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Berger SA, Grimm C, Nyenhuis J, Payer SE, Oroz-Guinea I, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. Rapid, Label-Free Screening of Diverse Biotransformations by Flow-Injection Mass Spectrometry. Chembiochem 2023:e202300170. [PMID: 37057969 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based high-throughput screening methods combine the advantages of photometric or fluorometric assays and analytical chromatography, as they are reasonably fast (throughput ≥1 sample/min) and broadly applicable, with no need for labelled substrates or products. However, the established MS-based screening approaches require specialised and expensive hardware, which limits their broad use throughout the research community. We show that a more common instrumental platform, a single-quadrupole HPLC-MS, can be used to rapidly analyse diverse biotransformations by flow-injection mass spectrometry (FIA-MS), that is, by automated infusion of samples to the ESI-MS detector without prior chromatographic separation. Common organic buffers can be employed as internal standard for quantification, and the method provides readily validated activity and selectivity information with an analytical run time of one minute per sample. We report four application examples that cover a broad range of analyte structures and concentrations (0.1-50 mM before dilution) and diverse biocatalyst preparations (crude cell lysates and whole microbial cells). Our results establish FIA-MS as a versatile and reliable alternative to more traditional methods for screening enzymatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Berger
- University of Graz: Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Institute of Chemistry, AUSTRIA
| | - Christopher Grimm
- University of Graz: Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Institute of Chemistry, AUSTRIA
| | - Jonathan Nyenhuis
- University of Graz: Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Institute of Chemistry, AUSTRIA
| | - Stefan E Payer
- University of Graz: Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Institute of Chemistry, AUSTRIA
| | - Isabel Oroz-Guinea
- University of Graz: Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Institute of Chemistry, AUSTRIA
| | - Joerg H Schrittwieser
- University of Graz: Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Institute of Chemistry, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010, Graz, AUSTRIA
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- University of Graz: Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Institute of Chemistry, AUSTRIA
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2
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Eggbauer B, Schrittwieser JH, Kerschbaumer B, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Regioselective Biocatalytic C4-Prenylation of Unprotected Tryptophan Derivatives. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200311. [PMID: 35770709 PMCID: PMC9540666 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective carbon−carbon bond formation belongs to the challenging tasks in organic synthesis. In this context, C−C bond formation catalyzed by 4‐dimethylallyltryptophan synthases (4‐DMATSs) represents a possible tool to regioselectively synthesize C4‐prenylated indole derivatives without site‐specific preactivation and circumventing the need of protection groups as used in chemical synthetic approaches. In this study, a toolbox of 4‐DMATSs to produce a set of 4‐dimethylallyl tryptophan and indole derivatives was identified. Using three wild‐type enzymes as well as variants, various C5‐substituted tryptophan derivatives as well as N‐methyl tryptophan were successfully prenylated with conversions up to 90 %. Even truncated tryptophan derivatives like tryptamine and 3‐indole propanoic acid were regioselectively prenylated in position C4. The acceptance of C5‐substituted tryptophan derivatives was improved up to 5‐fold by generating variants (e. g. T108S). The feasibility of semi‐preparative prenylation of selected tryptophan derivatives was successfully demonstrated on 100 mg scale at 15 mM substrate concentration, allowing to reduce the previously published multistep chemical synthetic sequence to just a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Eggbauer
- University of Graz: Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Chemistry, AUSTRIA
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- University of Graz: Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Institute of Chemistry, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, AUSTRIA
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3
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Cigan E, Eggbauer B, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. The role of biocatalysis in the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids - an update. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28223-28270. [PMID: 35480754 PMCID: PMC9038100 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are a group of natural products with interesting pharmacological properties and a long history of medicinal application. Their complex molecular structures have fascinated chemists for decades, and their total synthesis still poses a considerable challenge. In a previous review, we have illustrated how biocatalysis can make valuable contributions to the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids. The chemo-enzymatic strategies discussed therein have been further explored and improved in recent years, and advances in amine biocatalysis have vastly expanded the opportunities for incorporating enzymes into synthetic routes towards these important natural products. The present review summarises modern developments in chemo-enzymatic alkaloid synthesis since 2013, in which the biocatalytic transformations continue to take an increasingly 'central' role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Cigan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bettina Eggbauer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Joerg H Schrittwieser
