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Shaheen R, Schmidts M, Faqeih E, Hashem A, Lausch E, Holder I, Superti-Furga A, Mitchison HM, Almoisheer A, Alamro R, Alshiddi T, Alzahrani F, Beales PL, Alkuraya FS. A founder CEP120 mutation in Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy expands the role of centriolar proteins in skeletal ciliopathies. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1410-9. [PMID: 25361962 PMCID: PMC4321448 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (JATD) is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by a small thoracic cage and a range of skeletal and extra-skeletal anomalies. JATD is genetically heterogeneous with at least nine genes identified, all encoding ciliary proteins, hence the classification of JATD as a skeletal ciliopathy. Consistent with the observation that the heterogeneous molecular basis of JATD has not been fully determined yet, we have identified two consanguineous Saudi families segregating JATD who share a single identical ancestral homozygous haplotype among the affected members. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a single novel variant within the disease haplotype in CEP120, which encodes a core centriolar protein. Subsequent targeted sequencing of CEP120 in Saudi and European JATD cohorts identified two additional families with the same missense mutation. Combining the four families in linkage analysis confirmed a significant genome-wide linkage signal at the CEP120 locus. This missense change alters a highly conserved amino acid within CEP120 (p.Ala199Pro). In addition, we show marked reduction of cilia and abnormal number of centrioles in fibroblasts from one affected individual. Inhibition of the CEP120 ortholog in zebrafish produced pleiotropic phenotypes characteristic of cilia defects including abnormal body curvature, hydrocephalus, otolith defects and abnormal renal, head and craniofacial development. We also demonstrate that in CEP120 morphants, cilia are shortened in the neural tube and disorganized in the pronephros. These results are consistent with aberrant CEP120 being implicated in the pathogenesis of JATD and expand the role of centriolar proteins in skeletal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranad Shaheen
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK, Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eissa Faqeih
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 59046, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Hashem
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ekkehart Lausch
- Pediatric Genetics Division, Center for Adolescent and Pediatric Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Isabel Holder
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Department of Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | | | - Hannah M Mitchison
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Agaadir Almoisheer
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Alamro
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarfa Alshiddi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma Alzahrani
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philip L Beales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK,
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
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152
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Arita M, Fertala J, Hou C, Steplewski A, Fertala A. Mechanisms of aberrant organization of growth plates in conditional transgenic mouse model of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia associated with the R992C substitution in collagen II. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:214-29. [PMID: 25451152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in collagen II, a main structural protein of cartilage, are associated with various forms of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED), whose main features include aberrations of linear growth. Here, we analyzed the pathomechanisms responsible for growth alterations in transgenic mice with conditional expression of the R992C collagen II mutation. Specifically, we studied the alterations of the growth plates of mutant mice in which chondrocytes lacked their typical columnar arrangement. Our studies demonstrated that chondrocytes expressing the thermolabile R992C mutant collagen II molecules endured endoplasmic reticulum stress, had atypical polarization, and had reduced proliferation. Moreover, we demonstrated aberrant organization and morphology of primary cilia. Analyses of the extracellular collagenous deposits in mice expressing the R992C mutant collagen II molecules indicated their poor formation and distribution. By contrast, transgenic mice expressing wild-type collagen II and mice in which the expression of the transgene encoding the R992C collagen II was switched off were characterized by normal growth, and the morphology of their growth plates was correct. Our study with the use of a conditional mouse SED model not only indicates a direct relation between the observed aberration of skeletal tissues and the presence of mutant collagen II, but also identifies cellular and matrix elements of the pathomechanism of SED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Arita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jolanta Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cheryl Hou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrzej Steplewski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrzej Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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153
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Verleyen D, Luyten FP, Tylzanowski P. Orphan G-protein coupled receptor 22 (Gpr22) regulates cilia length and structure in the zebrafish Kupffer's vesicle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110484. [PMID: 25335082 PMCID: PMC4204907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR22 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Since the ligand of the receptor is currently unknown, its biological function has not been investigated in depth. Many GPCRs and their intracellular effectors are targeted to cilia. Cilia are highly conserved eukaryotic microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the membrane of most mammalian cells. They are involved in a large variety of physiological processes and diseases. However, the details of the downstream pathways and mechanisms that maintain cilia length and structure are poorly understood. We show that morpholino knock down or overexpression of gpr22 led to defective left-right (LR) axis formation in the zebrafish embryo. Specifically, defective LR patterning included randomization of the left-specific lateral plate mesodermal genes (LPM) (lefty1, lefty2, southpaw and pitx2a), resulting in randomized cardiac looping. Furthermore, gpr22 inactivation in the Kupffer’s vesicle (KV) alone was still able to generate the phenotype, indicating that Gpr22 mainly regulates LR asymmetry through the KV. Analysis of the KV cilia by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), revealed that gpr22 knock down or overexpression resulted in changes of cilia length and structure. Further, we found that Gpr22 does not act upstream of the two cilia master regulators, Foxj1a and Rfx2. To conclude, our study characterized a novel player in the field of ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Verleyen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
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154
