1801
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Alburquerque-Béjar JJ, Barba I, Inserte J, Miró-Casas E, Ruiz-Meana M, Poncelas M, Vilardosa Ú, Valls-Lacalle L, Rodríguez-Sinovas A, Garcia-Dorado D. Combination therapy with remote ischaemic conditioning and insulin or exenatide enhances infarct size limitation in pigs. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:246-54. [PMID: 26045476 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) has been shown to reduce myocardial infarct size in patients. Our objective was to investigate whether the combination of RIC with either exenatide or glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) is more effective than RIC alone. METHODS AND RESULTS Pigs were submitted to 40 min of coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion, and received (i) no treatment, (ii) one of the following treatments: RIC (5 min ischemia/5 min reperfusion × 4), GIK, or exenatide (at doses reducing infarct size in clinical trials), or (iii) a combination of two of these treatments (RIC + GIK or RIC + exenatide). After 5 min of reperfusion (n = 4/group), prominent phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was observed, both in control and reperfused myocardium, in animals receiving GIK, and mitochondria from these hearts showed reduced ADP-stimulated respiration. (1)H NMR-based metabonomics disclosed a shift towards increased glycolysis in GIK and exenatide groups. In contrast, oxidative stress (myocardial nitrotyrosine levels) and eNOS uncoupling were significantly reduced only by RIC. In additional experiments (n = 7-10/group), ANOVA demonstrated a significant effect of the number of treatments after 2 h of reperfusion on infarct size (triphenyltetrazolium, % of the area at risk; 59.21 ± 3.34, 36.64 ± 3.03, and 21.04 ± 2.38% for none, one, and two treatments, respectively), and significant differences between one and two treatments (P = 0.004) but not among individual treatments or between RIC + GIK and RIC + exenatide. CONCLUSIONS GIK and exenatide activate cardioprotective pathways different from those of RIC, and have additive effects with RIC on infarct size reduction in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Alburquerque-Béjar
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Barba
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Inserte
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Miró-Casas
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marisol Ruiz-Meana
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcos Poncelas
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Úrsula Vilardosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Valls-Lacalle
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Sinovas
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Garcia-Dorado
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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1802
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Environmental (acute and chronic temperature, osmotic, hypoxic and pH) stress challenges the cellular redox balance and can lead to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review provides an overview of the reactions producing and scavenging ROS in the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and peroxisome. It then compares these reactions with the findings of a number of studies investigating the proteomic responses of marine organisms to environmentally induced oxidative stress. These responses indicate that the thioredoxin–peroxiredoxin system is possibly more frequently recruited to scavenge H2O2 than the glutathione system. Isoforms of superoxide dismutase (SOD) are not ubiquitously induced in parallel, suggesting that SOD scavenging activity is sometimes sufficient. The glutathione system plays an important role in some organisms and probably also contributes to protecting protein thiols during environmental stress. Synthesis pathways of cysteine and selenocysteine, building blocks for glutathione and glutathione peroxidase, also play an important role in scavenging ROS during stress. The increased abundance of glutaredoxin and DyP-type peroxidase suggests a need for regulating the deglutathionylation of proteins and scavenging of peroxynitrite. Reducing equivalents for these scavenging reactions are generated by proteins of the pentose phosphate pathway and by NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. Furthermore, proteins representing reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron transport system generating NADH and ROS, including those of complex I, II and III, are frequently reduced in abundance with stress. Protein maturation in the ER likely represents another source of ROS during environmental stress, as indicated by simultaneous changes in ER chaperones and antioxidant proteins. Although there are still too few proteomic analyses of non-model organisms exposed to environmental stress for a general pattern to emerge, hyposaline and low pH stress show different responses from temperature and hypoxic stress. Furthermore, comparisons of closely related congeners differing in stress tolerance start to provide insights into biochemical processes contributing to adaptive differences, but more of these comparisons are needed to draw general conclusions. To fully take advantage of a systems approach, studies with longer time courses, including several tissues and more species comparisons are needed.