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
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4
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Abstract
Biocatalysis, using defined enzymes for organic transformations, has become a common tool in organic synthesis, which is also frequently applied in industry. The generally high activity and outstanding stereo-, regio-, and chemoselectivity observed in many biotransformations are the result of a precise control of the reaction in the active site of the biocatalyst. This control is achieved by exact positioning of the reagents relative to each other in a fine-tuned 3D environment, by specific activating interactions between reagents and the protein, and by subtle movements of the catalyst. Enzyme engineering enables one to adapt the catalyst to the desired reaction and process. A well-filled biocatalytic toolbox is ready to be used for various reactions. Providing nonnatural reagents and conditions and evolving biocatalysts enables one to play with the myriad of options for creating novel transformations and thereby opening new, short pathways to desired target molecules. Combining several biocatalysts in one pot to perform several reactions concurrently increases the efficiency of biocatalysis even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph
K. Winkler
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth − University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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5
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Eger E, Schrittwieser JH, Wetzl D, Iding H, Kuhn B, Kroutil W. Asymmetric Biocatalytic Synthesis of 1-Aryltetrahydro-β-carbolines Enabled by "Substrate Walking". Chemistry 2020; 26:16281-16285. [PMID: 33017078 PMCID: PMC7756766 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective catalysts for the Pictet-Spengler reaction of tryptamines and aldehydes may allow a simple and fast approach to chiral 1-substituted tetrahydro-β-carbolines. Although biocatalysts have previously been employed for the Pictet-Spengler reaction, not a single one accepts benzaldehyde and its substituted derivatives. To address this challenge, a combination of substrate walking and transfer of beneficial mutations between different wild-type backbones was used to develop a strictosidine synthase from Rauvolfia serpentina (RsSTR) into a suitable enzyme for the asymmetric Pictet-Spengler condensation of tryptamine and benzaldehyde derivatives. The double variant RsSTR V176L/V208A accepted various ortho-, meta- and para-substituted benzaldehydes and produced the corresponding chiral 1-aryl-tetrahydro-β-carbolines with up to 99 % enantiomeric excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Eger
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 28/II8010GrazAustria
| | - Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 28/II8010GrazAustria
| | - Dennis Wetzl
- Process Chemistry & CatalysisF. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.Grenzacherstrasse 1244070BaselSwitzerland
| | - Hans Iding
- Process Chemistry & CatalysisF. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.Grenzacherstrasse 1244070BaselSwitzerland
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Pharma Research & Early DevelopmentF. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.Grenzacherstrasse 1244070BaselSwitzerland
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 28/II8010GrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth—University of Graz8010GrazAustria
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Alvarenga N, Payer SE, Petermeier P, Kohlfuerst C, Meleiro Porto AL, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. Asymmetric Synthesis of Dihydropinidine Enabled by Concurrent Multienzyme Catalysis and a Biocatalytic Alternative to Krapcho Dealkoxycarbonylation. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Alvarenga
- Chemistry Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan E. Payer
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Petermeier
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Kohlfuerst
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - André Luiz Meleiro Porto
- Chemistry Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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7
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Büchsenschütz HC, Vidimce‐Risteski V, Eggbauer B, Schmidt S, Winkler CK, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W, Kourist R. Stereoselective Biotransformations of Cyclic Imines in Recombinant Cells of
Synechocystis
sp. PCC 6803. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna C. Büchsenschütz
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz, BioTechMedGraz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 Graz 8010 Austria
