151
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Li Z, Kuhn G, Schirmer M, Müller R, Ruffoni D. Impaired bone formation in ovariectomized mice reduces implant integration as indicated by longitudinal in vivo micro-computed tomography. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184835. [PMID: 28910363 PMCID: PMC5599039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although osteoporotic bone, with low bone mass and deteriorated bone architecture, provides a less favorable mechanical environment than healthy bone for implant fixation, there is no general agreement on the impact of osteoporosis on peri-implant bone (re)modeling, which is ultimately responsible for the long term stability of the bone-implant system. Here, we inserted an implant in a mouse model mimicking estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss and we monitored with longitudinal in vivo micro-computed tomography the spatio-temporal changes in bone (re)modeling and architecture, considering the separate contributions of trabecular, endocortical and periosteal surfaces. Specifically, 12 week-old C57BL/6J mice underwent OVX/SHM surgery; 9 weeks after we inserted special metal-ceramics implants into the 6th caudal vertebra and we measured bone response with in vivo micro-CT weekly for the following 6 weeks. Our results indicated that ovariectomized mice showed a reduced ability to increase the thickness of the cortical shell close to the implant because of impaired peri-implant bone formation, especially at the periosteal surface. Moreover, we observed that healthy mice had a significantly higher loss of trabecular bone far from the implant than estrogen depleted animals. Such behavior suggests that, in healthy mice, the substantial increase in peri-implant bone formation which rapidly thickened the cortex to secure the implant may raise bone resorption elsewhere and, specifically, in the trabecular network of the same bone but far from the implant. Considering the already deteriorated bone structure of estrogen depleted mice, further bone loss seemed to be hindered. The obtained knowledge on the dynamic response of diseased bone following implant insertion should provide useful guidelines to develop advanced treatments for osteoporotic fracture fixation based on local and selective manipulation of bone turnover in the peri-implant region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Li
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gisela Kuhn
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Davide Ruffoni
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Research Unit, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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152
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Piemontese M, Almeida M, Robling AG, Kim HN, Xiong J, Thostenson JD, Weinstein RS, Manolagas SC, O'Brien CA, Jilka RL. Old age causes de novo intracortical bone remodeling and porosity in mice. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93771. [PMID: 28878136 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased cortical thickness and increased cortical porosity are the key anatomic changes responsible for osteoporotic fractures in elderly women and men. The cellular basis of these changes is unbalanced endosteal and intracortical osteonal remodeling by the osteoclasts and osteoblasts that comprise the basic multicellular units (BMUs). Like humans, mice lose cortical bone with age, but unlike humans, this loss occurs in the face of sex steroid sufficiency. Mice are therefore an ideal model to dissect age-specific osteoporotic mechanisms. Nevertheless, lack of evidence for endosteal or intracortical remodeling in mice has raised questions about their translational relevance. We show herein that administration of the antiosteoclastogenic cytokine osteoprotegerin to Swiss Webster mice ablated not only osteoclasts, but also endosteal bone formation, demonstrating the occurrence of BMU-based endosteal remodeling. Femoral cortical thickness decreased in aged male and female C57BL/6J mice, as well as F1 hybrids of C57BL/6J and BALB/cBy mice. This decrease was greater in C57BL/6J mice, indicating a genetic influence. Moreover, endosteal remodeling became unbalanced because of increased osteoclast and decreased osteoblast numbers. The porosity of the femoral cortex increased with age but was much higher in females of both strains. Notably, the increased cortical porosity resulted from de novo intracortical remodeling by osteon-like structures. Age-dependent cortical bone loss was associated with increased osteocyte DNA damage, cellular senescence, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, and increased levels of RANKL. The demonstration of unbalanced endosteal and intracortical remodeling in old mice validates the relevance of this animal model to involutional osteoporosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilina Piemontese
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Maria Almeida
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Alexander G Robling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ha-Neui Kim
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jinhu Xiong
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jeff D Thostenson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Robert S Weinstein
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Stavros C Manolagas
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Charles A O'Brien
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Robert L Jilka
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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153
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Dani SU, Walter GF. Chronic arsenic intoxication diagnostic score (CAsIDS). J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:122-144. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ulhoa Dani
- Medawar Institute for Medical and Environmental Research; Acangau Foundation; Paracatu MG Brazil
- Department of General Internal Medicine; St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital; Switzerland
- PizolCare Praxis Wartau; Trübbach Switzerland
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154
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Katsimbri P. The biology of normal bone remodelling. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2017; 26. [PMID: 28786518 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
During life, bone undergoes modelling and remodelling in order to grow or change shape. Bone modelling is the process by which bones change shape or size in response to physiologic influences or mechanical forces that are encountered by the skeleton, while bone remodelling takes place so that bone may maintain its strength and mineral homeostasis. During early childhood, both bone modelling (the formation and shaping of bone) and bone remodelling (the replacement or renewal of old bone) occur. The predominant process in childhood is bone modelling, while in adulthood bone remodelling predominates. The exception to this is after a fracture when we see massive increases in bone formation. During childhood and adolescence growth occurs in the bones longitudinally and radially, while in the growth plates it occurs longitudinally, thus promoting growth in size. Cartilage first proliferates in the epiphyseal and metaphyseal areas of long bones before undergoing mineralisation to form new bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Katsimbri
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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155
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Coalignment of osteocyte canaliculi and collagen fibers in human osteonal bone. J Struct Biol 2017; 199:177-186. [PMID: 28778734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During bone formation osteocytes get connected with each other via a dense network of canaliculi within the mineralized bone matrix. Important functions attributed to the osteocyte network include the control of bone remodeling and a contribution to mineral homeostasis. To detect structural clues of the formation and functionality of the network, this study analyzes the structure and orientation of the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (OLCN), specifically in relation to the concentric bone lamellae within human osteons. The network structure within 49 osteons from four samples of cortical bone from the femoral midshaft of middle-aged healthy women was determined by a combination of rhodamine staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy followed by computational image analysis. A quantitative evaluation showed that 64±1% of the canalicular length has an angle smaller than 30° to the direction towards the osteon center, while the lateral network - defined by an orientation angle larger than 60° - comprises 16±1%. With the same spatial periodicity as the bone lamellae, both radial and lateral network show variations in the network density and order. However, only the preferred orientation of the lateral network twists when crossing a lamella. This twist agrees with the preferred orientation of the fibrous collagen matrix. The chirality of the twist was found to be individual-specific. The coalignment between network and matrix extends to the orientation of the elongated osteocyte lacunae. The intimate link between OLCN and collagen matrix implies an interplay between osteocyte processes and the arrangement of the surrounding collagen fibers during osteoid formation.