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1803
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mtDNA Mutagenesis Disrupts Pluripotent Stem Cell Function by Altering Redox Signaling. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1614-24. [PMID: 26027936 PMCID: PMC4509707 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
mtDNA mutagenesis in somatic stem cells leads to their dysfunction and to progeria in mouse. The mechanism was proposed to involve modification of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/redox signaling. We studied the effect of mtDNA mutagenesis on reprogramming and stemness of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and show that PSCs select against specific mtDNA mutations, mimicking germline and promoting mtDNA integrity despite their glycolytic metabolism. Furthermore, mtDNA mutagenesis is associated with an increase in mitochondrial H2O2, reduced PSC reprogramming efficiency, and self-renewal. Mitochondria-targeted ubiquinone, MitoQ, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine efficiently rescued these defects, indicating that both reprogramming efficiency and stemness are modified by mitochondrial ROS. The redox sensitivity, however, rendered PSCs and especially neural stem cells sensitive to MitoQ toxicity. Our results imply that stem cell compartment warrants special attention when the safety of new antioxidants is assessed and point to an essential role for mitochondrial redox signaling in maintaining normal stem cell function. mtDNA mutagenesis affects reprogramming and stemness through redox signaling Altered redox signaling can be pharmacologically rescued by NAC or MitoQ Stem cells are sensitive to mitochondria-targeted ubiquinone toxicity Pluripotent stem cells show active selection against mtDNA mutations
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1804
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Agyemang AF, Harrison SR, Siegel RM, McDermott MF. Protein misfolding and dysregulated protein homeostasis in autoinflammatory diseases and beyond. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:335-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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1805
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Weinberg SE, Sena LA, Chandel NS. Mitochondria in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunity 2015; 42:406-17. [PMID: 25786173 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are well appreciated for their role as biosynthetic and bioenergetic organelles. In the past two decades, mitochondria have emerged as signaling organelles that contribute critical decisions about cell proliferation, death, and differentiation. Mitochondria not only sustain immune cell phenotypes but also are necessary for establishing immune cell phenotype and their function. Mitochondria can rapidly switch from primarily being catabolic organelles generating ATP to anabolic organelles that generate both ATP and building blocks for macromolecule synthesis. This enables them to fulfill appropriate metabolic demands of different immune cells. Mitochondria have multiple mechanisms that allow them to activate signaling pathways in the cytosol including altering in AMP/ATP ratio, the release of ROS and TCA cycle metabolites, as well as the localization of immune regulatory proteins on the outer mitochondrial membrane. In this Review, we discuss the evidence and mechanisms that mitochondrial dependent signaling controls innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Weinberg
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Laura A Sena
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60615, USA.
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1806
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El’darov CM, Vays VB, Vangeli IM, Kolosova NG, Bakeeva LE. Morphometric examination of mitochondrial ultrastructure in aging cardiomyocytes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:604-9. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915050132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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1807
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O'Brien KA, Griffin JL, Murray AJ, Edwards LM. Mitochondrial responses to extreme environments: insights from metabolomics. EXTREME PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE 2015; 4:7. [PMID: 25949809 PMCID: PMC4422479 DOI: 10.1186/s13728-015-0026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Humans are capable of survival in a remarkable range of environments, including the extremes of temperature and altitude as well as zero gravity. Investigation into physiological function in response to such environmental stresses may help further our understanding of human (patho-) physiology both at a systems level and in certain disease states, making it a highly relevant field of study. This review focuses on the application of metabolomics in assessing acclimatisation to these states, particularly the insights this approach can provide into mitochondrial function. It includes an overview of metabolomics and the associated analytical tools and also suggests future avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A O'Brien
- Centre of Human & Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- MRC Human Nutrition Research Unit, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, England ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lindsay M Edwards
- Centre of Human & Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK ; Fibrosis Drug Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
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1808
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Szewczyk A, Jarmuszkiewicz W, Koziel A, Sobieraj I, Nobik W, Lukasiak A, Skup A, Bednarczyk P, Drabarek B, Dymkowska D, Wrzosek A, Zablocki K. Mitochondrial mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:704-10. [PMID: 26321271 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells play an important physiological role in vascular homeostasis. They are also the first barrier that separates blood from deeper layers of blood vessels and extravascular tissues. Thus, they are exposed to various physiological blood components as well as challenged by pathological stimuli, which may exert harmful effects on the vascular system by stimulation of excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The major sources of ROS are NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. Modulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism in endothelial cells is thought to be a promising target for therapy in various cardiovascular diseases. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a regulator of mitochondrial ROS generation and can antagonise oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction. Several studies have revealed the important role of UCP2 in hyperglycaemia-induced modifications of mitochondrial function in endothelial cells. Additionally, potassium fluxes through the inner mitochondrial membrane, which are involved in ROS synthesis, affect the mitochondrial volume and change both the mitochondrial membrane potential and the transport of calcium into the mitochondria. In this review, we concentrate on the mitochondrial role in the cytoprotection phenomena of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Koziel
- Department of Bioenergetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Izabela Sobieraj
- Department of Bioenergetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wioletta Nobik
- Department of Bioenergetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Lukasiak
- Department of Biophysics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Agata Skup
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Piotr Bednarczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Beata Drabarek
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Dorota Dymkowska
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Antoni Wrzosek
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Zablocki
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warszawa, Poland
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1809
