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Stöllberger C, Finsterer J. Unmet needs in the cardiologic and neurologic work-up of left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2016; 14:1151-60. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2016.1215244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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152
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Captur G, Wilson R, Bennett MF, Luxán G, Nasis A, de la Pompa JL, Moon JC, Mohun TJ. Morphogenesis of myocardial trabeculae in the mouse embryo. J Anat 2016; 229:314-25. [PMID: 27020702 PMCID: PMC4948049 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of trabeculae in the embryonic heart and the remodelling that occurs prior to birth is a conspicuous, but poorly understood, feature of vertebrate cardiogenesis. Mutations disrupting trabecular development in the mouse are frequently embryonic lethal, testifying to the importance of the trabeculae, and aberrant trabecular structure is associated with several human cardiac pathologies. Here, trabecular architecture in the developing mouse embryo has been analysed using high-resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM) and three-dimensional (3D) modelling. This study shows that at all stages from mid-gestation to birth, the ventricular trabeculae comprise a complex meshwork of myocardial strands. Such an arrangement defies conventional methods of measurement, and an approach based upon fractal algorithms has been used to provide an objective measure of trabecular complexity. The extent of trabeculation as it changes along the length of left and right ventricles has been quantified, and the changes that occur from formation of the four-chambered heart until shortly before birth have been mapped. This approach not only measures qualitative features evident from visual inspection of 3D models, but also detects subtle, consistent and regionally localised differences that distinguish each ventricle and its developmental stage. Finally, the combination of HREM imaging and fractal analysis has been applied to analyse changes in embryonic heart structure in a genetic mouse model in which trabeculation is deranged. It is shown that myocardial deletion of the Notch pathway component Mib1 (Mib1(flox/flox) ; cTnT-cre) results in a complex array of abnormalities affecting trabeculae and other parts of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Captur
- Institute of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Barts Heart CentreBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Robert Wilson
- The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill LaboratoryThe RidgewayLondonUK
| | - Michael F Bennett
- The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill LaboratoryThe RidgewayLondonUK
| | - Guillermo Luxán
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease LaboratoryCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)Melchor Fernández AlmagroMadridSpain
| | - Arthur Nasis
- Monash Cardiovascular Research CentreMonashHEARTMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease LaboratoryCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)Melchor Fernández AlmagroMadridSpain
| | - James C Moon
- Institute of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Barts Heart CentreBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Timothy J Mohun
- The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill LaboratoryThe RidgewayLondonUK
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153
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Coletti D, Daou N, Hassani M, Li Z, Parlakian A. Serum Response Factor in Muscle Tissues: From Development to Ageing. Eur J Transl Myol 2016; 26:6008. [PMID: 27478561 PMCID: PMC4942704 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2016.6008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cells share various common characteristic features. During development the embryonic mesodermal layer contribute at different proportions to the formation of these tissues. At the functional level, contractility as well as its decline during ageing, are also common features. Cytoskeletal components of these tissues are characterized by various actin isoforms that govern through their status (polymerised versus monomeric) and their interaction with the myosins the contractile properties of these muscles. Finally, at the molecular level, a set of different transcription factors with the notable exception of Serum Response Factor SRF- which is commonly enriched in the 3 types of muscle- drive and maintain the differentiation of these cells (Myf5, MyoD, Myogenin for skeletal muscle; Nkx2.5, GATA4 for cardiomyocytes). In this review, we will focus on the transcription factor SRF and its role in the homeostasis of cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscle tissues as well as its behaviour during the age related remodelling process of these tissues with a specific emphasis on animal models and human data when available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Coletti
- Sorbonne University, UPMC, Department of Biological Adaptation and Ageing, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS, INSERM U1164, Paris, France; Dept of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine & Ortopedics, School of Medicine Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Nissrine Daou
- Sorbonne University, UPMC , Department of Biological Adaptation and Ageing, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS, INSERM U1164, Paris, France
| | - Medhi Hassani
- Sorbonne University, UPMC , Department of Biological Adaptation and Ageing, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS, INSERM U1164, Paris, France
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Sorbonne University, UPMC , Department of Biological Adaptation and Ageing, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS, INSERM U1164, Paris, France
| | - Ara Parlakian
- Sorbonne University, UPMC , Department of Biological Adaptation and Ageing, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS, INSERM U1164, Paris, France
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154
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D'Amato G, Luxán G, de la Pompa JL. Notch signalling in ventricular chamber development and cardiomyopathy. FEBS J 2016; 283:4223-4237. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano D'Amato
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC); Madrid Spain
| | - Guillermo Luxán
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC); Madrid Spain
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC); Madrid Spain
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155
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Samsa LA, Givens C, Tzima E, Stainier DYR, Qian L, Liu J. Cardiac contraction activates endocardial Notch signaling to modulate chamber maturation in zebrafish. Development 2016; 142:4080-91. [PMID: 26628092 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease often features structural abnormalities that emerge during development. Accumulating evidence indicates a crucial role for cardiac contraction and the resulting fluid forces in shaping the heart, yet the molecular basis of this function is largely unknown. Using the zebrafish as a model of early heart development, we investigated the role of cardiac contraction in chamber maturation, focusing on the formation of muscular protrusions called trabeculae. By genetic and pharmacological ablation of cardiac contraction, we showed that cardiac contraction is required for trabeculation through its role in regulating notch1b transcription in the ventricular endocardium. We also showed that Notch1 activation induces expression of ephrin b2a (efnb2a) and neuregulin 1 (nrg1) in the endocardium to promote trabeculation and that forced Notch activation in the absence of cardiac contraction rescues efnb2a and nrg1 expression. Using in vitro and in vivo systems, we showed that primary cilia are important mediators of fluid flow to stimulate Notch expression. Together, our findings describe an essential role for cardiac contraction-responsive transcriptional changes in endocardial cells to regulate cardiac chamber maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Ann Samsa
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA McAllister Heart Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chris Givens
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA McAllister Heart Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eleni Tzima
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA McAllister Heart Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Li Qian
- McAllister Heart Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiandong Liu
- McAllister Heart Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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156
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McCormick ME, Tzima E. Pulling on my heartstrings: mechanotransduction in cardiac development and function. Curr Opin Hematol 2016; 23:235-42. [PMID: 26906028 PMCID: PMC4823169 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endothelial cells line the surface of the cardiovascular system and display a large degree of heterogeneity due to developmental origin and location. Despite this heterogeneity, all endothelial cells are exposed to wall shear stress (WSS) imparted by the frictional force of flowing blood, which plays an important role in determining the endothelial cell phenotype. Although the effects of WSS have been greatly studied in vascular endothelial cells, less is known about the role of WSS in regulating cardiac function and cardiac endothelial cells. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in genetic and imaging technologies have enabled a more thorough investigation of cardiac hemodynamics. Using developmental models, shear stress sensing by endocardial endothelial cells has been shown to play an integral role in proper cardiac development including morphogenesis and formation of the conduction system. In the adult, less is known about hemodynamics and endocardial endothelial cells, but a clear role for WSS in the development of coronary and valvular disease is increasingly appreciated. SUMMARY Future research will further elucidate a role for WSS in the developing and adult heart, and understanding this dynamic relationship may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. McCormick
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ellie Tzima
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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157
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Krejci E, Pesevski Z, Nanka O, Sedmera D. Physiological role of FGF signaling in growth and remodeling of developing cardiovascular system. Physiol Res 2016; 65:425-35. [PMID: 27070743 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling plays an important role during embryonic induction and patterning, as well as in modulating proliferative and hypertrophic growth in fetal and adult organs. Hemodynamically induced stretching is a powerful physiological stimulus for embryonic myocyte proliferation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of FGF2 signaling on growth and vascularization of chick embryonic ventricular wall and its involvement in transmission of mechanical stretch-induced signaling to myocyte growth in vivo. Myocyte proliferation was significantly higher at the 48 h sampling interval in pressure-overloaded hearts. Neither Western blotting, nor immunohistochemistry performed on serial paraffin sections revealed any changes in the amount of myocardial FGF2 at that time point. ELISA showed a significant increase of FGF2 in the serum. Increased amount of FGF2 mRNA in the heart was confirmed by real time PCR. Blocking of FGF signaling by SU5402 led to decreased myocyte proliferation, hemorrhages in the areas of developing vasculature in epicardium and digit tips. FGF2 synthesis is increased in embryonic ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased stretch due to pressure overload. Inhibition of FGF signaling impacts also vasculogenesis, pointing to partial functional redundancy in paracrine control of cell proliferation in the developing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Krejci
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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158
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Brown DR, Samsa LA, Qian L, Liu J. Advances in the Study of Heart Development and Disease Using Zebrafish. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3. [PMID: 27335817 PMCID: PMC4913704 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of cardiovascular disease are key players in the translational medicine pipeline used to define the conserved genetic and molecular basis of disease. Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most common type of human birth defect and feature structural abnormalities that arise during cardiac development and maturation. The zebrafish, Danio rerio, is a valuable vertebrate model organism, offering advantages over traditional mammalian models. These advantages include the rapid, stereotyped and external development of transparent embryos produced in large numbers from inexpensively housed adults, vast capacity for genetic manipulation, and amenability to high-throughput screening. With the help of modern genetics and a sequenced genome, zebrafish have led to insights in cardiovascular diseases ranging from CHDs to arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy. Here, we discuss the utility of zebrafish as a model system and summarize zebrafish cardiac morphogenesis with emphasis on parallels to human heart diseases. Additionally, we discuss the specific tools and experimental platforms utilized in the zebrafish model including forward screens, functional characterization of candidate genes, and high throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Brown
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (D.R.B.); (L.Q.)
