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De Mori R, Tardivo S, Pollara L, Giliani SC, Ali E, Giordano L, Leuzzi V, Fischetto R, Gener B, Diprima S, Morelli MJ, Monti MC, Sottile V, Valente EM. Joubert syndrome-derived induced pluripotent stem cells show altered neuronal differentiation in vitro. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 396:255-267. [PMID: 38502237 PMCID: PMC11055696 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a recessively inherited congenital ataxia characterized by hypotonia, psychomotor delay, abnormal ocular movements, intellectual disability, and a peculiar cerebellar and brainstem malformation, the "molar tooth sign." Over 40 causative genes have been reported, all encoding for proteins implicated in the structure or functioning of the primary cilium, a subcellular organelle widely present in embryonic and adult tissues. In this paper, we developed an in vitro neuronal differentiation model using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), to evaluate possible neurodevelopmental defects in JS. To this end, iPSCs from four JS patients harboring mutations in distinct JS genes (AHI1, CPLANE1, TMEM67, and CC2D2A) were differentiated alongside healthy control cells to obtain mid-hindbrain precursors and cerebellar granule cells. Differentiation was monitored over 31 days through the detection of lineage-specific marker expression by qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and transcriptomics analysis. All JS patient-derived iPSCs, regardless of the mutant gene, showed a similar impairment to differentiate into mid-hindbrain and cerebellar granule cells when compared to healthy controls. In addition, analysis of primary cilium count and morphology showed notable ciliary defects in all differentiating JS patient-derived iPSCs compared to controls. These results confirm that patient-derived iPSCs are an accessible and relevant in vitro model to analyze cellular phenotypes connected to the presence of JS gene mutations in a neuronal context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta De Mori
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Tardivo
- Neurogenetics Lab, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Lidia Pollara
- Neurogenetics Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Clara Giliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eltahir Ali
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucio Giordano
- Paediatric Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Spedali Civili Children's Hospital, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Fischetto
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatric Medicine, XXIII Children's Hospital, Bari, Giovanni, Italy
| | - Blanca Gener
- Department of Genetics, Cruces University Hospital, BioBizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Cruces PlazaBizkaia, Spain
| | - Santo Diprima
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cristina Monti
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Neurogenetics Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Jayarajan RO, Chakraborty S, Raghu KG, Purushothaman J, Veleri S. Joubert syndrome causing mutation in C2 domain of CC2D2A affects structural integrity of cilia and cellular signaling molecules. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:619-637. [PMID: 38231387 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Cilia are organelles extend from cells to sense external signals for tuning intracellular signaling for optimal cellular functioning. They have evolved sensory and motor roles in various cells for tissue organization and homeostasis in development and post-development. More than a thousand genes are required for cilia function. Mutations in them cause multisystem disorders termed ciliopathies. The null mutations in CC2D2A result in Meckel syndrome (MKS), which is embryonic lethal, whereas patients who have missense mutations in the C2 domain of CC2D2A display Joubert syndrome (JBTS). They survive with blindness and mental retardation. How C2 domain defects cause disease conditions is not understood. To answer this question, C2 domain of Cc2d2a (mice gene) was knocked down (KD) in IMCD-3 cells by shRNA. This resulted in defective cilia morphology observed by immunofluorescence analysis. To further probe the cellular signaling alteration in affected cells, gene expression profiling was done by RNAseq and compared with the controls. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) have functions in cilia. Among the 61 cilia DEGs identified, 50 genes were downregulated and 11 genes were upregulated. These cilia genes are involved in cilium assembly, protein trafficking to the cilium, intraflagellar transport (IFT), cellular signaling like polarity patterning, and Hedgehog signaling pathway. This suggests that the C2 domain of CC2D2A plays a critical role in cilia assembly and molecular signaling hosted in cilia for cellular homeostasis. Taken together, the missense mutations in the C2 domain of CC2D2A seen in JBTS might have affected cilia-mediated signaling in neurons of the retina and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopasree O Jayarajan
- Agro-processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Soura Chakraborty
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Kozhiparambil Gopalan Raghu
- Agro-processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jayamurthy Purushothaman
- Agro-processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shobi Veleri
- Drug Safety Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
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Salman MA, Elgebaly A, Soliman NA. Epidemiology and outcomes of pediatric autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease in the Middle East and North Africa. Pediatr Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s00467-024-06281-0. [PMID: 38261064 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-024-06281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of rare diseases is expected to be comparatively higher in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region than in other parts of the world, attributed to the high prevalence of consanguinity. Most MENA countries share social and economic statuses, cultural relativism, religious beliefs, and healthcare policies. Polycystic kidney diseases (PKDs) are the most common genetic causes of kidney failure, accounting for nearly 8.0% of dialysis cases. The development of PKDs is linked to variants in several genes, including PKD1, PKD2, PKHD1, DZIP1L, and CYS1. Autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD) is the less common yet aggressive form of PKD. ARPKD has an estimated incidence between 1:10,000 and 1:40,000. Most patients with ARPKD require kidney replacement therapy earlier than patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), often in their early years of life. This review gathered data from published research studies and reviews of ARPKD, highlighting the epidemiology, phenotypic presentation, investigations, genetic analysis, outcomes, and management. Although limited data are available, the published literature suggests that the incidence of ARPKD may be higher in the MENA region due to consanguineous marriages. Patients with ARPKD from the MENA region usually present at a later disease stage and have a relatively short time to progress to kidney failure. Limited data are available regarding the management practice in the region, which warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Elgebaly
- Smart Health Unit, University of East London, London, E16 2, UK
| | - Neveen A Soliman
- Center of Pediatric Nephrology & Transplantation, Kasr Al Ainy Medical School, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
- Egyptian Group for Orphan Renal Diseases (EGORD), Cairo, Egypt
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Barbey F, Maillard M, Cina V, Fakhouri F. Atypical cystic hepatorenal disease in a 40-year-old female: What is the diagnosis? A nephrology zebra. J Nephrol 2023; 36:2651-2653. [PMID: 37801220 PMCID: PMC10703955 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-023-01728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Barbey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Av. du Bugnon 46, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Marie Maillard
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Cina
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fadi Fakhouri
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Deretic J, Odabasi E, Firat-Karalar EN. The multifaceted roles of microtubule-associated proteins in the primary cilium and ciliopathies. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261148. [PMID: 38095645 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a conserved microtubule-based organelle that is critical for transducing developmental, sensory and homeostatic signaling pathways. It comprises an axoneme with nine parallel doublet microtubules extending from the basal body, surrounded by the ciliary membrane. The axoneme exhibits remarkable stability, serving as the skeleton of the cilium in order to maintain its shape and provide tracks to ciliary trafficking complexes. Although ciliary trafficking and signaling have been exhaustively characterized over the years, less is known about the unique structural and functional complexities of the axoneme. Recent work has yielded new insights into the mechanisms by which the axoneme is built with its proper length and architecture, particularly regarding the activity of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). In this Review, we first summarize current knowledge about the architecture, composition and specialized compartments of the primary cilium. Next, we discuss the mechanistic underpinnings of how a functional cilium is assembled, maintained and disassembled through the regulation of its axonemal microtubules. We conclude by examining the diverse localizations and functions of ciliary MAPs for the pathobiology of ciliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Deretic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Odabasi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Elif Nur Firat-Karalar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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Binder A, Kohl S, Grasshoff U, Schäferhoff K, Stingl K. An early onset cone dystrophy due to CEP290 mutation: a case report. Doc Ophthalmol 2023; 147:203-209. [PMID: 37642804 PMCID: PMC10638109 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-023-09940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Biallelic mutations in the CEP290 gene cause early onset retinal dystrophy or syndromic disease such as Senior-Loken or Joubert syndrome. Here, we present an unusual non-syndromic case of a juvenile retinal dystrophy caused by biallelic CEP290 mutations imitating initially the phenotype of achromatopsia or slowly progressing cone dystrophy. METHODS We present 13 years of follow-up of a female patient who presented first with symptoms and findings typical for achromatopsia. The patient underwent functional and morphologic examinations, including fundus autofluorescence imaging, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, electroretinography, color vision and visual field testing. RESULTS Diagnostic genetic testing via whole genome sequencing and virtual inherited retinal disease gene panel evaluation finally identified two compound heterozygous variants c.4452_4455del;p.(Lys1484Asnfs*4) and c.2414T > C;p.(Leu805Pro) in the CEP290 gene. CONCLUSIONS CEP290 mutation causes a wide variety of clinical phenotypes. The presented case shows a phenotype resembling achromatopsia or early onset slowly progressing cone dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ute Grasshoff