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Adams L, Franco MC, Estevez AG. Reactive nitrogen species in cellular signaling. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:711-7. [PMID: 25888647 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215581314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The transduction of cellular signals occurs through the modification of target molecules. Most of these modifications are transitory, thus the signal transduction pathways can be tightly regulated. Reactive nitrogen species are a group of compounds with different properties and reactivity. Some reactive nitrogen species are highly reactive and their interaction with macromolecules can lead to permanent modifications, which suggested they were lacking the specificity needed to participate in cell signaling events. However, the perception of reactive nitrogen species as oxidizers of macromolecules leading to general oxidative damage has recently evolved. The concept of redox signaling is now well established for a number of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. In this context, the post-translational modifications introduced by reactive nitrogen species can be very specific and are active participants in signal transduction pathways. This review addresses the role of these oxidative modifications in the regulation of cell signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Adams
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Maria C Franco
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Alvaro G Estevez
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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1810
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Zhunussova A, Sen B, Friedman L, Tuleukhanov S, Brooks AD, Sensenig R, Orynbayeva Z. Tumor microenvironment promotes dicarboxylic acid carrier-mediated transport of succinate to fuel prostate cancer mitochondria. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:1665-1679. [PMID: 26175936 PMCID: PMC4497434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer cells reprogram their metabolism, so that they support their elevated oxidative phosphorylation and promote a cancer friendly microenvironment. This work aimed to explore the mechanisms that cancer cells employ for fueling themselves with energy rich metabolites available in interstitial fluids. The mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation in metastatic prostate cancer DU145 cells and normal prostate epithelial PrEC cells were studied by high-resolution respirometry. An important finding was that prostate cancer cells at acidic pH 6.8 are capable of consuming exogenous succinate, while physiological pH 7.4 was not favorable for this process. Using specific inhibitors, it was demonstrated that succinate is transported in cancer cells by the mechanism of plasma membrane Na(+)-dependent dycarboxylic acid transporter NaDC3 (SLC13A3 gene). Although the level of expression of SLC13A3 was not significantly altered when maintaining cells in the medium with lower pH, the respirometric activity of cells under acidic condition was elevated in the presence of succinate. In contrast, normal prostate cells while expressing NaDC3 mRNA do not produce NaDC3 protein. The mechanism of succinate influx via NaDC3 in metastatic prostate cancer cells could yield a novel target for anti-cancer therapy and has the potential to be used for imaging-based diagnostics to detect non-glycolytic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigul Zhunussova
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National UniversityAlmaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Bhaswati Sen
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leah Friedman
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ari D Brooks
- Department of Surgery, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard Sensenig
- Department of Surgery, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zulfiya Orynbayeva
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
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1811
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D'Alessandro A, Moore HB, Moore EE, Wither M, Nemkov T, Gonzalez E, Slaughter A, Fragoso M, Hansen KC, Silliman CC, Banerjee A. Early hemorrhage triggers metabolic responses that build up during prolonged shock. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R1034-44. [PMID: 25876652 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00030.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic staging after trauma/hemorrhagic shock is a key driver of acidosis and directly relates to hypothermia and coagulopathy. Metabolic responses to trauma/hemorrhagic shock have been assayed through classic biochemical approaches or NMR, thereby lacking a comprehensive overview of the dynamic metabolic changes occurring after shock. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent progressive hemorrhage and shock. Baseline and postshock blood was collected, and late hyperfibrinolysis was assessed (LY30 >3%) in all of the tested rats. Extreme and intermediate time points were collected to assay the dynamic changes of the plasma metabolome via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sham controls were used to determine whether metabolic changes could be primarily attributable to anesthesia and supine positioning. Early hemorrhage-triggered metabolic changes that built up progressively and became significant during sustained hemorrhagic shock. Metabolic phenotypes either resulted in immediate hypercatabolism, or late hypercatabolism, preceded by metabolic deregulation during early hemorrhage in a subset of rats. Hemorrhagic shock consistently promoted hyperglycemia, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, fatty acid, amino acid, and nitrogen metabolism (urate and polyamines), and impaired redox homeostasis. Early dynamic changes of the plasma metabolome are triggered by hemorrhage in rats. Future studies will determine whether metabolic subphenotypes observed in rats might be consistently observed in humans and pave the way for tailored resuscitative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, South, Aurora, Colorado;
| | - Hunter B Moore
- Department of Surgery/Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ernest E Moore
- Department of Surgery/Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Matthew Wither
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, South, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, South, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eduardo Gonzalez
- Department of Surgery/Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anne Slaughter
- Department of Surgery/Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Miguel Fragoso
- Department of Surgery/Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, South, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christopher C Silliman
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and Research Laboratory, Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Surgery/Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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1812
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Journal Club. Kidney Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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1813
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H. Moos
- SRI International; Menlo Park CA USA
- University of California; San Francisco CA USA
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1814
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Bar-Or D, Carrick MM, Mains CW, Rael LT, Slone D, Brody EN. Sepsis, oxidative stress, and hypoxia: Are there clues to better treatment? Redox Rep 2015; 20:193-7. [PMID: 25803628 DOI: 10.1179/1351000215y.0000000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation, usually in response to infection. The signs and symptoms are very similar to Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), which typically occur consequent to trauma and auto-immune diseases. Common treatments of sepsis include administration of antibiotics and oxygen. Oxygen is administered due to ischemia in tissues, which results in the production of free radicals. Poor utilization of oxygen by the mitochondrial electron transport chain can increase oxidative stress during ischemia and exacerbate the severity and outcome in septic patients. This course of treatment virtually mimics the conditions seen in ischemia-reperfusion disorders. Therefore, this review proposes that the mechanism of free radical production seen in sepsis and SIRS is identical to the oxidative stress seen in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Specifically, this is due to a biochemical mechanism within the mitochondria where the oxidation of succinate to fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) is reversed in sepsis (hypoxia), leading to succinate accumulation. Oxygen administration (equivalent to reperfusion) rapidly oxidizes the accumulated succinate, leading to the generation of large amounts of superoxide radical and other free radical species. Organ damage possibly leading to multi-organ failure could result from this oxidative burst seen in sepsis and SIRS. Accordingly, we postulate that temporal administration with anti-oxidants targeting the mitochondria and/or succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors could be beneficial in sepsis and SIRS patients.