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Vacaru AM, Unlu G, Spitzner M, Mione M, Knapik EW, Sadler KC. In vivo cell biology in zebrafish - providing insights into vertebrate development and disease. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:485-95. [PMID: 24481493 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.140194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, studies using zebrafish have significantly advanced our understanding of the cellular basis for development and human diseases. Zebrafish have rapidly developing transparent embryos that allow comprehensive imaging of embryogenesis combined with powerful genetic approaches. However, forward genetic screens in zebrafish have generated unanticipated findings that are mirrored by human genetic studies: disruption of genes implicated in basic cellular processes, such as protein secretion or cytoskeletal dynamics, causes discrete developmental or disease phenotypes. This is surprising because many processes that were assumed to be fundamental to the function and survival of all cell types appear instead to be regulated by cell-specific mechanisms. Such discoveries are facilitated by experiments in whole animals, where zebrafish provides an ideal model for visualization and manipulation of organelles and cellular processes in a live vertebrate. Here, we review well-characterized mutants and newly developed tools that underscore this notion. We focus on the secretory pathway and microtubule-based trafficking as illustrative examples of how studying cell biology in vivo using zebrafish has broadened our understanding of the role fundamental cellular processes play in embryogenesis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Vacaru
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
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155
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Mutations in cytoplasmic dynein and its regulators cause malformations of cortical development and neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 41:1605-12. [PMID: 24256262 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are highly specialized for the processing and transmission of electrical signals and use cytoskeleton-based motor proteins to transport different vesicles and cellular materials. Abnormalities in intracellular transport are thought to be a critical factor in the degeneration and death of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Several recent studies describe disruptive mutations in the minus-end-directed microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein that are directly linked to human motor neuropathies, such as SMA (spinal muscular atrophy) and axonal CMT (Charcot-Marie-Tooth) disease or malformations of cortical development, including lissencephaly, pachygyria and polymicrogyria. In addition, genetic defects associated with these and other neurological disorders have been found in multifunctional adaptors that regulate dynein function, including the dynactin subunit p150(Glued), BICD2 (Bicaudal D2), Lis-1 (lissencephaly 1) and NDE1 (nuclear distribution protein E). In the present paper we provide an overview of the disease-causing mutations in dynein motors and regulatory proteins that lead to a broad phenotypic spectrum extending from peripheral neuropathies to cerebral malformations.
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156
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Nakajima M, Takahashi A, Tsuji T, Karasugi T, Baba H, Uchida K, Kawabata S, Okawa A, Shindo S, Takeuchi K, Taniguchi Y, Maeda S, Kashii M, Seichi A, Nakajima H, Kawaguchi Y, Fujibayashi S, Takahata M, Tanaka T, Watanabe K, Kida K, Kanchiku T, Ito Z, Mori K, Kaito T, Kobayashi S, Yamada K, Takahashi M, Chiba K, Matsumoto M, Furukawa KI, Kubo M, Toyama Y, Ikegawa S. A genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility loci for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine. Nat Genet 2014; 46:1012-6. [PMID: 25064007 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL) is a common spinal disorder among the elderly that causes myelopathy and radiculopathy. To identify genetic factors for OPLL, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in ∼8,000 individuals followed by a replication study using an additional ∼7,000 individuals. We identified six susceptibility loci for OPLL: 20p12.3 (rs2423294: P = 1.10 × 10(-13)), 8q23.1 (rs374810: P = 1.88 × 10(-13)), 12p11.22 (rs1979679: P = 4.34 × 10(-12)), 12p12.2 (rs11045000: P = 2.95 × 10(-11)), 8q23.3 (rs13279799: P = 1.28 × 10(-10)) and 6p21.1 (rs927485: P = 9.40 × 10(-9)). Analyses of gene expression in and around the loci suggested that several genes are involved in OPLL etiology through membranous and/or endochondral ossification processes. Our results bring new insight to the etiology of OPLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nakajima
- 1] Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan. [2]
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- 1] Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan. [2]
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- 1] Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. [2]
| | - Tatsuki Karasugi
- 1] Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan. [2] Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Baba
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kenzo Uchida
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shigenori Kawabata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Shindo
- Department of Orthopedics, Kudanzaka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takeuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Taniguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Medical Joint Materials, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kashii
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Seichi
- Department of Orthopedics, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakajima
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Shunsuke Fujibayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takahata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kei Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Niigata University Medical and Dental General Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Kida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kanchiku
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Zenya Ito
- Department of Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kanji Mori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Kaito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka Minami Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kei Yamada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masahito Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- 1] Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. [2]
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Furukawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
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157
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Powles-Glover N. Cilia and ciliopathies: classic examples linking phenotype and genotype-an overview. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 48:98-105. [PMID: 24859270 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the role of cilia in pre and post natal development has been appreciated since the previous century. However, a better understanding of the physiological and, conversely, dysfunctional role that cilia have in developmental disease is still emerging. Dysfunctioning cilia can lead to diseases with a remarkable spectrum of phenotypes ranging from embryofetal lethality, through "classic" organ malformation to severe loss of function that leads to diseases during infancy or more subtle loss of function that may not become apparent until adulthood. Collectively, these diseased are termed ciliopathies. A shift in the focus of research by using tools and models that highlight the similarity between the genetics of mice, zebrafish and human cells, is starting to form an interesting mechanistic picture of how cilia have a role in the developmental pathologies and human diseases. Some of the underlying cellular principles, implicated genes and, where possible, mechanisms will be briefly described in this manuscript and there are several more detailed reviews available [Quinlan et al, 2008; Veland et al, 2009 and Norris and Grimes, 2013].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Powles-Glover
- Astrazeneca, Drug Safety Metabolism, Mereside, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK.