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156
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Hosokawa A. Investigation of piezoelectric anisotropy of bovine cortical bone at an ultrasound frequency by coupling an experiment and a simulation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 142:EL184. [PMID: 28863579 DOI: 10.1121/1.4996909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of the piezoelectric anisotropy of bovine cortical bone at 1 MHz was attempted by coupling data obtained from an experiment and a simulation. In the experiment, a piezoelectric cell (PE-cell) was used as an ultrasound receiver. In the PE-cell, the cortical bone disk, which was cut in the direction perpendicular to the bone axis, was electrically shielded. The directivity of the PE-cell was measured at 0°-22.5° and was compared to four simulated results using the piezoelectric finite-difference time-domain method. It was shown that the piezoelectric signal in the bone could be generated by a transverse ultrasound wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hosokawa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Akashi College, 679-3 Nishioka, Uozumi, Akashi, Hyogo 674-8501, Japan
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157
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Colman RJ. Non-human primates as a model for aging. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:2733-2741. [PMID: 28729086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been, and continues to be, a dramatic shift in the human population towards older ages necessitating biomedical research aimed at better understanding the basic biology of aging and age-related diseases and facilitating new and improved therapeutic options. As it is not practical to perform the breadth of this research in humans, animal models are necessary to recapitulate the complexity of the aging environment. The mouse model is most frequently chosen for these endeavors, however, they are frequently not the most appropriate model. Non-human primates, on the other hand, are more closely related to humans and recapitulate the human aging process and development of age-related diseases. Extensive aging research has been performed in the well-characterized rhesus macaque aging model. More recently, the common marmoset, a small non-human primate with a shorter lifespan, has been explored as a potential aging model. This model holds particular promise as an aging disease model in part due to the successful creation of transgenic marmosets. Limitations to the use of non-human primates in aging research exist but can be mitigated somewhat by the existence of available resources supported by the National Institutes of Health. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Animal models of aging - edited by "Houtkooper Riekelt".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricki J Colman
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
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158
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Lassen NE, Andersen TL, Pløen GG, Søe K, Hauge EM, Harving S, Eschen GET, Delaisse JM. Coupling of Bone Resorption and Formation in Real Time: New Knowledge Gained From Human Haversian BMUs. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1395-1405. [PMID: 28177141 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that bone remodeling starts with a resorption event and ends with bone formation. However, what happens in between and how resorption and formation are coupled remains mostly unknown. Remodeling is achieved by so-called basic multicellular units (BMUs), which are local teams of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and reversal cells recently proven identical with osteoprogenitors. Their organization within a BMU cannot be appropriately analyzed in common histology. The originality of the present study is to capture the events ranging from initiation of resorption to onset of formation as a functional continuum. It was based on the position of specific cell markers in longitudinal sections of Haversian BMUs generating new canals through human long bones. It showed that initial resorption at the tip of the canal is followed by a period where newly recruited reversal/osteoprogenitor cells and osteoclasts alternate, thus revealing the existence of a mixed "reversal-resorption" phase. Three-dimensional reconstructions obtained from serial sections indicated that initial resorption is mainly involved in elongating the canal and the additional resorption events in widening it. Canal diameter measurements show that the latter contribute the most to overall resorption. Of note, the density of osteoprogenitors continuously grew along the "reversal/resorption" surface, reaching at least 39 cells/mm on initiation of bone formation. This value was independent of the length of the reversal/resorption surface. These observations strongly suggest that bone formation is initiated only above a threshold cell density, that the length of the reversal/resorption period depends on how fast osteoprogenitor recruitment reaches this threshold, and thus that the slower the rate of osteoprogenitor recruitment, the more bone is degraded. They lead to a model where the newly recognized reversal/resorption phase plays a central role in the mechanism linking osteoprogenitor recruitment and the resorption-formation switch. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Ernlund Lassen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle/Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Thomas Levin Andersen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle/Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Gro Grunnet Pløen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle/Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Kent Søe
- Clinical Cell Biology, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle/Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Harving
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Jean-Marie Delaisse
- Clinical Cell Biology, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle/Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
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159
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Alias MA, Buenzli PR. Modeling the Effect of Curvature on the Collective Behavior of Cells Growing New Tissue. Biophys J 2017; 112:193-204. [PMID: 28076811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of several biological tissues is known to be controlled in part by local geometrical features, such as the curvature of the tissue interface. This control leads to changes in tissue shape that in turn can affect the tissue's evolution. Understanding the cellular basis of this control is highly significant for bioscaffold tissue engineering, the evolution of bone microarchitecture, wound healing, and tumor growth. Although previous models have proposed geometrical relationships between tissue growth and curvature, the role of cell density and cell vigor remains poorly understood. We propose a cell-based mathematical model of tissue growth to investigate the systematic influence of curvature on the collective crowding or spreading of tissue-synthesizing cells induced by changes in local tissue surface area during the motion of the interface. Depending on the strength of diffusive damping, the model exhibits complex growth patterns such as undulating motion, efficient smoothing of irregularities, and the generation of cusps. We compare this model with in vitro experiments of tissue deposition in bioscaffolds of different geometries. By including the depletion of active cells, the model is able to capture both smoothing of initial substrate geometry and tissue deposition slowdown as observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Almie Alias
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia; School of Mathematical Sciences, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor D. Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Pascal R Buenzli
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
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160
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Paiva KBS, Granjeiro JM. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Bone Resorption, Remodeling, and Repair. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:203-303. [PMID: 28662823 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the major protease family responsible for the cleavage of the matrisome (global composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteome) and proteins unrelated to the ECM, generating bioactive molecules. These proteins drive ECM remodeling, in association with tissue-specific and cell-anchored inhibitors (TIMPs and RECK, respectively). In the bone, the ECM mediates cell adhesion, mechanotransduction, nucleation of mineralization, and the immobilization of growth factors to protect them from damage or degradation. Since the first description of an MMP in bone tissue, many other MMPs have been identified, as well as their inhibitors. Numerous functions have been assigned to these proteins, including osteoblast/osteocyte differentiation, bone formation, solubilization of the osteoid during bone resorption, osteoclast recruitment and migration, and as a coupling factor in bone remodeling under physiological conditions. In turn, a number of pathologies, associated with imbalanced bone remodeling, arise mainly from MMP overexpression and abnormalities of the ECM, leading to bone osteolysis or bone formation. In this review, we will discuss the functions of MMPs and their inhibitors in bone cells, during bone remodeling, pathological bone resorption (osteoporosis and bone metastasis), bone repair/regeneration, and emergent roles in bone bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiucia B S Paiva
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction (LabMec), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - José M Granjeiro
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (InMetro), Bioengineering Laboratory, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil; Fluminense Federal University, Dental School, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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161
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Bone histological correlates of soaring and high-frequency flapping flight in the furculae of birds. ZOOLOGY 2017; 122:90-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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162
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Pitetzis DA, Spilioti MG, Yovos JG, Yavropoulou MP. The effect of VPA on bone: From clinical studies to cell cultures—The molecular mechanisms revisited. Seizure 2017; 48:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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163
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Macrotopographic closure promotes tissue growth and osteogenesis in vitro. Acta Biomater 2017; 53:536-548. [PMID: 28254365 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While the impact of substrate topographies at nano- and microscale on bone cell behavior has been particularly well documented, very few studies have analyzed the role of substrate closure at a tissular level. Moreover, these have focused on matrix deposition rather than on osteoblastic differentiation. In the present work, mouse calvaria cells were grown for 15days on hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics textured with three different macrogrooves shapes (**100µm): 1 sine and 2 triangle waveforms. We found that macrotopography favors cell attachment, and that bone-like tissue growth and organization are promoted by a tight "closure angle" of the substrate geometry. Interestingly, while Flat HA controls showed little marker expression at the end of the culture, cells grown on macrogrooves, and in particular the most closed (triangle waveform with a 517µm spatial period) showed a fast time-course of osteoblast differentiation, reaching high levels of gene and protein expression of osteocalcin and sclerostin, a marker of osteocytes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Many in vitro studies have been conducted on topography at nano and microscale, fewer have focused on the influence of macrotopography on osteoblasts. Ceramics with a controlled architecture were obtained throught a 3D printing process and used to assess osteoblast behavior. Biocompatible, they allowed the long-terme survival of osteoblast cells and the laying of an important bone matrix. V-shaped grooves were found to accelerates osteoblast differentiation and promote bone-like tissue deposition and maturation (osteocyte formation), proportionately to angle closure. Such macrostructures are attractive for the design of innovative implants for bone tissue engineering and in vitro models of osteogenesis.
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164
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Urano-Morisawa E, Takami M, Suzawa T, Matsumoto A, Osumi N, Baba K, Kamijo R. Induction of osteoblastic differentiation of neural crest-derived stem cells from hair follicles. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174940. [PMID: 28384239 PMCID: PMC5383073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) arises near the neural tube during embryo development. NC cells migrate throughout the embryo and have potential to differentiate into multiple cell types, such as peripheral nerves, glial, cardiac smooth muscle, endocrine, and pigment cells, and craniofacial bone. In the present study, we induced osteoblast-like cells using whisker follicles obtained from the NC of mice. Hair follicle cells derived from the NC labeled with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were collected from protein zero-Cre/floxed-EGFP double transgenic mice and cultured, then treated and cultured in stem cell growth medium. After growth for 14 days, results of flow cytometry analysis showed that 95% of the EGFP-positive (EGFP+) hair follicle cells derived from the NC had proliferated and 76.2% of those expressed mesenchymal stem cells markers, such as platelet-derived growth factor α and stem cell antigen-1, and also showed constitutive expression of Runx2 mRNA. Cells stimulated with bone morphogenetic protein-2 expressed osteocalcin, osterix, and alkaline phosphatase mRNA, resulting in production of mineralized matrices, which were detected by von Kossa and alizarin red staining. Moreover, EGFP+ hair follicle cells consistently expressed macrophage colony-stimulating factor and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Addition of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] (10-8 M) to the cultures suppressed OPG expression and induced RANKL production in the cells. Furthermore, multinucleated osteoclasts appeared within 6 days after starting co-cultures of bone marrow cells with EGFP+ cells in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 and PGE2. These results suggest that NC-derived hair follicle cells possess a capacity for osteoblastic differentiation and may be useful for developing new bone regenerative medicine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Urano-Morisawa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Takami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tetsuo Suzawa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akifumi Matsumoto
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Baba
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kamijo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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165
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Practising pastoralism in an agricultural environment: An isotopic analysis of the impact of the Hunnic incursions on Pannonian populations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173079. [PMID: 28328951 PMCID: PMC5362200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a multi-isotope study of five fifth-century AD cemeteries in modern-day Hungary to determine relationships between nomadic-pastoralist incomers—the historically documented Huns and other nomadic groups—and the sedentary agricultural population of the late Roman province of Pannonia. Contemporary historical sources describe this relationship as adversarial and destructive for the late Roman population, but archaeological evidence indicates high levels of hybridity between different groups. We undertook carbon, nitrogen, strontium and oxygen isotope analyses of bone collagen, dentine and tooth enamel at Keszthely-Fenékpuszta, Hács-Béndekpuszta, Győr-Széchenyi Square, Mözs and Szolnok-Szanda to examine these relationships through past subsistence practices. The patterns at all sites indicate medium to high animal protein consumption with little evidence for a significant contribution of aquatic resources. All populations relied to a great extent on C4 plants, most likely millet. Within each population, diet was heterogeneous, with significant variations in terms of animal protein and C3 and C4 plant consumption. High levels of intra-population and individual variability suggest that populations made use of a range of subsistence strategies, with many individuals exhibiting significant changes over their lifetimes. Rather than being characterised only by violence, the historically-documented influx of nomadic populations appears to have led to widespread changes in subsistence strategies of populations in the Carpathian basin. Nomadic-pastoralist groups may have switched to smaller herds and more farming, and, conversely, local populations may have integrated with a new economic system based on animal herding.
