1851
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Spread of bla(CTX-M-14) is driven mainly by IncK plasmids disseminated among Escherichia coli phylogroups A, B1, and D in Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:5204-12. [PMID: 19786598 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01706-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first description in 2000, CTX-M-14 has become one of the most widespread extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Spain. In the present Escherichia coli multilevel population genetic study involving the characterization of phylogroups, clones, plasmids, and genetic platforms, 61 isolates from 16 hospitalized patients and 40 outpatients and healthy volunteers recovered from 2000 to 2005 were analyzed. Clonal relatedness (XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE] type, phylogenetic group, multilocus sequence type [MLST]) was established by standard methods. Analysis of transferred plasmids (I-CeuI; S1 nuclease; restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis; and analysis of RNA interference, replicase, and relaxase) was performed by PCR, sequencing, and hybridization. The genetic environment of bla(CTX-M-14) was characterized by PCR on the basis of known associated structures (ISEcp1, IS903, ISCR1). The isolates were mainly recovered from patients in the community (73.8%; 45/61) with urinary tract infections (62.2%; 28/45). They were clonally unrelated by PFGE and corresponded to phylogenetic groups A (36.1%), D (34.4%), and B1 (29.5%). MLST revealed a high degree of sequence type (ST) diversity among phylogroup D isolates and the overrepresentation of the ST10 complex among phylogroup A isolates and ST359/ST155 among phylogroup B1 isolates. Two variants of bla(CTX-M-14) previously designated bla(CTX-M-14a) (n = 59/61) and bla(CTX-M-14b) (n = 2/61) were detected. bla(CTX-M-14a) was associated with either ISEcp1 within IncK plasmids (n = 27), ISCR1 linked to an IncHI2 plasmid (n = 1), or ISCR1 linked to IncI-like plasmids (n = 3). The bla(CTX-M-14b) identified was associated with an ISCR1 element located in an IncHI2 plasmid (n = 1) or with ISEcp1 located in IncK (n = 1). The CTX-M-14-producing E. coli isolates in our geographic area are frequent causes of community-acquired urinary tract infections. The increase in the incidence of such isolates is mostly due to the dissemination of IncK plasmids among E. coli isolates of phylogroups A, B1, and D.
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1852
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Baudry PJ, Mataseje L, Zhanel GG, Hoban DJ, Mulvey MR. Characterization of plasmids encoding CMY-2 AmpC beta-lactamases from Escherichia coli in Canadian intensive care units. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 65:379-83. [PMID: 19775846 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The dissemination of CMY-2 AmpC beta-lactamases among Escherichia coli in Canadian intensive care units occurs through a combination of clonal spread of virulent strains and the horizontal transfer of genetically similar IncI1, IncA/C, and IncK/B plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Baudry
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3A 1R9.
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1853
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Poole T, Crippen T. Conjugative plasmid transfer between Salmonella enterica Newport and Escherichia coli within the gastrointestinal tract of the lesser mealworm beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Poult Sci 2009; 88:1553-8. [PMID: 19590068 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if conjugative transfer of antimicrobial resistance plasmids could occur between donor and recipient bacteria within the gastrointestinal tract of lesser meal-worm beetles, a common pest in poultry production facilities. In 3 replicate studies (n = 40 overall), beetles were allowed to feed for 2 h on brain heart infusion agar inoculated with a multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Newport strain (SN11 that carried plasmid replicons A/C and N) at 1.0 x 10(8) cfu/mL. Beetles were surface-disinfected and allowed to feed for 16 h on brain heart infusion agar inoculated with nalidixic acid- and rifampicin-resistant Escherichia coli JM109 at 9.0 x 10(6) cfu/mL. After bacterial exposure, beetles were surface-disinfected, homogenized, and selectively plated for transconjugants. Serial dilutions were done for conjugation frequencies. In vitro filter conjugations were performed simultaneously with beetle conjugations. Transconjugants were produced in all beetles exposed to both donor and recipient bacteria. Ninety-five percent of the beetle and 100% of the in vitro filter transconjugants were positive for the N plasmid replicon. The A/C replicon, which was also detected in the SN11 donor strain, did not transfer in any of the conjugation studies. None of the transconjugants displayed resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. The geometric mean conjugation frequency in the beetle gut was 1.07 x 10(-1). The average conjugation frequencies for the beetle gut were 2 logs higher than those for the filter conjugations 4.1 x 10(-3). This study demonstrates that horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance plasmids can occur between Salmonella and E. coli within the gut of beetles and that beetles may be used as an in vivo model to study resistance gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Poole
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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1854
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Jiang X, Espedido BA, Partridge SR, Thomas LC, Wang F, Iredell JR. Paradoxical effect of Klebsiella pneumoniae OmpK36 porin deficiency. Pathology 2009; 41:388-92. [PMID: 19404854 DOI: 10.1080/00313020902908854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of defined mutations in the major OmpK35 and OmpK36 porins in Klebsiella pneumoniae on the activity of two common plasmid-mediated AmpC enzymes. METHODS Naturally occurring conjugative plasmids containing bla(DHA-1) and bla(CMY-2) were obtained from K. pneumoniae isolates in western Sydney. These were moved into K. pneumoniae ATCC13883 and isogenic porin knockouts Kp885 (DeltaompK35) and Kp886 (DeltaompK36), created by homologous recombination of kanamycin resistance cartridges into the specified genes, and their antimicrobial susceptibilities compared. RESULTS beta-lactam resistance was greater in the presence of CMY-2-containing plasmids than DHA-1-containing plasmids, and higher in K. pneumoniae than Escherichia coli. Neither cefepime nor imipenem resistance was observed, and DHA-mediated cefotaxime and ticarcillin/clavulanate resistance was unexpectedly reduced from 8-24 (CTX) and >256 (TIM) mg/L in Kp13883 to 1-2 (CTX) and 32-48 mg/L (TIM) in the isogenic DeltaompK36 porin knockout Kp886. CONCLUSIONS AmpC plasmids in particular are an important cause of transmissible resistance to ticarcillin/clavulanate in K. pneumoniae, but probably not in E. coli. Single knockouts of OmpK35 and OmpK36 porins in K. pneumoniae do not significantly increase antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae, and a paradoxical lowering of resistance to CTX and TIM is seen with deletion of ompK36. This has potentially important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhong Jiang