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1815
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Sosunov SA, Ameer X, Niatsetskaya ZV, Utkina-Sosunova I, Ratner VI, Ten VS. Isoflurane anesthesia initiated at the onset of reperfusion attenuates oxidative and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120456. [PMID: 25799166 PMCID: PMC4370491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that in mice subjected to hypoxia-ischemia (HI) brain injury isoflurane anesthesia initiated upon reperfusion limits a release of mitochondrial oxidative radicals by inhibiting a recovery of complex-I dependent mitochondrial respiration. This significantly attenuates an oxidative stress and reduces the extent of HI brain injury. Neonatal mice were subjected to HI, and at the initiation of reperfusion were exposed to isoflurane with or without mechanical ventilation. At the end of HI and isoflurane exposure cerebral mitochondrial respiration, H2O2 emission rates were measured followed by an assessment of cerebral oxidative damage and infarct volumes. At 8 weeks after HI navigational memory and brain atrophy were assessed. In vitro, direct effect of isoflurane on mitochondrial H2O2 emission was compared to that of complex-I inhibitor, rotenone. Compared to controls, 15 minutes of isoflurane anesthesia inhibited recovery of the compex I-dependent mitochondrial respiration and decreased H2O2 production in mitochondria supported with succinate. This was associated with reduced oxidative brain injury, superior navigational memory and decreased cerebral atrophy compared to the vehicle-treated HI-mice. Extended isoflurane anesthesia was associated with sluggish recovery of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the neuroprotection was lost. However, when isoflurane anesthesia was supported with mechanical ventilation the CBF recovery improved, the event associated with further reduction of infarct volume compared to HI-mice exposed to isoflurane without respiratory support. Thus, in neonatal mice brief isoflurane anesthesia initiated at the onset of reperfusion limits mitochondrial release of oxidative radicals and attenuates an oxidative stress. This novel mechanism contributes to neuroprotective action of isoflurane. The use of mechanical ventilation during isoflurane anesthesia counterbalances negative effect of isoflurane anesthesia on recovery of cerebral circulation which potentiates protection against reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Sosunov
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xavier Ameer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Zoya V. Niatsetskaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Irina Utkina-Sosunova
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Veniamin I. Ratner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vadim S. Ten
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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1816
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Javadov S. The calcium-ROS-pH triangle and mitochondrial permeability transition: challenges to mimic cardiac ischemia-reperfusion. Front Physiol 2015; 6:83. [PMID: 25852570 PMCID: PMC4364171 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sabzali Javadov
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico San Juan, PR, USA
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1817
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Tannahill GM, Iraci N, Gaude E, Frezza C, Pluchino S. Metabolic reprograming of mononuclear phagocytes in progressive multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:106. [PMID: 25814990 PMCID: PMC4356156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Accumulation of brain damage in progressive MS is partly the result of mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) attacking myelin sheaths in the CNS. Although there is no cure yet for MS, significant advances have been made in the development of disease modifying agents. Unfortunately, most of these drugs fail to reverse established neurological deficits and can have adverse effects. Recent evidence suggests that MPs polarization is accompanied by profound metabolic changes, whereby pro-inflammatory MPs (M1) switch toward glycolysis, whereas anti-inflammatory MPs (M2) become more oxidative. It is therefore possible that reprograming MPs metabolism could affect their function and repress immune cell activation. This mini review describes the metabolic changes underpinning macrophages polarization and anticipates how metabolic re-education of MPs could be used for the treatment of MS. KEY POINTS Inflammation in progressive MS is mediated primarily by MPs.Cell metabolism regulates the function of MPs.DMAs can re-educate the metabolism of MPs to promote healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Margaret Tannahill
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council (MRC) Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council (MRC) Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edoardo Gaude
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council (MRC) Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Frezza
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council (MRC) Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council (MRC) Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
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1818
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Lindsay DP, Camara AKS, Stowe DF, Lubbe R, Aldakkak M. Differential effects of buffer pH on Ca(2+)-induced ROS emission with inhibited mitochondrial complexes I and III. Front Physiol 2015; 6:58. [PMID: 25805998 PMCID: PMC4354303 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission is a critical component in the etiology of ischemic injury. Complex I and complex III of the electron transport chain are considered the primary sources of ROS emission during cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. Several factors modulate ischemic ROS emission, such as an increase in extra-matrix Ca2+, a decrease in extra-matrix pH, and a change in substrate utilization. Here we examined the combined effects of these factors on ROS emission from respiratory complexes I and III under conditions of simulated IR injury. Guinea pig heart mitochondria were suspended in experimental buffer at a given pH and incubated with or without CaCl2. Mitochondria were then treated with either pyruvate, a complex I substrate, followed by rotenone, a complex I inhibitor, or