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leigh Ann Samsa
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (D.R.B.); (L.Q.)
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiandong Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (D.R.B.); (L.Q.)
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-962-0326; Fax: +1-919- 843-2063
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159
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Lee J, Fei P, Packard RRS, Kang H, Xu H, Baek KI, Jen N, Chen J, Yen H, Kuo CCJ, Chi NC, Ho CM, Li R, Hsiai TK. 4-Dimensional light-sheet microscopy to elucidate shear stress modulation of cardiac trabeculation. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1679-90. [PMID: 27018592 DOI: 10.1172/jci83496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic shear forces are intimately linked with cardiac development, during which trabeculae form a network of branching outgrowths from the myocardium. Mutations that alter Notch signaling also result in trabeculation defects. Here, we assessed whether shear stress modulates trabeculation to influence contractile function. Specifically, we acquired 4D (3D + time) images with light sheets by selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) for rapid scanning and deep axial penetration during zebrafish morphogenesis. Reduction of blood viscosity via gata1a morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) reduced shear stress, resulting in downregulation of Notch signaling and attenuation of trabeculation. Arrest of cardiomyocyte contraction either by troponin T type 2a (tnnt2a) MO or in weak atriumm58 (wea) mutants resulted in reduced shear stress and downregulation of Notch signaling and trabeculation. Integrating 4D SPIM imaging with synchronization algorithm demonstrated that coinjection of neuregulin1 mRNA with gata1 MO rescued trabeculation to restore contractile function in association with upregulation of Notch-related genes. Crossbreeding of Tg(flk:mCherry) fish, which allows visualization of the vascular system with the Tg(tp1:gfp) Notch reporter line, revealed that shear stress-mediated Notch activation localizes to the endocardium. Deleting endocardium via the clochesk4 mutants downregulated Notch signaling, resulting in nontrabeculated ventricle. Subjecting endothelial cells to pulsatile flow in the presence of the ADAM10 inhibitor corroborated shear stress-activated Notch signaling to modulate trabeculation.
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160
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Li J, Miao L, Shieh D, Spiotto E, Li J, Zhou B, Paul A, Schwartz RJ, Firulli AB, Singer HA, Huang G, Wu M. Single-Cell Lineage Tracing Reveals that Oriented Cell Division Contributes to Trabecular Morphogenesis and Regional Specification. Cell Rep 2016; 15:158-170. [PMID: 27052172 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac trabeculae are sheet-like structures extending from the myocardium that function to increase surface area. A lack of trabeculation causes embryonic lethality due to compromised cardiac function. To understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of trabecular formation, we genetically labeled individual cardiomyocytes prior to trabeculation via the brainbow multicolor system and traced and analyzed the labeled cells during trabeculation by whole-embryo clearing and imaging. The clones derived from labeled single cells displayed four different geometric patterns that are derived from different patterns of oriented cell division (OCD) and migration. Of the four types of clones, the inner, transmural, and mixed clones contributed to trabecular cardiomyocytes. Further studies showed that perpendicular OCD is an extrinsic asymmetric cell division that putatively contributes to trabecular regional specification. Furthermore, N-Cadherin deletion in labeled clones disrupted the clonal patterns. In summary, our data demonstrate that OCD contributes to trabecular morphogenesis and specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Lianjie Miao
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - David Shieh
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Ernest Spiotto
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Antoni Paul
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Robert J Schwartz
- Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5001, USA
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Riley Heart Research Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Harold A Singer
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Guoying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingfu Wu
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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161
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Coris EE, Moran BK, De Cuba R, Farrar T, Curtis AB. Left Ventricular Non-Compaction in Athletes: To Play or Not to Play. Sports Med 2016; 46:1249-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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162
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Liu Q, Zhang H, Tian X, He L, Huang X, Tan Z, Yan Y, Evans SM, Wythe JD, Zhou B. Smooth muscle origin of postnatal 2nd CVP is pre-determined in early embryo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:430-6. [PMID: 26902114 PMCID: PMC5555742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent identification of the neonatal 2nd coronary vascular population (2nd CVP) suggests that a subset of these vessels form de novo and mature in the inner myocardial wall of the postnatal heart. However, the origin of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the postnatal 2nd CVP remains undetermined. Using a tamoxifen-inducible Wt1-CreER driver and a Rosa26-RFP reporter line, we traced the lineage of epicardial cells to determine if they contribute to SMCs of the 2nd CVP. Late embryonic and postnatal induction of Wt1-CreER activity demonstrated that at these stages Wt1-labeled epicardium does not significantly migrate into the myocardium to form SMCs. However, following tamoxifen treatment at an early embryonic stage (E10.5), we detected Wt1 descendants (epicardium-derived cells, or EPDCs) in the outer myocardial wall at E17.5. When the 2nd CVP forms and remodels at postnatal stage, these early labeled EDPCs re-migrate deep into the inner myocardial wall and contribute to 2nd CVP-SMCs in the adult heart. Our findings reveal that SMCs in the postnatal 2nd CVP are pre-specified as EPDCs from the earliest wave of epicardial cell migration. Rather than the re-activation and migration of epicardial cells at later stages, these resident EPDCs mobilize and contribute to smooth muscle of the 2nd CVP during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xueying Tian
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lingjuan He
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiuzhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joshua D Wythe
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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163
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Asfalou I, Boulaamayl S, Raissouni M, Mouine N, Sabry M, Kheyi J, Doghmi N, Benyass A. Left ventricular noncompaction-A rare form of cardiomyopathy: Revelation modes and predictors of mortality in adults through 23 cases. J Saudi Heart Assoc 2016; 29:102-109. [PMID: 28373784 PMCID: PMC5366664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsha.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To describe modes of clinical presentation and echocardiographic, angiographic, and rhythmic features, and prognostic characteristics of left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) in North African adults, through one of the first series in Morocco. Background LVNC is a rare congenital disorder, described for the first time by Engberding in 1984. The suspected diagnosis in thromboembolic, hemodynamic, or rhythm events requires both echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). Its therapeutic management is not yet well codified but akin to that proposed for dilated cardiomyopathy. Patients and design This study included a retrospective, descriptive, and analytical cohort of 23 cases of cardiomyopathy with LVNC diagnosed in the Noninvasive Explorations Laboratory at the Military Hospital of Rabat, Morocco, between January 2009 and October 2014. The echocardiographic criteria for LVNC include the absence of any coexisting cardiac anomalies. The characteristic appearance of numerous excessively prominent trabeculations and deep intertrabecular recesses and intertrabecular spaces filled by direct blood flow from the ventricular cavity, as visualized on color Doppler imaging with noncompacted/compacted ratio > 2 according to Jenni criteria. Twenty-three adults fulfilled the diagnostic criteria and were followed prospectively. Results At diagnosis, the mean age was 47 ± 13 years with a male predominance at 65.2%. Of them, 56.5% had a left bundle branch block and 21.7% were in atrial fibrillation. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was 67.7 ± 6.6 mm and ejection fraction was at 27 ± 8%. Apex and/or midventricular segments of both the inferior and lateral wall were involved in more than 80% of patients with an average of 4.8 noncompacted segments. CMR was performed in 12 patients and was decisive for the diagnosis. Major complications were heart failure in 31% of patients, ventricular tachycardia in three patients, and thromboembolic events in one patient. Twenty eight point six percent of patients started a long-term anticoagulant therapy. One patient underwent implantation of a double-room pacemaker. Automated defibrillators were implanted in two patients. There were three deaths: one sudden death and two end-stage heart failure. Conclusion LVNC should be looked for at any dilated cardiomyopathy particularly in young patients. It requires a careful echocardiographic examination and sometimes CMR to confirm the diagnosis. It is characterized by severe systolic and diastolic dysfunction that would provide poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyasse Asfalou
- Department of Cardiac Non-Invasive Explorations, Mohamed V Military Hospital, IBN SINA Hospital Center, Mohamed V University, Rabat, aMorocco
