technologies for immobilization have largely reached maturity, the resulting biocatalysts are not well understood mechanistically. One limitation is that their internal environment is usually inferred from external data. Therefore, biological consequences of the immobilization remain masked by physical effects of mass transfer, obstructing further development. Work reviewed herein shows that opto-chemical sensing performed directly within the solid support enables the biocatalyst's internal environment to be uncovered quantitatively and in real time. Non-invasive methods of intraparticle pH and O2 determination are presented, and their use as process analytical tools for development of heterogeneous biocatalysts is described. Method diversification to other analytes remains a challenging task for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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1607
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Xu J, Sun H, He X, Bai Z, He B. Highly efficient synthesis of endomorphin-2 under thermodynamic control catalyzed by organic solvent stable proteases with in situ product removal. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 129:663-666. [PMID: 23305895 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An efficient enzymatic synthesis of endomorphin-2 (EM-2) was achieved using organic solvent stable proteases in nonaqeous media, based on thermodynamic control and an in situ product removal methodology. The high stability of biocatalysts in organic solvents enabled the aleatoric modulation of the nonaqueous reaction media to shift thermodynamic equilibrium toward synthesis. Peptide Boc-Phe-Phe-NH2 was synthesized with a high yield of 96% by the solvent stable protease WQ9-2 in monophase medium with an economical molar ratio of the substrate of 1:1. The tetrapeptide Boc-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2 was synthesized with a yield of 88% by another organic solvent tolerant protease PT121 from Boc-Tyr-Pro-OH and Phe-Phe-NH2 in an organic-aqueous biphasic system. The reaction-separation coupling in both enzymatic processes provides "driving forces" for the synthetic reactions and gives a high yield and high productivity without purification of the intermediate, thereby making the synthesis more amenable to scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 30 Puzhunan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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1608
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Xu J, Zhuang Y, Wu B, Su L, He B. Calcium-ion-induced stabilization of the protease from Bacillus cereus WQ9-2 in aqueous hydrophilic solvents: effect of calcium ion binding on the hydration shell and intramolecular interactions. J Biol Inorg Chem 2013; 18:211-221. [PMID: 23322168 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-012-0966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The neutral protease WQ from Bacillus cereus is stable in various aqueous organic mixtures, with the exception of those containing acetonitrile (ACN) and dimethylformamide (DMF). The stability of the enzyme in aqueous hydrophilic solvents was dramatically enhanced with the addition of calcium ions, with the degree of improvement in the half-life relative to different solutions ranging from fourfold to more than 70-fold. Studies of the kinetic constants showed that calcium ions induced slight conformational changes in the active site of the enzyme in aqueous ACN. We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying this stabilizing effect by employing a combination of biophysical techniques and molecular dynamics simulation. In aqueous ACN, the intrinsic fluorescence and circular dichroism analysis demonstrated that the addition of calcium ions induced a relatively compact conformation and maintained both the native-like microenvironment near the tryptophan residues and the secondary structure. Alternatively, homology modeling confirmed the location of four calcium-ion-binding sites in the enzyme, and molecular dynamics simulation revealed that three other calcium ions were bound to the surface of the enzyme. Calcium ions, known as a type of kosmotrope, can strongly bond with water molecules, thus aiding in the formation of the regional hydration shell required for the maintenance of enzyme activity. In addition, the introduction of calcium ions resulted in the formation of additional ionic interactions, providing propitious means for protein stabilization. Thus, the stronger intramolecular interactions were also expected to contribute partially to the enhanced stability of the enzyme in an aqueous organic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 30 Puzhunan Road, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Zhuang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 30 Puzhunan Road, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 30 Puzhunan Road, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Long Su
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 30 Puzhunan Road, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingfang He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 30 Puzhunan Road, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China.