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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1855
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March A, Aschbacher R, Dhanji H, Livermore DM, Böttcher A, Sleghel F, Maggi S, Noale M, Larcher C, Woodford N. Colonization of residents and staff of a long-term-care facility and adjacent acute-care hospital geriatric unit by multiresistant bacteria. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 16:934-44. [PMID: 19686277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Long-term-care facilities (LTCFs) are reservoirs of resistant bacteria. We undertook a point-prevalence survey and risk factor analysis for specific resistance types among residents and staff of a Bolzano LTCF and among geriatric unit patients in the associated acute-care hospital. Urine samples and rectal, inguinal, oropharyngeal and nasal swabs were plated on chromogenic agar; isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; resistance genes and links to insertion sequences were sought by PCR; plasmids were analysed by PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism and incompatibility grouping. Demographic data were collected. Of the LTCF residents, 74.8% were colonized with ≥1 resistant organism, 64% with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, 38.7% with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 6.3% with metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) producers, and 2.7% with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Corresponding rates for LTCF staff were 27.5%, 14.5%, 14.5%, 1.5% and 0%, respectively. Colonization frequencies for geriatric unit patients were lower than for those in the LTCF. Both clonal spread and plasmid transfer were implicated in the dissemination of MBL producers that harboured IncN plasmids bearing bla(VIM-1), qnrS, and bla(SHV-12). Most (44/45) ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolates had bla(CTX-M) genes of group 1; a few had bla(CTX-M) genes of group 9 or bla(SHV-5); those with bla(CTX-M-15) or bla(SHV-5) were clonal. Risk factors for colonization of LTCF residents with resistant bacteria included age ≥86 years, antibiotic treatment in the previous 3 months, indwelling devices, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, physical disability, and the particular LTCF unit; those for geriatric unit patients were age and dementia. In conclusion, ESBL-producing and MBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and MRSA were prevalent among the LTCF residents and staff, but less so in the hospital geriatric unit. Education of LTCF employees and better infection control are proposed to minimize the spread of resistant bacteria in the facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A March
- Reparto di Geriatria, Comprensorio Sanitario di Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
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1856
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Mataseje LF, Xiao J, Kost S, Ng LK, Dore K, Mulvey MR. Characterization of Canadian cefoxitin-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates, 2005-06. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:723-30. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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1857
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Huehn S, Helmuth R, Bunge C, Guerra B, Junker E, Davies RH, Wattiau P, van Pelt W, Malorny B. Characterization of pathogenic and resistant genome repertoire reveals two clonal lines in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B (+)-tartrate positive. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:431-43. [PMID: 19292689 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 36 contemporary human, animal, and environmental (+)-tartrate-fermenting (dT+) Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B isolates, formerly called Salmonella serovar Java, and five related monophasic S. enterica serovar 4,5,12:b:- isolates from Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom were investigated for clonality and antimicrobial resistance profiles, as well as their virulence and resistance gene repertoire. Two major clonal lines, which could be phenotypically differentiated by the expression of the O:5 antigen, were identified. All O:5 antigen negative strains were multidrug resistant and originated (with two exceptions) from Belgian, Dutch, or German poultry. Strains exhibiting the O:5 antigen encoded by the oafA gene revealed a more heterogeneous group including multidrug-resistant and susceptible strains. Compared to O:5 antigen negative isolates, Salmonella Paratyphi B dT+ O:5 positive strains possessed additional virulence determinants. The Salmonella genomic island 1 was only found in O:5 positive strains. Five monophasic Salmonella 4,5,12:b:- lacking the phase-2 flagellar antigen were assigned to Salmonella Paratyphi B dT+ isolates of the O:5 positive group. The conclusion of the analysis is that Salmonella Paratyphi B dT+ O:5 negative and O:5 positive isolates evolved from a different lineage. Salmonella Paratyphi B dT+ O:5 positive strains possess additional fimbrial and virulence genes that probably enable this clone to interact with a broader range of hosts and the environment. Salmonella Paratyphi B dT+ O:5 negative continuously persists in poultry across Western Europe, especially Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Huehn
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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1858
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Song JS, Jang SJ, Lee JJ, Lee JH, Bae IK, Jeong BC, Cha SS, Lee JH, Hong SK, Lee SH. Association of the bla(CMY-10) gene with a novel complex class 1 integron carrying an ISCR1 element in clinical isolates from Korea. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 16:1013-7. [PMID: 19681956 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The bla(CMY-10) gene responsible for β-lactam resistance was located on a new complex class 1 integron within a conjugative plasmid. The sul1-type class 1 integron, containing an aadA2a gene cassette, was identified upstream of bla(CMY-10). A unique gene array (yqgF-yqgE-gshB-orf97--orf105) was identified downstream of bla(CMY-10.).
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Drug Resistance Proteomics Laboratory, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido, Korea
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1859
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Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 with KPC-2 in Poland. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4565-7. [PMID: 19620323 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00436-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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1860
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Genetic context of plasmid-carried blaCMY-2-like genes in Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4002-6. [PMID: 19596889 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00753-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of 15 European clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates showed that differences in the genetic context of blaCMY-2-like genes reflected the replicon type, usually IncA/C or IncI1. These blaCMY-2 loci may originate from the same ISEcp1-mediated mobilization from the Citrobacter freundii chromosome as structures described in earlier studies.