| | | | - Bettina Eggbauer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz, BioTechMedGraz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Sandy Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz, BioTechMedGraz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH) Krenngasse 37 Graz 8010 Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazUniversity of Graz Heinrichstraße 28/II Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazUniversity of Graz Heinrichstraße 28/II Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH) Krenngasse 37 Graz 8010 Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazUniversity of Graz Heinrichstraße 28/II Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz, BioTechMedGraz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 Graz 8010 Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH) Krenngasse 37 Graz 8010 Austria
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Velikogne S, Resch V, Dertnig C, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. Corrigendum: Corrigendum: Sequence‐Based In‐silico Discovery, Characterisation, and Biocatalytic Application of a Set of Imine Reductases. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Martínez-Montero L, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. Regioselective Biocatalytic Transformations Employing Transaminases and Tyrosine Phenol Lyases. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Velikogne S, Resch V, Dertnig C, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. Sequence-Based In-silico Discovery, Characterisation, and Biocatalytic Application of a Set of Imine Reductases. ChemCatChem 2018; 10:3236-3246. [PMID: 30197686 PMCID: PMC6120462 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Imine reductases (IREDs) have recently become a primary focus of research in biocatalysis, complementing other classes of amine-forming enzymes such as transaminases and amine dehydrogenases. Following in the footsteps of other research groups, we have established a set of IRED biocatalysts by sequence-based in silico enzyme discovery. In this study, we present basic characterisation data for these novel IREDs and explore their activity and stereoselectivity using a panel of structurally diverse cyclic imines as substrates. Specific activities of >1 U/mg and excellent stereoselectivities (ee>99 %) were observed in many cases, and the enzymes proved surprisingly tolerant towards elevated substrate loadings. Co-expression of the IREDs with an alcohol dehydrogenase for cofactor regeneration led to whole-cell biocatalysts capable of efficiently reducing imines at 100 mM initial concentration with no need for the addition of extracellular nicotinamide cofactor. Preparative biotransformations on gram scale using these 'designer cells' afforded chiral amines in good yield and excellent optical purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Velikogne
- University of GrazInstitute of ChemistryNAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Verena Resch
- University of GrazInstitute of ChemistryNAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Carina Dertnig
- University of GrazInstitute of ChemistryNAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- University of GrazInstitute of ChemistryNAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- University of GrazInstitute of ChemistryNAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
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11
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Payer SE, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. Vicinal Diamines as Smart Cosubstrates in the Transaminase-Catalyzed Asymmetric Amination of Ketones. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan E. Payer
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz, NAWI Graz; BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz, NAWI Graz; BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz, NAWI Graz; BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Velikogne
- ACIB
GmbH, Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB
GmbH, Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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13
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Payer SE, Schrittwieser JH, Grischek B, Simon RC, Kroutil W. Front Cover Picture: Regio- and Stereoselective Biocatalytic Monoamination of a Triketone Enables Asymmetric Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of the Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Xenovenine Employing Transaminases (Adv. Synth. Catal. 3/2016). Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zadlo A, Schrittwieser JH, Koszelewski D, Kroutil W, Ostaszewski R. Enantioselective Reduction of Ethyl 3-Oxo-5-phenylpentanoate with Whole-Cell Biocatalysts. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Payer SE, Schrittwieser JH, Grischek B, Simon RC, Kroutil W. Regio- and Stereoselective Biocatalytic Monoamination of a Triketone Enables Asymmetric Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of the Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Xenovenine Employing Transaminases. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gandomkar S, Fischereder EM, Schrittwieser JH, Wallner S, Habibi Z, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Enantioselective Oxidative Aerobic Dealkylation of N-Ethyl Benzylisoquinolines by Employing the Berberine Bridge Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15051-4. [PMID: 26487450 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
N-Dealkylation methods are well described for organic chemistry and the reaction is known in nature and drug metabolism; however, to our knowledge, enantioselective N-dealkylation has not been yet reported. In this study, exclusively the (S)-enantiomers of racemic N-ethyl tertiary amines (1-benzyl-N-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines) were dealkylated to give the corresponding secondary (S)-amines in an enantioselective fashion at the expense of molecular oxygen. The reaction is catalyzed by the berberine bridge enzyme, which is known for CC bond formation. The dealkylation was demonstrated on a 100 mg scale and gave optically pure dealkylated products (ee>99 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Gandomkar