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1609
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Song JW, Jeon EY, Song DH, Jang HY, Bornscheuer UT, Oh DK, Park JB. Multistep Enzymatic Synthesis of Long-Chain α,ω-Dicarboxylic and ω-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids from Renewable Fatty Acids and Plant Oils. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2534-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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1610
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Song JW, Jeon EY, Song DH, Jang HY, Bornscheuer UT, Oh DK, Park JB. Multistep Enzymatic Synthesis of Long-Chain α,ω-Dicarboxylic and ω-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids from Renewable Fatty Acids and Plant Oils. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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1611
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Xu G, Yu H, Xu J. Facile Access to Chiral Alcohols with Pharmaceutical Relevance Using a Ketoreductase Newly Mined fromPichia guilliermondii. CHINESE J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201201119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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1612
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Mallin H, Wulf H, Bornscheuer UT. A self-sufficient Baeyer-Villiger biocatalysis system for the synthesis of ɛ-caprolactone from cyclohexanol. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 53:283-7. [PMID: 23931695 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to establish a new route for ɛ-caprolactone production from the corresponding cyclohexanol with an internal cofactor recycling for NADPH, a recently redesigned thermostable polyol dehydrogenase (PDH) and the cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO) from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were combined. First, the expression of PDH could be improved 4.9-fold using E. coli C41 with co-expression of chaperones. Both enzymes were also successfully co-immobilized on glutaraldehyde-activated support (Relizyme™ HA403). Cyclohexanol could be converted to ɛ-caprolactone (ɛ-CL) with 83% conversion using the free enzymes and with 34% conversion using the co-immobilized catalysts. Additionally, a preparative scale biotransformation of ɛ-caprolactone starting from cyclohexanol was performed using the soluble enzymes. The ɛ-CL could be isolated by simple extraction and evaporation with a yield of 55% and a purity of >99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mallin
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Germany
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1613
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Staudt S, Burda E, Giese C, Müller CA, Marienhagen J, Schwaneberg U, Hummel W, Drauz K, Gröger H. Direktoxidation von Cycloalkanen zu Cycloalkanonen mit Sauerstoff in Wasser. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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1614
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Staudt S, Burda E, Giese C, Müller CA, Marienhagen J, Schwaneberg U, Hummel W, Drauz K, Gröger H. Direct Oxidation of Cycloalkanes to Cycloalkanones with Oxygen in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2359-63. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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1615
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Cloning of a novel nicotine oxidase gene from Pseudomonas sp. strain HZN6 whose product nonenantioselectively degrades nicotine to pseudooxynicotine. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:2164-71. [PMID: 23335761 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03824-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas sp. strain HZN6 utilizes nicotine as its sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. However, its catabolic mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, self-formed adaptor PCR was performed to amplify the upstream sequence of the pseudooxynicotine amine oxidase gene. A 1,437-bp open reading frame (designated nox) was found to encode a nicotine oxidase (NOX) that shows 30% amino acid sequence identity with 6-hydroxy-l-nicotine oxidase from Arthrobacter nicotinovorans. The nox gene was cloned into a broad-host-range cloning vector and transferred into the non-nicotine-degrading bacteria Escherichia coli DH5α (DH-nox) and Pseudomonas putida KT2440 (KT-nox). The transconjugant KT-nox obtained nicotine degradation ability and yielded an equimolar amount of pseudooxynicotine, while DH-nox did not. Reverse transcription-PCR showed that the nox gene is expressed in both DH5α and KT2440, suggesting that additional factors required for nicotine degradation are present in a Pseudomonas strain(s), but not in E. coli. The mutant of strain HZN6 with nox disrupted lost the ability to degrade nicotine, but not pseudooxynicotine. These results suggested that the nox gene is responsible for the first step of nicotine degradation. The (RS)-nicotine degradation results showed that the two enantiomers were degraded at approximately the same rate, indicating that NOX does not show chiral selectivity. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that both the conserved flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-binding GXGXXG motif and His456 are essential for nicotine degradation activity.