| | - Sanae Boulaamayl
- Department of Cardiac Non-Invasive Explorations, Mohamed V Military Hospital, IBN SINA Hospital Center, Mohamed V University, Rabat, aMorocco
| | - Maha Raissouni
- Department of Cardiac Non-Invasive Explorations, Mohamed V Military Hospital, IBN SINA Hospital Center, Mohamed V University, Rabat, aMorocco
| | - Najat Mouine
- Department of Cardiac Non-Invasive Explorations, Mohamed V Military Hospital, IBN SINA Hospital Center, Mohamed V University, Rabat, aMorocco
| | - Mohamed Sabry
- Department of Cardiac Non-Invasive Explorations, Mohamed V Military Hospital, IBN SINA Hospital Center, Mohamed V University, Rabat, aMorocco
| | - Jamal Kheyi
- Department of Cardiac Non-Invasive Explorations, Mohamed V Military Hospital, IBN SINA Hospital Center, Mohamed V University, Rabat, aMorocco
| | - Nawal Doghmi
- Department of Cardiology B, IBN SINA Hospital Center, Mohamed V University, Rabat, bMorocco
| | - Aatif Benyass
- Department of Cardiac Non-Invasive Explorations, Mohamed V Military Hospital, IBN SINA Hospital Center, Mohamed V University, Rabat, aMorocco
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164
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Fei P, Lee J, Packard RRS, Sereti KI, Xu H, Ma J, Ding Y, Kang H, Chen H, Sung K, Kulkarni R, Ardehali R, Kuo CCJ, Xu X, Ho CM, Hsiai TK. Cardiac Light-Sheet Fluorescent Microscopy for Multi-Scale and Rapid Imaging of Architecture and Function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22489. [PMID: 26935567 PMCID: PMC4776137 DOI: 10.1038/srep22489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM) enables multi-dimensional and multi-scale imaging via illuminating specimens with a separate thin sheet of laser. It allows rapid plane illumination for reduced photo-damage and superior axial resolution and contrast. We hereby demonstrate cardiac LSFM (c-LSFM) imaging to assess the functional architecture of zebrafish embryos with a retrospective cardiac synchronization algorithm for four-dimensional reconstruction (3-D space + time). By combining our approach with tissue clearing techniques, we reveal the entire cardiac structures and hypertrabeculation of adult zebrafish hearts in response to doxorubicin treatment. By integrating the resolution enhancement technique with c-LSFM to increase the resolving power under a large field-of-view, we demonstrate the use of low power objective to resolve the entire architecture of large-scale neonatal mouse hearts, revealing the helical orientation of individual myocardial fibers. Therefore, our c-LSFM imaging approach provides multi-scale visualization of architecture and function to drive cardiovascular research with translational implication in congenital heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fei
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Mechanical &Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Juhyun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - René R Sevag Packard
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Hao Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jianguo Ma
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yichen Ding
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hanul Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.,Division of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harrison Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Sung
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rajan Kulkarni
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - C-C Jay Kuo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chih-Ming Ho
- Department of Mechanical &Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tzung K Hsiai
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.,Division of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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165
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A Striking Coronary Artery Pattern in a Grown-Up Congenital Heart Disease Patient. Case Rep Cardiol 2016; 2016:5482578. [PMID: 26881144 PMCID: PMC4736807 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5482578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a myocardial disorder probably due to the arrest of normal embryogenesis of the left ventricle. It could be isolated or associated with other extracardiac and cardiac abnormalities, including coronary artery anomalies. Despite the continuous improvement of imaging resolution quality, this cardiomyopathy still remains frequently misdiagnosed, especially if associated with other heart diseases. We report a case of LVNC association with both malposition of the great arteries and a very original coronary artery pattern.
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166
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Lambers E, Arnone B, Fatima A, Qin G, Wasserstrom JA, Kume T. Foxc1 Regulates Early Cardiomyogenesis and Functional Properties of Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1487-500. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Lambers
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Baron Arnone
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Anees Fatima
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Gangjian Qin
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - J. Andrew Wasserstrom
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Chicago Illinois USA
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167
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Durán AC, López-Unzu MA, Rodríguez C, Fernández B, Lorenzale M, Linares A, Salmerón F, Sans-Coma V. Structure and vascularization of the ventricular myocardium in Holocephali: their evolutionary significance. J Anat 2016; 226:501-10. [PMID: 25994124 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It was generally assumed that the ventricle of the primitive vertebrate heart was composed of trabeculated, or spongy, myocardium, supplied by oxygen-poor luminal blood. In addition, it was presumed that the mixed ventricular myocardium, consisting of a compacta and a spongiosa, and its supply through coronary arteries appeared several times throughout fish evolution. Recent work has suggested, however, that a fully vascularized, mixed myocardium may be the primitive condition in gnathostomes. The present study of the heart ventricles of four holocephalan species aimed to clarify this controversy. Our observations showed that the ventricular myocardium of Chimaera monstrosa and Harriotta raleighana consists of a very thin compacta overlying a widespread spongiosa. The ventricle of Hydrolagus affinis is composed exclusively of trabeculated myocardium. In these three species there is a well-developed coronary artery system. The main coronary artery trunks run along the outflow tract, giving off subepicardial ventricular arteries. The trabeculae of the spongiosa are irrigated by branches of the subepicardial arteries and by penetrating arterial vessels arising directly from the main coronary trunks at the level of the conoventricular junction. The ventricle of Rhinochimaera atlantica has only spongy myocardium supplied by luminal blood. Small coronary arterial vessels are present in the subepicardium, but they do not enter the myocardial trabeculae. The present findings show for the first time that in a wild living vertebrate species, specifically H. affinis, an extensive coronary artery system supplying the whole cardiac ventricle exists in the absence of a well-developed compact ventricular myocardium. This is consistent with the notion derived from experimental work that myocardial cell proliferation and coronary vascular growth rely on distinct developmental programs. Our observations, together with data in the literature on elasmobranchs, support the view that the mixed ventricular myocardium is primitive for chondrichthyans. The reduction or even lack of compacta in holocephali has to be regarded as a derived anatomical trait. Our findings also fit in with the view that the mixed myocardium was the primitive condition in gnathostomes, and that the absence of compact ventricular myocardium in different actinopterygian groups is the result of a repeated loss of such type of cardiac muscle during fish evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Durán
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A López-Unzu
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Borja Fernández
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Lorenzale
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Andrea Linares
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisca Salmerón
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Oceanographic Centre of Málaga, Fuengirola, Málaga, Spain
| | - Valentín Sans-Coma
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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168
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Sequential Notch activation regulates ventricular chamber development. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 18:7-20. [PMID: 26641715 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ventricular chambers are essential for the rhythmic contraction and relaxation occurring in every heartbeat throughout life. Congenital abnormalities in ventricular chamber formation cause severe human heart defects. How the early trabecular meshwork of myocardial fibres forms and subsequently develops into mature chambers is poorly understood. We show that Notch signalling first connects chamber endocardium and myocardium to sustain trabeculation, and later coordinates ventricular patterning and compaction with coronary vessel development to generate the mature chamber, through a temporal sequence of ligand signalling determined by the glycosyltransferase manic fringe (MFng). Early endocardial expression of MFng promotes Dll4-Notch1 signalling, which induces trabeculation in the developing ventricle. Ventricular maturation and compaction require MFng and Dll4 downregulation in the endocardium, which allows myocardial Jag1 and Jag2 signalling to Notch1 in this tissue. Perturbation of this signalling equilibrium severely disrupts heart chamber formation. Our results open a new research avenue into the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathies.