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Schäferhoff
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katarina Stingl
- University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Center for Rare Eye Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Masek M, Bachmann-Gagescu R. Control of protein and lipid composition of photoreceptor outer segments-Implications for retinal disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 155:165-225. [PMID: 38043951 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Vision is arguably our most important sense, and its loss brings substantial limitations to daily life for affected individuals. Light is perceived in retinal photoreceptors (PRs), which are highly specialized neurons subdivided into several compartments with distinct functions. The outer segments (OSs) of photoreceptors represent highly specialized primary ciliary compartments hosting the phototransduction cascade, which transforms incoming light into a neuronal signal. Retinal disease can result from various pathomechanisms originating in distinct subcompartments of the PR cell, or in the retinal pigment epithelium which supports the PRs. Dysfunction of primary cilia causes human disorders known as "ciliopathies", in which retinal disease is a common feature. This chapter focuses on PR OSs, discussing the mechanisms controlling their complex structure and composition. A sequence of tightly regulated sorting and trafficking events, both upstream of and within this ciliary compartment, ensures the establishment and maintenance of the adequate proteome and lipidome required for signaling in response to light. We discuss in particular our current understanding of the role of ciliopathy proteins involved in multi-protein complexes at the ciliary transition zone (CC2D2A) or BBSome (BBS1) and how their dysfunction causes retinal disease. While the loss of CC2D2A prevents the fusion of vesicles and delivery of the photopigment rhodopsin to the ciliary base, leading to early OS ultrastructural defects, BBS1 deficiency results in precocious accumulation of cholesterol in mutant OSs and decreased visual function preceding morphological changes. These distinct pathomechanisms underscore the central role of ciliary proteins involved in multiple processes controlling OS protein and lipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Masek
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program AdaBD, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Simonini C, Fröschen EM, Nadal J, Strizek B, Berg C, Geipel A, Gembruch U. Prenatal ultrasound in fetuses with polycystic kidney appearance - expanding the diagnostic algorithm. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023; 308:1287-1300. [PMID: 36310336 PMCID: PMC10435620 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-022-06814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Report on the diagnosis of prenatally detected fetal kidneys with bilateral polycystic appearance in a single center between 1999 and 2020 with special focus on renal morphology and biometry, amniotic fluid and extrarenal findings and proposal for an diagnostic algorithm. METHODS Retrospective observational study including pregnancies with prenatally detected kidneys with bilateral polycystic appearance (n = 98). Cases and outcomes were compared according to prenatal findings with special focus on renal morphology, amount of amniotic fluid, and presence of extrarenal abnormalities. RESULTS Most frequent diagnoses were autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD, 53.1%), Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS, 17.3%) and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD, 8.2%). Other diagnoses included: Joubert-, Jeune-, McKusick-Kaufman- and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, overgrowth syndromes, Mainzer-Saldino syndrome and renal tubular dysgenesis. Renal abnormalities most frequently observed were hyperechogenic parenchyma, kidney enlargement, changes of corticomedullary differentiation and cystic changes of various degree. Oligo- and anhydramnios were mainly seen in ARPKD, RTD and second-trimester MKS. Extrarenal findings included skeletal (35.7%) and cardiac (34.7%) abnormalities as well as abnormalities of the central nervous system (27.6%). CONCLUSION Gestational age at manifestation, kidney size, visibility of cysts, echogenicity, amniotic fluid volume, and the presence of associated extrarenal malformations allow to differentiate between the most frequent underlying diseases presenting with bilateral polycystic kidneys on prenatal ultrasound by following a diagnostic algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Simonini
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Eva-Maria Fröschen
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer Nadal
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics, and Epidemiology (IMBIE), University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Brigitte Strizek
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Berg
- Division of Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Annegret Geipel
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gembruch
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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Lee EY, Hughes JW. Rediscovering Primary Cilia in Pancreatic Islets. Diabetes Metab J 2023; 47:454-469. [PMID: 37105527 PMCID: PMC10404530 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2022.0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based sensory and signaling organelles on the surfaces of most eukaryotic cells. Despite their early description by microscopy studies, islet cilia had not been examined in the functional context until recent decades. In pancreatic islets as in other tissues, primary cilia facilitate crucial developmental and signaling pathways in response to extracellular stimuli. Many human developmental and genetic disorders are associated with ciliary dysfunction, some manifesting as obesity and diabetes. Understanding the basis for metabolic diseases in human ciliopathies has been aided by close examination of cilia action in pancreatic islets at cellular and molecular levels. In this article, we review the evidence for ciliary expression on islet cells, known roles of cilia in pancreas development and islet hormone secretion, and summarize metabolic manifestations of human ciliopathy syndromes. We discuss emerging data on primary cilia regulation of islet cell signaling and the structural basis of cilia-mediated cell crosstalk, and offer our interpretation on the role of cilia in glucose homeostasis and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Lee
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jing W. Hughes
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Ulhaq ZS, Ogino Y, Tse WKF. Deciphering the pathogenesis of retinopathy associated with carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency in zebrafish model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 664:100-107. [PMID: 37141637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs) are a group of rare genetic metabolic disorders caused by mutations in genes responsible for transporting and metabolizing fatty acids in the mitochondria. One crucial enzyme involved in this process is carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1), which transports long-chain fatty acids to the mitochondrial matrix for beta-oxidation. Defects in beta-oxidation enzymes often lead to pigmentary retinopathy; however, the underlying mechanisms are not entirely understood. To investigate FAOD and its impact on the retina, we employed zebrafish as a model organism. Specifically, we used antisense-mediated knockdown strategies to target the cpt1a gene and examined the resulting retinal phenotypes. We demonstrated that the cpt1a MO-injected fish significantly reduced the length of connecting cilia and severely affected photoreceptor cell development. Moreover, our findings highlight that the loss of functional cpt1a disrupted energy homeostasis in the retina, leading to lipid droplet deposition and promoting ferroptosis, which is likely attributed to the photoreceptor degeneration and visual impairments observed in the cpt1a morphants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Toxicology, Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Research Center for Pre-clinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.
| | - Yukiko Ogino
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Developmental Biology, Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - William Ka Fai Tse
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Toxicology, Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Zhong F, Tan M, Gao Y. Novel multi-allelic variants, two BBS2 and one PKD1 variant, of renal ciliopathies: A case report and literature review. Eur J Med Genet 2023; 66:104753. [PMID: 37003573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) are renal ciliopathies. BBS has 22 pathogenic genes, and ADPKD is mainly caused by PKD1 and PKD2 variants. Cases with tri-allelic variants of BBS and PKD1 are rare. CASE PRESENTATION The proband was an 11-year-old Chinese male with cysts in both kidneys, blurred vision, hyperopia, and short fingers and toes. The patient underwent a kidney transplant due to rapid deterioration of renal failure. During follow-up, a smaller field of vision, a slow increase in height, and a weight gain were observed. In addition, renal function and anemia were improved. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed two heterozygous variants in BBS2 (c.563delT (p.I188Tfs*13) inherited from the father and c.534+1G > t (splicing) from the mother) and one heterozygous variant in PKD1 (c.6223C > T (p.R2075C)) inherited from the mother. CONCLUSION This paper reported a ciliopathy patient with multi-allelic variants (two BBS2 variants and one PKD1 variant) that may lead to early symptoms and more rapid progression. An early genetic diagnosis may contribute to predicting disease progression and guiding management and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazhan Zhong
- Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Tan
- Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.