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1616
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Koudelakova T, Chaloupkova R, Brezovsky J, Prokop Z, Sebestova E, Hesseler M, Khabiri M, Plevaka M, Kulik D, Kuta Smatanova I, Rezacova P, Ettrich R, Bornscheuer UT, Damborsky J. Engineering Enzyme Stability and Resistance to an Organic Cosolvent by Modification of Residues in the Access Tunnel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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1617
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Koudelakova T, Chaloupkova R, Brezovsky J, Prokop Z, Sebestova E, Hesseler M, Khabiri M, Plevaka M, Kulik D, Kuta Smatanova I, Rezacova P, Ettrich R, Bornscheuer UT, Damborsky J. Engineering enzyme stability and resistance to an organic cosolvent by modification of residues in the access tunnel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:1959-63. [PMID: 23303607 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tana Koudelakova
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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1618
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Fink MJ, Schön M, Rudroff F, Schnürch M, Mihovilovic MD. Single Operation Stereoselective Synthesis ofAerangisLactones: Combining Continuous Flow Hydrogenation and Biocatalysts in a Chemoenzymatic Sequence. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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1619
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Acevedo-Rocha CG, Hoesl MG, Nehring S, Royter M, Wolschner C, Wiltschi B, Antranikian G, Budisa N. Non-canonical amino acids as a useful synthetic biological tool for lipase-catalysed reactions in hostile environments. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy20712a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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1620
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Wei H, Wang E. Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:6060-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35486e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2267] [Impact Index Per Article: 206.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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1621
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1622
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Musa MM, Phillips RS, Laivenieks M, Vieille C, Takahashi M, Hamdan SM. Racemization of enantiopure secondary alcohols by Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus secondary alcohol dehydrogenase. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2911-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27415b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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1623
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Zhu J, Zhang Y, Lu D, Zare RN, Ge J, Liu Z. Temperature-responsive enzyme–polymer nanoconjugates with enhanced catalytic activities in organic media. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6090-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42493f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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1624
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Jia R, Hu Y, Liu L, Jiang L, Huang H. Chemical modification for improving activity and stability of lipase B from Candida antarctica with imidazolium-functional ionic liquids. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:7192-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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1625
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Meyer HP, Eichhorn E, Hanlon S, Lütz S, Schürmann M, Wohlgemuth R, Coppolecchia R. The use of enzymes in organic synthesis and the life sciences: perspectives from the Swiss Industrial Biocatalysis Consortium (SIBC). Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20350b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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1626
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Rather M, Mishra S. β-Glycosidases: An alternative enzyme based method for synthesis of alkyl-glycosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1186/2043-7129-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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1627
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Chen Y, Zhou H, Wang Y, Li W, Chen J, Lin Q, Yu C. Substrate hydrolysis triggered formation of fluorescent gold nanoclusters – a new platform for the sensing of enzyme activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:9821-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45494k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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1628
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Protein Engineering as a Tool for the Development of Novel Bioproduction Systems. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 137:25-40. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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1629
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Cell-free Biosystems in the Production of Electricity and Bioenergy. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 137:125-52. [PMID: 23748347 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
: Increasing needs of green energy and concerns of climate change are motivating intensive R&D efforts toward the low-cost production of electricity and bioenergy, such as hydrogen, alcohols, and jet fuel, from renewable sugars. Cell-free biosystems for biomanufacturing (CFB2) have been suggested as an emerging platform to replace mainstream microbial fermentation for the cost-effective production of some biocommodities. As compared to whole-cell factories, cell-free biosystems comprised of synthetic enzymatic pathways have numerous advantages, such as high product yield, fast reaction rate, broad reaction condition, easy process control and regulation, tolerance of toxic compound/product, and an unmatched capability of performing unnatural reactions. However, issues pertaining to high costs and low stabilities of enzymes and cofactors as well as compromised optimal conditions for different source enzymes need to be solved before cell-free biosystems are scaled up for biomanufacturing. Here, we review the current status of cell-free technology, update recent advances, and focus on its applications in the production of electricity and bioenergy.