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1861
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1862
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Naseer U, Haldorsen B, Simonsen GS, Sundsfjord A. Sporadic occurrence of CMY-2-producing multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli of ST-complexes 38 and 448, and ST131 in Norway. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 16:171-8. [PMID: 19548922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli with reduced susceptibility to oxyimino-cephalosporins and not susceptible to clavulanic acid synergy (n = 402), collected from Norwegian diagnostic laboratories in 2003-2007, were examined for the presence of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases (PABLs). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam antibiotics using Etest and Vitek2, respectively. The AmpC phenotype was confirmed using the boronic acid test. PABL-producing isolates were detected using ampC multiplex-PCR and examined by bla(AmpC) sequencing, characterization of the bla(AmpC) genetic environment, phylogenetic grouping, XbaI- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multi-locus sequence typed (MLST), plasmid profiling and PCR-based replicon typing. For the PABL-positive isolates (n = 38), carrying bla(CMY-2) (n = 35), bla(CMY-7) (n = 1) and bla(DHA-1) (n = 2), from out- (n = 23) and in-patients (n = 15), moderate-high MICs of beta-lactams, except cefepime and carbapenems, were determined. All isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Multidrug resistance was detected in 58% of the isolates. The genes bla(CMY-2) and bla(CMY-7) were linked to ISEcp1 upstream in 32 cases and in one case, respectively, and bla(DHA-1) was linked to qacEDelta1sul1 upstream and downstream in one case. Twenty isolates were of phylogenetic groups B2 or D. Thirty-three XbaI-PFGE types, including three clusters, were observed. Twenty-five sequence types (ST) were identified, of which ST complexes (STC) 38 (n = 7), STC 448 (n = 5) and ST131 (n = 4) were dominant. Plasmid profiling revealed 1-4 plasmids (50-250 kb) per isolate and 11 different replicons in 37/38 isolates; bla(CMY-2) was carried on transferable multiple-replicon plasmids, predominantly of Inc groups I1 (n = 12), FII (n = 10) and A/C (n = 7). Chromosomal integration was observed for bla(CMY-2) in ten strains. CMY-2 is the dominant PABL type in Norway and is associated with ISEcp1 and transferable, multiple-replicon IncI1, IncA/C, or IncFII plasmids in nationwide strains of STC 448, STC 38 and ST131.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Naseer
- Reference Centre for Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance (K-res), Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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1863
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Oteo J, Cuevas O, López-Rodríguez I, Banderas-Florido A, Vindel A, Pérez-Vázquez M, Bautista V, Arroyo M, García-Caballero J, Marín-Casanova P, González-Sanz R, Fuentes-Gómez V, Oña-Compán S, García-Cobos S, Campos J. Emergence of CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae of multilocus sequence types 1, 11, 14, 17, 20, 35 and 36 as pathogens and colonizers in newborns and adults. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:524-8. [PMID: 19525516 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the population structure and resistance mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates that are highly resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, collected from five Spanish hospitals. METHODS A total of 162 K. pneumoniae isolates from five hospitals located in three geographical areas of Spain were characterized. The number of isolates from each hospital ranged from 3 to 82. The genetic relationship between isolates was established by PFGE and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). bla(ESBL) types and other antibiotic resistance genes were analysed by PCR and sequencing. Plasmids were classified according to their incompatibility group by a PCR-based replicon-typing scheme. RESULTS All 162 isolates carried the bla(CTX-15) gene. Fifty-eight isolates (35.8%) caused clinical infections and 104 (64.2%) were colonizers. Sixty-nine (42.6%) isolates were collected from newborns and 93 (57.4%) from adults. Using PGFE, the 162 isolates were grouped into seven clusters that were further identified as members of the MLST types 1, 11, 14, 17, 20, 35 and 36. Two hospitals each had two different clones and the remaining three hospitals had a single CTX-M-15-producing K. pneumoniae clone. All clones carried different antibiotic resistance genes, including bla(OXA-1), aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB. In four of the seven (57.1%) clones the bla(CTX-M-15) gene was transferred by conjugation; in all cases plasmids of the incompatibility group IncF were identified by PCR. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that multiresistant K. pneumoniae producing CTX-M-15 of MLST types 1, 11, 14, 17, 20, 35 and 36 are spreading as pathogens and colonizers among newborns and adult patients in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Oteo
- Servicio de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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1864
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Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) plasmids belonging to the IncA/C plasmid family are widely distributed among Salmonella and other enterobacterial isolates from agricultural sources and have, at least once, also been identified in a drug-resistant Yersinia pestis isolate (IP275) from Madagascar. Here, we present the complete plasmid sequences of the IncA/C reference plasmid pRA1 (143,963 bp), isolated in 1971 from the fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila, and of the cryptic IncA/C plasmid pRAx (49,763 bp), isolated from Escherichia coli transconjugant D7-3, which was obtained through pRA1 transfer in 1980. Using comparative sequence analysis of pRA1 and pRAx with recent members of the IncA/C plasmid family, we show that both plasmids provide novel insights into the evolution of the IncA/C MDR plasmid family and the minimal machinery necessary for stable IncA/C plasmid maintenance. Our results indicate that recent members of the IncA/C plasmid family evolved from a common ancestor, similar in composition to pRA1, through stepwise integration of horizontally acquired resistance gene arrays into a conserved plasmid backbone. Phylogenetic comparisons predict type IV secretion-like conjugative transfer operons encoded on the shared plasmid backbones to be closely related to a group of integrating conjugative elements, which use conjugative transfer for horizontal propagation but stably integrate into the host chromosome during vegetative growth. A hipAB toxin-antitoxin gene cluster found on pRA1, which in Escherichia coli is involved in the formation of persister cell subpopulations, suggests persistence as an early broad-spectrum antimicrobial resistance mechanism in the evolution of IncA/C resistance plasmids.