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169
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Luxán G, D'Amato G, MacGrogan D, de la Pompa JL. Endocardial Notch Signaling in Cardiac Development and Disease. Circ Res 2015; 118:e1-e18. [PMID: 26635389 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.305350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is an ancient and highly conserved signaling pathway that controls cell fate specification and tissue patterning in the embryo and in the adult. Region-specific endocardial Notch activity regulates heart morphogenesis through the interaction with multiple myocardial-, epicardial-, and neural crest-derived signals. Mutations in NOTCH signaling elements cause congenital heart disease in humans and mice, demonstrating its essential role in cardiac development. Studies in model systems have provided mechanistic understanding of Notch function in cardiac development, congenital heart disease, and heart regeneration. Notch patterns the embryonic endocardium into prospective territories for valve and chamber formation, and later regulates the signaling processes leading to outflow tract and valve morphogenesis and ventricular trabeculae compaction. Alterations in NOTCH signaling in the endocardium result in congenital structural malformations that can lead to disease in the neonate and adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Luxán
- From the Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovascular (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain (G.L., G.D'A., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.); and Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (G.L.)
| | - Gaetano D'Amato
- From the Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovascular (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain (G.L., G.D'A., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.); and Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (G.L.)
| | - Donal MacGrogan
- From the Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovascular (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain (G.L., G.D'A., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.); and Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (G.L.)
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- From the Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovascular (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain (G.L., G.D'A., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.); and Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (G.L.).
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170
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Gene expression profiling of changes induced by maternal diabetes in the embryonic heart. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 57:147-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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171
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Jefferies JL, Wilkinson JD, Sleeper LA, Colan SD, Lu M, Pahl E, Kantor PF, Everitt MD, Webber SA, Kaufman BD, Lamour JM, Canter CE, Hsu DT, Addonizio LJ, Lipshultz SE, Towbin JA. Cardiomyopathy Phenotypes and Outcomes for Children With Left Ventricular Myocardial Noncompaction: Results From the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. J Card Fail 2015; 21:877-84. [PMID: 26164213 PMCID: PMC4630116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.06.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a distinct form of cardiomyopathy characterized by hypertrabeculation of the left ventricle. The LVNC phenotype may occur in isolation or with other cardiomyopathy phenotypes. Prognosis is incompletely characterized in children. METHODS AND RESULTS According to diagnoses from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry from 1990 to 2008, 155 of 3,219 children (4.8%) had LVNC. Each LVNC patient was also classified as having an associated echocardiographically diagnosed cardiomyopathy phenotype: dilated (DCM), hypertrophic (HCM), restrictive (RCM), isolated, or indeterminate. The time to death or transplantation differed among the phenotypic groups (P = .035). Time to listing for cardiac transplantation significantly differed by phenotype (P < .001), as did time to transplantation (P = .015). The hazard ratio for death/transplantation (with isolated LVNC as the reference group) was 4.26 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.78-23.3) for HCM, 6.35 (95% CI 1.52-26.6) for DCM, and 5.66 (95% CI 1.04-30.9) for the indeterminate phenotype. Most events occurred in the 1st year after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS LVNC is present in at least 5% of children with cardiomyopathy. The specific LVNC-associated cardiomyopathy phenotype predicts the risk of death or transplantation and should inform clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Jefferies
- Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - James D Wilkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Lynn A Sleeper
- New England Research Institutes, Watertown, Massachusetts
| | - Steven D Colan
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Minmin Lu
- New England Research Institutes, Watertown, Massachusetts
| | - Elfriede Pahl
- Division of Cardiology, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illionis
| | - Paul F Kantor
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melanie D Everitt
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Steven A Webber
- Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Beth D Kaufman
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Charles E Canter
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daphne T Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Children's Hospital, Bronx, New York
| | - Linda J Addonizio
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Steven E Lipshultz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida; Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey A Towbin
- Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Heart Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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172
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Jensen B, Agger P, de Boer BA, Oostra RJ, Pedersen M, van der Wal AC, Nils Planken R, Moorman AFM. The hypertrabeculated (noncompacted) left ventricle is different from the ventricle of embryos and ectothermic vertebrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1696-706. [PMID: 26516055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular hypertrabeculation (noncompaction) is a poorly characterized condition associated with heart failure. The condition is widely assumed to be the retention of the trabeculated ventricular design of the embryo and ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates. This assumption appears simplistic and counterfactual. Here, we measured a set of anatomical parameters in hypertrabeculation in man and in the ventricles of embryos and animals. We compared humans with left ventricular hypertrabeculation (N=21) with humans with structurally normal left ventricles (N=54). We measured ejection fraction and ventricular trabeculation using cardiovascular MRI. Ventricular trabeculation was further measured in series of embryonic human and 9 animal species, and in hearts of 15 adult animal species using MRI, CT, or histology. In human, hypertrabeculated left ventricles were significantly different from structurally normal left ventricles by all structural measures and ejection fraction. They were far less trabeculated than human embryonic hearts (15-40% trabeculated volume versus 55-80%). Early in development all vertebrate embryos acquired a ventricle with approximately 80% trabeculations, but only ectotherms retained the 80% trabeculation throughout development. Endothermic (warm-blooded) animals including human slowly matured in fetal and postnatal stages towards ventricles with little trabeculations, generally less than 30%. Further, the trabeculations of all embryos and adult ectotherms were very thin, less than 50 μm wide, whereas the trabeculations in adult endotherms and in the setting of hypertrabeculation were wider by orders of magnitude. It is concluded in contrast to a prevailing assumption, the hypertrabeculated left ventricle is not like the ventricle of the embryo or of adult ectotherms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Agger
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Bouke A de Boer
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof-Jan Oostra
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Pedersen
- MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Allard C van der Wal
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Nils Planken
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon F M Moorman
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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173
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Ajima R, Bisson JA, Helt JC, Nakaya MA, Habas R, Tessarollo L, He X, Morrisey EE, Yamaguchi TP, Cohen ED. DAAM1 and DAAM2 are co-required for myocardial maturation and sarcomere assembly. Dev Biol 2015; 408:126-39. [PMID: 26526197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wnt ligands regulate heart morphogenesis but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Two Formin-related proteins, DAAM1 and 2, were previously found to bind the Wnt effector Disheveled. Here, since DAAM1 and 2 nucleate actin and mediate Wnt-induced cytoskeletal changes, a floxed-allele of Daam1 was used to disrupt its function specifically in the myocardium and investigate Wnt-associated pathways. Homozygous Daam1 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were viable but had misshapen hearts and poor cardiac function. The defects in Daam1 CKO mice were observed by mid-gestation and were associated with a loss of protrusions from cardiomyocytes invading the outflow tract. Further, these mice exhibited noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCM) and deranged cardiomyocyte polarity. Interestingly, Daam1 CKO mice that were also homozygous for an insertion disrupting Daam2 (DKO) had stronger NCM, severely reduced cardiac function, disrupted sarcomere structure, and increased myocardial proliferation, suggesting that DAAM1 and DAAM2 have redundant functions. While RhoA was unaffected in the hearts of Daam1/2 DKO mice, AKT activity was lower than in controls, raising the issue of whether DAAM1/2 are only mediating Wnt signaling. Daam1-floxed mice were thus bred to Wnt5a null mice to identify genetic interactions. The hearts of Daam1 CKO mice that were also heterozygous for the null allele of Wnt5a had stronger NCM and more severe loss of cardiac function than Daam1 CKO mice, consistent with DAAM1 and Wnt5a acting in a common pathway. However, deleting Daam1 further disrupted Wnt5a homozygous-null hearts, suggesting that DAAM1 also has Wnt5a-independent roles in cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Ajima
- Mammalian Development Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Joseph A Bisson
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jay-Christian Helt
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Masa-Aki Nakaya
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Raymond Habas
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Neural Development Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Xi He
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Terry P Yamaguchi
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Ethan David Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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174
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Left Ventricular Noncompaction Diagnosis and Management Relevant to Pre-participation Screening of Athletes. Am J Cardiol 2015; 116:801-8. [PMID: 26141199 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) has been extensively studied over the last years, and an increasing number of cases have been reported worldwide, with a large proportion comprising young and asymptomatic subjects, including athletes. The current epidemic of LVNC is likely the consequence of several causes, that is, the increased awareness of the disease and the refined cardiovascular imaging techniques. The current diagnostic methods, based uniquely on definition of morphologic findings, do not always resolve the overlap of a physiological myocardial architecture comprising a prominent trabecular pattern from a mild phenotypic expression of the real disease. Appropriate criteria for identification and management of LVNC in athletes have, therefore, become a novel challenge for cardiologists and sport physicians, who are required to solve the question of diagnosis and appropriate management in the setting of pre-participation cardiovascular screening. Indeed, although it is important to timely identify a true myocardial disease, to reduce the burden of adverse cardiac event in a young athlete, in contrast, a misdiagnosis of LVNC may lead to unwarranted restriction of the athlete lifestyle, with detrimental psychological, social, and economic consequences. This review report has been planned, therefore, to help physicians in diagnosing and managing athletes presenting with a morphologic pattern suggestive of LVNC with specific focus on criteria for advising sport participation.