- Institut für Chemie, Organische & Bioorganische Chemie, Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz (Austria).,Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C. District 1, Evin, Daneshjou Blvd, Tehran (Iran)
| | - Eva-Maria Fischereder
- Institut für Chemie, Organische & Bioorganische Chemie, Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Joerg H Schrittwieser
- Institut für Chemie, Organische & Bioorganische Chemie, Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Silvia Wallner
- Institut für Biochemie, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Zohreh Habibi
- Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C. District 1, Evin, Daneshjou Blvd, Tehran (Iran)
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institut für Biochemie, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institut für Chemie, Organische & Bioorganische Chemie, Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz (Austria)
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Gandomkar S, Fischereder EM, Schrittwieser JH, Wallner S, Habibi Z, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Enantioselektive oxidative aerobe Desalkylierung vonN-Ethylbenzyl- isochinolinen mithilfe des Berberin-Brücken-Enzyms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Schrittwieser JH, Velikogne S, Kroutil W. Cover Picture: Biocatalytic Imine Reduction and Reductive Amination of Ketones (Adv. Synth. Catal. 8/2015). Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kara S, Schrittwieser JH, Gargiulo S, Ni Y, Yanase H, Opperman DJ, van Berkel WJH, Hollmann F. Complete Enzymatic Oxidation of Methanol to Carbon Dioxide: Towards More Eco-Efficient Regeneration Systems for Reduced Nicotinamide Cofactors. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Simon RC, Busto E, Schrittwieser JH, Sattler JH, Pietruszka J, Faber K, Kroutil W. Stereoselective synthesis of γ-hydroxynorvaline through combination of organo- and biocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15669-72. [PMID: 25251725 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06230b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient route for the synthesis of all four diastereomers of PMP-protected α-amino-γ-butyrolacton to access γ-hydroxynorvaline was established. The asymmetric key steps comprise an organocatalytic Mannich reaction and an enzymatic ketone reduction. Three reaction steps could be integrated in a one-pot process, using 2-PrOH both as solvent and as reducing agent. The sequential construction of stereogenic centres gave access to each of the four stereoisomers in high yield and with excellent stereocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Simon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, A-8010-Graz, Austria.
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Schrittwieser JH, Groenendaal B, Resch V, Ghislieri D, Wallner S, Fischereder EM, Fuchs E, Grischek B, Sattler JH, Macheroux P, Turner NJ, Kroutil W. Deracemization by simultaneous bio-oxidative kinetic resolution and stereoinversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3731-4. [PMID: 24615790 PMCID: PMC4499246 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deracemization, that is, the transformation of a racemate into a single product enantiomer with theoretically 100% conversion and 100% ee, is an appealing but also challenging option for asymmetric synthesis. Herein a novel chemo-enzymatic deracemization concept by a cascade is described: the pathway involves two enantioselective oxidation steps and one non-stereoselective reduction step, enabling stereoinversion and a simultaneous kinetic resolution. The concept was exemplified for the transformation of rac-benzylisoquinolines to optically pure (S)-berbines. The racemic substrates were transformed to optically pure products (ee>97%) with up to 98% conversion and up to 88% yield of isolated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H Schrittwieser
- Institut für Chemie, Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Bas Groenendaal
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
| | - Verena Resch
- Institut für Chemie, Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Diego Ghislieri
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
| | - Silvia Wallner
- Institut für Biochemie, Technische Universität GrazPetersgasse 12, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Eva-Maria Fischereder
- Institut für Chemie, Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Elisabeth Fuchs
- Institut für Chemie, Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Barbara Grischek
- Institut für Chemie, Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Johann H Sattler
- Institut für Chemie, Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institut für Biochemie, Technische Universität GrazPetersgasse 12, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institut für Chemie, Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria)