succinate, a complex II substrate, followed by antimycin A, a complex III inhibitor. H2O2 release rate and matrix volume were compared with and without adding CaCl2 and at pH 7.15, 6.9, or 6.5 with pyruvate + rotenone or succinate + antimycin A to simulate conditions that may occur during in vivo cardiac IR injury. We found a large increase in H2O2 release with high [CaCl2] and pyruvate + rotenone at pH 6.9, but not at pHs 7.15 or 6.5. Large increases in H2O2 release rate also occurred at each pH with high [CaCl2] and succinate + antimycin A, with the highest levels observed at pH 7.15. The increases in H2O2 release were associated with significant mitochondrial swelling, and both H2O2 release and swelling were abolished by cyclosporine A, a desensitizer of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). These results indicate that ROS production by complex I and by complex III is differently affected by buffer pH and Ca2+ loading with mPTP opening. The study suggests that changes in the levels of cytosolic Ca2+ and pH during IR alter the relative amounts of ROS produced at mitochondrial respiratory complex I and complex III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Lindsay
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Amadou K S Camara
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA ; Cardiovascular Research Center, The Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David F Stowe
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA ; Cardiovascular Research Center, The Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA ; Department of Physiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology, VA Medical Center Research Service Milwaukee, WI, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ryan Lubbe
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mohammed Aldakkak
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
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1819
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Hashizume O, Yamanashi H, Taketo MM, Nakada K, Hayashi JI. A specific nuclear DNA background is required for high frequency lymphoma development in transmitochondrial mice with G13997A mtDNA. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118561. [PMID: 25738506 PMCID: PMC4349826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that mouse mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with a G13997A mutation (G13997A mtDNA) controls not only the transformation of cultured lung carcinoma cells from poorly metastatic into highly metastatic cells, but also the transformation of lymphocytes into lymphomas in living C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Because the nuclear genetic background of the B6 strain makes the strain prone to develop lymphomas, here we examined whether G13997A mtDNA independently induces lymphoma development even in mice with the nuclear genetic background of the A/J strain, which is not prone to develop lymphomas. Our results showed that the B6 nuclear genetic background is required for frequent lymphoma development in mice with G13997A mtDNA. Moreover, G13997A mtDNA in mice did not enhance the malignant transformation of lung adenomas into adenocarcinomas or that of hepatocellular carcinomas from poorly metastatic into highly metastatic carcinomas. Therefore, G13997A mtDNA enhances the frequency of lymphoma development under the abnormalities in the B6 nuclear genome, and does not independently control tumor development and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Hashizume
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Haruka Yamanashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto M. Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nakada
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hayashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- TARA center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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1820
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Prevention of ischemia-reperfusion injury in cardiac surgery: Therapeutic strategies targeting signaling pathways. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 149:910-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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1821
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Hitting the Bull's-Eye in Metastatic Cancers-NSAIDs Elevate ROS in Mitochondria, Inducing Malignant Cell Death. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:62-106. [PMID: 25688484 PMCID: PMC4381202 DOI: 10.3390/ph8010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastases that impede the function of vital organs are a major cause of cancer related mortality. Mitochondrial oxidative stress induced by hypoxia, low nutrient levels, or other stresses, such as genotoxic events, act as key drivers of the malignant changes in primary tumors to enhance their progression to metastasis. Emerging evidence now indicates that mitochondrial modifications and mutations resulting from oxidative stress, and leading to OxPhos stimulation and/or enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, are essential for promoting and sustaining the highly metastatic phenotype. Moreover, the modified mitochondria in emerging or existing metastatic cancer cells, by their irreversible differences, provide opportunities for selectively targeting their mitochondrial functions with a one-two punch. The first blow would block their anti-oxidative defense, followed by the knockout blow—promoting production of excess ROS, capitulating the terminal stage—activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), specifically killing metastatic cancer cells or their precursors. This review links a wide area of research relevant to cellular mechanisms that affect mitochondria activity as a major source of ROS production driving the pro-oxidative state in metastatic cancer cells. Each of the important aspects affecting mitochondrial function are discussed including: hypoxia, HIFs and PGC1 induced metabolic changes, increased ROS production to induce a more pro-oxidative state with reduced antioxidant defenses. It then focuses on how the mitochondria, as a major source of ROS in metastatic cancer cells driving the pro-oxidative state of malignancy enables targeting drugs affecting many of these altered processes and why the NSAIDs are an excellent example of mitochondria-targeted agents that provide a one-two knockout activating the mPTP and their efficacy as selective anticancer metastasis drugs.