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175
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DeSimone CV, Prakriti BG, Tri J, Syed F, Sm AN, Asirvatham SJ. A Review Of The Relevant Embryology, Pathohistology, And Anatomy Of The Left Atrial Appendage For The Invasive Cardiac Electrophysiologist. J Atr Fibrillation 2015; 8:1129. [PMID: 27957182 DOI: 10.4022/jafib.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional morphology of the left atrial appendage provides the substrate for thrombus generation, and is a harbinger for embolic material due to its direct connection to the left-sided circulation. Appreciating the development of the appendage from mesodermal layer to its adult form provides the basis to improve exclusion from the atrial circulation, and thereby can lead to a significant reduction in stroke risk. This process also provides insight into the role of the left atrial appendage as an endocrine organ, its involvement in fluid homeostasis, and its connection to the autonomic nervous system. Knowledge of the surrounding structural arrangement is critical to identify landmarks from both an endocardial and epicardial perspective to improve targeted device placement. Furthermore, correlation of the left atrial appendage body, neck, and ostium to the surrounding anatomy can also improve both procedural efficacy and safety. In addition, a working knowledge of the regional anatomy adds a prudent degree of awareness for procedural complications, and allows for early identification and timely intervention as these situations arise. A detailed understanding of the left atrial appendage embryology, histology, and gross anatomy is imperative to identify the correct device and approach for each individual patient. In addition, this increased awareness can identify areas that are in need of further innovation, and thus provide the ability to adapt and refine existing technologies to overcome pitfalls currently facing catheter-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bs Gaba Prakriti
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jason Tri
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Faisal Syed
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amit Noheria Sm
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Samuel J Asirvatham
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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176
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Abstract
Left ventricular non-compaction, the most recently classified form of cardiomyopathy, is characterised by abnormal trabeculations in the left ventricle, most frequently at the apex. It can be associated with left ventricular dilation or hypertrophy, systolic or diastolic dysfunction, or both, or various forms of congenital heart disease. Affected individuals are at risk of left or right ventricular failure, or both. Heart failure symptoms can be induced by exercise or be persistent at rest, but many patients are asymptomatic. Patients on chronic treatment for compensated heart failure sometimes present acutely with decompensated heart failure. Other life-threatening risks of left ventricular non-compaction are ventricular arrhythmias or complete atrioventricular block, presenting clinically as syncope, and sudden death. Genetic inheritance arises in at least 30-50% of patients, and several genes that cause left ventricular non-compaction have been identified. These genes seem generally to encode sarcomeric (contractile apparatus) or cytoskeletal proteins, although, in the case of left ventricular non-compaction with congenital heart disease, disturbance of the NOTCH signalling pathway seems part of a final common pathway for this form of the disease. Disrupted mitochondrial function and metabolic abnormalities have a causal role too. Treatments focus on improvement of cardiac efficiency and reduction of mechanical stress in patients with systolic dysfunction. Further, treatment of arrhythmia and implantation of an automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for prevention of sudden death are mainstays of therapy when deemed necessary and appropriate. Patients with left ventricular non-compaction and congenital heart disease often need surgical or catheter-based interventions. Despite progress in diagnosis and treatment in the past 10 years, understanding of the disorder and outcomes need to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Towbin
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Angela Lorts
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John Lynn Jefferies
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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177
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Braz JKFS, Freitas ML, Magalhães MS, Oliveira MF, Costa MSMO, Resende NS, Clebis NK, Silva NB, Moura CEB. Histology and Immunohistochemistry of the Cardiac Ventricular Structure in the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas). Anat Histol Embryol 2015; 45:277-84. [PMID: 26268418 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the implications of cardiac ventricular microscopy in Chelonia mydas relating to its ability to dive. For this work, 11 specimens of the marine turtle species C. mydas found dead on the coast of Rio Grande do Norte (Northeast Brazil) were used. After necropsy, fragments of the cardiac ventricular wall were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde solution for 24 h and then subjected to routine processing for light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ventricle in this species is formed by the epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. The subepicardial layer consists of highly vascularised connective tissue that emits septa to reinforce the myocardium surface. There is an abundant and diffuse subepicardial nerve plexus shown by immunostaining technique. The thickness of the spongy myocardium and the nature of its trabeculae varied between the heart chambers. The endocardium shows no characteristic elements of the heart conduction system. The valves have a hyaline cartilage skeleton, coated by dense irregular connective tissues characterised by elastic fibres. These findings in the green turtle ventricular microscopy are related to hypoxia resistance during diving.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K F S Braz
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Cx. Postal 1524, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, 59072-970, Natal, Brazil
| | - M L Freitas
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Cx. Postal 1524, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, 59072-970, Natal, Brazil
| | - M S Magalhães
- Department of Morphology, Histology Laboratory, Federal University of Amazonas, Av. General Rodrigo Octávio, 6200, Coroado I, 69077-000, Manaus, Brazil
| | - M F Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Semiárido, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, 59625-900, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - M S M O Costa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Cx. Postal 1524, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, 59072-970, Natal, Brazil
| | - N S Resende
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Cx. Postal 1524, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, 59072-970, Natal, Brazil
| | - N K Clebis
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Cx. Postal 1524, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, 59072-970, Natal, Brazil
| | - N B Silva
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Cx. Postal 1524, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, 59072-970, Natal, Brazil
| | - C E B Moura
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Semiárido, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, 59625-900, Mossoró, Brazil
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178
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Matrone G, Wilson KS, Mullins JJ, Tucker CS, Denvir MA. Temporal cohesion of the structural, functional and molecular characteristics of the developing zebrafish heart. Differentiation 2015; 89:117-27. [PMID: 26095446 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heart formation is a complex, dynamic and highly coordinated process of molecular, morphogenetic and functional factors with each interacting and contributing to formation of the mature organ. Cardiac abnormalities in early life can be lethal in mammals but not in the zebrafish embryo which has been widely used to study the developing heart. While early cardiac development in the zebrafish has been well characterized, functional changes during development and how these relate to architectural, cellular and molecular aspects of development have not been well described previously. To address this we have carefully characterised cardiac structure, function, cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac-specific gene expression between 48 and 120 hpf in the zebrafish. We show that the zebrafish heart increases in volume and changes shape significantly between 48 and 72 hpf accompanied by a 40% increase in cardiomyocyte number. Between 96 and 120 hpf, while external heart expansion slows, there is rapid formation of a mature and extensive trabecular network within the ventricle chamber. While ejection fraction does not change during the course of development other determinants of contractile function increase significantly particularly between 72 and 96 hpf leading to an increase in cardinal vein blood flow. This study has revealed a number of novel aspects of cardiac developmental dynamics with striking temporal orchestration of structure and function within the first few days of development. These changes are associated with changes in expression of developmental and maturational genes. This study provides important insights into the complex temporal relationship between structure and function of the developing zebrafish heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Matrone
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Kathryn S Wilson
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - John J Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Carl S Tucker
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A Denvir
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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179
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Kochová P, Cimrman R, Štengl M, Ošťádal B, Tonar Z. A mathematical model of the carp heart ventricle during the cardiac cycle. J Theor Biol 2015; 373:12-25. [PMID: 25797310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The poikilothermic heart has been suggested as a model for studying some of the mechanisms of early postnatal mammalian heart adaptations. We assessed morphological parameters of the carp heart (Cyprinus carpio L.) with diastolic dimensions: heart radius (5.73mm), thickness of the compact (0.50mm) and spongy myocardium (4.34mm), in two conditions (systole, diastole): volume fraction of the compact myocardium (20.7% systole, 19.6% diastole), spongy myocardium (58.9% systole, 62.8% diastole), trabeculae (37.8% systole, 28.6% diastole), and cavities (41.5% systole, 51.9% diastole) within the ventricle; volume fraction of the trabeculae (64.1% systole, 45.5% diastole) and sinuses (35.9% systole, 54.5% diastole) within the spongy myocardium; ratio between the volume of compact and spongy myocardium (0.35 systole, 0.31 diastole); ratio between compact myocardium and trabeculae (0.55 systole, 0.69 diastole); and surface density of the trabeculae (0.095μm(-1) systole, 0.147μm(-1) diastole). We created a mathematical model of the carp heart based on actual morphometric data to simulate how the compact/spongy myocardium ratio, the permeability of the spongy myocardium, and sinus-trabeculae volume fractions within the spongy myocardium influence stroke volume, stroke work, ejection fraction and p-V diagram. Increasing permeability led to increasing and then decreasing stroke volume and work, and increasing ejection fraction. An increased amount of spongy myocardium led to an increased stroke volume, work, and ejection fraction. Varying sinus-trabeculae volume fractions within the spongy myocardium showed that an increased sinus volume fraction led to an increased stroke volume and work, and a decreased ejection fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kochová