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1865
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Rodríguez I, Barownick W, Helmuth R, Mendoza MC, Rodicio MR, Schroeter A, Guerra B. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases and AmpC β-lactamases in ceftiofur-resistant Salmonella enterica isolates from food and livestock obtained in Germany during 2003–07. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:301-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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1866
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Garcillán-Barcia MP, Francia MV, de la Cruz F. The diversity of conjugative relaxases and its application in plasmid classification. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009; 33:657-87. [PMID: 19396961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial conjugation is an efficient and sophisticated mechanism of DNA transfer among bacteria. While mobilizable plasmids only encode a minimal MOB machinery that allows them to be transported by other plasmids, conjugative plasmids encode a complete set of transfer genes (MOB1T4SS). The only essential ingredient of the MOB machinery is the relaxase, the protein that initiates and terminates conjugative DNA processing. In this review we compared the sequences and properties of the relaxase proteins contained in gene sequence databases. Proteins were arranged in families and phylogenetic trees constructed from the family alignments. This allowed the classification of conjugative transfer systems in six MOB families:MOB(F), MOB(H), MOB(Q), MOB(C), MOB(P) and MOB(V). The main characteristics of each family were reviewed. The phylogenetic relationships of the coupling proteins were also analysed and resulted in phylogenies congruent to those of the cognate relaxases. We propose that the sequences of plasmid relaxases can be used for plasmid classification. We hope our effort will provide researchers with a useful tool for further mining and analysing the plasmid universe both experimentally and in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pilar Garcillán-Barcia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-IDICAN, Santander, Spain
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1867
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Bergenholtz RD, Jorgensen MS, Hansen LH, Jensen LB, Hasman H. Characterization of genetic determinants of extended-spectrum cephalosporinases (ESCs) in Escherichia coli isolates from Danish and imported poultry meat. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:207-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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1868
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First report of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant qnrS1 in an Escherichia coli strain of animal origin in Italy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:3112-4. [PMID: 19451298 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00239-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A qnrS1-positive strain of Escherichia coli was detected among 73 poultry isolates showing ciprofloxacin MICs of > or =0.125 microg/ml. The qnrS1 gene was associated with a Tn3-like transposon, as previously described to occur in a Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis strain of animal origin, but the plasmid scaffold carrying this element resembled that of a plasmid previously identified in Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin. These elements suggest genetic exchanges among Salmonella and E. coli and a potential animal reservoir for the qnr genes.
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1869
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NASEER UMAER, HALDORSEN BJØRG, TOFTELAND STÅLE, HEGSTAD KRISTIN, SCHEUTZ FLEMMING, SIMONSEN GUNNARSKOV, SUNDSFJORD ARNFINN. Molecular characterization of CTX-M-15-producing clinical isolates of Escherichia coli reveals the spread of multidrug-resistant ST131 (O25:H4) and ST964 (O102:H6) strains in Norway. APMIS 2009; 117:526-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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1870
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Immediate appearance of plasmid-mediated resistance to multiple antibiotics upon antibiotic selection: an argument for systematic resistance epidemiology. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:2325-7. [PMID: 19420178 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02141-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a conjugative plasmid appearing in a bacteremic clone of Escherichia coli immediately upon exposure to the antibiotics for which it encoded resistance. Effective antibiotic choice was made possible by prior screening for this plasmid. Surveillance for transmissible resistance plasmids may be clinically important.
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1871
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Horizontal gene transfer of virulence determinants in selected bacterial foodborne pathogens. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:969-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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1872
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Characterization of cefoxitin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from recreational beaches and private drinking water in Canada between 2004 and 2006. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:3126-30. [PMID: 19398647 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01353-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 142 cefoxitin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from water sources were collected across Canada. Multidrug resistance was observed in 65/142 (45.8%) isolates. The bla(CMY-2) gene was identified in 110/142 (77.5%) isolates. Sequencing of the chromosomal ampC promoter region showed mutations from the wild type, previously shown to hyperproduce AmpC. CMY-2-producing plasmids predominantly belonged to replicon groups I1-Igamma, A/C, and K/B. The majority of the E. coli isolates belonged to the nonvirulent phylogenetic groups A and B1.
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1873
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Deschamps C, Clermont O, Hipeaux MC, Arlet G, Denamur E, Branger C. Multiple acquisitions of CTX-M plasmids in the rare D2 genotype of Escherichia coli provide evidence for convergent evolution. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:1656-1668. [PMID: 19359321 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.023234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, CTX-M enzymes have become the most prevalent extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) worldwide, mostly in Escherichia coli, causing a major health problem. An epidemiological relationship has been established between a rare genotype of E. coli, the D(2) genotype, and the presence of CTX-M genes. We investigated this striking association by exploring the genetic backgrounds of 18 D(2) genotype CTX-M-producing strains and of the plasmids encoding CTX-M enzymes. The 18 strains had different genetic backgrounds, as assessed by multilocus sequence and O typing, and were associated with various plasmids bearing diverse CTX-M genes. The region encompassing the genetic marker of the D(2) genotype (TSPE4.C2) was not correlated with the presence of CTX-M genes. CTX-M-producing D(2) strains had far fewer virulence factors than a control group of 8 non-ESBL-producing D(2) strains, and an inverse relationship was found between the number of co-resistances associated with the CTX-M gene and the number of virulence factors found in the strain. These findings provide evidence for multiple acquisitions of plasmids carrying CTX-M genes in different D(2) genotype strains. They strongly suggest that convergent evolution has occurred, and indicate that there has been selection for the association of a specific genetic background of the strain and the CTX-M gene. This fine-tuning of the relationship between the D(2) genotype and CTX-M genes presumably increases the fitness of the strain, indicating a role for the host cell in the acquisition and dissemination of CTX-M genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Deschamps
- AP-HP, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Service de Microbiologie-Hygiène, Colombes, France.,INSERM U722 and Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Clermont
- INSERM U722 and Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Marie Claire Hipeaux
- AP-HP, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Service de Microbiologie-Hygiène, Colombes, France
| | - Guillaume Arlet
- AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Paris, France.,EA 2392, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Faculté de Médecine, Site Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Paris, France
| | - Erick Denamur
- INSERM U722 and Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Branger
- AP-HP, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Service de Microbiologie-Hygiène, Colombes, France.,INSERM U722 and Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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1874
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Integron mobilization unit as a source of mobility of antibiotic resistance genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2492-8. [PMID: 19332679 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00033-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes are spread mostly through plasmids, integrons (as a form of gene cassettes), and transposons in gram-negative bacteria. We describe here a novel genetic structure, named the integron mobilization unit (IMU), that has characteristics similar to those of miniature inverted transposable elements (MITEs). Two IMUs (288 bp each) were identified from a carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae isolate that formed a composite structure encompassing a defective class 1 integron containing the carbapenem resistance gene bla(GES-5). This beta-lactamase gene was located on a 7-kb IncQ-type plasmid named pCHE-A, which was sequenced completely. The plasmid pCHE-A was not self conjugative but was mobilizable, and it was successfully transferred from E. cloacae to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The in silico analysis of the extremities of the IMU elements identified similarities with those of insertion sequence ISSod9 from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. The mobilization of the IMU composite structure was accomplished by using the transposase activity of ISSod9 that was provided in trans. This is the first identification of MITE-type structures as a source of gene mobilization, implicating here a clinically relevant antibiotic resistance gene.