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Cicolini I, Blasetti A, Chiarelli F. Ciliopathies in pediatric endocrinology. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 28:5-9. [PMID: 37015775 PMCID: PMC10073028 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2244288.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a group of disorders that involve many organs and systems. In this review, we consider the role of the cilium in multiorgan pathology with a focus on endocrinological aspects. Identification of new genes and mutations is the major challenge in development of a tailored and appropriate therapy. It is expected that new mutations will be identified to characterize ciliopathies and promote new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Cicolini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Morleo M, Pezzella N, Franco B. Proteome balance in ciliopathies: the OFD1 protein example. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:201-217. [PMID: 36494254 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The balance of protein synthesis and degradation is finely regulated and influences cellular homeostasis and biological processes (e.g., embryonic development and neuronal plasticity). Recent data demonstrated that centrosomal/ciliary proteins enable proteome control in response to spatial or microenvironmental stimuli. Here, we discuss recent discoveries regarding the role in the balance of the proteome of centrosomal/ciliary proteins associated with genetic disorders known as ciliopathies. In particular, OFD1 was the first example of a ciliopathy protein controlling both protein expression and autophagic/proteasomal degradation. Understanding the role of proteome balance in the pathogenesis of the clinical manifestations of ciliopathies may pave the way to the identification of a wide range of putative novel therapeutic targets for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Morleo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Nunziana Pezzella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Scuola Superiore Meridionale (SSM, School of Advanced Studies), Genomics and Experimental Medicine program, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Brunella Franco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Scuola Superiore Meridionale (SSM, School of Advanced Studies), Genomics and Experimental Medicine program, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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14
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Stevenson NL. The factory, the antenna and the scaffold: the three-way interplay between the Golgi, cilium and extracellular matrix underlying tissue function. Biol Open 2023; 12:287059. [PMID: 36802341 PMCID: PMC9986613 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth and development of healthy tissues is dependent on the construction of a highly specialised extracellular matrix (ECM) to provide support for cell growth and migration and to determine the biomechanical properties of the tissue. These scaffolds are composed of extensively glycosylated proteins which are secreted and assembled into well-ordered structures that can hydrate, mineralise, and store growth factors as required. The proteolytic processing and glycosylation of ECM components is vital to their function. These modifications are under the control of the Golgi apparatus, an intracellular factory hosting spatially organised, protein-modifying enzymes. Regulation also requires a cellular antenna, the cilium, which integrates extracellular growth signals and mechanical cues to inform ECM production. Consequently, mutations in either Golgi or ciliary genes frequently lead to connective tissue disorders. The individual importance of each of these organelles to ECM function is well-studied. However, emerging evidence points towards a more tightly linked system of interdependence between the Golgi, cilium and ECM. This review examines how the interplay between all three compartments underpins healthy tissue. As an example, it will look at several members of the golgin family of Golgi-resident proteins whose loss is detrimental to connective tissue function. This perspective will be important for many future studies looking to dissect the cause and effect of mutations impacting tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Stevenson
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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15
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Habif JC, Xie C, de Celis C, Ukhanov K, Green WW, Moretta JC, Zhang L, Campbell RJ, Martens JR. The role of a ciliary GTPase in the regulation of neuronal maturation of olfactory sensory neurons. Development 2023; 150:286702. [PMID: 36661357 PMCID: PMC10110495 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) form embryonically and mature perinatally, innervating glomeruli and extending dendrites with multiple cilia. This process and its timing are crucial for odor detection and perception and continues throughout life. In the olfactory epithelium (OE), differentiated OSNs proceed from an immature (iOSN) to a mature (mOSN) state through well-defined sequential morphological and molecular transitions, but the precise mechanisms controlling OSN maturation remain largely unknown. We have identified that a GTPase, ARL13B, has a transient and maturation state-dependent expression in OSNs marking the emergence of a primary cilium. Utilizing an iOSN-specific Arl13b-null murine model, we examined the role of ARL13B in the maturation of OSNs. The loss of Arl13b in iOSNs caused a profound dysregulation of the cellular homeostasis and development of the OE. Importantly, Arl13b null OSNs demonstrated a delay in the timing of their maturation. Finally, the loss of Arl13b resulted in severe deformation in the structure and innervation of glomeruli. Our findings demonstrate a previously unknown role of ARL13B in the maturation of OSNs and development of the OE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien C Habif
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Carlos de Celis
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kirill Ukhanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Warren W Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jordan C Moretta
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Robert J Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Martens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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16
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Srivastava S, Manisha R, Dwivedi A, Agarwal H, Saxena D, Agrawal V, Mandal K. Meckel Gruber and Joubert Syndrome Diagnosed Prenatally: Allelism between the Two Ciliopathies, Complexities of Mutation Types and Digenic Inheritance. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2022; 41:1041-1051. [PMID: 34821546 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2021.2007434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Antenatally detected occipital encephalocele and polycystic kidneys are a common presentation of ciliopathies like Joubert syndrome and Meckel Gruber syndrome which have considerable genetic and phenotypic overlap. Case reports: We describe 3 cases of antenatally diagnosed occipital encephalocele and enlarged kidneys with fetal autopsy, histopathology & exome sequencing results. A novel nonsense variant in the CEP290 gene was reported in first case (Meckel syndrome). The second case shows the importance of fetal exome where the parents were carriers for 2 ciliopathy genes (TMEM138 & SDCCAG8). Diagnosis in this case was confirmed by fetal exome sequencing (Joubert syndrome). Multiexon deletion in TMEM67 and KIF14 present in trans was identified in the third case (Meckel syndrome), likely resulting in digenic inheritance. Conclusion: We report 2 cases of Meckel syndrome with a novel variant and multiexon deletion, and 1 case of Joubert syndrome which depicts the limitations of preconceptional carrier screening in ciliopathies due to overlapping phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somya Srivastava
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow, India
| | - Rani Manisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow, India
| | - Aradhana Dwivedi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow, India
| | - Harshita Agarwal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow, India
| | - Deepti Saxena
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow, India
| | - Vinita Agrawal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow, India
| | - Kausik Mandal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow, India
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17
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Paese CLB, Chang CF, Kristeková D, Brugmann SA. Pharmacological intervention of the FGF-PTH axis as a potential therapeutic for craniofacial ciliopathies. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:275968. [PMID: 35818799 PMCID: PMC9403750 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies represent a disease class characterized by a broad range of phenotypes including polycystic kidneys and skeletal anomalies. Ciliopathic skeletal phenotypes are among the most common and most difficult to treat due to a poor understanding of the pathological mechanisms leading to disease. Using an avian model (talpid2) for a human ciliopathy with both kidney and skeletal anomalies (Orofaciodigital syndrome 14), we identified disruptions in the FGF23-PTH axis that resulted in reduced calcium uptake in the developing mandible and subsequent micrognathia. While pharmacological intervention with the FDA-approved pan-FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 alone rescued expression of the FGF target Sprouty2, it did not significantly rescue micrognathia. In contrast, treatment with a cocktail of AZD4547 and Teriparatide acetate, a PTH agonist and FDA-approved treatment for osteoporosis, resulted in a molecular, cellular, and phenotypic rescue of ciliopathic micrognathia in talpid2 mutants. Together, these data provide novel insight into pathological molecular mechanisms associated with ciliopathic skeletal phenotypes and a potential therapeutic strategy for a pleiotropic disease class with limited to no treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Louis Bonatto Paese
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ching-Fang Chang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daniela Kristeková
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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18
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Hantel F, Liu H, Fechtner L, Neuhaus H, Ding J, Arlt D, Walentek P, Villavicencio-Lorini P, Gerhardt C, Hollemann T, Pfirrmann T. Cilia-localized GID/CTLH ubiquitin ligase complex regulates protein homeostasis of sonic hedgehog signaling components. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275349. [PMID: 35543155 PMCID: PMC9264362 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles that orchestrate a variety of signal transduction pathways, such as sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, during embryonic development. Our recent studies have shown that loss of GID ubiquitin ligase function results in aberrant AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and elongated primary cilia, which suggests a functional connection to cilia. Here, we reveal that the GID complex is an integral part of the cilium required for primary cilia-dependent signal transduction and the maintenance of ciliary protein homeostasis. We show that GID complex subunits localize to cilia in both Xenopus laevis and NIH3T3 cells. Furthermore, we report SHH signaling pathway defects that are independent of AMPK and mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) activation. Despite correct localization of SHH signaling components at the primary cilium and functional GLI3 processing, we find a prominent reduction of some SHH signaling components in the cilium and a significant decrease in SHH target gene expression. Since our data reveal a critical function of the GID complex at the primary cilium, and because suppression of GID function in X. laevis results in ciliopathy-like phenotypes, we suggest that GID subunits are candidate genes for human ciliopathies that coincide with defects in SHH signal transduction. Summary: The GID ubiquitin ligase complex localizes to primary cilia, influences sonic hedgehog signaling and causes phenotypes reminescent of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Hantel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Huaize Liu