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158
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Murgiano L, Jagannathan V, Benazzi C, Bolcato M, Brunetti B, Muscatello LV, Dittmer K, Piffer C, Gentile A, Drögemüller C. Deletion in the EVC2 gene causes chondrodysplastic dwarfism in Tyrolean Grey cattle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94861. [PMID: 24733244 PMCID: PMC3986253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the summer of 2013 seven Italian Tyrolean Grey calves were born with abnormally short limbs. Detailed clinical and pathological examination revealed similarities to chondrodysplastic dwarfism. Pedigree analysis showed a common founder, assuming autosomal monogenic recessive transmission of the defective allele. A positional cloning approach combining genome wide association and homozygosity mapping identified a single 1.6 Mb genomic region on BTA 6 that was associated with the disease. Whole genome re-sequencing of an affected calf revealed a single candidate causal mutation in the Ellis van Creveld syndrome 2 (EVC2) gene. This gene is known to be associated with chondrodysplastic dwarfism in Japanese Brown cattle, and dwarfism, abnormal nails and teeth, and dysostosis in humans with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Sanger sequencing confirmed the presence of a 2 bp deletion in exon 19 (c.2993_2994ACdel) that led to a premature stop codon in the coding sequence of bovine EVC2, and was concordant with the recessive pattern of inheritance in affected and carrier animals. This loss of function mutation confirms the important role of EVC2 in bone development. Genetic testing can now be used to eliminate this form of chondrodysplastic dwarfism from Tyrolean Grey cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Murgiano
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia Benazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Marilena Bolcato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Barbara Brunetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Luisa Vera Muscatello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Keren Dittmer
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Christian Piffer
- Servizio Veterinario dell'Azienda Sanitaria dell'Alto Adige, Bozen, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Gentile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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159
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Oud MM, van Bon BW, Bongers EMHF, Hoischen A, Marcelis CL, de Leeuw N, Mol SJJ, Mortier G, Knoers NVAM, Brunner HG, Roepman R, Arts HH. Early presentation of cystic kidneys in a family with a homozygous INVS mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1627-34. [PMID: 24677454 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease that is the most frequent monogenic cause of end-stage renal disease in children. Infantile NPHP, often in combination with other features like situs inversus, are commonly caused by mutations in the INVS gene. INVS encodes the ciliary protein inversin, and mutations induce dysfunction of the primary cilia. In this article, we present a family with two severely affected fetuses that were aborted after discovery of grossly enlarged cystic kidneys by ultrasonography before 22 weeks gestation. Exome sequencing showed that the fetuses were homozygous for a previously unreported nonsense mutation, resulting in a truncation in the IQ1 domain of inversin. This mutation induces nonsense-mediated RNA decay, as suggested by a reduced RNA level in fibroblasts derived from the fetus. However, a significant amount of mutant INVS RNA was present in these fibroblasts, yielding mutant inversin protein that was mislocalized. In control fibroblasts, inversin was present in the ciliary axoneme as well as at the basal body, whereas in the fibroblasts from the fetus, inversin could only be detected at the basal body. The phenotype of both fetuses is partly characteristic of infantile NPHP and Potter sequence. We also identified that the fetuses had mild skeletal abnormalities, including shortening and bowing of long bones, which may expand the phenotypic spectrum associated with INVS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machteld M Oud
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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160
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Höög JL, Lacomble S, O'Toole ET, Hoenger A, McIntosh JR, Gull K. Modes of flagellar assembly in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Trypanosoma brucei. eLife 2014; 3:e01479. [PMID: 24448408 PMCID: PMC3896119 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in flagella growth are related to a number of human diseases. Central to flagellar growth is the organization of microtubules that polymerize from basal bodies to form the axoneme, which consists of hundreds of proteins. Flagella exist in all eukaryotic phyla, but neither the mechanism by which flagella grow nor the conservation of this process in evolution are known. Here, we study how protein complexes assemble onto the growing axoneme tip using (cryo) electron tomography. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii microtubules and associated proteins are added simultaneously. However, in Trypanosoma brucei, disorganized arrays of microtubules are arranged into the axoneme structure by the later addition of preformed protein complexes. Post assembly, the T. brucei transition zone alters structure and its association with the central pair loosens. We conclude that there are multiple ways to form a flagellum and that species-specific structural knowledge is critical before evaluating flagellar defects. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01479.001 Some cells have a whip-like appendage called a flagellum. This is most often used to propel the cell, notably in sperm cells, but it can also be involved in sensing cues in the surrounding environment. Flagella are found in all three domains of life—the eukaryotes (which include the animals), bacteria and ancient, single-celled organisms called Archaea—and they perform similar functions in each domain. However, they also differ significantly in their protein composition, overall structure, and mechanism of propulsion. The core of the flagellum in eukaryotes is made up of 20 hollow filaments called ‘microtubules’ arranged so that nine pairs of microtubules form a ring around two central microtubules. The core also contains many other proteins, but it is not clear how all these components come together to make a working flagellum. Moreover, it is not known if the flagella of different groups of eukaryotes are all assembled in the same way. Now, Höög et al. have discovered that although the core structure of the eukaryote flagellum is highly conserved, it can be assembled in markedly different ways. Some species of eukaryote—such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a single-celled green alga, and Trypanosoma brucei, the protist parasite that causes African sleeping sickness—must grow new flagella when their cells divide, so that each new cell can swim. Using a form of electron microscopy called electron tomography, Höög et al. could see the detailed structure of the growing flagella in three dimensions. At first the cores of the flagella in these two distantly related species grow in the same way. However as the flagella get longer their cores grow in completely different ways. The microtubule filaments in longer flagella grow in a synchronized manner in the alga, but in a disorganized way in the protist. The results of Höög et al. illustrate that it is not advisable to draw generalised conclusions based on studies of a few model species. However, since defects in flagella are known to cause several diseases in humans, this knowledge might inform future studies aimed at developing treatments for infertility, respiratory problems, and certain kinds of cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01479.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L Höög