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1875
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Abstract
New concepts have emerged in the past few years that help us to better understand the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These include, among others, the discovery of the mutator state and the concept of mutant selection window for resistances emerging primarily through mutations in existing genes. Our understanding of horizontal gene transfer has also evolved significantly in the past few years, and important new mechanisms of AMR transfer have been discovered, including, among others, integrative conjugative elements and ISCR (insertion sequences with common regions) elements. Simultaneously, large-scale studies have helped us to start comprehending the immense and yet untapped reservoir of both AMR genes and mobile genetic elements present in the environment. Finally, new PCR- and DNA sequencing-based techniques are being developed that will allow us to better understand the epidemiology of classical vectors of AMR genes, such as plasmids, and to monitor them in a more global and systematic way.
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1876
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Unusual class 1 integron-associated gene cassette configuration found in IncA/C plasmids from Salmonella enterica. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2640-2. [PMID: 19307357 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00233-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IncA/C plasmids carrying an unusual cassette configuration in a class 1 integron and five further shared resistance genes, aacC4, aphA1, hph, sul2, and tetA(D) were found in Salmonella enterica serovars Senftenberg and Ohio. A deletion formed using a short region of homology in the 5' conserved segment and the orfF cassette created an array with only part of orfF followed by the aadA2 cassette. The IncA/C plasmids were not recoverable by conjugation, but additional conjugative resistance plasmids were present in some strains.
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1877
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1878
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Smet A, Martel A, Persoons D, Dewulf J, Heyndrickx M, Cloeckaert A, Praud K, Claeys G, Catry B, Herman L, Haesebrouck F, Butaye P. Comparative analysis of extended-spectrum-{beta}-lactamase-carrying plasmids from different members of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from poultry, pigs and humans: evidence for a shared {beta}-lactam resistance gene pool? J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63:1286-8. [PMID: 19297376 PMCID: PMC2680344 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Smet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, CODA-CERVA-VAR, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. Tel: +32-9264-7435; Fax: +32-9264-7494; E-mail:
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Davy Persoons
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Food Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Food Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Axel Cloeckaert
- INRA, UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, IASP, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Karine Praud
- INRA, UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, IASP, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Geert Claeys
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medecin, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Boudewijn Catry
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lieve Herman
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Food Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, CODA-CERVA-VAR, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
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1879
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Pu XY, Pan JC, Wang HQ, Zhang W, Huang ZC, Gu YM. Characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella flexneri in Hangzhou area of China. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63:917-20. [PMID: 19297378 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to characterize fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella and determine whether the qnr and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes could contribute to sporadic shigellosis at the clinic in the Hangzhou area of China. METHODS A total of 202 strains of Shigella (79 Shigella sonnei and 123 Shigella flexneri ) isolated from sporadic cases of shigellosis from 1998 to 2007 were analysed for their antimicrobial susceptibility. The gyrA, gyrB, parC, parE, qnr and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes and the profiles and incompatibility of plasmids were characterized. Chromosomal DNA fingerprinting was determined by XbaI-based digestion and PFGE. RESULTS All strains of S. sonnei were susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) while 15 out of 123 strains of S. flexneri were resistant. All of the 15 resistant strains displayed common mutations in the gyrA and parC genes and formed eight distinct groups with unique molecular characteristics. Notably, 10 isolates showed mutations at codon 87 of gyrA, and the other 5 were qnrS-positive. Two strains were positive for the aac(6')-Ib-cr gene. Importantly, this is the first report of qnrS- and aac(6')-Ib-cr-positive Shigella in China, the qnrS-positive S. flexneri serotypes 1a, 2a and 4c and the aac(6')-Ib-cr-positive S. flexneri serotypes 2a and 4c worldwide. CONCLUSIONS The common mutations at position 83 of gyrA and position 80 of parC were crucial for resistance to nalidixic acid in S. flexneri. The mutation at position 87 of gyrA or the presence of the qnrS gene is necessary for high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones in Shigella isolates from China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Pu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China.
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1880
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Chromosomal integration of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene blaCTX-M-15 in Salmonella enterica serotype Concord isolates from internationally adopted children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:1808-16. [PMID: 19273688 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00451-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the emergence of Salmonella enterica isolates of serotype Concord (and its monophasic variant 6,7:l,v:-) producing the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) SHV-12 and CTX-M-15 in France and Norway between 2001 and 2006 (43 in France and 26 in Norway). The majority of these isolates were from adopted children from Ethiopia, most of whom were healthy carriers. Several symptomatic secondary cases were found in the adoptive families and health care facilities in France. Serotype Concord isolates collected before 2003 produced SHV-12 encoded on a 340-kb conjugative plasmid of replicon IncI1. Isolates collected after 2003 produced CTX-M-15. We detected two conjugative plasmids carrying bla(CTX-M-15). One plasmid, approximately 300 kb in size, was positive for the IncHI2 replicon and the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene qnrA1. The other plasmid, from one of the earliest CTX-M-15-producing isolates collected, was a fusion plasmid with IncY and IncA/C(2) replicons and was 200 kb in size. However, we showed, using Southern hybridization of I-CeuI-digested chromosomal DNA and S1 nuclease analysis of plasmid DNA, that most isolates had a bla(CTX-M-15) gene located on chromosomal DNA. Analysis of the flanking regions of the chromosomally located bla(CTX-M-15) gene by cloning revealed an ISEcp1 truncated by an intact IS26 upstream from the bla(CTX-M-15) gene and a truncated orf477 gene downstream from bla(CTX-M-15). We found regions beyond the IS26 and the orf477 genes that were derived from IncA/C(2) plasmids, suggesting the chromosomal integration of part of the bla(CTX-M-15)-carrying IncY and IncA/C(2) fusion plasmid from early CTX-M-15-producing isolates.