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166
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Repp F, Kollmannsberger P, Roschger A, Kerschnitzki M, Berzlanovich A, Gruber GM, Roschger P, Wagermaier W, Weinkamer R. Spatial heterogeneity in the canalicular density of the osteocyte network in human osteons. Bone Rep 2017; 6:101-108. [PMID: 28377989 PMCID: PMC5369863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes interconnect with each other forming an intricate cell network within the mineralized bone matrix. One important function of the osteocyte network is the mechano-regulation of bone remodeling, where a possible mechanism includes the fluid flow through the porosity housing the cell network - the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (OLCN). In our study the OLCN in human osteons was three-dimensionally imaged with the aim to obtain a quantitative description of the canalicular density and spatial variations of this quantity within osteons. The topology of the OLCN was determined by first staining the bone samples with rhodamine, then imaging the OLCN with confocal laser scanning microscopy and finally using image analysis to obtain a skeletonized version of the network for further analysis. In total 49 osteons were studied from the femoral cortical bone of four different middle-aged healthy women. The mean canalicular density given as length of the canaliculi in a unit volume was 0.074 ± 0.015 μm/μm3 (corresponding to 74 km/cm3). No correlation was found between the canalicular density and neither the size of the osteon nor the volume fraction occupied by osteocyte lacunae. Within osteons the canalicular density varied substantially with larger regions without any network. On average the canalicular density decreases when moving from the Haversian canal outwards towards the cement line. We hypothesize that a decrease in accessible canaliculi with tissue age as a result of micropetrosis can reduce the local mechanosensitivity of the bone. Systematic future studies on age- and disease-related changes on the topology of the OLCN have to demonstrate the diagnostic potential of the presented characterization method. accurate three-dimensional representation of the canalicular network topology using confocal microscopy and image analysis quantitative network description with an average canalicular density of 74 km per cubic centimeter in healthy human osteons substantial variability of the canalicular density within osteons with 10% of the bone having a density twice the average in osteons large regions lacking an accessible network were found radial decrease of the canalicular density from the Haversian canal towards the cement line
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Repp
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Philip Kollmannsberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany; ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Roschger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Med. Dept. Hanusch Hospital, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kerschnitzki
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Structural Biology, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andrea Berzlanovich
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerlinde M Gruber
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 13, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Roschger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Med. Dept. Hanusch Hospital, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Richard Weinkamer
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany
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167
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Nie CH, Wan SM, Tomljanovic T, Treer T, Hsiao CD, Wang WM, Gao ZX. Comparative proteomics analysis of teleost intermuscular bones and ribs provides insight into their development. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:147. [PMID: 28183283 PMCID: PMC5301324 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermuscular bones (IBs) and ribs both are a part of skeletal system in teleosts, but with different developing process. The chemical composition of fish IBs and ribs as well as the underlying mechanism about their development have not been investigated. In the present study, histological structures showed that one bone cavity containing osteoclasts were existed in ribs, but not in IBs of Megalobrama amblycephala. We constructed the first proteomics map for fish bones including IBs and ribs, and identified the differentially expressed proteins between IBs and ribs through iTRAQ LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis. RESULTS The proteins extracted from IBs and ribs at 1- to 2-year old M. amblycephala were quantified 2,342 proteins, with 1,451 proteins annotated with GO annotation in biological processes, molecular function and cellular component. A number of bone related proteins as well as pathways were identified in the study. A total of 93 and 154 differently expressed proteins were identified in comparison groups of 1-IB-vs-1-Rib and 2-IB-vs-2-Rib, which indicated the obvious differences of chemical composition between these two bone tissues. The two proteins (vitronectin b precursor and matrix metalloproteinase-2) related to osteoclasts differentiation were significantly up-regulated in ribs compared with IBs (P < 0.05), which was in accordance with the results from histological structures. In comparison groups of 1-IB-vs-2-IB and 1-Rib-vs-2-Rib, 33 and 51 differently expressed proteins were identified and the function annotation results showed that these proteins were involved in regulating bone development and differentiation. Subsequently, 11 and 13 candidate proteins in comparison group of 1-IB-vs-1-Rib and 1-IB-vs-2-IB related to bone development were validated by MRM assays. CONCLUSIONS Our present study suggested the different key proteins involved in the composition of fish ribs and IBs as well as their growth development. These findings could provide important clues towards further understanding of fish skeletal system and the roles of proteins playing in regulating diverse biological processes in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Nie
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Shi-Ming Wan
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Tea Tomljanovic
- Department for Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game management and Special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Treer
- Department for Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game management and Special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Min Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Ze-Xia Gao
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070 China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
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168
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Keenan KE, Mears CS, Skedros JG. Utility of osteon circularity for determining species and interpreting load history in primates and nonprimates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 162:657-681. [PMID: 28121024 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Histomorphological analyses of bones are used to estimate an individual's chronological age, interpret a bone's load history, and differentiate species. Among various histomorphological characteristics that can influence mechanical properties of cortical bone, secondary osteon (Haversian system) population density and predominant collagen fiber orientation are particularly important. Cross-sectional shape characteristics of secondary osteons (On.Cr = osteon circularity, On.El = osteon ellipticality) are considered helpful in these contexts, but more robust proof is needed. We sought to determine if variations in osteon shape characteristics are sufficient for accurately differentiating species, load-complexity categories, and regional habitual strain-mode distributions (e.g., tension vs. compression regions). MATERIALS AND METHODS Circularly polarized light images were obtained from 100-micron transverse sections from diaphyses of adult deer calcanei; sheep calcanei, radii, and tibiae; equine calcanei, radii, and third metacarpals (MC3s); chimpanzee femora; and human femora and fibulae. Osteon cross-sectional area (On.Ar), On.Cr, and On.El were quantified indiscriminately and in the contexts of load-complexity and regional strain-mode distributions. RESULTS On.Cr and On.El, when examined independently in terms of all data, or mean (nested) data, for each bone, exceeded 80% accuracy in the inter-species comparisons only with respect to distinguishing humans from nonhumans. Correct classification among the nonhuman species was <70%. When On.Cr and On.El were coupled together and with On.Ar in discriminant function analyses (nested and unnested data) there were high misclassifications in all but human vs. nonhuman comparisons. DISCUSSION Frequent misclassifications in nonhuman comparisons might reflect influences of habitual load complexity and/or strain-mode distributions, or other factors not accounted for by these two considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra E Keenan
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, George E. Whalen Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Chad S Mears
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, George E. Whalen Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - John G Skedros
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, George E. Whalen Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132
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169
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Ryser MD, Murgas KA. Bone remodeling as a spatial evolutionary game. J Theor Biol 2017; 418:16-26. [PMID: 28108306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a complex process involving cell-cell interactions, biochemical signaling and mechanical stimuli. Early models of the biological aspects of remodeling were non-spatial and focused on the local dynamics at a fixed location in the bone. Several spatial extensions of these models have been proposed, but they generally suffer from two limitations: first, they are not amenable to analysis and are computationally expensive, and second, they neglect the role played by bone-embedded osteocytes. To address these issues, we developed a novel model of spatial remodeling based on the principles of evolutionary game theory. The analytically tractable framework describes the spatial interactions between zones of bone resorption, bone formation and quiescent bone, and explicitly accounts for regulation of remodeling by bone-embedded, mechanotransducing osteocytes. Using tools from the theory of interacting particle systems we systematically classified the different dynamic regimes of the spatial model and identified regions of parameter space that allow for global coexistence of resorption, formation and quiescence, as observed in physiological remodeling. In coexistence scenarios, three-dimensional simulations revealed the emergence of sponge-like bone clusters. Comparison between spatial and non-spatial dynamics revealed substantial differences and suggested a stabilizing role of space. Our findings emphasize the importance of accounting for spatial structure and bone-embedded osteocytes when modeling the process of bone remodeling. Thanks to the lattice-based framework, the proposed model can easily be coupled to a mechanical model of bone loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Ryser
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, 120 Science Drive, 117 Physics Building, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
| | - Kevin A Murgas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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170
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Role of cortical bone in hip fracture. BONEKEY REPORTS 2017; 6:867. [PMID: 28277562 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2016.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review, I consider the varied mechanisms in cortical bone that help preserve its integrity and how they deteriorate with aging. Aging affects cortical bone in two ways: extrinsically through its effects on the individual that modify its mechanical loading experience and 'milieu interieur'; and intrinsically through the prolonged cycle of remodelling and renewal extending to an estimated 20 years in the proximal femur. Healthy femoral cortex incorporates multiple mechanisms that help prevent fracture. These have been described at multiple length scales from the individual bone mineral crystal to the scale of the femur itself and appear to operate hierarchically. Each cortical bone fracture begins as a sub-microscopic crack that enlarges under mechanical load, for example, that imposed by a fall. In these conditions, a crack will enlarge explosively unless the cortical bone is intrinsically tough (the opposite of brittle). Toughness leads to microscopic crack deflection and bridging and may be increased by adequate regulation of both mineral crystal size and the heterogeneity of mineral and matrix phases. The role of osteocytes in optimising toughness is beginning to be worked out; but many osteocytes die in situ without triggering bone renewal over a 20-year cycle, with potential for increasing brittleness. Furthermore, the superolateral cortex of the proximal femur thins progressively during life, so increasing the risk of buckling during a fall. Besides preserving or increasing hip BMD, pharmaceutical treatments have class-specific effects on the toughness of cortical bone, although dietary and exercise-based interventions show early promise.