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Schrittwieser JH, Groenendaal B, Resch V, Ghislieri D, Wallner S, Fischereder EM, Fuchs E, Grischek B, Sattler JH, Macheroux P, Turner NJ, Kroutil W. Deracemisierung durch simultane bio-oxidative Racematspaltung und Stereoinversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Schrittwieser JH, Groenendaal B, Willies SC, Ghislieri D, Rowles I, Resch V, Sattler JH, Fischereder EM, Grischek B, Lienhart WD, Turner NJ, Kroutil W. Deracemisation of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids employing monoamine oxidase variants. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy00642a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deracemisation of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids was performed employing a recently developed variant of monoamine oxidase from Aspergillus niger (MAO-N variant D11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Department of Chemistry
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bas Groenendaal
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- Manchester, UK
| | - Simon C. Willies
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- Manchester, UK
| | - Diego Ghislieri
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- Manchester, UK
| | - Ian Rowles
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- Manchester, UK
| | - Verena Resch
- Department of Chemistry
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johann H. Sattler
- Department of Chemistry
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Fischereder
- Department of Chemistry
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Grischek
- Department of Chemistry
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolf-Dieter Lienhart
- Department of Chemistry
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- Manchester, UK
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department of Chemistry
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz, Austria
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Kara S, Spickermann D, Schrittwieser JH, Weckbecker A, Leggewie C, Arends IWCE, Hollmann F. Access to Lactone Building Blocks via Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Oxidative Lactonization. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400535c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selin Kara
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Isabel W. C. E. Arends
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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Schrittwieser JH, Resch V. The role of biocatalysis in the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids. RSC Adv 2013; 3:17602-17632. [PMID: 25580241 PMCID: PMC4285126 DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42123f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are not only one of the most intensively studied classes of natural products, their wide spectrum of pharmacological activities also makes them indispensable drug ingredients in both traditional and modern medicine. Among the methods for their production, biotechnological approaches are gaining importance, and biocatalysis has emerged as an essential tool in this context. A number of chemo-enzymatic strategies for alkaloid synthesis have been developed over the years, in which the biotransformations nowadays take an increasingly 'central' role. This review summarises different applications of biocatalysis in the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids and discusses how recent developments and novel enzymes render innovative and efficient chemo-enzymatic production routes possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H Schrittwieser
- Department of Biotechnology , Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136 , 2628 BL Delft , The Netherlands . ; ; ; Tel: +31 152 782683
| | - Verena Resch
- Department of Biotechnology , Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136 , 2628 BL Delft , The Netherlands . ; ; ; Tel: +31 152 782683
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Resch V, Lechner H, Schrittwieser JH, Wallner S, Gruber K, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Inverting the regioselectivity of the berberine bridge enzyme by employing customized fluorine-containing substrates. Chemistry 2012; 18:13173-9. [PMID: 22962029 PMCID: PMC3533790 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine is commonly applied in pharmaceuticals to block the degradation of bioactive compounds at a specific site of the molecule. Blocking of the reaction center of the enzyme-catalyzed ring closure of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzylisoquinolines by a fluoro moiety allowed redirecting the berberine bridge enzyme (BBE)-catalyzed transformation of these compounds to give the formation of an alternative regioisomeric product namely 11-hydroxy-functionalized tetrahydroprotoberberines instead of the commonly formed 9-hydroxy-functionalized products. Alternative strategies to change the regioselectivity of the enzyme, such as protein engineering, were not applicable in this special case due to missing substrate-enzyme interactions. Medium engineering, as another possible strategy, had clear influence on the regioselectivity of the reaction pathway, but did not lead to perfect selectivity. Thus, only substrate tuning by introducing a fluoro moiety at one potential reactive carbon center switched the reaction to the formation of exclusively one regioisomer with perfect enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Resch