- European Centre of Excellence NTIS-New Technologies for Information Society, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 22, 306 14 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Robert Cimrman
- New Technologies Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 8, 306 14 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Štengl
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Lidická 1, 301 66 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Bohuslav Ošťádal
- Instutite of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Zbyněk Tonar
- European Centre of Excellence NTIS-New Technologies for Information Society, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 22, 306 14 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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180
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Kaiser NJ, Coulombe KLK. Physiologically inspired cardiac scaffolds for tailored in vivo function and heart regeneration. Biomed Mater 2015; 10:034003. [PMID: 25970645 PMCID: PMC4696555 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/3/034003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is well suited for the treatment of cardiac disease due to the limited regenerative capacity of native cardiac tissue and the loss of function associated with endemic cardiac pathologies, such as myocardial infarction and congenital heart defects. However, the physiological complexity of the myocardium imposes extensive requirements on tissue therapies intended for these applications. In recent years, the field of cardiac tissue engineering has been characterized by great innovation and diversity in the fabrication of engineered tissue scaffolds for cardiac repair and regeneration to address these problems. From early approaches that attempted only to deliver cardiac cells in a hydrogel vessel, significant progress has been made in understanding the role of each major component of cardiac living tissue constructs (namely cells, scaffolds, and signaling mechanisms) as they relate to mechanical, biological, and electrical in vivo performance. This improved insight, accompanied by modern material science techniques, allows for the informed development of complex scaffold materials that are optimally designed for cardiac applications. This review provides a background on cardiac physiology as it relates to critical cardiac scaffold characteristics, the degree to which common cardiac scaffold materials fulfill these criteria, and finally an overview of recent in vivo studies that have employed this type of approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Kaiser
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kareen L K Coulombe
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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181
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Uribarri A, Rojas SV, Avsar M, Hanke JS, Napp LC, Berliner D, Bavendiek U, Bauersachs J, Bara C, Sanchez PL, Haverich A, Schmitto JD. First series of mechanical circulatory support in non-compaction cardiomyopathy: Is LVAD implantation a safe alternative? Int J Cardiol 2015; 197:128-32. [PMID: 26126056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is a rare cardiac disorder characterized by prominent trabeculae and deep recesses of the ventricular myocardium. Patients with LVNC may develop severe congestive heart failure refractory to medical therapy. However, heart transplantation is strongly limited due to donor organ shortage. Thus mechanical circulatory support by left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) is a promising alternative. Nevertheless, hypertrabeculation and proarrhythmogenic potential in LVNC might represent important hurdles for success of LVAD therapy in these patients. METHODS AND RESULTS We retrospectively analyzed the data of a total of 5 patients (3 HVAD, Heartware®; 2 HeartMate II, Thoratec®) with LVNC who underwent LVAD implantation in our institution between 2010 and 2014. Mean follow-up time was 86.5weeks. 30-day survival was 100% without major intrahospital complications. During follow-up, 3 patients developed pump thrombosis requiring pump replacement. Arrhythmias were not detected during follow-up as assessed by ICD interrogation. CONCLUSIONS LVAD implantation in LVNC can be performed with low intrahospital complication rates. However, we observed a high incidence of pump thrombosis during follow-up, possibly related to thromboembolic predisposition by the underlying LVNC. Therefore, careful management of anticoagulation appears to be critical in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Uribarri
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, Spain
| | - Sebastian V Rojas
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Murat Avsar
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jasmin S Hanke
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - L Christian Napp
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dominik Berliner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Udo Bavendiek
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Bara
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pedro L Sanchez
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, Spain
| | - Axel Haverich
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan D Schmitto
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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182
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Boselli F, Freund JB, Vermot J. Blood flow mechanics in cardiovascular development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2545-59. [PMID: 25801176 PMCID: PMC4457920 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hemodynamic forces are fundamental to development. Indeed, much of cardiovascular morphogenesis reflects a two-way interaction between mechanical forces and the gene network activated in endothelial cells via mechanotransduction feedback loops. As these interactions are becoming better understood in different model organisms, it is possible to identify common mechanogenetic rules, which are strikingly conserved and shared in many tissues and species. Here, we discuss recent findings showing how hemodynamic forces potentially modulate cardiovascular development as well as the underlying fluid and tissue mechanics, with special attention given to the flow characteristics that are unique to the small scales of embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boselli
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France,
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183
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Farouz Y, Chen Y, Terzic A, Menasché P. Concise Review: Growing Hearts in the Right Place: On the Design of Biomimetic Materials for Cardiac Stem Cell Differentiation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1021-35. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Farouz
- Department of Chemistry, Paris Sciences et Lettres, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris; CNRS UMR; Paris France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Descartes University; Paris France
- INSERM U970; Paris France
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Paris Sciences et Lettres, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris; CNRS UMR; Paris France
| | | | - Philippe Menasché
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Descartes University; Paris France
- INSERM U970; Paris France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery; Paris France
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184
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Ikeda U, Minamisawa M, Koyama J. Isolated left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy in adults. J Cardiol 2015; 65:91-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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185
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Cheong BYC, Angelini P. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Myocardium, Coronary Arteries, and Anomalous Origin of Coronary Arteries. Coron Artery Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-2828-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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186
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Choudhary P, Hsu CJ, Grieve S, Smillie C, Singarayar S, Semsarian C, Richmond D, Muthurangu V, Celermajer DS, Puranik R. Improving the diagnosis of LV non-compaction with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiol 2014; 181:430-6. [PMID: 25569272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current diagnostic criteria for left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) poorly correlate with clinical outcomes. We aimed to develop a cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) based semi-automated technique for quantification of non-compacted (NC) and compacted (C) masses and to ascertain their relationships to global and regional LV function. METHODS We analysed CMR data from 30 adults with isolated LVNC and 20 controls. NC and C masses were measured using relative signal intensities of myocardium and blood pool. Global and regional LVNC masses was calculated and correlated with both global and regional LV systolic function as well as occurrence of arrhythmia. RESULTS LVNC patients had significantly higher end-systolic (ES) and end-diastolic (ED) NC:C ratios compared to controls (ES 0.21 [SD 0.09] vs. 0.12 [SD 0.02], p<0.001; ED 0.39 [SD 0.08] vs. 0.26 [SD 0.05], p<0.001). NC:C ratios correlated inversely with global ejection fraction, with a stronger correlation in ES vs. ED (r=-0.58, p<0.001 vs. r=-0.30, p=0.03). ES basal, mid and apical NC:C ratios also showed a significant inverse correlation with global LV ejection fraction (ES basal r=-0.29, p=0.04; mid-ventricular r=-0.50, p<0.001 and apical r=-0.71, p<0.001). Upon ROC testing, an ES NC:C ratio of 0.16 had a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 95% for detection of significant LVNC. Patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia had a significantly higher ES NC:C ratio (0.31 [SD 0.18] vs. 0.20 [SD 0.06], p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS The NC:C ratio derived from relative signal intensities of myocardium and blood pool improves the ability to detect clinically relevant NC compared to previous CMR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Choudhary
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Sydney, Australia
| | - C J Hsu
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Grieve
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Smillie
- Bankstown Heart Clinic, Bankstown, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Singarayar
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Semsarian
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Sydney, Australia; Agnes Gignes Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - D Richmond
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - D S Celermajer
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Sydney, Australia
| | - R Puranik
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Sydney, Australia.