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Halbritter J, Bizet A, Schmidts M, Porath J, Braun D, Gee H, McInerney-Leo A, Krug P, Filhol E, Davis E, Airik R, Czarnecki P, Lehman A, Trnka P, Nitschké P, Bole-Feysot C, Schueler M, Knebelmann B, Burtey S, Szabó A, Tory K, Leo P, Gardiner B, McKenzie F, Zankl A, Brown M, Hartley J, Maher E, Li C, Leroux M, Scambler P, Zhan S, Jones S, Kayserili H, Tuysuz B, Moorani K, Constantinescu A, Krantz I, Kaplan B, Shah J, Hurd T, Doherty D, Katsanis N, Duncan E, Otto E, Beales P, Mitchison H, Saunier S, Hildebrandt F, Hildebrandt F. Defects in the IFT-B component IFT172 cause Jeune and Mainzer-Saldino syndromes in humans. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:915-25. [PMID: 24140113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) depends on two evolutionarily conserved modules, subcomplexes A (IFT-A) and B (IFT-B), to drive ciliary assembly and maintenance. All six IFT-A components and their motor protein, DYNC2H1, have been linked to human skeletal ciliopathies, including asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD; also known as Jeune syndrome), Sensenbrenner syndrome, and Mainzer-Saldino syndrome (MZSDS). Conversely, the 14 subunits in the IFT-B module, with the exception of IFT80, have unknown roles in human disease. To identify additional IFT-B components defective in ciliopathies, we independently performed different mutation analyses: candidate-based sequencing of all IFT-B-encoding genes in 1,467 individuals with a nephronophthisis-related ciliopathy or whole-exome resequencing in 63 individuals with ATD. We thereby detected biallelic mutations in the IFT-B-encoding gene IFT172 in 12 families. All affected individuals displayed abnormalities of the thorax and/or long bones, as well as renal, hepatic, or retinal involvement, consistent with the diagnosis of ATD or MZSDS. Additionally, cerebellar aplasia or hypoplasia characteristic of Joubert syndrome was present in 2 out of 12 families. Fibroblasts from affected individuals showed disturbed ciliary composition, suggesting alteration of ciliary transport and signaling. Knockdown of ift172 in zebrafish recapitulated the human phenotype and demonstrated a genetic interaction between ift172 and ift80. In summary, we have identified defects in IFT172 as a cause of complex ATD and MZSDS. Our findings link the group of skeletal ciliopathies to an additional IFT-B component, IFT172, similar to what has been shown for IFT-A.
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Schmidts M, Vodopiutz J, Christou-Savina S, Cortés C, McInerney-Leo A, Emes R, Arts H, Tüysüz B, D’Silva J, Leo P, Giles T, Oud M, Harris J, Koopmans M, Marshall M, Elçioglu N, Kuechler A, Bockenhauer D, Moore A, Wilson L, Janecke A, Hurles M, Emmet W, Gardiner B, Streubel B, Dopita B, Zankl A, Kayserili H, Scambler P, Brown M, Beales P, Wicking C, Duncan E, Mitchison H. Mutations in the gene encoding IFT dynein complex component WDR34 cause Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:932-44. [PMID: 24183451 PMCID: PMC3824113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional (anterograde and retrograde) motor-based intraflagellar transport (IFT) governs cargo transport and delivery processes that are essential for primary cilia growth and maintenance and for hedgehog signaling functions. The IFT dynein-2 motor complex that regulates ciliary retrograde protein transport contains a heavy chain dynein ATPase/motor subunit, DYNC2H1, along with other less well functionally defined subunits. Deficiency of IFT proteins, including DYNC2H1, underlies a spectrum of skeletal ciliopathies. Here, by using exome sequencing and a targeted next-generation sequencing panel, we identified a total of 11 mutations in WDR34 in 9 families with the clinical diagnosis of Jeune syndrome (asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy). WDR34 encodes a WD40 repeat-containing protein orthologous to Chlamydomonas FAP133, a dynein intermediate chain associated with the retrograde intraflagellar transport motor. Three-dimensional protein modeling suggests that the identified mutations all affect residues critical for WDR34 protein-protein interactions. We find that WDR34 concentrates around the centrioles and basal bodies in mammalian cells, also showing axonemal staining. WDR34 coimmunoprecipitates with the dynein-1 light chain DYNLL1 in vitro, and mining of proteomics data suggests that WDR34 could represent a previously unrecognized link between the cytoplasmic dynein-1 and IFT dynein-2 motors. Together, these data show that WDR34 is critical for ciliary functions essential to normal development and survival, most probably as a previously unrecognized component of the mammalian dynein-IFT machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schmidts
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defect Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Julia Vodopiutz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonia Christou-Savina
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defect Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Claudio R. Cortés
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Aideen M. McInerney-Leo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Richard D. Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Heleen H. Arts
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Beyhan Tüysüz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jason D’Silva
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defect Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Paul J. Leo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Tom C. Giles
- Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Machteld M. Oud
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica A. Harris
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Marije Koopmans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 AL Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mhairi Marshall
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Nursel Elçioglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Marmara University Hospital, Istanbul 34716, Turkey
| | - Alma Kuechler
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Detlef Bockenhauer
- Great Ormond Street Hospital and Nephro-Urology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Anthony T. Moore
- Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PH, UK
| | - Louise C. Wilson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Andreas R. Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics I, and Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthew E. Hurles
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1RQ, UK
| | - Warren Emmet
- Department of Genetics, Environment and Evolution, UCL Genetics Institute (UGI), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Brooke Gardiner