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Lisa Fechtner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Herbert Neuhaus
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Jie Ding
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Danilo Arlt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Peter Walentek
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Gerhardt
- Department of Medicine, Health and Medical University, 14471 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Hollemann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pfirrmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Health and Medical University, 14471 Potsdam, Germany
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19
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Meyer JR, Krentz AD, Berg RL, Richardson JG, Pomeroy J, Hebbring SJ, Haws RM. Kidney Failure in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. Clin Genet 2022; 101:429-441. [PMID: 35112343 PMCID: PMC9311438 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore kidney failure (KF) in Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS), focusing on high‐risk gene variants, demographics, and morbidity. We employed the Clinical Registry Investigating BBS (CRIBBS) to identify 44 (7.2%) individuals with KF out of 607 subjects. Molecularly confirmed BBS was identified in 37 KF subjects and 364 CRIBBS registrants. KF was concomitant with recessive causal variants in 12 genes, with BBS10 the most predominant causal gene (26.6%), while disease penetrance was highest in SDCCAG8 (100%). Two truncating variants were present in 67.6% of KF cases. KF incidence was increased in genes not belonging to the BBSome or chaperonin‐like genes (p < 0.001), including TTC21B, a new candidate BBS gene. Median age of KF was 12.5 years, with the vast majority of KF occurring by 30 years (86.3%). Females were disproportionately affected (77.3%). Diverse uropathies were identified, but were not more common in the KF group (p = 0.672). Kidney failure was evident in 11 of 15 (73.3%) deaths outside infancy. We conclude that KF poses a significant risk for premature morbidity in BBS. Risk factors for KF include female sex, truncating variants, and genes other than BBSome/chaperonin‐like genes highlighting the value of comprehensive genetic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Meyer
- University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Richard L Berg
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Jeremy Pomeroy
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott J Hebbring
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert M Haws
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA.,Marshfield Clinic Health System, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
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20
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Matsushita HB, Hiraide T, Hayakawa K, Okano S, Nakashima M, Saitsu H, Kato M. Compound heterozygous ADAMTS9 variants in Joubert syndrome-related disorders without renal manifestation. Brain Dev 2022; 44:161-165. [PMID: 34750010 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ciliopathies are the outcomes of defects of primary cilia structures and functions which cause multisystemic developmental disorders, such as polycystic kidney disease, nephronophthisis, retinitis pigmentosa, Joubert syndrome (JS), and JS-related disorders (JSRD) with additional organ involvement including oral-facial-digital syndrome and so on. They often share common and unexpected phenotypic features. CASE PRESENTATION We report a 4-year-old-boy case with compound heterozygous variants of ADAMTS9. Unlike the cases with ADAMTS9 variants in the previous report, which identified that homozygous variants of ADAMTS9 were responsible for nephronophthisis-related ciliopathies in two cases, the current case did not have nephronophthisis nor renal dysfunction, and his clinical features, such as oculomotor apraxia, hypotonia, developmental delay, bifid tongue, and mild hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis indicated JSRD. CONCLUSIONS The case suggested a possible association between the clinical presentation of JSRD and ADAMTS9-related disease, and it shows a wide spectrum of ADAMTS9 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Baber Matsushita
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Kuramaguchi Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto City Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Takuya Hiraide
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Hayakawa
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Red Cross Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sozo Okano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto City Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Nakashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Edwar M, Ragab U, Kamel AA. Bardet-Biedl syndrome: The longer we miss, the worse is the outcome. Caspian J Intern Med 2022; 13:805-809. [PMID: 36420325 PMCID: PMC9659834 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.13.4.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is characterized by obesity, cognitive abnormalities, rod-cone dystrophy, skeletal abnormalities, and many other secondary features. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a 28-year-old man presented with postaxial polydactyly, retinitis pigmentosa, obesity, hypogonadism and learning difficulties. Renal insufficiency in form of acute kidney injury was the presenting feature and this explain the worse outcome. The diagnosis was delayed despite being classic. This delay in diagnosis leads to a lot of complications that worsen the patient's condition. CONCLUSION The characteristics of BBS should be noted by doctors because an early diagnosis will result in a better outcome. The case was prone to numerous consequences due to the delay in diagnosis, which could have been avoided if an early diagnosis had been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Edwar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt ,Correspondence: Michael Edwar, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. E-mail: , Tel: 0020 1285379758
| | - Usama Ragab
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Atia Kamel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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22
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Chandra B, Tung ML, Hsu Y, Scheetz T, Sheffield VC. Retinal ciliopathies through the lens of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome: Past, present and future. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 89:101035. [PMID: 34929400 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a highly specialized and evolutionary conserved organelle in eukaryotes that plays a significant role in cell signaling and trafficking. Over the past few decades tremendous progress has been made in understanding the physiology of cilia and the underlying pathomechanisms of various ciliopathies. Syndromic ciliopathies consist of a group of disorders caused by ciliary dysfunction or abnormal ciliogenesis. These disorders have multiorgan involvement in addition to retinal degeneration underscoring the ubiquitous distribution of primary cilia in different cell types. Genotype-phenotype correlation is often challenging due to the allelic heterogeneity and pleiotropy of these disorders. In this review, we discuss the clinical and genetic features of syndromic ciliopathies with a focus on Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) as a representative disorder. We discuss the structure and function of primary cilia and their role in retinal photoreceptors. We describe the progress made thus far in understanding the functional and genetic characterization including expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis of BBS genes. In the future directions section, we discuss the emerging technologies, such as gene therapy, as well as anticipated challenges and their implications in therapeutic development for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharatendu Chandra
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Moon Ley Tung
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Todd Scheetz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Val C Sheffield
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Polycystic kidney diseases (PKD) are severe forms of genetic kidney disorders. The two main types of PKD are autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant PKD (ARPKD, ADPKD). While ARPKD typically is a disorder of early childhood, patients with ADPKD often remain pauci-symptomatic until adulthood even though formation of cysts in the kidney already begins in children. There is clinical and genetic overlap between both entities with very variable clinical courses. Subgroups of very early onset ADPKD may for example clinically resemble ARPKD. The basis of the clinical variability in both forms of PKD is not well understood and there are also limited prediction markers for disease progression for daily clinical life or surrogate endpoints for clinical trials in ARPKD or early ADPKD. As targeted therapeutic approaches to slow disease progression in PKD are emerging, it is becoming more important to reliably identify patients at risk for rapid progression as they might benefit from early therapy. Over the past years regional, national and international data collections to jointly analyze the clinical courses of PKD patients have been set up. The clinical observations are complemented by genetic studies and biorepositories as well as basic science approaches to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms in the PKD field. These approaches may serve as a basis for the development of novel therapeutic interventions in specific subgroups of patients. In this article we summarize some of the recent developments in the field with a focus on kidney involvement in PKD during childhood and adolescence and findings obtained in pediatric cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Christoph Liebau
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Rare Diseases and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Cologne and Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Development and Regeneration, PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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24
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Schellekens P, Roosens W, Meyts I, Vennekens R, Bammens B, Mekahli D. Cytopenia in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD): merely an association or a disease-related feature with prognostic implications? Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:3505-14. [PMID: 33502599 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-04937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is associated with distinct cytopenias in observational studies; the most consistent and strongest association is seen with alternations in the lymphocytic lineages. Although the underlying mechanism of these associations is unclear, it has been hypothesized to be secondary to sequestration of white blood cells in cystic organs, or related to the uremic environment in chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, since mutations in PKD1 or -2 affect several immunomodulating pathways, cytopenia may well be an unrecognized extrarenal manifestation of ADPKD. Furthermore, many important questions on the clinical implications of this finding and the effect on the disease course in these patients are unanswered. In this review article, we provide an overview of the current evidence on cytopenia in ADPKD and explore the underlying mechanisms of this association and its potential prognostic implications. Based on the current literature, we hypothesize that polycystin deficiency can disturb immune cell homeostasis and that cytopenia is thus an intrinsic feature of ADPKD, related to genetic factors. Taken together, these findings warrant further investigation to establish the exact etiology and role of cytopenia in patients with ADPKD.