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171
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Chang CC, Chen Y, Zhou S, Mai YW, Li Q. Computational Design for Scaffold Tissue Engineering. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-53574-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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172
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Rolvien T, Amling M. Bone biology in the elderly: clinical importance for fracture treatment. Innov Surg Sci 2016; 1:49-55. [PMID: 31579719 PMCID: PMC6753994 DOI: 10.1515/iss-2016-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related bone impairment often leads to fragility fractures in the elderly. Although excellent surgical care is widely provided, diagnosis and treatment of the underlying bone disorder are often not kept in mind. The interplay of the three major bone cells – osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes – is normally well regulated via the secretion of messengers to control bone remodeling. Possible imbalances that might occur in the elderly are partly due to age, genetic risk factors, and adverse lifestyle factors but importantly also due to imbalances in calcium homeostasis (mostly due to vitamin D deficiency or hypochlorhydria), which have to be eliminated. Therefore, the cooperation between the trauma surgeon and the osteologist is of major importance to diagnose and treat the respective patients at risk. We propose that any patient suffering from fragility fractures is rigorously screened for osteoporosis and metabolic bone diseases. This includes bone density measurement by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, laboratory tests for calcium, phosphate, vitamin D, and bone turnover markers, as well as additional diagnostic modalities if needed. Thereby, most risk factors, including vitamin D deficiency, can be identified and treated while patients who meet the criteria for a specific therapy (i.e. antiresorptive and osteoanabolic) receive such. If local health systems succeed to manage this process of secondary fracture prevention, morbidity and mortality of fragility fractures will decline to a minimum level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Rolvien
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestr. 59, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
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173
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Ostertag A, Peyrin F, Gouttenoire PJ, Laredo JD, DeVernejoul MC, Cohen Solal M, Chappard C. Multiscale and multimodality computed tomography for cortical bone analysis. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:8553-8576. [PMID: 27845939 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/24/8553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In clinical studies, high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) is used to separately evaluate cortical bone and trabecular bone with an isotropic voxel of 82 µm3, and typical cortical parameters are cortical density (D.comp), thickness (Ct.Th), and porosity (Ct.Po). In vitro, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is used to explore the internal cortical bone micro-structure with isotropic voxels and high resolution synchrotron radiation (SR); micro-CT is considered the 'gold standard'. In 16 tibias and 8 femurs, HR-pQCT measurements were compared to conventional micro-CT measurements. To test modality effects, conventional micro-CT measurements were compared to SR micro-CT measurements at 7.5 µm3; SR micro-CT measurements were also tested at different voxel sizes for the femurs, specifically, 7.5 µm3 versus 2.8 µm3. D.comp (r = -0.88, p < 10-3) was the parameter best correlated with porosity (Po.V/TV). The correlation was not affected by the removal of pores under 130 µm. Ct.Th was also significantly highly correlated (r = -0.89 p < 10-3), while Ct.Po was correlated with its counterpart Po.V/TV (r = 0.74, p < 10-3). From SR micro-CT and conventional micro-CT at 7.5 µm3 in matching areas, Po.V/TV and pore diameter were underestimated in conventional micro-CT with mean ± standard deviation (SD) biases of -2.5 ± 1.9% and -0.08 ± 0.08 mm, respectively. In contrast, pore number (Po.N) and pore separation (Po.Sp) were overestimated with mean ± SD biases of +0.03 ± 0.04 mm-1 and +0.02 ± 0.04 mm, respectively. The results from the tibia and femur were similar when the results of SR micro-CT at 7.5 µm3 and 2.8 µm3 were compared. Po.V/TV, specific surface of pores (Po.S/Po.V), and Po.N were underestimated with mean biases of -1.7 ± 0.9%, -4.6 ± 4.4 mm-1, and -0.26 ± 0.15 mm-1, respectively. In contrast, pore spacing was overestimated at 7.5 µm3 compared to 2.8 µm3 with mean biases of 0.05 ± 0.03 mm. Cortical bone measurements from HR-pQCT images provided consistent results compared to those obtained using conventional micro-CT at the distal tibia. D.comp was highly correlated to Po.V/TV because it considers both the micro-porosity (Haversian systems) and macro-porosity (resorption lacunae) of cortical bone. The complexity of canal organization, (including shape, connectivity, and surface) are not fully considered in conventional micro-CT in relation to beam hardening and cone beam reconstruction artifacts. With the exception of Po.V/TV measurements, morphological and topological measurements depend on the characteristics of the x-ray beam, and to a lesser extent, on image resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ostertag
- Bioscar U1132 Inserm-Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
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174
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Hosokawa A. Experimental observation of piezoelectric effect in cancellous bone generated by ultrasound irradiation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:EL441. [PMID: 27908076 DOI: 10.1121/1.4967710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, piezoelectric cells (PE-cells) of cancellous bone were experimentally produced to receive an ultrasound wave. In the PE-cell, a bovine cancellous bone specimen, in which the pore spaces were saturated with air, was electrically shielded to prevent electromagnetic noise. As a result, the piezoelectric signal generated in the cancellous bone specimen by irradiating an ultrasound burst wave at 1.0 MHz could be clearly observed in water. The experimental results showed that the ultrasound sensitivity per unit area of cancellous bone was estimated to be below 1/100 and 1/100 000 of cortical bone and poly(vinylidene fluoride), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hosokawa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Akashi College, 679-3 Nishioka, Uozumi, Akashi, Hyogo 674-8501, Japan
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175
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Pore network microarchitecture influences human cortical bone elasticity during growth and aging. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 63:164-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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176
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Cooper DML, Kawalilak CE, Harrison K, Johnston BD, Johnston JD. Cortical Bone Porosity: What Is It, Why Is It Important, and How Can We Detect It? Curr Osteoporos Rep 2016; 14:187-98. [PMID: 27623679 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-016-0319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is growing recognition of the role of micro-architecture in osteoporotic bone loss and fragility. This trend has been driven by advances in imaging technology, which have enabled a transition from measures of mass to micro-architecture. Imaging trabecular bone has been a key research focus, but advances in resolution have also enabled the detection of cortical bone micro-architecture, particularly the network of vascular canals, commonly referred to as 'cortical porosity.' This review aims to provide an overview of what this level of porosity is, why it is important, and how it can be characterized by imaging. Moving beyond a 'trabeculocentric' view of bone loss holds the potential to improve diagnosis and monitoring of interventions. Furthermore, cortical porosity is intimately linked to the remodeling process, which underpins bone loss, and thus a larger potential exists to improve our fundamental understanding of bone health through imaging of both humans and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M L Cooper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - C E Kawalilak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - K Harrison
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B D Johnston
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - J D Johnston
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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177