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Berthold Streubel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Belinda Dopita
- Department of Genetics, The Canberra Hospital, Woden, ACT 2606, Australia
| | - Andreas Zankl
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Istanbul Medical Faculty, Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul University, 34390 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Peter J. Scambler
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defect Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Matthew A. Brown
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Philip L. Beales
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defect Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Carol Wicking
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Emma L. Duncan
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, James Mayne Building, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Butterfield Road, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Hannah M. Mitchison
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defect Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1EH, UK
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163
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Lin AE, Traum AZ, Sahai I, Keppler-Noreuil K, Kukolich MK, Adam MP, Westra SJ, Arts HH. Sensenbrenner syndrome (Cranioectodermal dysplasia): Clinical and molecular analyses of 39 patients including two new patients. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2762-76. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela E. Lin
- Medical Genetics; MassGeneral Hospital for Children; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Avram Z. Traum
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics; MassGeneral Hospital for Children; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Inderneel Sahai
- Medical Genetics; MassGeneral Hospital for Children; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kim Keppler-Noreuil
- Genetics Disease Research Branch, Human Development Section; National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)/NIH; Bethesda Maryland
| | - Mary K. Kukolich
- Clinical Genetics Service; Cook Children's Hospital; Fort Worth Texas
| | - Margaret P. Adam
- Division of Genetic Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle Washington
| | - Sjirk J. Westra
- Department of Radiology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Heleen H. Arts
- Department of Human Genetics; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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164
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Grosch M, Grüner B, Spranger S, Stütz AM, Rausch T, Korbel JO, Seelow D, Nürnberg P, Sticht H, Lausch E, Zabel B, Winterpacht A, Tagariello A. Identification of a Ninein (NIN) mutation in a family with spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity (leptodactylic type)-like phenotype. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:387-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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165
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Asante D, Maccarthy-Morrogh L, Townley AK, Weiss MA, Katayama K, Palmer KJ, Suzuki H, Westlake CJ, Stephens DJ. A role for the Golgi matrix protein giantin in ciliogenesis through control of the localization of dynein-2. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5189-97. [PMID: 24046448 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.131664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The correct formation of primary cilia is central to the development and function of nearly all cells and tissues. Cilia grow from the mother centriole by extension of a microtubule core, the axoneme, which is then surrounded with a specialized ciliary membrane that is continuous with the plasma membrane. Intraflagellar transport moves particles along the length of the axoneme to direct assembly of the cilium and is also required for proper cilia function. The microtubule motor, cytoplasmic dynein-2 mediates retrograde transport along the axoneme from the tip to the base; dynein-2 is also required for some aspects of cilia formation. In most cells, the Golgi lies adjacent to the centrioles and key components of the cilia machinery localize to this organelle. Golgi-localized proteins have also been implicated in ciliogenesis and in intraflagellar transport. Here, we show that the transmembrane Golgi matrix protein giantin (GOLGB1) is required for ciliogenesis. We show that giantin is not required for the Rab11-Rabin8-Rab8 pathway that has been implicated in the early stages of ciliary membrane formation. Instead we find that suppression of giantin results in mis-localization of WDR34, the intermediate chain of dynein-2. Highly effective depletion of giantin or WDR34 leads to an inability of cells to form primary cilia. Partial depletion of giantin or of WDR34 leads to an increase in cilia length consistent with the concept that giantin acts through dynein-2. Our data implicate giantin in ciliogenesis through control of dynein-2 localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Asante
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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166
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McInerney-Leo A, Schmidts M, Cortés C, Leo P, Gener B, Courtney A, Gardiner B, Harris J, Lu Y, Marshall M, Scambler P, Beales P, Brown M, Zankl A, Mitchison H, Duncan E, Wicking C, Wicking C. Short-rib polydactyly and Jeune syndromes are caused by mutations in WDR60. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:515-23. [PMID: 23910462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-rib polydactyly syndromes (SRPS I-V) are a group of lethal congenital disorders characterized by shortening of the ribs and long bones, polydactyly, and a range of extraskeletal phenotypes. A number of other disorders in this grouping, including Jeune and Ellis-van Creveld syndromes, have an overlapping but generally milder phenotype. Collectively, these short-rib dysplasias (with or without polydactyly) share a common underlying defect in primary cilium function and form a subset of the ciliopathy disease spectrum. By using whole-exome capture and massive parallel sequencing of DNA from an affected Australian individual with SRPS type III, we detected two novel heterozygous mutations in WDR60, a relatively uncharacterized gene. These mutations segregated appropriately in the unaffected parents and another affected family member, confirming compound heterozygosity, and both were predicted to have a damaging effect on the protein. Analysis of an additional 54 skeletal ciliopathy exomes identified compound heterozygous mutations in WDR60 in a Spanish individual with Jeune syndrome of relatively mild presentation. Of note, these two families share one novel WDR60 missense mutation, although haplotype analysis suggested no shared ancestry. We further show that WDR60 localizes at the base of the primary cilium in wild-type human chondrocytes, and analysis of fibroblasts from affected individuals revealed a defect in ciliogenesis and aberrant accumulation of the GLI2 transcription factor at the centrosome or basal body in the absence of an obvious axoneme. These findings show that WDR60 mutations can cause skeletal ciliopathies and suggest a role for WDR60 in ciliogenesis.