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1630
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Girardin M, Ouellet SG, Gauvreau D, Moore JC, Hughes G, Devine PN, O’Shea PD, Campeau LC. Convergent Kilogram-Scale Synthesis of Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op3002678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélina Girardin
- Global Process
Chemistry, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Québec, Canada H9H
3L1
| | - Stéphane G. Ouellet
- Global Process
Chemistry, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Québec, Canada H9H
3L1
| | - Danny Gauvreau
- Global Process
Chemistry, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Québec, Canada H9H
3L1
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway,
New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Greg Hughes
- Global Process
Chemistry, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Québec, Canada H9H
3L1
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway,
New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Paul N. Devine
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway,
New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Paul D. O’Shea
- Global Process
Chemistry, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Québec, Canada H9H
3L1
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway,
New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Louis-Charles Campeau
- Global Process
Chemistry, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Québec, Canada H9H
3L1
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway,
New Jersey 07065, United States
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1631
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Biotransformation and biocatalysis: roles and applications in the discovery of antimalarials. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:2325-36. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Several strategies to discover new antimalarials have been proposed to augment and complement the conventional drug-discovery paradigm. One approach, which has not yet been fully exploited, is the use of drug biotransformation to identify new active molecules. This concept rests on the use of the biotransformation of drugs to their pharmacologically active metabolites. This approach has been used successfully in human chemotherapy, with the discovery and development of several metabolite-based drugs. This review looks at the contribution that biotransformations can play in antimalarial drug discovery.
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1632
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Engineering protein filaments with enhanced thermostability for nanomaterials. Biotechnol J 2012; 8:228-36. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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1633
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A New Family of Conformationally Constrained Bicyclic Diarylprolinol Silyl Ethers as Organocatalysts. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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1634
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Struck AW, Thompson ML, Wong LS, Micklefield J. S-Adenosyl-Methionine-Dependent Methyltransferases: Highly Versatile Enzymes in Biocatalysis, Biosynthesis and Other Biotechnological Applications. Chembiochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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1635
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Steffen-Munsberg F, Vickers C, Thontowi A, Schätzle S, Tumlirsch T, Svedendahl Humble M, Land H, Berglund P, Bornscheuer UT, Höhne M. Connecting Unexplored Protein Crystal Structures to Enzymatic Function. ChemCatChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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1636
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Steffen-Munsberg F, Vickers C, Thontowi A, Schätzle S, Meinhardt T, Svedendahl Humble M, Land H, Berglund P, Bornscheuer UT, Höhne M. Revealing the Structural Basis of Promiscuous Amine Transaminase Activity. ChemCatChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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1637
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1638
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Tébéka IRM, Longato GB, Craveiro MV, de Carvalho JE, Ruiz ALTG, Silva LF. Total Synthesis of (+)-trans-Trikentrin A. Chemistry 2012; 18:16890-901. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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1639
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Bar-Even A, Salah Tawfik D. Engineering specialized metabolic pathways--is there a room for enzyme improvements? Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 24:310-9. [PMID: 23102865 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in enzyme engineering enable dramatic improvements in catalytic efficiency and/or selectivity, as well as de novo engineering of enzymes to catalyze reactions where natural enzymes are not available. Can these capabilities be utilized to transform biosynthesis pathways? Metabolic engineering is traditionally based on combining existing enzymes to give new, or modified, pathways, within a new context and/or organism. How efficient, however, are the individual enzyme components? Is there room to improve pathway performance by enzyme engineering? We discuss the differences between enzymes in central versus specialized, or secondary metabolism and highlight unique features of specialized metabolism enzymes participating in the synthesis of natural products. We argue that, for the purpose of metabolic engineering, the catalytic efficiency and selectivity of many enzymes can be improved with the aim of achieving higher rates, yields and product purities. We also note the relative abundance of spontaneous reactions in specialized metabolism, and the potential advantage of engineering enzymes that will catalyze these steps. Specialized metabolism therefore offers new opportunities to integrate enzyme and pathway engineering, thereby achieving higher metabolic efficiencies, enhanced production rates and improved product purities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arren Bar-Even