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Resch V, Schrittwieser JH, Wallner S, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic Oxidative CC Bond Formation Catalysed by the Berberine Bridge Enzyme: Optimal Reaction Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schrittwieser JH, Resch V, Wallner S, Lienhart WD, Sattler JH, Resch J, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic organic synthesis of optically pure (S)-scoulerine and berbine and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6703-14. [PMID: 21739961 PMCID: PMC3155283 DOI: 10.1021/jo201056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A chemoenzymatic approach for the asymmetric total synthesis of the title compounds is described that employs an enantioselective oxidative C-C bond formation catalyzed by berberine bridge enzyme (BBE) in the asymmetric key step. This unique reaction yielded enantiomerically pure (R)-benzylisoquinoline derivatives and (S)-berbines such as the natural product (S)-scoulerine, a sedative and muscle relaxing agent. The racemic substrates rac-1 required for the biotransformation were prepared in 4-8 linear steps using either a Bischler-Napieralski cyclization or a C1-Cα alkylation approach. The chemoenzymatic synthesis was applied to the preparation of fourteen enantiomerically pure alkaloids, including the natural products (S)-scoulerine and (R)-reticuline, and gave overall yields of up to 20% over 5-9 linear steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Verena Resch
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Wallner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolf-Dieter Lienhart
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johann H. Sattler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jasmin Resch
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Resch V, Schrittwieser JH, Siirola E, Kroutil W. Novel carbon-carbon bond formations for biocatalysis. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:793-9. [PMID: 21354781 PMCID: PMC3271363 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon–carbon bond formation is the key transformation in organic synthesis to set up the carbon backbone of organic molecules. However, only a limited number of enzymatic C–C bond forming reactions have been applied in biocatalytic organic synthesis. Recently, further name reactions have been accomplished for the first time employing enzymes on a preparative scale, for instance the Stetter and Pictet–Spengler reaction or oxidative C–C bond formation. Furthermore, novel enzymatic C–C bond forming reactions have been identified like benzylation of aromatics, intermolecular Diels-Alder or reductive coupling of carbon monoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Resch
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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31
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Schrittwieser JH, Resch V, Sattler JH, Lienhart WD, Durchschein K, Winkler A, Gruber K, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Cover Picture: Biocatalytic Enantioselective Oxidative CC Coupling by Aerobic CH Activation (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 5/2011). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Schrittwieser JH, Resch V, Sattler JH, Lienhart WD, Durchschein K, Winkler A, Gruber K, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Titelbild: Biokatalytische enantioselektive oxidative C-C-Kupplung durch C-H-Aktivierung mit molekularem Sauerstoff (Angew. Chem. 5/2011). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Schrittwieser JH, Resch V, Sattler JH, Lienhart WD, Durchschein K, Winkler A, Gruber K, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Biokatalytische enantioselektive oxidative C-C-Kupplung durch C-H-Aktivierung mit molekularem Sauerstoff. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schrittwieser JH, Resch V, Sattler JH, Lienhart WD, Durchschein K, Winkler A, Gruber K, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic enantioselective oxidative C-C coupling by aerobic C-H activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1068-71. [PMID: 21268196 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H Schrittwieser
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Schrittwieser JH, Sattler J, Resch V, Mutti FG, Kroutil W. Recent biocatalytic oxidation-reduction cascades. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 15:249-56. [PMID: 21130024 PMCID: PMC3134990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The combination of an oxidation and a reduction in a cascade allows performing transformations in a very economic and efficient fashion. The challenge is how to combine an oxidation with a reduction in one pot, either by running the two reactions simultaneously or in a stepwise fashion without isolation of intermediates. The broader availability of various redox enzymes nowadays has triggered the recent investigation of various oxidation–reduction cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H Schrittwieser
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Mutti FG, Orthaber A, Schrittwieser JH, de Vries JG, Pietschnig R, Kroutil W. Simultaneous iridium catalysed oxidation and enzymatic reduction employing orthogonal reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:8046-8. [PMID: 20871888 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02813d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An iridium catalysed oxidation was coupled concurrently to an asymmetric biocatalytic reduction in one-pot; thus it was shown for the first time that iridium- and alcohol dehydrogenase-catalysed redox reactions are compatible. As a model system racemic chlorohydrins were transformed to enantioenriched chlorohydrins via an oxidation-asymmetric reduction sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco G Mutti
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Schrittwieser JH, Lavandera I, Seisser B, Mautner B, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic Cascade for the Synthesis of Enantiopure β-Azidoalcohols and β-Hydroxynitriles. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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