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167
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Tabler JM, Barrell WB, Szabo-Rogers HL, Healy C, Yeung Y, Perdiguero EG, Schulz C, Yannakoudakis BZ, Mesbahi A, Wlodarczyk B, Geissmann F, Finnell RH, Wallingford JB, Liu KJ. Fuz mutant mice reveal shared mechanisms between ciliopathies and FGF-related syndromes. Dev Cell 2013; 25:623-35. [PMID: 23806618 PMCID: PMC3697100 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a broad class of human disorders with craniofacial dysmorphology as a common feature. Among these is high arched palate, a condition that affects speech and quality of life. Using the ciliopathic Fuz mutant mouse, we find that high arched palate does not, as commonly suggested, arise from midface hypoplasia. Rather, increased neural crest expands the maxillary primordia. In Fuz mutants, this phenotype stems from dysregulated Gli processing, which in turn results in excessive craniofacial Fgf8 gene expression. Accordingly, genetic reduction of Fgf8 ameliorates the maxillary phenotypes. Similar phenotypes result from mutation of oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 (Ofd1), suggesting that aberrant transcription of Fgf8 is a common feature of ciliopathies. High arched palate is also a prevalent feature of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) hyperactivation syndromes. Thus, our findings elucidate the etiology for a common craniofacial anomaly and identify links between two classes of human disease: FGF-hyperactivation syndromes and ciliopathies. A genetic model for high arched palate, commonly seen in human craniofacial syndromes In ciliopathic mice, Fgf8 overexpression leads to cranial neural crest hyperplasia Enlargement of the maxillary primordia underlies high arched palate in Fuz mutants An etiological link between ciliopathies and FGF-hyperactivation syndromes
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Tabler
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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168
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Cauli: a mouse strain with an Ift140 mutation that results in a skeletal ciliopathy modelling Jeune syndrome. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003746. [PMID: 24009529 PMCID: PMC3757063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are architecturally complex organelles that protrude from the cell membrane and have signalling, sensory and motility functions that are central to normal tissue development and homeostasis. There are two broad categories of cilia; motile and non-motile, or primary, cilia. The central role of primary cilia in health and disease has become prominent in the past decade with the recognition of a number of human syndromes that result from defects in the formation or function of primary cilia. This rapidly growing class of conditions, now known as ciliopathies, impact the development of a diverse range of tissues including the neural axis, craniofacial structures, skeleton, kidneys, eyes and lungs. The broad impact of cilia dysfunction on development reflects the pivotal position of the primary cilia within a signalling nexus involving a growing number of growth factor systems including Hedgehog, Pdgf, Fgf, Hippo, Notch and both canonical Wnt and planar cell polarity. We have identified a novel ENU mutant allele of Ift140, which causes a mid-gestation embryonic lethal phenotype in homozygous mutant mice. Mutant embryos exhibit a range of phenotypes including exencephaly and spina bifida, craniofacial dysmorphism, digit anomalies, cardiac anomalies and somite patterning defects. A number of these phenotypes can be attributed to alterations in Hedgehog signalling, although additional signalling systems are also likely to be involved. We also report the identification of a homozygous recessive mutation in IFT140 in a Jeune syndrome patient. This ENU-induced Jeune syndrome model will be useful in delineating the origins of dysmorphology in human ciliopathies. Skeletal ciliopathies are an emerging field of human disease in which skeletal birth defects arise due to abnormal communication between cells. This failure in communication arises following mutation in components of the primary cilia, a hair-like structure present on every cell. The skeletal ciliopathies are debilitating and in severe cases lead to death in early infancy. However, the mechanisms by which these malformations come about remains unclear. Mouse models are often used to delineate the causes of human birth defects and we have identified a model that mimics one of these conditions known as Jeune syndrome. It is the first mouse model with a mutation in the Ift140 gene, and these mice exhibit phenotypes that are often seen in this set of human syndromes. We have complimented this study with the discovery of a patient that presents with Jeune Syndrome resulting from mutation of human IFT140. This model will allow us to explore the role of IFT140 and the primary cilia in normal human development and provide insight into the field of human skeletal ciliopathies.