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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1640
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Dror A, Fishman A. Engineering non-heme mono- and dioxygenases for biocatalysis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 2:e201209011. [PMID: 24688652 PMCID: PMC3962191 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201209011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygenases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the introduction of one or two oxygen atoms to unreactive chemical compounds. They require reduction equivalents from NADH or NADPH and comprise metal ions, metal ion complexes, or coenzymes in their active site. Thus, for industrial purposes, oxygenases are most commonly employed using whole cell catalysis, to alleviate the need for co-factor regeneration. Biotechnological applications include bioremediation, chiral synthesis, biosensors, fine chemicals, biofuels, pharmaceuticals, food ingredients and polymers. Controlling activity and selectivity of oxygenases is therefore of great importance and of growing interest to the scientific community. This review focuses on protein engineering of non-heme monooxygenases and dioxygenases for generating improved or novel functionalities. Rational mutagenesis based on x-ray structures and sequence alignment, as well as random methods such as directed evolution, have been utilized. It is concluded that knowledge-based protein engineering accompanied with targeted libraries, is most efficient for the design and tuning of biocatalysts towards novel substrates and enhanced catalytic activity while minimizing the screening efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Dror
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Ayelet Fishman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
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1641
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Linder M. Computational Enzyme Design: Advances, hurdles and possible ways forward. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 2:e201209009. [PMID: 24688650 PMCID: PMC3962231 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201209009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini review addresses recent developments in computational enzyme design. Successful protocols as well as known issues and limitations are discussed from an energetic perspective. It will be argued that improved results can be obtained by including a dynamic treatment in the design protocol. Finally, a molecular dynamics-based approach for evaluating and refining computational designs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Linder
- Applied Physical Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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1642
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Verma R, Schwaneberg U, Roccatano D. Computer-Aided Protein Directed Evolution: a Review of Web Servers, Databases and other Computational Tools for Protein Engineering. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 2:e201209008. [PMID: 24688649 PMCID: PMC3962222 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201209008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of computational and directed evolution methods has proven a winning strategy for protein engineering. We refer to this approach as computer-aided protein directed evolution (CAPDE) and the review summarizes the recent developments in this rapidly growing field. We will restrict ourselves to overview the availability, usability and limitations of web servers, databases and other computational tools proposed in the last five years. The goal of this review is to provide concise information about currently available computational resources to assist the design of directed evolution based protein engineering experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Verma
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany ; Department of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Department of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Danilo Roccatano
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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1643
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Steiner K, Schwab H. Recent advances in rational approaches for enzyme engineering. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 2:e201209010. [PMID: 24688651 PMCID: PMC3962183 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201209010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are an attractive alternative in the asymmetric syntheses of chiral building blocks. To meet the requirements of industrial biotechnology and to introduce new functionalities, the enzymes need to be optimized by protein engineering. This article specifically reviews rational approaches for enzyme engineering and de novo enzyme design involving structure-based approaches developed in recent years for improvement of the enzymes’ performance, broadened substrate range, and creation of novel functionalities to obtain products with high added value for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Steiner
- ACIB GmbH, (Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology), c/o TU Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Schwab
- ACIB GmbH, (Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology), c/o TU Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria ; Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, TU Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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1644