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Syed S, Sawant PR, Spadigam A, Dhupar A. Oro-facial-digital syndrome type I: a case report with novel features. Autops Case Rep 2021; 11:e2021315. [PMID: 34458183 PMCID: PMC8387074 DOI: 10.4322/acr.2021.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oro-facial-digital syndrome is a group of rare heterogeneous hereditary disorders characterized by abnormalities of the oral cavity, face and digits, along with varying degrees of mental retardation. Currently, Oro-facial-digital syndrome has been classified into 14 types and two additional unclassified variants have been proposed. Amongst the various variants described, Oro-facial-digital syndrome type I is the most common. We report an interesting subclinical sporadic case of Oro-facial-digital syndrome type I in a 21-year-old female patient. Interestingly, our patient presented with a few novel hitherto unreported clinical findings like midline pits in the philtrum area and a hamartomatous proliferation of tissue in the anterior maxillary alveolar gingival region. This case report highlights the importance of prudent histopathological-clinical correlation, which can direct the flow of clinical investigations leading to the detection and diagnosis of unsuspected conditions as learned in this case. We would also like to emphasize that comprehensive examination of new born for structural abnormalities of the orofacial region is crucial to early diagnosis of syndromes and subsequent referral for further evaluation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Syed
- Goa Dental College & Hospital, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Poonam Ramnath Sawant
- Goa Dental College & Hospital, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Anita Spadigam
- Goa Dental College & Hospital, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Anita Dhupar
- Goa Dental College & Hospital, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Bambolim, Goa, India
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Eintracht J, Forsythe E, May-Simera H, Moosajee M. Translational readthrough of ciliopathy genes BBS2 and ALMS1 restores protein, ciliogenesis and function in patient fibroblasts. EBioMedicine 2021; 70:103515. [PMID: 34365092 PMCID: PMC8353411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ciliary dysfunction underlies a range of genetic disorders collectively termed ciliopathies, for which there are no treatments available. Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is characterised by multisystemic involvement, including rod-cone dystrophy and renal abnormalities. Together with Alström syndrome (AS), they are known as the 'obesity ciliopathies' due to their common phenotype. Nonsense mutations are responsible for approximately 11% and 40% of BBS and AS cases, respectively. Translational readthrough inducing drugs (TRIDs) can restore full-length protein bypassing in-frame premature termination codons, and are a potential therapeutic approach for nonsense-mediated ciliopathies. METHODS Patient fibroblasts harbouring nonsense mutations from two different ciliopathies (Bardet-Biedl Syndrome and Alström Syndrome) were treated with PTC124 (ataluren) or amlexanox. Following treatment, gene expression, protein levels and ciliogenesis were evaluated. The expression of intraflagellar transport protein IFT88 and G-protein coupled receptor SSTR3 was investigated as a readout of ciliary function. FINDINGS mRNA expression was significantly increased in amlexanox-treated patient fibroblasts, and full-length BBS2 or ALMS1 protein expression was restored in PTC124- and amlexanox-treated fibroblasts. Treatment with TRIDs significantly improved ciliogenesis defects in BBS2Y24*/R275* fibroblasts. Treatment recovered IFT88 expression and corrected SSTR3 mislocalisation in BBS2Y24*/R275* and ALMS1S1645*/S1645* fibroblasts, suggesting rescue of ciliary function. INTERPRETATION The recovery of full-length BBS2 and ALMS1 expression and correction of anatomical and functional ciliary defects in BBS2Y24*/R275* and ALMS1S1645*/S1645* fibroblasts suggest TRIDs are a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of nonsense-mediated ciliopathies. FUNDING Wellcome Trust 205174/Z/16/Z, National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft SPP2127 (DFG Grant MA 6139/3-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Forsythe
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital; Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health
| | - Helen May-Simera
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenburg University, Mainz
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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Kumar V, Umair Z, Kumar S, Goutam RS, Park S, Kim J. The regulatory roles of motile cilia in CSF circulation and hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:31. [PMID: 34233705 PMCID: PMC8261947 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an ultra-filtrated colorless brain fluid that circulates within brain spaces like the ventricular cavities, subarachnoid space, and the spine. Its continuous flow serves many primary functions, including nourishment, brain protection, and waste removal. Main body The abnormal accumulation of CSF in brain cavities triggers severe hydrocephalus. Accumulating evidence had indicated that synchronized beats of motile cilia (cilia from multiciliated cells or the ependymal lining in brain ventricles) provide forceful pressure to generate and restrain CSF flow and maintain overall CSF circulation within brain spaces. In humans, the disorders caused by defective primary and/or motile cilia are generally referred to as ciliopathies. The key role of CSF circulation in brain development and its functioning has not been fully elucidated. Conclusions In this review, we briefly discuss the underlying role of motile cilia in CSF circulation and hydrocephalus. We have reviewed cilia and ciliated cells in the brain and the existing evidence for the regulatory role of functional cilia in CSF circulation in the brain. We further discuss the findings obtained for defective cilia and their potential involvement in hydrocephalus. Furthermore, this review will reinforce the idea of motile cilia as master regulators of CSF movements, brain development, and neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Zobia Umair
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Shiv Kumar
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Mary's Quad, South Street. St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Ravi Shankar Goutam
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Kaeffer J, Zeder-Lutz G, Simonin F, Lecat S. GPRASP/ARMCX Protein Family: Potential Involvement in Health and Diseases Revealed by their Novel Interacting Partners. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:227-254. [PMID: 33267763 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666201202102448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
GPRASP (GPCR-associated sorting protein)/ARMCX (ARMadillo repeat-Containing proteins on the X chromosome) family is composed of 10 proteins, whose genes are located on a small locus of the X chromosome except one. They possess at least two armadillo-like repeats on their carboxylterminal homologous sequence, but they can be subdivided on specific sequence features. Subfamily 1 (GPRASP1, GPRASP2, GPRASP3, ARMCX4 and ARMCX5) displays additional repeated motifs while a mitochondrial targeting transmembrane domain is present in subfamily 2 (ARMC10, ARMCX1, ARMCX2, ARMCX3 and ARMCX6). Although their roles are not yet fully understood, the recent identification of several interacting partners has shed new light on the processes in which GPRASP/ARMCX proteins are implicated. Among the interacting partners of proteins from subfamily 1, many are GPCRs. GPRASP1 binds trafficking proteins, such as Beclin2 and the Dysbindin-HRS-Gαs complex, to participate in GPCR post-endocytic sorting. Moreover, in vitro as well as in vivo experiments indicate that GPRASP1 is a critical player in the adaptive responses related to chronic treatments with GPCR agonists. GPRASP2 seems to play a key role in the signaling of the hedgehog pathway in the primary cilium through a Smoothened-GPRASP2-Pifo complex. Identified small compound inhibitors of this complex could treat drug-resistant smoothened derived cancer forms. Deletion of GPRASP2 in mice causes neurodevelopmental alteration and affects mGluR5 regulation, reflected by autism-like behavior. Several members of subfamily 2, in complex with TRAK2 and MIRO, are involved in the trafficking of mitochondria in axons and in the regulation of their size and division, influencing the cell cycle. The essential role of GPRASP/ARMCX proteins in cellular physiology is supported by human cases of deletions, causing male neonatal lethality by pulmonary delayed development, dysmorphic face, and psychiatric and intellectual impacts in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Kaeffer
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR7242 CNRS, Universite de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Gabrielle Zeder-Lutz
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR7242 CNRS, Universite de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Frédéric Simonin
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR7242 CNRS, Universite de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Sandra Lecat
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR7242 CNRS, Universite de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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Hostelley TL, Nesmith JE, Larkin E, Jones A, Boyes D, Leitch CC, Fontaine M, Zaghloul NA. Exocrine pancreas proteases regulate β-cell proliferation in zebrafish ciliopathy models and in murine systems. Biol Open 2021; 10:269024. [PMID: 34125181 PMCID: PMC8249909 DOI: 10.1242/bio.046839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are a critical cell type in the pathology of diabetes. Models of genetic syndromes featuring diabetes can provide novel mechanistic insights into regulation of β-cells in the context of disease. We previously examined β-cell mass in models of two ciliopathies, Alström Syndrome (AS) and Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS), which are similar in the presence of metabolic phenotypes, including obesity, but exhibit strikingly different rates of diabetes. Zebrafish models of these disorders show deficient β-cells with diabetes in AS models and an increased β-cells absent diabetes in BBS models, indicating β-cell generation or maintenance that correlates with disease prevalence. Using transcriptome analyses, differential expression of several exocrine pancreas proteases with directionality that was consistent with β-cell numbers were identified. Based on these lines of evidence, we hypothesized that pancreatic proteases directly impact β-cells. In the present study, we examined this possibility and found that pancreatic protease genes contribute to proper maintenance of normal β-cell numbers, proliferation in larval zebrafish, and regulation of AS and BBS β-cell phenotypes. Our data suggest that these proteins can be taken up directly by cultured β-cells and ex vivo murine islets, inducing proliferation in both. Endogenous uptake of pancreatic proteases by β-cells was confirmed in vivo using transgenic zebrafish and in intact murine pancreata. Taken together, these findings support a novel proliferative signaling role for exocrine pancreas proteases through interaction with endocrine β-cells. Summary: In this paper, we examine the role of exocrine pancreas protease genes in β-cell number using zebrafish and murine models, and identify a novel relationship between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Hostelley
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jessica E Nesmith
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Emily Larkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Amanda Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Daniel Boyes
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Carmen C Leitch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Magali Fontaine
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Norann A Zaghloul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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Wensel TG, Potter VL, Moye A, Zhang Z, Robichaux MA. Structure and dynamics of photoreceptor sensory cilia. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1517-1537. [PMID: 34050409 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The rod and cone photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina have highly specialized structures that enable them to carry out their function of light detection over a broad range of illumination intensities with optimized spatial and temporal resolution. Most prominent are their unusually large sensory cilia, consisting of outer segments packed with photosensitive disc membranes, a connecting cilium with many features reminiscent of the primary cilium transition zone, and a pair of centrioles forming a basal body which serves as the platform upon which the ciliary axoneme is assembled. These structures form a highway through which an enormous flux of material moves on a daily basis to sustain the continual turnover of outer segment discs and the energetic demands of phototransduction. After decades of study, the details of the fine structure and distribution of molecular components of these structures are still incompletely understood, but recent advances in cellular imaging techniques and animal models of inherited ciliary defects are yielding important new insights. This knowledge informs our understanding both of the mechanisms of trafficking and assembly and of the pathophysiological mechanisms of human blinding ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore G Wensel