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Moon YJ, Yun CY, Choi H, Ka SO, Kim JR, Park BH, Cho ES. Smad4 controls bone homeostasis through regulation of osteoblast/osteocyte viability. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e256. [PMID: 27585718 PMCID: PMC5050296 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of osteoblast and osteocyte viability is essential for bone homeostasis. Smad4, a major transducer of bone morphogenetic protein and transforming growth factor-β signaling pathways, regulates apoptosis in various cell types through a mitochondrial pathway. However, it remains poorly understood whether Smad4 is necessary for the regulation of osteoblast and osteocyte viability. In this study, we analyzed Smad4Δ(Os) mice, in which Smad4 was subjected to tissue-specific disruption under the control of the 2.3-kb Col1a1 promoter, to understand the functional significance of Smad4 in regulating osteoblast/osteocyte viability during bone formation and remodeling. Smad4Δ(Os) mice showed a significant increase in osteoblast number and osteocyte density in the trabecular and cortical regions of the femur, whereas osteoclast activity was significantly decreased. The proliferation of osteoblasts/osteocytes did not alter, as shown by measuring 5'-bromo-2'deoxyuridine incorporation. By contrast, the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells decreased, together with a decrease in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and in the proteolytic cleavage of caspase 3, in Smad4Δ(Os) mice. Apoptosis in isolated calvaria cells from Smad4Δ(Os) mice decreased after differentiation, which was consistent with the results of the TUNEL assay and western blotting in Smad4Δ(Os) mice. Conversely, osteoblast cells overexpressing Smad4 showed increased apoptosis. In an apoptosis induction model of Smad4Δ(Os) mice, osteoblasts/osteocytes were more resistant to apoptosis than were control cells, and, consequently, bone remodeling was attenuated. These findings indicate that Smad4 has a significant role in regulating osteoblast/osteocyte viability and therefore controls bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea.,Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Young Yun
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajung Choi
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-O Ka
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ryul Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Sic Cho
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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178
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Lee S, Suzuki T, Izawa H, Satoh A. The Influence of the Type of Continuous Exercise Stress Applied during Growth Periods on Bone Metabolism and Osteogenesis. J Bone Metab 2016; 23:157-64. [PMID: 27622180 PMCID: PMC5018609 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2016.23.3.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we examined the influence of exercise loading characteristics on bone metabolic responses and bone morphology in the growth phase and adulthood. Methods Running exercise (RUN) and jumping exercise (JUM) were used for the exercise loading in 28-day-old male Wistar rats. Bone metabolism was measured by blood osteocalcin (OC) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) levels. For bone morphology, the maximum bone length, bone weight, and bone strength of the femur and tibia were measured. Results A pre- and post-exercise loading comparison in the growth phase showed significantly increased OC levels in the RUN and JUM groups and significantly decreased TRACP levels in the JUM group. On the other hand, a pre- and post-exercise loading comparison in adulthood showed significantly decreased TRACP levels in the RUN and JUM groups. Femur lengths were significantly shorter in the RUN and JUM groups than in the control (CON) group, while bone weight was significantly greater in the JUM group than in the CON group. Conclusions Exercise loading activates OC levels in the growth phase and suppresses TRACP levels in adulthood. On the other hand, these results suggest that excessive exercise loading may suppress bone length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangun Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan
| | - Takao Suzuki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hiromi Izawa
- Department of Nutrition, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan
| | - Atsuko Satoh
- Department of Nursing, Hirosaki University of Health and Welfare, Hirosaki, Japan
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179
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Duong LT, Pickarski M, Cusick T, Chen CM, Zhuo Y, Scott K, Samadfam R, Smith SY, Pennypacker BL. Effects of long term treatment with high doses of odanacatib on bone mass, bone strength, and remodeling/modeling in newly ovariectomized monkeys. Bone 2016; 88:113-124. [PMID: 27126999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives here were to evaluate the effects of odanacatib (ODN) at doses exceeding the clinical exposure on biomechanical properties of lumbar vertebrae (LV), hip and central femur (CF), and compare ODN to alendronate (ALN) on bone remodeling/modeling in ovariectomized (OVX) monkeys. Ten days post-surgery, animals were treated with vehicle (VEH), ODN-L (2mg/kg/day, p.o.), ODN-H (8/4mg/kg/day), or ALN (30μg/kg/week, s.c.) for 20months. An intact group was also included. ODN-L provided systemic exposures of 1.8-fold of clinical exposure. ODN-H started at 20-fold for 5.5months, and then reduced to 7.8-fold of clinical exposure, compared to ALN at approximated clinical exposure. From cross sectional analyses, LV density and peak load in ODN at both doses or ALN were not different from VEH or Intact. However, cortical thickness of femoral neck (FN) and CF in ODN were higher (21-34%, p<0.05) than VEH, due to smaller endocortical (Ec) perimeter of FN (10-11%; p<0.05) and CF (9-12%; ODN-L, p<0.05), and larger CF periosteal (Ps) perimeter (2-12%; ODN-H, p<0.001) versus VEH. ODN groups also showed slightly higher cortical porosity and Ps non-lamellar bone in CF. ODN-H treatment resulted in higher CF peak load (p<0.05) versus VEH. For all bone sites analyzed, a positive, linear relationship (r(2)=0.46-0.69, p<0.0001) of peak load to density or structural parameters was demonstrated. No treatment-related differences in the derived intrinsic strength properties were evidenced as compared between groups. ALN reduced all remodeling surfaces without affecting Ps modeling. Trabecular and intracortical remodeling were reduced in ODN groups, similar to ALN. Ec mineralizing surface in ODN-H trended to be lower than VEH by month 20, but Ec bone formation indices in ODN groups generally were not different from VEH. Ps modeling in ODN groups was significantly higher than other treatment groups. This study overall demonstrated the bone safety profile of ODN and its unique mechanism on cortical bone supporting the clinical application for osteoporosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Duong
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA.
| | - M Pickarski
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - T Cusick
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - C M Chen
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Y Zhuo
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - K Scott
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - R Samadfam
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Y Smith
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - B L Pennypacker
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
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180
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Laboux O, Dion N, Arana-Chavez V, Ste-Marie LG, Nanci A. Microwave Irradiation of Ethanol-fixed Bone Improves Preservation, Reduces Processing Time, and Allows Both Light and Electron Microscopy on the Same Sample. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 52:1267-75. [PMID: 15385573 DOI: 10.1177/002215540405201003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmethacrylate (MMA) embedding is routinely used for histomorphometry of undecalcified bone preserved by prolonged immersion in ethanol, a procedure that yields poor ultrastructural detail. Because microwave irradiation (MWI) facilitates penetration of fixatives, we have investigated whether it can improve preservation by ethanol. Rat tibiae, some labeled with tetracycline, and a human iliac crest biopsy were immersed in 70% ethanol and dehydrated, both under MWI, for a total processing time of ~7 hr. Controls were not irradiated, and all specimens were embedded in MMA at 4C. They were then processed for histomorphometry, histochemistry, structural analysis, and immunolabeling. The results showed that histological preservation was improved with MWI. Static bone formation and resorption parameters and rate of mineral apposition were similar to those of conventionally processed specimens. Mineral distribution, as visualized by von Kossa staining and backscattered electron imaging, was not affected. Alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity, as well as immunolocalization of bone sialoprotein and osteopontin, were readily visualized. Ultrastructurally, osteopontin exhibited a typical distribution in mineralization foci, between calcified collagen fibrils, and at cement lines. These data show that MWI improves preservation and permits application of a broad spectrum of analytical methodologies on the same bone sample while considerably reducing processing time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Laboux
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7.