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1822
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Mailloux RJ. Teaching the fundamentals of electron transfer reactions in mitochondria and the production and detection of reactive oxygen species. Redox Biol 2015; 4:381-98. [PMID: 25744690 PMCID: PMC4348434 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria fulfill a number of biological functions which inherently depend on ATP and O2(-•)/H2O2 production. Both ATP and O2(-•)/H2O2 are generated by electron transfer reactions. ATP is the product of oxidative phosphorylation whereas O2(-•) is generated by singlet electron reduction of di-oxygen (O2). O2(-•) is then rapidly dismutated by superoxide dismutase (SOD) producing H2O2. O2(-•)/H2O2 were once viewed as unfortunately by-products of aerobic respiration. This characterization is fitting considering over production of O2(-•)/H2O2 by mitochondria is associated with range of pathological conditions and aging. However, O2(-•)/H2O2 are only dangerous in large quantities. If produced in a controlled fashion and maintained at a low concentration, cells can benefit greatly from the redox properties of O2(-•)/H2O2. Indeed, low rates of O2(-•)/H2O2 production are required for intrinsic mitochondrial signaling (e.g. modulation of mitochondrial processes) and communication with the rest of the cell. O2(-•)/H2O2 levels are kept in check by anti-oxidant defense systems that sequester O2(-•)/H2O2 with extreme efficiency. Given the importance of O2(-•)/H2O2 in cellular function, it is imperative to consider how mitochondria produce O2(-•)/H2O2 and how O2(-•)/H2O2 genesis is regulated in conjunction with fluctuations in nutritional and redox states. Here, I discuss the fundamentals of electron transfer reactions in mitochondria and emerging knowledge on the 11 potential sources of mitochondrial O2(-•)/H2O2 in tandem with their significance in contributing to overall O2(-•)/H2O2 emission in health and disease. The potential for classifying these different sites in isopotential groups, which is essentially defined by the redox properties of electron donator involved in O2(-•)/H2O2 production, as originally suggested by Brand and colleagues is also surveyed in detail. In addition, redox signaling mechanisms that control O2(-•)/H2O2 genesis from these sites are discussed. Finally, the current methodologies utilized for measuring O2(-•)/H2O2 in isolated mitochondria, cell culture and in vivo are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Mailloux
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.
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1823
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Kosharskyy B, Vydyanathan A, Zhang L, Shaparin N, Geohagen BC, Bivin W, Liu Q, Gavin T, LoPachin RM. 2-Acetylcyclopentanone, an enolate-forming 1,3-dicarbonyl compound, is cytoprotective in warm ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:150-8. [PMID: 25659651 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that 2-acetylcyclopentanone (2-ACP), an enolate-forming 1,3-dicarbonyl compound, provides protection in cell culture and animal models of oxidative stress. The pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) involves oxidative stress, and, therefore, we determined the ability of 2-ACP to prevent this injury in a rat liver model. IRI was induced by clamping the portal vasculature for 45 minutes (ischemia phase), followed by recirculation for 180 minutes (reperfusion phase). This sequence was associated with substantial derangement of plasma liver enzyme activities, histopathological indices, and markers of oxidative stress. The 2-ACP (0.80-2.40 mmol/kg), administered by intraperitoneal injection 10 minutes prior to reperfusion, provided dose-dependent cytoprotection, as indicated by normalization of the IRI-altered liver histologic and biochemical parameters. The 2-ACP (2.40 mmol/kg) was also hepatoprotective when injected before clamping the circulation (ischemia phase). In contrast, an equimolar dose of N-acetylcysteine (2.40 mmol/kg) was not hepatoprotective when administered prior to reperfusion. Our studies to date suggest that during reperfusion the enolate nucleophile of 2-ACP limits the consequences of mitochondrial-based oxidative stress through scavenging unsaturated aldehyde electrophiles (e.g., acrolein) and chelation of metal ions that catalyze the free radical-generating Fenton reaction. The ability of 2-ACP to reduce IRI when injected prior to ischemia most likely reflects the short duration of this experimental phase (45 minutes) and favorable pharmacokinetics that maintain effective 2-ACP liver concentrations during subsequent reperfusion. These results provide evidence that 2-ACP or an analog might be useful in treating IRI and other conditions that have oxidative stress as a common molecular etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boleslav Kosharskyy
- Departments of Anesthesiology (B.K., A.V., L.Z., N.S., B.C.G., R.M.L.) and Pathology (W.B., Q.L.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; and Department of Chemistry, Iona College, New Rochelle, New York (T.G.)
| | - Amaresh Vydyanathan
- Departments of Anesthesiology (B.K., A.V., L.Z., N.S., B.C.G., R.M.L.) and Pathology (W.B., Q.L.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; and Department of Chemistry, Iona College, New Rochelle, New York (T.G.)
| | - Lihai Zhang
- Departments of Anesthesiology (B.K., A.V., L.Z., N.S., B.C.G., R.M.L.) and Pathology (W.B., Q.L.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; and Department of Chemistry, Iona College, New Rochelle, New York (T.G.)
| | - Naum Shaparin
- Departments of Anesthesiology (B.K., A.V., L.Z., N.S., B.C.G., R.M.L.) and Pathology (W.B., Q.L.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; and Department of Chemistry, Iona College, New Rochelle, New York (T.G.)
| | - Brian C Geohagen
- Departments of Anesthesiology (B.K., A.V., L.Z., N.S., B.C.G., R.M.L.) and Pathology (W.B., Q.L.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; and Department of Chemistry, Iona College, New Rochelle, New York (T.G.)
| | - William Bivin
- Departments of Anesthesiology (B.K., A.V., L.Z., N.S., B.C.G., R.M.L.) and Pathology (W.B., Q.L.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; and Department of Chemistry, Iona College, New Rochelle, New York (T.G.)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Departments of Anesthesiology (B.K., A.V., L.Z., N.S., B.C.G., R.M.L.) and Pathology (W.B., Q.L.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; and Department of Chemistry, Iona College, New Rochelle, New York (T.G.)
| | - Terrence Gavin
- Departments of Anesthesiology (B.K., A.V., L.Z., N.S., B.C.G., R.M.L.) and Pathology (W.B., Q.L.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; and Department of Chemistry, Iona College, New Rochelle, New York (T.G.)
| | - Richard M LoPachin
- Departments of Anesthesiology (B.K., A.V., L.Z., N.S., B.C.G., R.M.L.) and Pathology (W.B., Q.L.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; and Department of Chemistry, Iona College, New Rochelle, New York (T.G.)