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1881
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Kim SY, Park YJ, Yu JK, Kim YS, Han K. Prevalence and characteristics of aac(6')-Ib-cr in AmpC-producing Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, and Serratia marcescens: a multicenter study from Korea. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 63:314-8. [PMID: 19216942 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 11/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence of aac(6')-Ib-cr and its association with other resistance genes in AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae without any selection criteria. A total of 479 clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae (179), Citrobacter freundii (134), and Serratia marcescens (166) from 12 laboratories between March and July 2005 were examined. We performed polymerase chain reaction for aac(6')-Ib, bla(OXA-1), ISEcp1, and class 1 integron. The aac(6')-Ib-cr was further identified by digestion with BstF5I and sequencing. The aac(6')-Ib was detected in 110 (23%) of 479 isolates, and 15 isolates (3.1%) were cr variants (8 E. cloacae, 5 C. freundii, and 2 S. marcescens). The aac(6')-Ib-cr was significantly associated with various resistance genes (bla(OXA-1), qnrS, qnrA, bla(CTX-M-3), and bla(CTX-M-14)), mobile elements (ISEcp1, ISCR1, and class 1 integron), and quinolone resistance. Eleven of 15 aac(6')-Ib-cr producers coharbored qnr genes. Although aac(6')-Ib-cr was uncommon in Korean AmpC producers, its association with various resistance genes and mobile elements would facilitate the dissemination of this variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Young Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent's Hospital, Paldal-gu, Suwon, South Korea
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1882
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Bean DC, Livermore DM, Hall LMC. Plasmids imparting sulfonamide resistance in Escherichia coli: implications for persistence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:1088-93. [PMID: 19075061 PMCID: PMC2650533 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00800-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonamide resistance remains prevalent among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli in the United Kingdom, despite a dramatic (>97%) national decline in the rate of prescription of sulfonamides in the 1990s. To investigate potential mechanisms accounting for this persistence, we characterized plasmids carrying sul2, the most prevalent determinant of sulfonamide resistance. Among 33 conjugative and 5 nonconjugative plasmids carrying sul2, resistance to other antimicrobial agents was common, but the spectrum of resistance profiles was diverse: 82%, 74%, and 45% carried resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and trimethoprim, respectively. Resistance to mercury was carried by 33% of the plasmids, but none conferred significant resistance to silver or to any of three disinfectants tested. The potential virulence genes iutA (aerobactin system) and traT (serum survival) were carried by 21% and 36% of the plasmids, respectively. The 33 conjugative plasmids belonged to five different incompatibility groups, FIB, B/O, I1, K/B, and P (42%, 33%, 9%, 3% and 3%, respectively), with 3 plasmids being unassigned, and to 19 similarity groups on the basis of their restriction profiles. The sequences flanking sul2 were diverse and suggested more than one mechanism of genetic mobility. The five nonconjugative plasmids were all related to p9123 (pBP1), which was previously found to confer a fitness advantage on its host. We propose that the persistence of sul2, despite the reduced rate of prescription of sulfonamides, is due to a combination of coselection by antibiotics still in common use, a lack of a selective disadvantage in sul2 carriage, and the genetic mobility of sul2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bean
- Centre for Infectious Disease, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London,London, United Kingdom
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1883
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Characterization of conjugative plasmids carrying antibiotic resistance genes encoding 16S rRNA methylase, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, and/or plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase. J Microbiol 2009; 47:68-75. [PMID: 19229493 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identified extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase which were associated with 16S rRNA methylase gene on the conjugative plasmid. Among 82 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae that carry 16S rRNA methylase gene (64 strains, armA, and 18 strains, rmtB), bla(SHV-12) was detected either alone or combined with bla(DHA-1), bla(CTX-M-3), and bla(CTX-M-14) in 30 strains carrying armA and 6 strains carrying rmtB. The bla(CTX-M-3) was detected in 13 of 64 strains carrying armA but no strains carrying rmtB. Whereas bla(CTX-M-14) was detected in 15 of 18 strains carrying rmtB but only 2 of 64 strains carrying armA. Overall, bla(SHV-12) and bla(CTX-M-14) was the most common ESBL gene which was associated with armA and rmtB, respectively. In addition, we found that bla(CTX-M-3) localized with armA on the same IncL/M plasmid and bla(CTX-M-14) localized with rmtB on the same IncA/C plasmid. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of conjugative plasmids and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNAs revealed that intercellular horizontal transfer of conjugative plasmid and clonal transmission have been occurred at the same time.
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1884
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van Essen-Zandbergen A, Smith H, Veldman K, Mevius D. In vivo transfer of an incFIB plasmid harbouring a class 1 integron with gene cassettes dfrA1-aadA1. Vet Microbiol 2009; 137:402-7. [PMID: 19264430 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transfer of resistance genes from bacteria from food producing animals to human pathogens is a potential risk to human health. The aim of this study was to determine in vivo transfer of a plasmid harbouring a class 1 integron containing gene cassettes dfrA1-aadA1 from Salmonella to Escherichia coli and the influence of the use of antimicrobials on this transfer. Thirty four-day-old SPF chickens colonized with E. coli K12 were divided into 3 groups of 10 animals each, and placed in separate isolators. Eleven days after inoculation with E. coli K12 the chickens were inoculated orally with 10(4)CFU of S. enterica spp. enterica serovar Typhimurium containing a plasmid harbouring a class 1 integron with gene cassettes dfrA1-aadA1. Two days after the administration of S. Typhimurium 1 group was treated orally with doxycycline, 1 group orally with trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and 1 group remained untreated (control group). E. coli K12, S. Typhimurium and the transconjugants were isolated from cloacal samples on selective MacConkey agar plates. Transfer of the plasmid was confirmed by plasmid characterization, PCR, PFGE and hybridization. Plasmid mediated transfer of a class 1 integron was observed almost immediately after inoculation with S. Typhimurium. Treatment of the chickens with antibiotics had neither a positive nor a negative effect on the transfer rates. In addition to the resistance genes located on the integron, resistance genes encoding for tetracycline and amoxicillin resistance transferred from the donor strain as well. The resistance genes and the integron were located on a 130 kb sized IncFIB plasmid. Our data demonstrate in vivo transfer of an IncFIB plasmid harbouring a class 1 integron containing gene cassettes dfrA1-aadA1 from Salmonella to E. coli, with or without selective pressure of antibiotics in chickens.