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181
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Abstract
During the past decade preclinical studies have defined many of the mechanisms used by tumours to hijack the skeleton and promote bone metastasis. This has led to the development and widespread clinical use of bone-targeted drugs to prevent skeletal-related events. This understanding has also identified a critical dependency between colonizing tumour cells and the cells of bone. This is particularly important when tumour cells first arrive in bone, adapt to their new microenvironment and enter a long-lived dormant state. In this Review, we discuss the role of different bone cell types in supporting disseminated tumour cell dormancy and reactivation, and highlight the new opportunities this provides for targeting the bone microenvironment to control dormancy and bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Croucher
- Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Michelle M McDonald
- Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - T John Martin
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
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182
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Pereira RC, Andersen TL, Friedman PA, Tumber N, Salusky IB, Wesseling-Perry K. Bone Canopies in Pediatric Renal Osteodystrophy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152871. [PMID: 27045269 PMCID: PMC4821625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric renal osteodystrophy (ROD) is characterized by changes in bone turnover, mineralization, and volume that are brought about by alterations in bone resorption and formation. The resorptive and formative surfaces on the cancellous bone are separated from the marrow cavity by canopies consisting of a layer of flat osteoblastic cells. These canopies have been suggested to play a key role in the recruitment of osteoprogenitors during the process of bone remodeling. This study was performed to address the characteristics of the canopies above bone formation and resorption sites and their association with biochemical and bone histomorphometric parameters in 106 pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients (stage 2-5) across the spectrum of ROD. Canopies in CKD patients often appeared as thickened multilayered canopies, similar to previous reports in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. This finding contrasts with the thin appearance reported in healthy individuals with normal kidney function. Furthermore, canopies in pediatric CKD patients showed immunoreactivity to the PTH receptor (PTHR1) as well as to the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). The number of surfaces with visible canopy coverage was associated with plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, bone formation rate, and the extent of remodeling surfaces. Collectively, these data support the conclusion that canopies respond to the elevated PTH levels in CKD and that they possess the molecular machinery necessary to respond to PTH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata C. Pereira
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Andersen
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology (KCB), Vejle Hospital – Lillebaelt Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Peter A. Friedman
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Navdeep Tumber
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Isidro B. Salusky
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine Wesseling-Perry
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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183
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Governing Equations of Tissue Modelling and Remodelling: A Unified Generalised Description of Surface and Bulk Balance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152582. [PMID: 27043309 PMCID: PMC4820236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several biological tissues undergo changes in their geometry and in their bulk material properties by modelling and remodelling processes. Modelling synthesises tissue in some regions and removes tissue in others. Remodelling overwrites old tissue material properties with newly formed, immature tissue properties. As a result, tissues are made up of different “patches”, i.e., adjacent tissue regions of different ages and different material properties, within evolving boundaries. In this paper, generalised equations governing the spatio-temporal evolution of such tissues are developed within the continuum model. These equations take into account nonconservative, discontinuous surface mass balance due to creation and destruction of material at moving interfaces, and bulk balance due to tissue maturation. These equations make it possible to model patchy tissue states and their evolution without explicitly maintaining a record of when/where resorption and formation processes occurred. The time evolution of spatially averaged tissue properties is derived systematically by integration. These spatially-averaged equations cannot be written in closed form as they retain traces that tissue destruction is localised at tissue boundaries. The formalism developed in this paper is applied to bone tissues, which exhibit strong material heterogeneities due to their slow mineralisation and remodelling processes. Evolution equations are proposed in particular for osteocyte density and bone mineral density. Effective average equations for bone mineral density (BMD) and tissue mineral density (TMD) are derived using a mean-field approximation. The error made by this approximation when remodelling patchy tissue is investigated. The specific signatures of the time evolution of BMD or TMD during remodelling events are exhibited. These signatures may provide a way to detect remodelling events at lower, unseen spatial resolutions from microCT scans.
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184
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Birkhold AI, Razi H, Duda GN, Weinkamer R, Checa S, Willie BM. The Periosteal Bone Surface is Less Mechano-Responsive than the Endocortical. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23480. [PMID: 27004741 PMCID: PMC4804282 DOI: 10.1038/srep23480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic processes modify bone micro-structure to adapt to external loading and avoid mechanical failure. Age-related cortical bone loss is thought to occur because of increased endocortical resorption and reduced periosteal formation. Differences in the (re)modeling response to loading on both surfaces, however, are poorly understood. Combining in-vivo tibial loading, in-vivo micro-tomography and finite element analysis, remodeling in C57Bl/6J mice of three ages (10, 26, 78 week old) was analyzed to identify differences in mechano-responsiveness and its age-related change on the two cortical surfaces. Mechanical stimulation enhanced endocortical and periosteal formation and reduced endocortical resorption; a reduction in periosteal resorption was hardly possible since it was low, even without additional loading. Endocortically a greater mechano-responsiveness was identified, evident by a larger bone-forming surface and enhanced thickness of formed bone packets, which was not detected periosteally. Endocortical mechano-responsiveness was better conserved with age, since here adaptive response declined continuously with aging, whereas periosteally the main decay in formation response occurred already before adulthood. Higher endocortical mechano-responsiveness is not due to higher endocortical strains. Although it is clear structural adaptation varies between different bones in the skeleton, this study demonstrates that adaptation varies even at different sites within the same bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette I Birkhold
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Germany.,Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology Research Group, Institute of Applied Mechanics, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hajar Razi
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Germany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Germany
| | - Richard Weinkamer
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Department of Biomaterials, Germany
| | - Sara Checa
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Germany
| | - Bettina M Willie
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Germany.,Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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185
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Nango N, Kubota S, Hasegawa T, Yashiro W, Momose A, Matsuo K. Osteocyte-directed bone demineralization along canaliculi. Bone 2016; 84:279-288. [PMID: 26709236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian skeleton stores calcium and phosphate ions in bone matrix. Osteocytes in osteocyte lacunae extend numerous dendrites into canaliculi less than a micron in diameter and which are distributed throughout bone matrix. Although osteoclasts are the primary bone-resorbing cells, osteocytes also reportedly dissolve hydroxyapatite at peri-lacunar bone matrix. However, robust three-dimensional evidence for peri-canalicular bone mineral dissolution has been lacking. Here we applied a previously reported Talbot-defocus multiscan tomography method for synchrotron X-ray microscopy and analyzed the degree of bone mineralization in mouse cortical bone around the lacuno-canalicular network, which is connected both to blood vessels and the peri- and endosteum. We detected cylindrical low mineral density regions spreading around canaliculi derived from a subset of osteocytes. Transmission electron microscopy revealed both intact and demineralized bone matrix around the canaliculus. Peri-canalicular low mineral density regions were also observed in osteopetrotic mice lacking osteoclasts, indicating that osteoclasts are dispensable for peri-canalicular demineralization. These data suggest demineralization can occur from within bone through the canalicular system, and that peri-canalicular demineralization occurs not uniformly but directed by individual osteocytes. Blockade of peri-canalicular demineralization may be a therapeutic strategy to increase bone mass and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhito Nango
- Ratoc System Engineering Co., Ltd, Tokyo 112-0014, Japan.
| | - Shogo Kubota
- Ratoc System Engineering Co., Ltd, Tokyo 112-0014, Japan.
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Wataru Yashiro
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Momose
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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186
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Lemos JM, Caiado DV, Coelho R, Vinga S. Optimal and receding horizon control of tumor growth in myeloma bone disease. Biomed Signal Process Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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187
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Zheng LZ, Wang XL, Cao HJ, Chen SH, Huang L, Qin L. Src siRNA prevents corticosteroid-associated osteoporosis in a rabbit model. Bone 2016; 83:190-196. [PMID: 26597781 PMCID: PMC7185855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In an established steroid-associated osteonecrosis (SAON) rabbit model we found recently that blockage Src by siRNA could improve reconstructive repair of osteonecrosis via enhancing osteogenesis and inhibiting bone resorption. The current study investigated if blocking Src was able to prevent steroid-associated osteoporosis (SAOP) in the same SAON animal model. Rabbits were treated with pulsed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and corticosteroid methylprednisolone (MPS). At 2, 4, and 6weeks after induction, Src siRNA, control siRNA and saline were intramedullary injected into proximal femur, respectively. Two fluorescent dyes xylenol orange and calcein green were injected before sacrificing the animals for in vivo labeling of the newly formed bone. At week 6 after induction, proximal femora of rabbits were dissected for micro-CT and histological analysis. Results showed significant bone loss in the metaphysis of femoral head in the control rabbits after SAON induction. Src siRNA treatment was able to prevent steroid-associate bone loss in trabecular bone and increase cortical bone thickness at femoral neck. Histomorphometry showed that Src siRNA increased the osteoblastic bone formation and decreased the eroded bone surfaces suggesting decreased osteoclastic bone resorption. This was the first study to report bone loss after SAON induction in rabbit model that could be prevented by knocking down Src by siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Zhen Zheng
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin-Luan Wang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Hui-Juan Cao
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Shi-Hui Chen
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Le Huang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, PR China.