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187
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Kowalski WJ, Teslovich NC, Menon PG, Tinney JP, Keller BB, Pekkan K. Left atrial ligation alters intracardiac flow patterns and the biomechanical landscape in the chick embryo. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:652-62. [PMID: 24868595 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a major human congenital heart defect that results in single ventricle physiology and high mortality. Clinical data indicate that intracardiac blood flow patterns during cardiac morphogenesis are a significant etiology. We used the left atrial ligation (LAL) model in the chick embryo to test the hypothesis that LAL immediately alters intracardiac flow streams and the biomechanical environment, preceding morphologic and structural defects observed in HLHS. RESULTS Using fluorescent dye injections, we found that intracardiac flow patterns from the right common cardinal vein, right vitelline vein, and left vitelline vein were altered immediately following LAL. Furthermore, we quantified a significant ventral shift of the right common cardinal and right vitelline vein flow streams. We developed an in silico model of LAL, which revealed that wall shear stress was reduced at the left atrioventricular canal and left side of the common ventricle. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that intracardiac flow patterns change immediately following LAL, supporting the role of hemodynamics in the progression of HLHS. Sites of reduced WSS revealed by computational modeling are commonly affected in HLHS, suggesting that changes in the biomechanical environment may lead to abnormal growth and remodeling of left heart structures.
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188
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Gati S, Rajani R, Carr-White GS, Chambers JB. Adult Left Ventricular Noncompaction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 7:1266-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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189
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Factors associated with in utero demise of fetuses that have underlying cardiac pathologies. Pediatr Cardiol 2014; 35:1403-14. [PMID: 24928373 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-014-0943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Factors associated with in utero fetal demise (IUFD) of fetuses that have underlying cardiac pathologies are largely unknown. This case-control study aimed to define the prevalence of IUFD in fetuses with a diagnosis of cardiac pathologies and to identify prenatal predictors of IUFD. Between January 2004 and December 2010, 74 IUFD cases [4.6 %; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 3.7-5.8 %] were identified from 1,584 cases with a diagnosis of structural or functional cardiac lesions in the Hospital for Sick Children database. The cases were divided into right-sided (N = 28), left-sided (N = 23), great artery (N = 8), and miscellaneous (N = 15) groups. The control subjects (1:1 ratio) were fetuses that had cardiac pathology diagnosed within 48 h of the IUFD case. Multivariable regression models were used to determine echocardiographic predictors of IUFD. The prevalence of IUFD was greatest in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (8/16, 50 %) and Ebstein's anomaly/tricuspid dysplasia (4/15, 27 %) and lowest in transposition of the great arteries (2/85, 1 %). The findings showed IUFD to be associated with hydrops in 17 (23 %) of the 74 cases and arrhythmia in 11 (15 %) of the 74 cases. The factors identified by univariable logistic regression analyses were right ventricular dysfunction [odds ratio (OR) 2.7; p = 0.001], left ventricular dysfunction (OR 1.8; p = 0.007), umbilical vein pulsations (OR 10.9; p = 0.002), and abnormal ductus venosus flow (OR 3.3; p = 0.01). The factors associated with IUFD in multivariable logistic regression models were cardiomegaly (OR 5.6; p = 0.01), hydrops (OR 29.5; p = 0.001), pericardial effusion (OR 4.1; p = 0.06), and extracardiac abnormalities (OR 7.2; p < 0.001). The prevalence of IUFD is greatest in conditions affecting the ventricular myocardium. The onset of IUFD appears to be related initially to right ventricular dysfunction. Closer surveillance is recommended for lesions at risk of IUFD.
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190
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Kowalski WJ, Pekkan K, Tinney JP, Keller BB. Investigating developmental cardiovascular biomechanics and the origins of congenital heart defects. Front Physiol 2014; 5:408. [PMID: 25374544 PMCID: PMC4204442 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative research on the interactions between biomechanical load and cardiovascular (CV) morphogenesis by multiple investigators over the past 3 decades, including the application of bioengineering approaches, has shown that the embryonic heart adapts both structure and function in order to maintain cardiac output to the rapidly growing embryo. Acute adaptive hemodynamic mechanisms in the embryo include the redistribution of blood flow within the heart, dynamic adjustments in heart rate and developed pressure, and beat to beat variations in blood flow and vascular resistance. These biomechanically relevant events occur coincident with adaptive changes in gene expression and trigger adaptive mechanisms that include alterations in myocardial cell growth and death, regional and global changes in myocardial architecture, and alterations in central vascular morphogenesis and remodeling. These adaptive mechanisms allow the embryo to survive these biomechanical stresses (environmental, maternal) and to compensate for developmental errors (genetic). Recent work from numerous laboratories shows that a subset of these adaptive mechanisms is present in every developing multicellular organism with a “heart” equivalent structure. This chapter will provide the reader with an overview of some of the approaches used to quantify embryonic CV functional maturation and performance, provide several illustrations of experimental interventions that explore the role of biomechanics in the regulation of CV morphogenesis including the role of computational modeling, and identify several critical areas for future investigation as available experimental models and methods expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kowalski
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kerem Pekkan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph P Tinney
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Bradley B Keller
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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191
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de Boer BA, Le Garrec JF, Christoffels VM, Meilhac SM, Ruijter JM. Integrating multi-scale knowledge on cardiac development into a computational model of ventricular trabeculation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 6:389-97. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bouke A. de Boer
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jean-François Le Garrec
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; Institut Pasteur; Paris France
- CNRS URA2578; Paris France
| | - Vincent M. Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sigolène M. Meilhac
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; Institut Pasteur; Paris France
- CNRS URA2578; Paris France
| | - Jan M. Ruijter
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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192
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Non-compaction Cardiomyopathy: Prevalence, Prognosis, Pathoetiology, Genetics, and Risk of Cardioembolism. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2014; 11:393-403. [DOI: 10.1007/s11897-014-0227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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193
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Chattergoon NN, Louey S, Stork PJ, Giraud GD, Thornburg KL. Unexpected maturation of PI3K and MAPK-ERK signaling in fetal ovine cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1216-25. [PMID: 25128174 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00833.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the first two-thirds of gestation, ovine fetal cardiomyocytes undergo mitosis to increase cardiac mass and accommodate fetal growth. Thereafter, some myocytes continue to proliferate while others mature and terminally differentiate into binucleated cells. At term (145 days gestational age; dGA) about 60% of cardiomyocytes become binucleated and exit the cell cycle under hormonal control. Rising thyroid hormone (T3) levels near term (135 dGA) inhibit proliferation and stimulate maturation. However, the degree to which intracellular signaling patterns change with age in response to T3 is unknown. We hypothesized that in vitro activation of ERK, Akt, and p70(S6K) by two regulators of cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity, T3 and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), would be similar in cardiomyocytes at gestational ages 100 and 135 dGA. IGF-1 and T3 each independently stimulated phosphorylation of ERK, Akt, and p70(S6K) in cells at both ages. In the younger mononucleated myocytes, the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt was reduced in the presence of IGF-1 and T3. However, the same hormone combination led to a dramatic twofold increase in the phosphorylation of these signaling proteins in the 135 dGA cardiomyocytes-even in cells that were not proliferating. In the older cells, both mono- and binucleated cells were affected. In conclusion, fetal ovine cardiomyocytes undergo profound maturation-related changes in signaling in response to T3 and IGF-1, but not to either factor alone. Differences in age-related response are likely to be related to milestones in fetal cardiac development as the myocardium prepares for ex utero life.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Chattergoon
- Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon;
| | - S Louey
- Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - P J Stork
- Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Vollum Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - G D Giraud
- Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - K L Thornburg
- Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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194