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1885
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Transmission of IncN plasmids carrying blaCTX-M-1 between commensal Escherichia coli in pigs and farm workers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:1709-11. [PMID: 19188380 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01014-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CTX-M-1-producing Escherichia coli were isolated from 56 pigs, three farm personnel, two manure samples, and two air samples from two Danish pig farms where an association between prophylactic ceftiofur use and the occurrence of cephalosporin resistance was previously demonstrated. Human, animal, and environmental strains displayed high genetic diversity but harbored indistinguishable or closely related IncN plasmids carrying bla(CTX-M-1), indicating that IncN plasmids mediating cephalosporin resistance were transmitted between pigs and farm workers across multiple E. coli lineages.
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1886
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blaCTX-M genes in escherichia coli strains from Croatian Hospitals are located in new (blaCTX-M-3a) and widely spread (blaCTX-M-3a and blaCTX-M-15) genetic structures. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:1630-5. [PMID: 19188377 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01431-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli isolates from three Croatian hospitals were analyzed. All bla(CTX-M-15) genes and one bla(CTX-M-3a) gene resided in widely spread ISEcp1 transposition modules, but other bla(CTX-M-3a) genes were in a new configuration with two IS26 copies, indicating a new event of gene mobilization from a Kluyvera ascorbata genome. The study confirmed the role of the E. coli ST131 clonal group with IncFII-type plasmids in the spread of bla(CTX-M-15) and of IncL/M pCTX-M3-type plasmids in the dissemination of bla(CTX-M-3a).
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1887
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Inc A/C plasmids are prevalent in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:1908-15. [PMID: 19181840 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02228-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial plasmids are fragments of extrachromosomal double-stranded DNA that can contain a variety of genes that are beneficial to the host organism, like those responsible for antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to characterize a collection of 437 Salmonella enterica isolates from different animal sources for their antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and plasmid replicon types and, in some cases, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in an effort to learn more about the distribution of multidrug resistance in relation to replicon types. A PCR-based replicon typing assay consisting of three multiplex PCRs was used to detect 18 of the 26 known plasmid types in the Enterobacteriaceae based on their incompatibility (Inc) replicon types. Linkage analysis was completed with antibiograms, replicon types, serovars, and Inc A/C. Inc A/C plasmids were prevalent in multidrug-resistant isolates with the notable exception of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Cluster analysis based on PFGE of a subset of 216 isolates showed 155 unique types, suggesting a variable population, but distinct clusters of isolates with Inc A/C plasmids were apparent. Significant linkage of serovar was also seen with Inc replicon types B/O, I1, Frep, and HI1. The present study showed that the combination of Salmonella, the Inc A/C plasmids, and multiple-drug-resistant genes is very old. Our results suggest that some strains, notably serovar Typhimurium and closely related types, may have once carried the plasmid but that the resistance genes were transferred to the chromosome with the subsequent loss of the plasmid.
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1888
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Escherichia coli encoding Shiga toxin 2f as an emerging human pathogen. Int J Med Microbiol 2009; 299:343-53. [PMID: 19157976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli harbouring the stx2f gene have been previously reported in pigeons. Here we demonstrate the presence of this allele in human diarrhoeagenic E. coli strains originally classified as atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC). Thirty-two stx2f-positive E. coli serotyped as O63:H6, O128:H2, O132:H34, O145:H34, and O178:H7 were found to belong to a large number of clonal groups due to their different MLST-, PFGE- and virulence patterns. The appearance of various stx2f-positive clonal lineages among E. coli reveals emerging clinical significance. Therefore, it seems to be prudent to include stx2f into the diagnostic scope employed for laboratory investigation of enteric infections.
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1889
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Kang HY, Tamang MD, Seol SY, Kim J. Dissemination of Plasmid-mediated qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA Genes Among 16S rRNA Methylase Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2009.39.3.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Kang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Migma Dorji Tamang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung Yong Seol
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jungmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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1890
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Abstract
To facilitate the study of plasmids and their roles in human and animal health, environmental processes, and microbial adaptation and evolution, plasmid classification has been an important focus of plasmid biologists over the years. Initial schemes were based on the ability of a plasmid to inhibit F fertility, but due to certain limitations, these methods were superseded by incompatibility or Inc typing. Inc typing classifies plasmids by their ability to stably coexist with other plasmids in the same bacterial strain, a trait that is dependent on their replication machinery. Coresident plasmids are incompatible when they share the same replication mechanisms. Since plasmid replicon type determines Inc group, the terms Inc and Rep type to describe plasmid types are used interchangeably. Initially, Inc typing relied on introduction of a plasmid into a strain carrying another plasmid and determining whether both plasmids were stably maintained in the progeny. However, physical Inc typing is time consuming and not easily used in large-scale applications. Some of these shortcomings were addressed through development of a classification scheme based on identification of basic replicons using DNA hybridization and of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method of replicon typing enabling plasmid typing on a large scale. Here, we elaborate on a recently described PCR-based typing method that streamlines the typing of plasmids occurring among the Enterobacteriaceae; we believe the method will prove applicable to the study of plasmids on a large scale.
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1891
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Poultry-associated Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,12:d:- reveals high clonality and a distinct pathogenicity gene repertoire. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:1011-20. [PMID: 19114530 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02187-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A European baseline survey during the years 2005 and 2006 has revealed that the monophasic Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,12:d:- was, with a prevalence of 23.6%, the most frequently isolated serovar in German broiler flocks. In Denmark and the United Kingdom, its serovar prevalences were 15.15% and 2.8%, respectively. Although poultry is a major source of human salmonellosis, serovar 4,12:d:- is rarely isolated in humans (approximately 0.09% per year). Molecular typing studies using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and DNA microarray analysis show that the serovar is highly clonal and lacks genes with known contributions to pathogenicity. In contrast to other poultry-associated serovars, all strains were susceptible to 17 antimicrobial agents tested and did not encode any resistance determinant. Furthermore, serovar 4,12:d:- lacked the genes involved in galactonate metabolism and in the glycolysis and glyconeogenesis important for energy production in the cells. The conclusion of the study is that serovar 4,12:d:- seems to be primarily adapted to broilers and therefore causes only rare infections in humans.