- Vera and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Valencia L Potter
- Vera and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Abigail Moye
- Vera and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhixian Zhang
- Vera and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Robichaux
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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31
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Khoshbakht S, Beheshtian M, Fattahi Z, Bazazzadegan N, Parsimehr E, Fadaee M, Vazehan R, Faraji Zonooz M, Abolhassani A, Makvand M, Kariminejad A, Celik A, Kahrizi K, Najmabadi H. CEP104 and CEP290; Genes with Ciliary Functions Cause Intellectual Disability in Multiple Families. Arch Iran Med 2021; 24:364-373. [PMID: 34196201 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2021.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodevelopmental and intellectual impairments are extremely heterogeneous disorders caused by a diverse variety of genes involved in different molecular pathways and networks. Genetic alterations in cilia, highly-conserved organelles with sensorineural and signal transduction roles can compromise their proper functions and lead to so-called "ciliopathies" featuring intellectual disability (ID) or neurodevelopmental disorders as frequent clinical manifestations. Here, we report several Iranian families affected with ID and other ciliopathy-associated features carrying known and novel variants in two ciliary genes; CEP104 and CEP290. METHODS Whole exome and Targeted exome sequencing were carried out on affected individuals. Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from the members of affected families were established for two families carrying CEP104 mutations. RNA and protein expression studies were carried out on these cells using qPCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS A novel homozygous variant; NM_025114.3:c.7341_7344dupACTT p.(Ser2449Thrfs*8) and four previously reported homozygous variants; NM_025114.3:c.322C>T p.(Arg108*), NM_025114.3:c.4393C>T p.(Arg1465*), NM_025114.3:c.5668G>T p.(Gly1890*) and NM_025114.3:c.1666dupA p.(Ile556Asnfs*20) were identified in CEP290. In two other families, two novel homozygous variants; NM_014704:c.2356_2357insTT p.(Cys786Phefs*11) and NM_014704:c.1901_1902insT p.(Leu634Phefs*33) were identified in CEP104, another ciliary gene. qPCR and Western blot analyses showed significantly lower levels of CEP104 transcripts and protein in patients compared to heterozygous or normal family members. CONCLUSION We emphasize on the clinical variability and pleiotropic phenotypes due to variants of these genes. In conclusion, our findings support the pivotal role of these genes resulting in cognitive and neurodevelopmental features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrouz Khoshbakht
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Beheshtian
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Kariminejad - Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Fattahi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Kariminejad - Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Bazazzadegan
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Parsimehr
- Kariminejad - Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Fadaee
- Kariminejad - Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Vazehan
- Kariminejad - Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ayda Abolhassani
- Kariminejad - Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Makvand
- Kariminejad - Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Arzu Celik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Kariminejad - Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Primary ciliopathies are inherited human disorders that arise from mutations in ciliary genes. They represent a spectrum of severe, incurable phenotypes, differentially involving several organs, including the kidney and the eye. The development of gene-based therapies is opening up new avenues for the treatment of ciliopathies. Particularly attractive is the possibility of correcting in situ the causative genetic mutation, or pathological epigenetic changes, through the use of gene editing tools. Due to their versatility and efficacy, CRISPR/Cas-based systems represent the most promising gene editing toolkit for clinical applications. However, delivery and specificity issues have so far held back the translatability of CRISPR/Cas-based therapies into clinical practice, especially where systemic administration is required. The eye, with its characteristics of high accessibility and compartmentalization, represents an ideal target for in situ gene correction. Indeed, studies for the evaluation of a CRISPR/Cas-based therapy for in vivo gene correction to treat a retinal ciliopathy have reached the clinical stage. Further technological advances may be required for the development of in vivo CRISPR-based treatments for the kidney. We discuss here the possibilities and the challenges associated to the implementation of CRISPR/Cas-based therapies for the treatment of primary ciliopathies with renal and retinal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Molinari
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John A Sayer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Renal Services, The Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Autophagy is a prominent mechanism to preserve homeostasis and the response to intracellular or extracellular stress. Autophagic degradation can be selectively targeted to dysfunctional subcellular compartments. Centrosome homeostasis is pivotal for healthy proliferating cells, but centrosome aberration is a hallmark of diverse human disorders. Recently, a process called centrosome-phagy has been identified. The process involves a panel of centrosomal proteins and centrosome-related pathways that mediate the specific degradation of centrosomal components via the autophagic machinery. Although autophagy normally mediates centrosome homeostasis, autophagy defects facilitate ageing and multiple human diseases, such as ciliopathies and cancer, which benefit from centrosome aberration. Here, we discuss the molecular systems that trigger centrosome-phagy and its role in human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Liu
- Center of Ultramicroscopic Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengrong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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34
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Bonatto Paese CL, Brooks EC, Aarnio-Peterson M, Brugmann SA. Ciliopathic micrognathia is caused by aberrant skeletal differentiation and remodeling. Development 2021; 148:148/4/dev194175. [PMID: 33589509 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies represent a growing class of diseases caused by defects in microtubule-based organelles called primary cilia. Approximately 30% of ciliopathies are characterized by craniofacial phenotypes such as craniosynostosis, cleft lip/palate and micrognathia. Patients with ciliopathic micrognathia experience a particular set of difficulties, including impaired feeding and breathing, and have extremely limited treatment options. To understand the cellular and molecular basis for ciliopathic micrognathia, we used the talpid2 (ta2 ), a bona fide avian model for the human ciliopathy oral-facial-digital syndrome subtype 14. Histological analyses revealed that the onset of ciliopathic micrognathia in ta2 embryos occurred at the earliest stages of mandibular development. Neural crest-derived skeletal progenitor cells were particularly sensitive to a ciliopathic insult, undergoing unchecked passage through the cell cycle and subsequent increased proliferation. Furthermore, whereas neural crest-derived skeletal differentiation was initiated, osteoblast maturation failed to progress to completion. Additional molecular analyses revealed that an imbalance in the ratio of bone deposition and resorption also contributed to ciliopathic micrognathia in ta2 embryos. Thus, our results suggest that ciliopathic micrognathia is a consequence of multiple aberrant cellular processes necessary for skeletal development, and provide potential avenues for future therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Louis Bonatto Paese
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Evan C Brooks
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Megan Aarnio-Peterson
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA .,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Shriners Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Abstract
Primary cilium, first described in the 19th century in different cell types and organisms by Alexander Ecker, Albert Kolliker, Aleksandr Kowalevsky, Paul Langerhans, and Karl Zimmermann (Ecker, 1844; Kolliker, 1854; Kowalevsky, 1867; Langerhans, 1876; Zimmermann, 1898), play an essential modulatory role in diverse aspects of nervous system development and function. The primary cilium, sometimes referred to as the cell's 'antennae', can receive wide ranging inputs from cellular milieu, including morphogens, growth factors, neuromodulators, and neurotransmitters. Its unique structural and functional organization bequeaths it the capacity to hyper-concentrate signaling machinery in a restricted cellular domain approximately one-thousandth the volume of cell soma. Thus enabling it to act as a signaling hub that integrates diverse developmental and homestatic information from cellular milieu to regulate the development and function of neural cells. Dysfunction of primary cilia contributes to the pathophysiology of several brain malformations, intellectual disabilities, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders. This review focuses on the most essential contributions of primary cilia to cerebral cortical development and function, in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders and malformations. It highlights the recent progress made in identifying the mechanisms underlying primary cilia's role in cortical progenitors, neurons and glia, in health and disease. A future challenge will be to translate these insights and advances into effective clinical treatments for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siling Liu
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Mia X Trupiano
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jeremy Simon
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jiami Guo
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, and the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Dewhurst RM, Molinari E, Sayer JA. Cell preservation methods and its application to studying rare disease. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 56:101694. [PMID: 33429040 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability to preserve and transport human cells in a stable medium over long distances is critical to collaborative efforts and the advancement of knowledge in the study of human disease. This is particularly important in the study of rare diseases. Recently, advancements in the understanding of renal ciliopathies has been achieved via the use of patient urine-derived cells (UDCs). However, the traditional method of cryopreservation, although considered as the gold standard, can result in decreased sample viability of many cell types, including UDCs. Delays in transportation can have devastating effects upon the viability of samples, and may even result in complete destruction of cells following evaporation of dry ice or liquid nitrogen, leaving samples in cryoprotective agents, which are cytotoxic at room temperature. The loss of any patient sample in this manner is detrimental to research, however it is even more so when samples are from patients with a rare disease. In order to overcome the associated limitations of traditional practices, new methods of preservation and shipment, including cell encapsulation within hydrogels, and transport in specialised devices are continually being investigated. Here we summarise and compare traditional methods with emerging novel alternatives for the preservation and shipment of cells, and consider the effectiveness of such methods for use with UDCs to further enable the study and understanding of kidney diseases.