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169
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Nozawa YI, Lin C, Chuang PT. Hedgehog signaling from the primary cilium to the nucleus: an emerging picture of ciliary localization, trafficking and transduction. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 23:429-37. [PMID: 23725801 PMCID: PMC3913210 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The unexpected connection between cilia and signaling is one of the most exciting developments in cell biology in the past decade. In particular, the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway relies on the primary cilium to regulate tissue patterning and homeostasis in vertebrates. A central question is how ciliary localization and trafficking of Hh pathway components lead to pathway activation and regulation. In this review, we discuss recent studies that reveal the roles of ciliary regulators, components and structures in controlling the movement and signaling of Hh players. These findings significantly increase our mechanistic understanding of how the primary cilium facilitates Hh signal transduction and form the basis for further investigations to define the function of cilia in other signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Inès Nozawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
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170
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Coussa RG, Otto EA, Gee HY, Arthurs P, Ren H, Lopez I, Keser V, Fu Q, Faingold R, Khan A, Schwartzentruber J, Majewski J, Hildebrandt F, Koenekoop RK. WDR19: an ancient, retrograde, intraflagellar ciliary protein is mutated in autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa and in Senior-Loken syndrome. Clin Genet 2013; 84:150-9. [PMID: 23683095 PMCID: PMC3904424 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous retinal disease that causes blindness. Our purpose was to identify the causal gene, describe the phenotype and delineate the mutation spectrum in a consanguineous Quebec arRP family. We performed Arrayed Primer Extension (APEX) technology to exclude ∼500 arRP mutations in ∼20 genes. Homozygosity mapping [single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping] identified 10 novel significant homozygous regions. We performed next generation sequencing and whole exome capture. Sanger sequencing provided cosegregation. We screened another 150 retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and 200 patients with Senior-Løken Syndrome (SLS). We identified a novel missense mutation in WDR19, c.2129T>C which lead to a p.Leu710Ser. We found the same mutation in a second Quebec arRP family. Interestingly, two of seven affected members of the original family developed 'sub-clinical' renal cysts. We hypothesized that more severe WDR19 mutations may lead to severe ciliopathies and found seven WDR19 mutations in five SLS families. We identified a new gene for both arRP and SLS. WDR19 is a ciliary protein associated with the intraflagellar transport machinery. We are currently investigating the full extent of the mutation spectrum. Our findings are crucial in expanding the understanding of childhood blindness and identifying new genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Coussa
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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171
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Schaefer E, Lauer J, Durand M, Pelletier V, Obringer C, Claussmann A, Braun JJ, Redin C, Mathis C, Muller J, Schmidt-Mutter C, Flori E, Marion V, Stoetzel C, Dollfus H. Mesoaxial polydactyly is a major feature in Bardet-Biedl syndrome patients with LZTFL1 (BBS17) mutations. Clin Genet 2013; 85:476-81. [PMID: 23692385 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are heterogeneous disorders sharing different clinical signs due to a defect at the level of the primary cilia/centrosome complex. Postaxial polydactyly is frequently reported in ciliopathies, especially in Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). Clinical features and genetic results observed in a pair of dizygotic twins with BBS are reported. The following manifestations were present: retinitis pigmentosa, bilateral insertional polydactyly, cognitive impairment and renal dysfunction. X-rays of the hands confirmed the presence of a 4th mesoaxial extra-digit with Y-shaped metacarpal bones. The sequencing of LZTFL1 identified a missense mutation (NM_020347.2: p.Leu87Pro; c.260T>C) and a nonsense mutation (p.Glu260*; c.778G>T), establishing a compound heterozygous status for the twins. A major decrease of LZTFL1 transcript and protein was observed in the patient's fibroblasts. This is the second report of LZTFL1 mutations in BBS patients confirming LZTFL1 as a BBS gene. Interestingly, the only two families reported in literature thus far with LZTFL1 mutations have in common mesoaxial polydactyly, a very uncommon feature for BBS. This special subtype of polydactyly in BBS patients is easily identified on clinical examination and prompts for priority sequencing of LZTFL1 (BBS17).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schaefer
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, INSERM U1112, Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Schmidts M, Arts HH, Bongers EMHF, Yap Z, Oud MM, Antony D, Duijkers L, Emes RD, Stalker J, Yntema JBL, Plagnol V, Hoischen A, Gilissen C, Forsythe E, Lausch E, Veltman JA, Roeleveld N, Superti-Furga A, Kutkowska-Kazmierczak A, Kamsteeg EJ, Elçioğlu N, van Maarle MC, Graul-Neumann LM, Devriendt K, Smithson SF, Wellesley D, Verbeek NE, Hennekam RCM, Kayserili H, Scambler PJ, Beales PL, Knoers NVAM, Roepman R, Mitchison HM. Exome sequencing identifies DYNC2H1 mutations as a common cause of asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (Jeune syndrome) without major polydactyly, renal or retinal involvement. J Med Genet 2013; 50:309-23. [PMID: 23456818 PMCID: PMC3627132 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (JATD) is a rare, often lethal, recessively inherited chondrodysplasia characterised by shortened ribs and long bones, sometimes accompanied by polydactyly, and renal, liver and retinal disease. Mutations in intraflagellar transport (IFT) genes cause JATD, including the IFT dynein-2 motor subunit gene DYNC2H1. Genetic heterogeneity and the large DYNC2H1 gene size have hindered JATD genetic diagnosis. AIMS AND METHODS To determine the contribution to JATD we screened DYNC2H1 in 71 JATD patients JATD patients combining SNP mapping, Sanger sequencing and exome sequencing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We detected 34 DYNC2H1 mutations in 29/71 (41%) patients from 19/57 families (33%), showing it as a major cause of JATD especially in Northern European patients. This included 13 early protein termination