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1892
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Heuer H, Kopmann C, Binh CTT, Top EM, Smalla K. Spreading antibiotic resistance through spread manure: characteristics of a novel plasmid type with low %G+C content. Environ Microbiol 2008; 11:937-49. [PMID: 19055690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive amounts of antibiotics as well as resistant bacteria reach the soil through manure fertilization. We investigated plasmids that may stimulate the environmental spread and interspecies transfer of antibiotic resistance. After treatment of two soils with manure, either with or without the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfadiazine, a significant increase in copies of the sulfonamide resistance gene sul2 was detected by qPCR. All sul2 carrying plasmids, captured in Escherichia coli from soil, belonged to a novel class of self-transferable replicons. Manuring and sulfadiazine significantly increased the abundance of this replicon type in a chemically fertilized but not in an annually manured soil, as determined by qPCR targeting a transfer gene. Restriction patterns and antibiograms showed a considerable diversity within this novel plasmid group. Analysis of three complete plasmid sequences revealed a conserved 30 kbp backbone with only 36% G+C content, comprised of transfer and maintenance genes with moderate homology to plasmid pIPO2 and a replication module (rep and oriV) of other descent. The plasmids differed in composition of the 27.0-28.3 kbp accessory region, each of which carried ISCR2 and several resistance genes. Acinetobacter spp. was identified as a potential host of such LowGC-type plasmids in manure and soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Heuer
- Julius Kühn-Institute - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany.
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1893
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García-Fernández A, Fortini D, Veldman K, Mevius D, Carattoli A. Characterization of plasmids harbouring qnrS1, qnrB2 and qnrB19 genes in Salmonella. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 63:274-81. [PMID: 19001452 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify and characterize plasmids carrying qnrS1, qnrB2 and qnrB19 genes identified in Salmonella strains from The Netherlands. The identification of plasmids may help to follow the dissemination of these resistance genes in different countries and environments. METHODS Plasmids from 33 qnr-positive Salmonella strains were transferred to Escherichia coli and analysed by restriction, Southern blot hybridization, PCR and sequencing of resistance determinants. They were also assigned to incompatibility groups by PCR-based replicon typing, including three additional PCR assays for the IncU, IncR and ColE groups. The collection included isolates from humans and one from chicken meat. RESULTS Five IncN plasmids carrying qnrS1, qnrB2 and qnrB19 genes were identified in Salmonella enterica Bredeney, Typhimurium PT507, Kentucky and Saintpaul. qnrS1 genes were also located on three further plasmid types, belonging to the ColE (in Salmonella Corvallis and Anatum), IncR (in Salmonella Montevideo) and IncHI2 (in Salmonella Stanley) groups. CONCLUSIONS Multiple events of mobilization, transposition and replicon fusion generate the complexity observed in qnr-positive isolates that are emerging worldwide. Despite the fact that the occurrence of qnr genes in bacteria from animals is scarcely reported, these genes are associated with genetic elements and located on plasmids that are recurrent in animal isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora García-Fernández
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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1894
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Detection of the pandemic O25-ST131 human virulent Escherichia coli CTX-M-15-producing clone harboring the qnrB2 and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes in a dog. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 53:327-8. [PMID: 19001117 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00896-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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1895
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Sunde M, Tharaldsen H, Slettemeås JS, Norström M, Carattoli A, Bjorland J. Escherichia coli of animal origin in Norway contains a blaTEM-20-carrying plasmid closely related to blaTEM-20 and blaTEM-52 plasmids from other European countries. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 63:215-6. [PMID: 18971216 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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1896
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Boumghar-Bourtchai L, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Bingen E, Filliol I, Dhalluin A, Ifrane SA, Weill FX, Leclercq R. Macrolide-resistant Shigella sonnei. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1297-9. [PMID: 18680661 PMCID: PMC2600399 DOI: 10.3201/eid1408.080147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella sonnei UCN59, isolated during an outbreak of S. sonnei in January 2007, was resistant to azithromycin (MIC 64 mg/L). The isolate contained a plasmid-borne mph(A) gene encoding a macrolide 2′-phosphotransferase that inactivates macrolides. Emergence of the mph(A) gene in S. sonnei may limit usefulness of azithromycin for treatment of shigellosis.
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1897
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Antibiotic resistance in a very remote Amazonas community. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 33:125-9. [PMID: 18947984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a very remote human community of the Peruvian Amazonas with minimal antibiotic exposure, high levels of acquired resistance to the oldest antibiotics (ampicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin and chloramphenicol) were detected in commensal Escherichia coli, with remarkable diversity of resistant clones and of resistance genes and plasmids. This pattern was similar overall to that previously observed in a very remote community of Bolivia. It was also similar to that observed in the nearest urban area, except for a lower dominance of resistant isolates and the absolute lack of quinolone resistance in the remote community. Present findings suggest that antibiotic resistance observed in remote communities with minimal antibiotic exposure is a general phenomenon contributed by complex mechanisms and provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon.
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1898
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Marcadé G, Deschamps C, Boyd A, Gautier V, Picard B, Branger C, Denamur E, Arlet G. Replicon typing of plasmids in Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 63:67-71. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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1899
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Suzuki S, Shibata N, Yamane K, Wachino JI, Ito K, Arakawa Y. Change in the prevalence of extended-spectrum- -lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Japan by clonal spread. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 63:72-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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1900
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Recovery of a functional class 2 integron from an Escherichia coli strain mediating a urinary tract infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:4153-4. [PMID: 18794381 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00710-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A class 2 integron was found in an Escherichia coli isolate mediating a urinary tract infection. Unlike other class 2 integrons from pathogens, the encoded IntI2 protein was functional. The integron possessed a dfrA14 cassette, and a second novel cassette in which a lipoprotein signal peptidase gene is predicted.
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