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Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a rare but highly relevant disorder in pediatric nephrology. This genetic disease is mainly caused by variants in the PKHD1 gene and is characterized by fibrocystic hepatorenal phenotypes with major clinical variability. ARPKD frequently presents perinatally, and the management of perinatal and early disease symptoms may be challenging. This review discusses aspects of early manifestations in ARPKD and its clincial management with a special focus on kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Christoph Liebau
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
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38
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Guimaraes CVA, Dahmoush HM. Imaging phenotype correlation with molecular and molecular pathway defects in malformations of cortical development. Pediatr Radiol 2020; 50:1974-87. [PMID: 33252763 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The increase in understanding of molecular biology and recent advances in genetic testing have caused rapid growth in knowledge of genetic causes of malformations of cortical development. Imaging diagnosis of malformations of cortical development can be made prenatally in a large subset of fetuses based on the presence of specific deviations from the normal pattern of development, characteristic imaging features, and associated non-central-nervous-system (CNS) abnormalities. In this review the authors discuss the role of four key cell molecules/molecular pathways in corticogenesis that are frequently implicated in complex prenatally diagnosed malformations of cortical development. The authors also list the currently described genes causing defects in these molecules/molecular pathways when mutated, and the constellation of imaging findings resultant of such defects.
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Brücker L, Kretschmer V, May-Simera HL. The entangled relationship between cilia and actin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 129:105877. [PMID: 33166678 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based sensory cell organelles that are vital for tissue and organ development. They act as an antenna, receiving and transducing signals, enabling communication between cells. Defects in ciliogenesis result in severe genetic disorders collectively termed ciliopathies. In recent years, the importance of the direct and indirect involvement of actin regulators in ciliogenesis came into focus as it was shown that F-actin polymerisation impacts ciliation. The ciliary basal body was further identified as both a microtubule and actin organising centre. In the current review, we summarize recent studies on F-actin in and around primary cilia, focusing on different actin regulators and their effect on ciliogenesis, from the initial steps of basal body positioning and regulation of ciliary assembly and disassembly. Since primary cilia are also involved in several intracellular signalling pathways such as planar cell polarity (PCP), subsequently affecting actin rearrangements, the multiple effectors of this pathway are highlighted in more detail with a focus on the feedback loops connecting actin networks and cilia proteins. Finally, we elucidate the role of actin regulators in the development of ciliopathy symptoms and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Brücker
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Viola Kretschmer
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Helen Louise May-Simera
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Abstract
WD40-repeat (WDR)-containing proteins constitute an evolutionarily conserved large protein family with a broad range of biological functions. In human proteome, WDR makes up one of the most abundant protein-protein interaction domains. Members of the WDR protein family play important roles in nearly all major cellular signalling pathways. Mutations of WDR proteins have been associated with various human pathologies including neurological disorders, cancer, obesity, ciliopathies and endocrine disorders. This review provides an updated overview of the biological functions of WDR proteins and their mutations found in congenital disorders. We also highlight the significant role of WDR proteins in ciliopathies and endocrine disorders. The new insights may help develop therapeutic approaches targeting WDR motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjoo Kim
- Cell Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Soo-Hyun Kim
- Cell Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Corresponding author: Soo-Hyun Kim Cell Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK Tel: +44-208-266-6198, E-mail:
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Abstract
The major autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) genes, PKD1 and PKD2, are wildly expressed at the organ and tissue level. PKD1 encodes polycystin 1 (PC1), a large membrane associated receptor-like protein that can complex with the PKD2 product, PC2. Various cellular locations have been described for both PC1, including the plasma membrane and extracellular vesicles, and PC2, especially the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but compelling evidence indicates that the primary cilium, a sensory organelle, is the key site for the polycystin complex to prevent PKD. As with other membrane proteins, the ER biogenesis pathway is key to appropriately folding, performing quality control, and exporting fully folded PC1 to the Golgi apparatus. There is a requirement for binding with PC2 and cleavage of PC1 at the GPS for this folding and export to occur. Six different monogenic defects in this pathway lead to cystic disease development, with PC1 apparently particularly sensitive to defects in this general protein processing pathway. Trafficking of membrane proteins, and the polycystins in particular, through the Golgi to the primary cilium have been analyzed in detail, but at this time, there is no clear consensus on a ciliary targeting sequence required to export proteins to the cilium. After transitioning though the trans-Golgi network, polycystin-bearing vesicles are likely sorted to early or recycling endosomes and then transported to the ciliary base, possibly via docking to transition fibers (TF). The membrane-bound polycystin complex then undergoes facilitated trafficking through the transition zone, the diffusion barrier at the base of the cilium, before entering the cilium. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) may be involved in moving the polycystins along the cilia, but data also indicates other mechanisms. The ciliary polycystin complex can be ubiquitinated and removed from cilia by internalization at the ciliary base and may be sent back to the plasma membrane for recycling or to lysosomes for degradation. Monogenic defects in processes regulating the protein composition of cilia are associated with syndromic disorders involving many organ systems, reflecting the pleotropic role of cilia during development and for tissue maintenance. Many of these ciliopathies have renal involvement, likely because of faulty polycystin signaling from cilia. Understanding the expression, maturation and trafficking of the polycystins helps understand PKD pathogenesis and suggests opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Peter C Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Tao T, Wang L, Chong W, Yang L, Li G. Characteristics of genotype and phenotype in Chinese patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:2325-2343. [PMID: 32448990 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate complex and different phenotypes in seven Chinese patients diagnosed with Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) and carrying pathogenic mutations. METHODS Seven unrelated BBS patients were enrolled. Their medical and ophthalmic histories were reviewed, and comprehensive clinical examinations, such as fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and medical imaging, were performed. A specific hereditary eye disease enrichment panel based on exome-capture technology was used to collect and amplify the protein-coding regions of 441 targeted hereditary eye disease genes, followed by high-throughput sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq platform. RESULTS All patients exhibited the primary clinical phenotype of BBS. Seven BBS mutations were found in five patients (BBS7 in two patients, BBS10 in two patients, BBS12 in one patient), for a detection rate of 71% (5/7). The ratio of novel to known BBS mutations was 5:2. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of BBS patients from China, and the findings underscore the importance of obtaining comprehensive clinical observations and molecular analyses for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchang Tao
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Chong
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Genlin Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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43
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Bieder A, Yoshihara M, Katayama S, Krjutškov K, Falk A, Kere J, Tapia-Páez I. Dyslexia Candidate Gene and Ciliary Gene Expression Dynamics During Human Neuronal Differentiation. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2944-2958. [PMID: 32445086 PMCID: PMC7320047 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with complex genetic mechanisms. A number of candidate genes have been identified, some of which are linked to neuronal development and migration and to ciliary functions. However, expression and regulation of these genes in human brain development and neuronal differentiation remain uncharted. Here, we used human long-term self-renewing neuroepithelial stem (lt-NES, here termed NES) cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells to study neuronal differentiation in vitro. We characterized gene expression changes during differentiation by using RNA sequencing and validated dynamics for selected genes by qRT-PCR. Interestingly, we found that genes related to cilia were significantly enriched among upregulated genes during differentiation, including genes linked to ciliopathies with neurodevelopmental phenotypes. We confirmed the presence of primary cilia throughout neuronal differentiation. Focusing on dyslexia candidate genes, 33 out of 50 DD candidate genes were detected in NES cells by RNA sequencing, and seven candidate genes were upregulated during differentiation to neurons, including DYX1C1 (DNAAF4), a highly replicated DD candidate gene. Our results suggest a role of ciliary genes in differentiating neuronal cells and show that NES cells provide a relevant human neuronal model to study ciliary and DD candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bieder
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 9, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Masahito Yoshihara
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 9, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 9, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kaarel Krjutškov
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 9, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia.,Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 9, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden. .,Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland. .,School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Abstract
Centriolar satellites are non-membranous cytoplasmic granules that concentrate in the vicinity of the centrosome, the major microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC) in animal cells. Originally assigned as conduits for the transport of proteins towards the centrosome and primary cilium, the complexity of satellites is starting to become apparent. Recent studies defined the satellite proteome and interactomes, placing hundreds of proteins from diverse pathways in association with satellites. In addition, studies on cells lacking satellites have revealed that the centrosome can assemble in their absence, whereas studies on acentriolar cells have demonstrated that satellite assembly is independent from an intact MTOC. A role for satellites in ciliogenesis is well established; however, their contribution to other cellular functions is poorly understood. In this Review, we discuss the developments in our understanding of centriolar satellite assembly and function, and why satellites are rapidly becoming established as governors of multiple cellular processes. We highlight the composition and biogenesis of satellites and what is known about the regulation of these aspects. Furthermore, we discuss the evolution from thinking of satellites as mere facilitators of protein trafficking to the centrosome to thinking of them being key regulators of protein localization and cellular proteostasis for a diverse set of pathways, making them of broader interest to fields beyond those focused on centrosomes and ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna L Prosser
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Laurence Pelletier
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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45
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Zhou MH, Lin Y, Zhang ZG. Intraflagellar transport 20: New target for the treatment of ciliopathies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2020; 1867:118641. [PMID: 31893523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are ubiquitous in mammalian cells. The formation and assembly of cilia depend on the normal functioning of the ciliary transport system. In recent years, various proteins involved in the intracellular transport of the cilium have attracted attention, as many diseases are caused by disorders in cilia formation. Intraflagellar transport 20 (IFT20) is a subunit of IFT complex B, which contains approximately 20 protein particles. Studies have shown that defects in IFT20 are associated with numerous system -related diseases, such as those of the urinary system, cardiovascular system, skeletal system, nervous system, immune system, reproductive system, and respiratory system. This review summarizes current research on IFT20.We describe studies related to the role of IFT20 in cilia formation and discuss new targets for treating diseases associated with ciliary dysplasia.