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Takahashi M, Yamagishi T, Narematsu M, Kamimura T, Kai M, Nakajima Y. Epicardium is required for sarcomeric maturation and cardiomyocyte growth in the ventricular compact layer mediated by transforming growth factor β and fibroblast growth factor before the onset of coronary circulation. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2014; 54:162-71. [PMID: 24666202 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The epicardium, which is derived from the proepicardial organ (PE) as the third epithelial layer of the developing heart, is crucial for ventricular morphogenesis. An epicardial deficiency leads to a thin compact layer for the developing ventricle; however, the mechanisms leading to the impaired development of the compact layer are not well understood. Using chick embryonic hearts, we produced epicardium-deficient hearts by surgical ablation or blockade of the migration of PE and examined the mechanisms underlying a thin compact myocardium. Sarcomeric maturation (distance between Z-lines) and cardiomyocyte growth (size) were affected in the thin compact myocardium of epicardium-deficient ventricles, in which the amounts of phospho-smad2 and phospho-ERK as well as expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)β2 and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2 were reduced. TGFβ and FGF were required for the maturation of sarcomeres and growth of cardiomyocytes in cultured ventricles. In ovo co-transfection of dominant negative (dN)-Alk5 (dN-TGFβ receptor I) and dN-FGF receptor 1 to ventricles caused a thin compact myocardium. Our results suggest that immature sarcomeres and small cardiomyocytes are the causative architectures of an epicardium-deficient thin compact layer and also that epicardium-dependent signaling mediated by TGFβ and FGF plays a role in the development of the ventricular compact layer before the onset of coronary circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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195
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Milano A, Vermeer AM, Lodder EM, Barc J, Verkerk AO, Postma AV, van der Bilt IA, Baars MJ, van Haelst PL, Caliskan K, Hoedemaekers YM, Le Scouarnec S, Redon R, Pinto YM, Christiaans I, Wilde AA, Bezzina CR. HCN4 Mutations in Multiple Families With Bradycardia and Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64:745-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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196
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Taber LA. Morphomechanics: transforming tubes into organs. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 27:7-13. [PMID: 24791687 PMCID: PMC4125444 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
After decades focusing on the molecular and genetic aspects of organogenesis, researchers are showing renewed interest in the physical mechanisms that create organs. This review deals with the mechanical processes involved in constructing the heart and brain, concentrating primarily on cardiac looping, shaping of the primitive brain tube, and folding of the cerebral cortex. Recent studies suggest that differential growth drives large-scale shape changes in all three problems, causing the heart and brain tubes to bend and the cerebral cortex to buckle. Relatively local changes in form involve other mechanisms such as differential contraction. Understanding the mechanics of organogenesis is central to determining the link between genetics and the biophysical creation of form and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry A Taber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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197
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Peters F, Khandheria BK, Botha F, Libhaber E, Matioda H, Dos Santos C, Govender S, Meel R, Essop MR. Clinical outcomes in patients with isolated left ventricular noncompaction and heart failure. J Card Fail 2014; 20:709-715. [PMID: 25079299 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We prospectively evaluated long-term clinical outcomes of patients diagnosed with isolated left ventricular noncompaction (ILVNC) and heart failure from a sub-Saharan African population. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients in this single-center study were followed at a tertiary care institution. Clinical follow-up was performed with the use of protocol-driven echocardiographic screening for ventricular thrombus every 4 months. Warfarin was maintained or initiated only if thrombus was detected with the use of echocardiography. Fifty-five patients were followed for 16.7 ± 5.9 (range 12-33) months. All individuals had left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction <50% (mean 29.6 ± 11.8%). Of the 55 patients, 7 (12.7%) died, and sudden cardiac death was the cause in 5 (71.4%). There were no differences in baseline clinical, echocardiographic, or electrocardiographic characteristics between survivors and nonsurvivors. Recurrent heart failure developed in 12 patients (21.8%); 1 patient developed a ventricular arrhythmia. No thromboembolic or major bleeding complications occurred in the 16 patients on warfarin; 1 episode of thromboembolism occurred in the 39 patients not on warfarin. Mean survival probability at 33 months was 0.64. CONCLUSIONS Sudden cardiac death was the most common cause of death in patients with ILVNC and heart failure. Recurrent heart failure occurred in 21.8% of patients. Development of LV thrombus and cardioembolism is uncommon in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferande Peters
- Department of Cardiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bijoy K Khandheria
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St Luke's Medical Centers, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
| | - Francois Botha
- Department of Cardiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elena Libhaber
- Department of Cardiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hiral Matioda
- Department of Cardiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Claudia Dos Santos
- Department of Cardiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Samantha Govender
- Department of Cardiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ruchika Meel
- Department of Cardiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mohammed R Essop
- Department of Cardiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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198
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Burns CG, Burns CE. Development. A crowning achievement for deciphering coronary origins. Science 2014; 345:28-9. [PMID: 24994633 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Geoffrey Burns
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Caroline E Burns
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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199
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Tian X, Hu T, Zhang H, He L, Huang X, Liu Q, Yu W, He L, Yang Z, Yan Y, Yang X, Zhong TP, Pu WT, Zhou B. Vessel formation. De novo formation of a distinct coronary vascular population in neonatal heart. Science 2014; 345:90-4. [PMID: 24994653 DOI: 10.1126/science.1251487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal coronary vessels have been viewed as developing through expansion of vessels formed during the fetal period. Using genetic lineage tracing, we found that a substantial portion of postnatal coronary vessels arise de novo in the neonatal mouse heart, rather than expanding from preexisting embryonic vasculature. Our data show that lineage conversion of neonatal endocardial cells during trabecular compaction generates a distinct compartment of the coronary circulation located within the inner half of the ventricular wall. This lineage conversion occurs within a brief period after birth and provides an efficient means of rapidly augmenting the coronary vasculature. This mechanism of postnatal coronary vascular growth provides avenues for understanding and stimulating cardiovascular regeneration following injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Tian
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lingjuan He
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiuzhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qiaozhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Liang He
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tao P Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - William T Pu
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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200
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Araújo AC, Marques S, Belo JA. Targeted inactivation of Cerberus like-2 leads to left ventricular cardiac hyperplasia and systolic dysfunction in the mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102716. [PMID: 25033293 PMCID: PMC4102536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous analysis of the Cerberus like 2 knockout (Cerl2−/−) mouse revealed a significant mortality during the first day after birth, mostly due to cardiac defects apparently associated with randomization of the left-right axis. We have however, identified Cerl2-associated cardiac defects, particularly a large increase in the left ventricular myocardial wall in neonates that cannot be explained by laterality abnormalities. Therefore, in order to access the endogenous role of Cerl2 in cardiogenesis, we analyzed the embryonic and neonatal hearts of Cerl2 null mutants that did not display a laterality phenotype. Neonatal mutants obtained from the compound mouse line Cer2−/−::Mlc1v-nLacZ24+, in which the pulmonary ventricle is genetically marked, revealed a massive enlargement of the ventricular myocardium in animals without laterality defects. Echocardiography analysis in Cerl2−/− neonates showed a left ventricular systolic dysfunction that is incompatible with a long lifespan. We uncovered that the increased ventricular muscle observed in Cerl2−/− mice is caused by a high cardiomyocyte mitotic index in the compact myocardium which is mainly associated with increased Ccnd1 expression levels in the left ventricle at embryonic day (E) 13. Interestingly, at this stage we found augmented left ventricular expression of Cerl2 levels when compared with the right ventricle, which may elucidate the regionalized contribution of Cerl2 to the left ventricular muscle formation. Importantly, we observed an increase of phosphorylated Smad2 (pSmad2) levels in embryonic (E13) and neonatal hearts indicating a prolonged TGFβs/Nodal-signaling activation. Concomitantly, we detected an increase of Baf60c levels, but only in Cerl2−/− embryonic hearts. These results indicate that independently of its well-known role in left-right axis establishment Cerl2 plays an important role during heart development in the mouse, mediating Baf60c levels by exerting an important control of the TGFβs/Nodal-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Araújo
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetic Manipulation, Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Sara Marques
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetic Manipulation, Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - José António Belo
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetic Manipulation, Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- CEDOC – Chronic Diseases Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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