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188
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Shanbhogue VV, Hansen S, Frost M, Jørgensen NR, Hermann AP, Henriksen JE, Brixen K. Compromised cortical bone compartment in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with microvascular disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:115-24. [PMID: 26537860 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) have an increased fracture risk despite a normal or elevated bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this cross-sectional in vivo study was to assess parameters of peripheral bone microarchitecture, estimated bone strength and bone remodeling in T2D patients with and without diabetic microvascular disease (MVD+ and MVD- respectively) and to compare them with healthy controls. METHODS Fifty-one T2D patients (MVD+ group: n=25) were recruited from Funen Diabetic Database and matched for age, sex and height with 51 healthy subjects. High-resolution peripheral quantitative tomography (HR-pQCT) was used to assess bone structure at the non-dominant distal radius and tibia. Estimated bone strength was calculated using finite element analysis. Biochemical markers of bone turnover were measured in all participants. RESULTS After adjusting for BMI, MVD+ patients displayed lower cortical volumetric BMD (P=0.02) and cortical thickness (P=0.02) and higher cortical porosity at the radius (P=0.02) and a trend towards higher cortical porosity at the tibia (P=0.07) compared to controls. HR-pQCT parameters did not differ between MVD- and control subjects. Biochemical markers of bone turnover were significantly lower in MVD+ and MVD- patients compared to controls (all P<0.01). These were no significant correlations between disease duration, glycemic control (average glycated hemoglobin over the previous 3 years) and HR-pQCT parameters. CONCLUSION Cortical bone deficits are not a characteristic of all T2D patients but of a subgroup characterized by the presence of microvascular complications. Whether this influences fracture rates in these patients needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram V Shanbhogue
- Department of EndocrinologyOdense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kloevervaenget 6.1.sal, DK-5000 Odense C, DenmarkDepartments of Diagnostics and Medicine MResearch Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stinus Hansen
- Department of EndocrinologyOdense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kloevervaenget 6.1.sal, DK-5000 Odense C, DenmarkDepartments of Diagnostics and Medicine MResearch Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Frost
- Department of EndocrinologyOdense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kloevervaenget 6.1.sal, DK-5000 Odense C, DenmarkDepartments of Diagnostics and Medicine MResearch Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of EndocrinologyOdense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kloevervaenget 6.1.sal, DK-5000 Odense C, DenmarkDepartments of Diagnostics and Medicine MResearch Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Pernille Hermann
- Department of EndocrinologyOdense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kloevervaenget 6.1.sal, DK-5000 Odense C, DenmarkDepartments of Diagnostics and Medicine MResearch Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Erik Henriksen
- Department of EndocrinologyOdense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kloevervaenget 6.1.sal, DK-5000 Odense C, DenmarkDepartments of Diagnostics and Medicine MResearch Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Brixen
- Department of EndocrinologyOdense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kloevervaenget 6.1.sal, DK-5000 Odense C, DenmarkDepartments of Diagnostics and Medicine MResearch Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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189
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Maggiano IS, Maggiano CM, Clement JG, Thomas CDL, Carter Y, Cooper DML. Three-dimensional reconstruction of Haversian systems in human cortical bone using synchrotron radiation-based micro-CT: morphology and quantification of branching and transverse connections across age. J Anat 2016; 228:719-32. [PMID: 26749084 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study uses synchrotron radiation-based micro-computed tomography (CT) scans to reconstruct three-dimensional networks of Haversian systems in human cortical bone in order to observe and analyse interconnectivity of Haversian systems and the development of total Haversian networks across different ages. A better knowledge of how Haversian systems interact with each other is essential to improve understanding of remodeling mechanisms and bone maintenance; however, previous methodological approaches (e.g. serial sections) did not reveal enough detail to follow the specific morphology of Haversian branching, for example. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to identify the morphological diversity of branching patterns and transverse connections, and to understand how they change with age. Two types of branching morphologies were identified: lateral branching, resulting in small osteon branches bifurcating off of larger Haversian canals; and dichotomous branching, the formation of two new osteonal branches from one. The reconstructions in this study also suggest that Haversian systems frequently target previously existing systems as a path for their course, resulting in a cross-sectional morphology frequently referred to as 'type II osteons'. Transverse connections were diverse in their course from linear to oblique to curvy. Quantitative assessment of age-related trends indicates that while in younger human individuals transverse connections were most common, in older individuals more evidence of connections resulting from Haversian systems growing inside previously existing systems was found. Despite these changes in morphological characteristics, a relatively constant degree of overall interconnectivity is maintained throughout life. Altogether, the present study reveals important details about Haversian systems and their relation to each other that can be used towards a better understanding of cortical bone remodeling as well as a more accurate interpretation of morphological variants of osteons in cross-sectional microscopy. Permitting visibility of reversal lines, synchrotron radiation-based micro-CT is a valuable tool for the reconstruction of Haversian systems, and future analyses have the potential to further improve understanding of various important aspects of bone growth, maintenance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S Maggiano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Anthropology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA, USA
| | - Corey M Maggiano
- Department of Anthropology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - John G Clement
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - C David L Thomas
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Yasmin Carter
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester, MA, USA
| | - David M L Cooper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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190
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KAMEO Y, OOTAO Y, ISHIHARA M. Theoretical investigation of the effect of bending loads on the interstitial fluid flow in a poroelastic lamellar trabecula. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1299/jbse.15-00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka KAMEO
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Yoshihiro OOTAO
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Masayuki ISHIHARA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
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191
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Liu C, Zhang X, Wu M, You L. Mechanical loading up-regulates early remodeling signals from osteocytes subjected to physical damage. J Biomech 2015; 48:4221-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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192
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Zhou Y, Deng HW, Shen H. Circulating monocytes: an appropriate model for bone-related study. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:2561-72. [PMID: 26194495 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) are an important source of precursors of osteoclasts, the bone-resorbing cells and the cytokines produced by PBMs that have profound effects on osteoclast differentiation, activation, and apoptosis. So PBMs represent a highly valuable and unique working cell model for bone-related study. Finding an appropriate working cell model for clinical and (epi-)genomic studies of human skeletal disorders is a challenge. Peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) can give rise to osteoclasts, the bone-resorbing cells. Particularly, PBMs provide the sole source of osteoclast precursors for adult peripheral skeleton where the bone marrow is normally hematopoietically inactive. PBMs can secrete potent pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which are important for osteoclast differentiation, activation, and apoptosis. Reduced production of PBM cytokines represents a major mechanism for the inhibitory effects of sex hormones on osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Abnormalities in PBMs have been linked to various skeletal disorders/traits, strongly supporting for the biological relevance of PBMs with bone metabolism and disorders. Here, we briefly review the origin and further differentiation of PBMs. In particular, we discuss the close relationship between PBMs and osteoclasts, and highlight the utility of PBMs in study the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying various skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - H-W Deng
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - H Shen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St., Suite 2001, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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193
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Matsuo K, Kuroda Y, Nango N, Shimoda K, Kubota Y, Ema M, Bakiri L, Wagner EF, Takeda Y, Yashiro W, Momose A. Osteogenic capillaries orchestrate growth plate-independent ossification of the malleus. Development 2015; 142:3912-20. [PMID: 26428006 PMCID: PMC4712877 DOI: 10.1242/dev.123885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is a developmental process by which cartilage is replaced by bone. Terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes are calcified, vascularized, and removed by chondroclasts before bone matrix is laid down by osteoblasts. In mammals, the malleus is one of three auditory ossicles that transmit vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. The malleus is formed from a cartilaginous precursor without growth plate involvement, but little is known about how bones of this type undergo endochondral ossification. Here, we demonstrate that in the processus brevis of the malleus, clusters of osteoblasts surrounding the capillary loop produce bone matrix, causing the volume of the capillary lumen to decrease rapidly in post-weaning mice. Synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy revealed a concentric, cylindrical arrangement of osteocyte lacunae along capillaries, indicative of pericapillary bone formation. Moreover, we report that overexpression of Fosl1, which encodes a component of the AP-1 transcription factor complex, in osteoblasts significantly blocked malleal capillary narrowing. These data suggest that osteoblast/endothelial cell interactions control growth plate-free endochondral ossification through ‘osteogenic capillaries’ in a Fosl1-regulated manner. Summary: The endochondral ossification of the malleus, an ossicle of the mouse inner ear, occurs around capillaries and is mediated by the AP-1 transcription factor Fosl1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kuroda
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Nango
- Ratoc System Engineering Co., Ltd., 1-24-8 Sekiguchi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Kouji Shimoda
- Laboratory Animal Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Latifa Bakiri
- Genes, Development and Disease Group, National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Genes, Development and Disease Group, National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Yoshihiro Takeda
- X-ray Research Laboratory, Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Wataru Yashiro
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba, Sendai Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Momose
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba, Sendai Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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194
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Bone biology, signaling pathways, and therapeutic targets for osteoporosis. Maturitas 2015; 82:245-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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195
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van Schaick E, Zheng J, Perez Ruixo JJ, Gieschke R, Jacqmin P. A semi-mechanistic model of bone mineral density and bone turnover based on a circular model of bone remodeling. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2015; 42:315-32. [PMID: 26123920 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-015-9423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Development of novel therapies for bone diseases can benefit from mathematical models that predict drug effect on bone remodeling biomarkers. Therefore, a bone cycle model (BCM) was developed that takes into consideration the concept of the basic multicellular unit and the dynamic equilibrium of bone remodeling. The model is a closed form cyclical model with four compartments representing resorption, formation, primary mineralization, and secondary mineralization. Equations describing the time course of bone turnover biomarkers were developed using the flow rate of bone cycle units (BCU) between the compartments or the amount of BCU in each compartment. A disease progression model representing bone loss in osteoporosis, a vitamin D and calcium supplementation (placebo) model, and a drug model for antiresorptive treatments were added to the model. Initial model parameter values were derived from published bone turnover data. The BCM accurately described biomarker-time profiles in postmenopausal women receiving either placebo or bisphosphonate treatment. The slow continual increase in bone mineral density (BMD) observed after 1 year of treatment was accurately described when changes in bone turnover were combined with increases in mineralization. For this purpose, the secondary mineralization compartment was replaced by three catenary chain compartments representing increasing mineral content. The refined BCM satisfactorily predicted biomarker profiles after long-term (10-year) bisphosphonate treatment. Furthermore, the model successfully described individual bone turnover markers and BMD results following treatment with denosumab in postmenopausal women. Analyses with this model could be used to optimize dosing regimens and to predict effects of novel osteoporotic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erno van Schaick
- SGS Exprimo NV, Generaal de Wittelaan 19A b5, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium,
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196
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Poroelastic analysis of interstitial fluid flow in a single lamellar trabecula subjected to cyclic loading. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 15:361-70. [PMID: 26081726 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Trabecula, an anatomical unit of the cancellous bone, is a porous material that consists of a lamellar bone matrix and interstitial fluid in a lacuno-canalicular porosity. The flow of interstitial fluid caused by deformation of the bone matrix is believed to initiate a mechanical response in osteocytes for bone remodeling. In order to clarify the effect of the lamellar structure of the bone matrix--i.e., variations in material properties--on the fluid flow stimuli to osteocytes embedded in trabeculae, we investigated the mechanical behavior of an individual trabecula subjected to cyclic loading based on poroelasticity. We focused on variations in the trabecular permeability and developed an analytical solution containing both transient and steady-state responses for interstitial fluid pressure in a single trabecular model represented by a multilayered two-dimensional poroelastic slab. Based on the obtained solution, we calculated the pressure and seepage velocity of the interstitial fluid in lacuno-canalicular porosity, within the single trabecula, under various permeability distributions. Poroelastic analysis showed that a heterogeneous distribution of permeability produces remarkable variations in the fluid pressure and seepage velocity in the cross section of the individual trabecula, and suggests that fluid flow stimuli to osteocytes are mostly governed by the value of permeability in the neighborhood of the trabecular surfaces if there is no difference in the average permeability in a single trabecula.