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Rothé B, Gagnieux C, Leal-Esteban LC, Constam DB. Role of the RNA-binding protein Bicaudal-C1 and interacting factors in cystic kidney diseases. Cell Signal 2019; 68:109499. [PMID: 31838063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic kidneys frequently associate with mutations in individual components of cilia, basal bodies or centriolar satellites that perturb complex protein networks. In this review, we focus on the RNA-binding protein Bicaudal-C1 (BICC1) which was found mutated in renal cystic dysplasia, and on its interactions with the ankyrin repeat and sterile α motif (SAM)-containing proteins ANKS3 and ANKS6 and associated kinases and their partially overlapping ciliopathy phenotypes. After reviewing BICC1 homologs in model organisms and their functions in mRNA and cell metabolism during development and in renal tubules, we discuss recent insights from cell-based assays and from structure analysis of the SAM domains, and how SAM domain oligomerization might influence multivalent higher order complexes that are implicated in ciliary signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rothé
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) SV ISREC, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Gagnieux
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) SV ISREC, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Carolina Leal-Esteban
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) SV ISREC, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel B Constam
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) SV ISREC, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Faudi E, Brischoux-Boucher E, Huber C, Dabudyk T, Lenoir M, Baujat G, Michot C, Van Maldergem L, Cormier-Daire V, Piard J. A new case of KIAA0753-related variant of Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 63:103823. [PMID: 31816441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.103823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A narrow thorax with shortening of long bones is usually pointing to dysfunction of the primary cilia corresponding clinically to ciliopathies with major skeletal involvement. Mutations in at least 23 genes are likely to correspond to this clinical presentation: IFT43/52/80/81/122/140/172, WDR19/34/35/60, DYNC2H1, DYNC2LI1, CEP120, NEK1, TTC21B, TCTEX1D2, INTU, TCTN3, EVC 1/2 and KIAA0586. In addition to these, KIAA0753 variants were recently described in seven patients with Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD) (two first cousins, one unrelated patient and one fetus), Joubert syndrome (two siblings) and orofaciodigital syndrome type 6 (one patient). We present the clinical characteristics of a eighth such patient. This 4 year-old boy with narrow thorax, short limbs, severe respiratory and feeding difficulties from birth on had a history of hypotonia and developmental delay. On skeletal survey, short tubular bones (height - 5,5 SD) and a trident appearance of the pelvis were seen. Brain MRI showed cervical canal stenosis. Renal function was normal and moderate hepatomegaly was noted. A homozygous c.943C > T mutation in KIAA0753 was identified on whole exome sequencing, resulting in Gln315Ter premature termination of the corresponding protein. This case provides confirmation of an additional molecular basis for skeletal dysplasia and illustrates how ciliopathies due to mutations in a single gene may present as apparently distinct syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Faudi
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Elise Brischoux-Boucher
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Céline Huber
- Service de génétique clinique, CRMR maladies osseuses constitutionnelles, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Thibaud Dabudyk
- Service de Réanimation Infantile, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Marion Lenoir
- Service de Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Geneviève Baujat
- Service de génétique clinique, CRMR maladies osseuses constitutionnelles, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Michot
- Service de génétique clinique, CRMR maladies osseuses constitutionnelles, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Van Maldergem
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Unité de recherche en neurosciences intégratives et cognitives EA481, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Centre d'investigation clinique 1431, INSERM, Besançon, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Service de génétique clinique, CRMR maladies osseuses constitutionnelles, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Piard
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Unité de recherche en neurosciences intégratives et cognitives EA481, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
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48
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Mirra S, Marfany G, Garcia-Fernàndez J. Under pressure: Cerebrospinal fluid contribution to the physiological homeostasis of the eye. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:40-47. [PMID: 31761444 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a waterly, colorless fluid contained within the brain ventricles and the cranial and spinal subarachnoid spaces. CSF physiological functions range from hydromechanical protection of the central nervous system (CNS) to CNS modulation of developmental processes and regulation of interstitial fluid homeostasis. Optic nerve (ON) is surrounded by CSF circulating in the subarachnoid spaces and is exposed to both CSF (CSFP) and intra ocular (IOP) pressures, which converge at the lamina cribrosa (LC) as two opposite forces. The trans-lamina cribrosa pressure gradient (TLPG) is defined as IOP - CSFP and its alterations (due either to an elevation in IOP or a reduction in ICP) could result in structural damaging of the ON, including glaucomatous changes. The purpose of this review is to update the readers on the CSF contribution in controlling the functions/dysfunctions of ON by regulating homeostasis at LC. We also highlight emerging parallelisms regarding the expression of cilia-related genes in the regulation of common functions of body fluids in both brain and eye structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mirra
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain.
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain.
| | - Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The myofibroblast is the culprit in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Activation of morphogen signaling pathways has been shown to be critically involved in organ fibrosis. Remarkably, the cellular receptors and key molecules from these signaling pathways are localized in the primary cilium. The primary cilium is a unique cellular organelle present in virtually all cells. This article summarizes recent studies evaluating the association between primary cilia and morphogen signaling driving myofibroblast transition and subsequent fibrosis. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging observations implicate dysfunctional primary cilia in fibrosis in many different tissues and organs. Primary cilia seem to be necessary for the initiation of the transition and sustained activation of myofibroblasts. We summarize recent progress in this field and propose the primary cilium as a potential mediator of fibrosis pathogenesis in SSc. Understanding the contributions of primary cilia in fibrosis may ultimately inform the development of entirely new approaches for fibrosis prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Teves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Paulene Sapao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bo Shi
- Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, 240 East Huron St., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - John Varga
- Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, 240 East Huron St., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Abstract
This article summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of a major retinal disease gene RPGR (retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator), mutations in which are associated with majority of X-linked forms of retinal degenerations. A great deal of work has been done to uncover the ciliary localization of RPGR and its interacting proteins in the retina. However, the molecular mechanisms of action of RPGR in the photoreceptors are still unclear. Recent studies have begun to shed light on the intracellular pathways in which RPGR is likely involved. The deregulation of such pathways may underlie the pathogenesis of severe retinal degeneration associated with RPGR. With the recent advances in the gene augmentation therapy for RPGR-associated disease, there is a lot of excitement in the field. Patients with RPGR mutations, however, present with clinically heterogeneous manifestations. It is therefore imperative to examine the function of RPGR in detail, so that we can design patient-oriented therapeutic strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurobiology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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