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1824
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Conrad M, Friedmann Angeli JP. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) and ferroptosis: what's so special about it? Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e995047. [PMID: 27308484 PMCID: PMC4905320 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.995047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The system XC−/glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) axis pivotally controls ferroptosis, a recently described form of regulated non-apoptotic cell death. Compelling evidence has established that this route of cell death is not only of high relevance for triggering cancer cell death, but also proves to be amenable for therapeutic intervention to halt ischemia/reperfusion-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Developmental Genetics; Helmholtz Zentrum München; , München, Germany
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1825
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Brown R, Hynes-Allen A, Swan AJ, Dissanayake KN, Gillingwater TH, Ribchester RR. Activity-dependent degeneration of axotomized neuromuscular synapses in Wld S mice. Neuroscience 2015; 290:300-20. [PMID: 25617654 PMCID: PMC4362769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Use and disuse may influence synaptic maintenance but so far evidence for this has been indirect. We tested whether stimulation or disuse of neuromuscular junctions in adult WldS mice altered vulnerability to axotomy. Moderate activity optimized resistance to axotomy while disuse or stimulation increased the rate of synaptic degeneration.
Activity and disuse of synapses are thought to influence progression of several neurodegenerative diseases in which synaptic degeneration is an early sign. Here we tested whether stimulation or disuse renders neuromuscular synapses more or less vulnerable to degeneration, using axotomy as a robust trigger. We took advantage of the slow synaptic degeneration phenotype of axotomized neuromuscular junctions in flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) and deep lumbrical (DL) muscles of Wallerian degeneration-Slow (WldS) mutant mice. First, we maintained ex vivo FDB and DL nerve-muscle explants at 32 °C for up to 48 h. About 90% of fibers from WldS mice remained innervated, compared with about 36% in wild-type muscles at the 24-h checkpoint. Periodic high-frequency nerve stimulation (100 Hz: 1 s/100 s) reduced synaptic protection in WldS preparations by about 50%. This effect was abolished in reduced Ca2+ solutions. Next, we assayed FDB and DL innervation after 7 days of complete tetrodotoxin (TTX)-block of sciatic nerve conduction in vivo, followed by tibial nerve axotomy. Five days later, only about 9% of motor endplates remained innervated in the paralyzed muscles, compared with about 50% in 5 day-axotomized muscles from saline-control-treated WldS mice with no conditioning nerve block. Finally, we gave mice access to running wheels for up to 4 weeks prior to axotomy. Surprisingly, exercising WldS mice ad libitum for 4 weeks increased about twofold the amount of subsequent axotomy-induced synaptic degeneration. Together, the data suggest that vulnerability of mature neuromuscular synapses to axotomy, a potent neurodegenerative trigger, may be enhanced bimodally, either by disuse or by hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brown
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - A Hynes-Allen
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - A J Swan
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - K N Dissanayake
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - T H Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - R R Ribchester
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
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1826
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Bar-Or D, Bar-Or R, Rael LT, Brody EN. Oxidative stress in severe acute illness. Redox Biol 2015; 4:340-5. [PMID: 25644686 PMCID: PMC4326179 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The overall redox potential of a cell is primarily determined by oxidizable/reducible chemical pairs, including glutathione–glutathione disulfide, reduced thioredoxin–oxidized thioredoxin, and NAD+–NADH (and NADP–NADPH). Current methods for evaluating oxidative stress rely on detecting levels of individual byproducts of oxidative damage or by determining the total levels or activity of individual antioxidant enzymes. Oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), on the other hand, is an integrated, comprehensive measure of the balance between total (known and unknown) pro-oxidant and antioxidant components in a biological system. Much emphasis has been placed on the role of oxidative stress in chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis. The role of oxidative stress in acute diseases often seen in the emergency room and intensive care unit is considerable. New tools for the rapid, inexpensive measurement of both redox potential and total redox capacity should aid in introducing a new body of literature on the role of oxidative stress in acute illness and how to screen and monitor for potentially beneficial pharmacologic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bar-Or
- Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, CO, USA; St. Anthony Hospital, Lakewood, CO, USA; The Medical Center of Plano, Plano, TX, USA.
| | - Raphael Bar-Or
- Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, CO, USA; St. Anthony Hospital, Lakewood, CO, USA; The Medical Center of Plano, Plano, TX, USA.
| | - Leonard T Rael
- Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, CO, USA; St. Anthony Hospital, Lakewood, CO, USA; The Medical Center of Plano, Plano, TX, USA.