mutations (nonsense/frameshift, deletion, splice site) but no patients carried these in combination, suggesting the human phenotype is at least partly hypomorphic. In addition, 21 missense mutations were distributed across DYNC2H1 and these showed some clustering to functional domains, especially the ATP motor domain. DYNC2H1 patients largely lacked significant extra-skeletal involvement, demonstrating an important genotype-phenotype correlation in JATD. Significant variability exists in the course and severity of the thoracic phenotype, both between affected siblings with identical DYNC2H1 alleles and among individuals with different alleles, which suggests the DYNC2H1 phenotype might be subject to modifier alleles, non-genetic or epigenetic factors. Assessment of fibroblasts from patients showed accumulation of anterograde IFT proteins in the ciliary tips, confirming defects similar to patients with other retrograde IFT machinery mutations, which may be of undervalued potential for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schmidts
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Heleen H Arts
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ernie M H F Bongers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhimin Yap
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Machteld M Oud
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dinu Antony
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Lonneke Duijkers
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard D Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Jim Stalker
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan-Bart L Yntema
- Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Plagnol
- Department of Genetics, Environment and Evolution, UCL Genetics Institute (UGI), University College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Forsythe
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Ekkehart Lausch
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joris A Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nel Roeleveld
- Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Centre for Evidence Based Practice, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Department of Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Erik-Jan Kamsteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nursel Elçioğlu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merel C van Maarle
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Laboratory for Genetics of Human Development, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah F Smithson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St. Michael's Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Diana Wellesley
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and Essex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Nienke E Verbeek
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raoul C M Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hulya Kayserili
- Istanbul Medical Faculty, Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Philip L Beales
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nine VAM Knoers
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah M Mitchison
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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173
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Wieczorek D. Human facial dysostoses. Clin Genet 2013; 83:499-510. [PMID: 23565775 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human facial dysostoses can be subdivided into mandibulofacial dysostoses (MFDs) and acrofacial dysostoses (AFDs). The craniofacial phenotypes of the two groups of patients are similar. Both types are thought to be related to abnormal migration of neural crest cells to the pharyngeal arches and the face. The craniofacial anomalies shared by the two groups consist of downslanting palpebral fissures, coloboma of the lower eyelid, from which the eyelashes medial to the defect may be absent, hypoplasia of the zygomatic complex, micrognathia, and microtia, which is often associated with hearing loss. These facial deformities are associated with limb anomalies in the AFDs. All MFDs present with the typical craniofacial phenotype, but some have additional features that help to distinguish them clinically: intellectual disability, microcephaly, chest deformity, ptosis, cleft lip/palate, macroblepharon, or blepharophimosis. The limb anomalies in the AFDs can be classified into pre-axial, post-axial, and others not fitting into the first two AFD types. Of the pre-axial types, Nager syndrome and of the post-axial types, Miller syndrome are the best-known disorders of their AFD subgroups. Several other AFDs with unknown molecular genetic bases, including lethal ones, have been described. This article reviews the MFDs and AFDs published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wieczorek
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Chen CP, Chen CY, Chern SR, Su JW, Wang W. First-trimester prenatal diagnosis of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 51:643-8. [PMID: 23276573 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the perinatal findings and first-trimester molecular and transabdominal ultrasound diagnosis of a fetus with Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) syndrome. CASE REPORT A 35-year-old woman was referred for genetic counseling at 13 weeks of gestation because of a family history of skeletal dysplasia. She had experienced one spontaneous abortion, and delivered one male fetus and one female fetus with EvC syndrome. During this pregnancy, a prenatal transabdominal ultrasound at 13(+4) weeks of gestation revealed a nuchal translucency (NT) thickness of 2.0 mm, an endocardial cushion defect, postaxial polydactyly of bilateral hands, and mesomelic dysplasia of the long bones. Amniocentesis was performed at 13(+5) weeks of gestation. Results of a cytogenetic analysis revealed a karyotype of 46,XX and that of a molecular analysis revealed compound heterozygous mutations of c.1195C>T and c.871-2_894del26 in the EVC2 gene. Prenatal ultrasound at 16 weeks of gestation showed a fetus with short limbs, an endocardial cushion defect, and postaxial polydactyly of bilateral hands. The parents decided to terminate the pregnancy, and a 116-g female fetus was delivered with a narrow thorax, shortening limbs, and postaxial polydactyly of the hands. CONCLUSION Prenatal diagnosis of an endocardial cushion defect with postaxial polydactyly should include a differential diagnosis of EvC syndrome in addition to short rib-polydactyly syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, orofaciodigital syndrome, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, and hydrolethalus syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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