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197
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Birkhold AI, Razi H, Weinkamer R, Duda GN, Checa S, Willie BM. Monitoring in vivo (re)modeling: a computational approach using 4D microCT data to quantify bone surface movements. Bone 2015; 75:210-21. [PMID: 25746796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone undergoes continual damage repair and structural adaptation to changing external loads with the aim of maintaining skeletal integrity throughout life. The ability to monitor bone (re)modeling would allow for a better understanding in how various pathologies and interventions affect bone turnover and subsequent bone strength. To date, however, current methods to monitor bone (re)modeling over time and in space are limited. We propose a novel method to visualize and quantify bone turnover, based on in vivo microCT imaging and a 4D computational approach. By in vivo tracking of spatially correlated formation and resorption sites over time it classifies bone restructuring into (re)modeling sequences, the spatially and temporally linked sequences of formation, resorption and quiescent periods on the bone surface. The microCT based method was validated using experimental data from an in vivo mouse tibial loading model and ex vivo data of the mouse tibia. In this application, the method allows the visualization of time-resolved cortical (re)modeling and the quantification of short-term and long-term modeling on the endocortical and periosteal surface at the mid-diaphysis of loaded and control mice tibiae. Both short-term and long-term modeling processes, independent formation and resorption events, could be monitored and modeling (spatially not correlated formation and resorption) and remodeling (resorption followed by new formation at the same site) could be distinguished on the bone surface. This novel method that combines in vivo microCT with a computational approach is a powerful tool to monitor bone turnover in animal models now and is waiting to be applied to human patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette I Birkhold
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hajar Razi
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Richard Weinkamer
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Science Park Potsdam-Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sara Checa
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bettina M Willie
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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198
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Zhao R, Zhao M, Zhang L. Efficiency of jumping exercise in improving bone mineral density among premenopausal women: a meta-analysis. Sports Med 2015; 44:1393-402. [PMID: 24981245 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jumping exercise is frequently regarded as an optimum strategy for increasing pubertal bone growth, but its role in promoting or preserving adult bone mineral density (BMD) is still undefined. OBJECTIVES This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the evidence for the influence of jumping exercise on BMD in premenopausal women and to define the effectiveness of high-impact exercise in improving or maintaining female bone health. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Google Scholar and BIOSIS up to 1 September 2013 for jumping exercise influence on BMD in premenopausal women. The search terms used were 'jumping', 'skipping', 'brief exercise', 'high impact', 'bone density', 'BMD', 'femoral neck', 'lumbar spine', and 'trochanter', and the search was limited to females. Six papers met the search criteria. RESULTS Six studies on BMD in the femoral neck (Q = 2.63, p = 0.854, I (2) = 0.0 %), trochanter (Q = 2.10, p = 0.10, I (2) = 0.0 %) and lumbar spine (Q = 1.17, p = 0.979, I (2) = 0.0 %) were highly homogenous in determining skeletal responses to jumping exercise. Jumping exercise significantly increased BMD in the femoral neck {weighted mean difference (WMD) [fixed effect] = 0.017 g/cm(2), 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.014-0.20, p < 0.001} and trochanter (WMD [fixed effect] = 0.021, 95 % CI 0.018-0.024, p < 0.001). However, the lumbar spine seemed to benefit less from such high-impact exercise (p = 0.181). Visual inspection of the plots implicated some degree of asymmetry, indicating a slightly positive treatment effect at the femoral neck and trochanter sites. CONCLUSIONS Based on meta-analysis of existing studies, the sensitivity of skeletal response to jumping exercise in premenopausal women is significant and site-specific, with significant benefit from high-impact exercise noted, especially at the hip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renqing Zhao
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China,
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199
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Halldin A, Ander M, Jacobsson M, Hansson S. Simulation of the mechanical interlocking capacity of a rough bone implant surface during healing. Biomed Eng Online 2015; 14:45. [PMID: 25994839 PMCID: PMC4440247 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-015-0038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background When an implant is inserted in the bone the healing process starts to osseointegrate the implant by creating new bone that interlocks with the implant. Biomechanical interlocking capacity is commonly evaluated in in vivo experiments. It would be beneficial to find a numerical method to evaluate the interlocking capacity of different surface structures with bone. In the present study, the theoretical interlocking capacity of three different surfaces after different healing times was evaluated by the means of explicit finite element analysis. Methods The surface topographies of the three surfaces were measured with interferometry and were used to construct a 3D bone-implant model. The implant was subjected to a displacement until failure of the bone-to-implant interface and the maximum force represents the interlocking capacity. Results The simulated ratios (test/control) seem to agree with the in vivo ratios of Halldin et al. for longer healing times. However the absolute removal torque values are underestimated and do not reach the biomechanical performance found in the study by Halldin et al. which might be a result of unknown mechanical properties of the interface. Conclusion Finite element analysis is a promising method that might be used prior to an in vivo study to compare the load bearing capacity of the bone-to-implant interface of two surface topographies at longer healing times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Halldin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden. .,DENTSPLY Implants, Box 14, 43121, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Mats Ander
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Jacobsson
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Stig Hansson
- DENTSPLY Implants, Box 14, 43121, Mölndal, Sweden.
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200
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Erben RG. Hypothesis: Coupling between Resorption and Formation in Cancellous bone Remodeling is a Mechanically Controlled Event. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:82. [PMID: 26052311 PMCID: PMC4440405 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupling is the process that links bone resorption to formation in a temporally and spatially coordinated manner within the remodeling cycle. In order to maintain skeletal integrity, it is of crucial importance that the amount of bone resorbed matches the amount of newly formed bone in each remodeling site. Although a number of different explanatory models have been developed, the mechanisms that couple bone resorption and formation in bone remodeling are still a matter of controversy. Here, I propose a model in which coupling is achieved by biomechanical strain sensed by osteocytes within the newly built bone package. In this model, the resorption cavity created by osteoclasts results in mechanical weakening of the structural element, and, thus, in increased strain under constant loading conditions. Subsequent bone formation is initiated by strain-sensitive osteocytes in the underlying bone matrix. After osteoblastic bone formation has started, the newly built osteocyte-osteoblast network detects strain. Once the mechanical strain within the newly built bone structural unit falls below a certain threshold, bone formation stops. In this biomechanical strain-driven model, osteoblasts do not need to "know" how much bone was previously resorbed in a given site. In addition, this model does not require the transfer of any information from bone-resorbing osteoclasts to bone-forming osteoblasts, because biomechanical strain "guides" osteoblasts through their job of re-filling the resorption cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold G. Erben
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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