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1827
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Ong SB, Dongworth RK, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Hausenloy DJ. Role of the MPTP in conditioning the heart - translatability and mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2074-84. [PMID: 25393318 PMCID: PMC4386982 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have long been known to be the gatekeepers of cell fate. This is particularly so in the response to acute ischaemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI). Following an acute episode of sustained myocardial ischaemia, the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) in the first few minutes of reperfusion, mediates cell death. Preventing MPTP opening at the onset of reperfusion using either pharmacological inhibitors [such as cyclosporin A (CsA) ] or genetic ablation has been reported to reduce myocardial infarct (MI) size in animal models of acute IRI. Interestingly, the endogenous cardioprotective intervention of ischaemic conditioning, in which the heart is protected against MI by applying cycles of brief ischaemia and reperfusion to either the heart itself or a remote organ or tissue, appears to be mediated through the inhibition of MPTP opening at reperfusion. Small proof‐of‐concept clinical studies have demonstrated the translatability of this therapeutic approach to target MPTP opening using CsA in clinical settings of acute myocardial IRI. However, given that CsA is a not a specific MPTP inhibitor, more novel and specific inhibitors of the MPTP need to be discovered – the molecular identification of the MPTP should facilitate this. In this paper, we review the role of the MPTP as a target for cardioprotection, the potential mechanisms underlying MPTP inhibition in the setting of ischaemic conditioning, and the translatability of MPTP inhibition as a therapeutic approach in the clinical setting. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Conditioning the Heart – Pathways to Translation. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue‐8
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Affiliation(s)
- S-B Ong
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK
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1828
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Teodor Sawicki
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (K.T.S., H.C.C., H.A.)
| | - Hsiang-Chun Chang
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (K.T.S., H.C.C., H.A.)
| | - Hossein Ardehali
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (K.T.S., H.C.C., H.A.)
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1829
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Chen TT, Maevsky EI, Uchitel ML. Maintenance of homeostasis in the aging hypothalamus: the central and peripheral roles of succinate. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:7. [PMID: 25699017 PMCID: PMC4313775 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the phenotype resulting from accumulation of genetic, cellular, and molecular damages. Many factors have been identified as either the cause or consequence of age-related decline in functions and repair mechanisms. The hypothalamus is the source and a target of many of these factors and hormones responsible for the overall homeostasis in the body. With advanced age, the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to various feedback signals begins to decline. In recent years, several aging-related genes have been identified and their signaling pathways elucidated. These gene products include mTOR, IKK-β/NF-κB complex, and HIF-1α, an important cellular survival signal. All of these activators/modulators of the aging process have also been identified in the hypothalamus and shown to play crucial roles in nutrient sensing, metabolic regulation, energy balance, reproductive function, and stress adaptation. This illustrates the central role of the hypothalamus in aging. Inside the mitochondria, succinate is one of the most prominent intermediates of the Krebs cycle. Succinate oxidation in mitochondria provides the most powerful energy output per unit time. Extra-mitochondrial succinate triggers a host of succinate receptor (SUCN1 or GPR91)-mediated signaling pathways in many peripheral tissues including the hypothalamus. One of the actions of succinate is to stabilize the hypoxia and cellular stress conditions by inducing the transcriptional regulator HIF-1α. Through these actions, it is hypothesized that succinate has the potential to restore the gradual but significant loss in functions associated with cellular senescence and systemic aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T. Chen
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Thomas T. Chen, Department of Life Sciences, Santa Monica College, 1900 Pico Boulevard, Santa Monica, CA 90405, USA e-mail:
| | - Eugene I. Maevsky
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail L. Uchitel
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Ong SB, Samangouei P, Kalkhoran SB, Hausenloy DJ. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 78:23-34. [PMID: 25446182 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. For patients presenting with an acute myocardial infarction, the most effective treatment for limiting myocardial infarct (MI) size is timely reperfusion. However, in addition to the injury incurred during acute myocardial ischemia, the process of reperfusion can itself induce myocardial injury and cardiomyocyte death, termed 'myocardial reperfusion injury', the combination of which can be referred to as acute ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Crucially, there is currently no effective therapy for preventing this form of injury, and novel cardioprotective therapies are therefore required to protect the heart against acute IRI in order to limit MI size and preserve cardiac function. The opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) in the first few minutes of reperfusion is known to be a critical determinant of IRI, contributing up to 50% of the final MI size. Importantly, preventing its opening at this time using MPTP inhibitors, such as cyclosporin-A, has been reported in experimental and clinical studies to reduce MI size and preserve cardiac function. However, more specific and novel MPTP inhibitors are required to translate MPTP inhibition as a cardioprotective strategy into clinical practice. In this article, we review the role of the MPTP as a mediator of acute myocardial IRI and as a therapeutic target for cardioprotection. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Mitochondria: From Basic Mitochondrial Biology to Cardiovascular Disease".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bing Ong
- Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital & Medical School, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Parisa Samangouei
- Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital & Medical School, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Siavash Beikoghli Kalkhoran
- Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital & Medical School, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital & Medical School, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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