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Li X, Zhang Z, Song J. Computational enzyme design approaches with significant biological outcomes: progress and challenges. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 2:e201209007. [PMID: 24688648 PMCID: PMC3962085 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201209007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are powerful biocatalysts, however, so far there is still a large gap between the number of enzyme-based practical applications and that of naturally occurring enzymes. Multiple experimental approaches have been applied to generate nearly all possible mutations of target enzymes, allowing the identification of desirable variants with improved properties to meet the practical needs. Meanwhile, an increasing number of computational methods have been developed to assist in the modification of enzymes during the past few decades. With the development of bioinformatic algorithms, computational approaches are now able to provide more precise guidance for enzyme engineering and make it more efficient and less laborious. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of method development with significant biological outcomes to provide important insights into successful computational protein designs. We also discuss the limitations and challenges of existing methods and the future directions that should improve them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Ziding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiangning Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, Tianjin 300308, China ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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1645
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Bassegoda A, Cesarini S, Diaz P. Lipase improvement: goals and strategies. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 2:e201209005. [PMID: 24688646 PMCID: PMC3962121 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201209005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Bassegoda
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona. Av. Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona. Spain
| | - Silvia Cesarini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona. Av. Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona. Spain
| | - Pilar Diaz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona. Av. Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona. Spain
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1646
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Karl Guterl
- Lehrstuhl für Chemie Biogener Rohstoffe; Technische Universität München; Straubing; Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Lehrstuhl für Chemie Biogener Rohstoffe; Technische Universität München; Straubing; Germany
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1647
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Hoyos P, Pace V, Alcántara AR. Dynamic Kinetic ResolutionviaHydrolase-Metal Combo Catalysis in Stereoselective Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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1648
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Carlsson ÅJ, Bauer P, Ma H, Widersten M. Obtaining optical purity for product diols in enzyme-catalyzed epoxide hydrolysis: contributions from changes in both enantio- and regioselectivity. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7627-37. [PMID: 22931287 DOI: 10.1021/bi3007725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme variants of the plant epoxide hydrolase StEH1 displaying improved stereoselectivities in the catalyzed hydrolysis of (2,3-epoxypropyl)benzene were generated by directed evolution. The evolution was driven by iterative saturation mutagenesis in combination with enzyme activity screenings where product chirality was the decisive selection criterion. Analysis of the underlying causes of the increased diol product ratios revealed two major contributing factors: increased enantioselectivity for the corresponding epoxide enantiomer(s) and, in some cases, a concomitant change in regioselectivity in the catalyzed epoxide ring-opening half-reaction. Thus, variant enzymes that catalyzed the hydrolysis of racemic (2,3-epoxypropyl)benzene into the R-diol product in an enantioconvergent manner were isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Janfalk Carlsson
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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1649
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Resch V, Lechner H, Schrittwieser JH, Wallner S, Gruber K, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Inverting the regioselectivity of the berberine bridge enzyme by employing customized fluorine-containing substrates. Chemistry 2012; 18:13173-9. [PMID: 22962029 PMCID: PMC3533790 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine is commonly applied in pharmaceuticals to block the degradation of bioactive compounds at a specific site of the molecule. Blocking of the reaction center of the enzyme-catalyzed ring closure of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzylisoquinolines by a fluoro moiety allowed redirecting the berberine bridge enzyme (BBE)-catalyzed transformation of these compounds to give the formation of an alternative regioisomeric product namely 11-hydroxy-functionalized tetrahydroprotoberberines instead of the commonly formed 9-hydroxy-functionalized products. Alternative strategies to change the regioselectivity of the enzyme, such as protein engineering, were not applicable in this special case due to missing substrate-enzyme interactions. Medium engineering, as another possible strategy, had clear influence on the regioselectivity of the reaction pathway, but did not lead to perfect selectivity. Thus, only substrate tuning by introducing a fluoro moiety at one potential reactive carbon center switched the reaction to the formation of exclusively one regioisomer with perfect enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Resch
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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1650
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Wells AS, Finch GL, Michels PC, Wong JW. Use of Enzymes in the Manufacture of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients—A Science and Safety-Based Approach To Ensure Patient Safety and Drug Quality. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op300153b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Wells
- Charnwood Technical Consulting Ltd, Parklands, 24 Northage Close, Quorn,
Leics LE12 8AT, U.K
| | - Gregory L. Finch
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton,
Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Peter C. Michels
- AMRI Inc., Department of Chemical Development,
Fermentation and Biotransformations,
21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - John W. Wong
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton,
Connecticut 06340, United States
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