151
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Stem cell therapy for the treatment of parasitic infections: is it far away? Parasitol Res 2013; 113:607-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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152
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Roy R, Kukucka M, Messroghli D, Kunkel D, Brodarac A, Klose K, Geißler S, Becher PM, Kang SK, Choi YH, Stamm C. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Enhances the Cardioprotective Capacity of Human Amniotic Epithelial Cells. Cell Transplant 2013; 24:985-1002. [PMID: 24256742 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x675151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The amniotic epithelium consists of cells exhibiting mature epithelial cell characteristics, but also varying degrees of stemness. We tested the hypothesis that induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in amniotic epithelial cells (AECs) derived from human placenta enhances their capacity to support the ischemic myocardium. In response to incubation with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) protein, AECs lost their cobblestone morphology and acquired a fibroblastoid shape, associated with downregulation of E-cadherin, upregulation of N-cadherin, Akt phosphorylation, and intracellular periostin translocation. EMT-AECs displayed greatly enhanced mobility and secreted gelatinase activity compared with naive AECs. The surface presentation of CD105 and CD73 decreased, and RNA microarray analysis mirrored the loss of epithelial characteristics and transcriptional profile. Unmodified AECs and EMT-AECs were then injected intramyocardially in fully immunocompetent mice after permanent LAD ligation, and heart function was followed by MRI as well as 2D speckle tracking echocardiography after 4 weeks. EMT-AEC-treated infarct hearts displayed better global systolic function and improved longitudinal strain rate in the area of interest. Although no signals of human cells were detectable by histology, infarct size was smaller in EMT-AEC-treated hearts, associated with fewer TUNEL-positive cells and upregulation of periostin, while blood vessel density was increased in both ACE- and EMT-AEC-treated hearts. We conclude that EMT enhances the cardioprotective effects of human AECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajika Roy
- Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
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153
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Cardiac fibroblasts regulate sympathetic nerve sprouting and neurocardiac synapse stability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79068. [PMID: 24244423 PMCID: PMC3828385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a key role in cardiac homeostasis and its deregulations always associate with bad clinical outcomes. To date, little is known about molecular mechanisms regulating cardiac sympathetic innervation. The aim of the study was to determine the role of fibroblasts in heart sympathetic innervation. RT-qPCR and western-blots analysis performed in cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts isolated from healthy adult rat hearts revealed that Pro-Nerve growth factor (NGF) and pro-differentiating mature NGF were the most abundant neurotrophins expressed in cardiac fibroblasts while barely detectable in cardiomyocytes. When cultured with cardiac fibroblasts or fibroblast-conditioned medium, PC12 cells differentiated into/sympathetic-like neurons expressing axonal marker Tau-1 at neurites in contact with cardiomyocytes. This was prevented by anti-NGF blocking antibodies suggesting a paracrine action of NGF secreted by fibroblasts. When co-cultured with cardiomyocytes to mimic neurocardiac synapse, differentiated PC12 cells exhibited enhanced norepinephrine secretion as quantified by HPLC compared to PC12 cultured alone while co-culture with fibroblasts had no effect. However, when supplemented to PC12-cardiomyocytes co-culture, fibroblasts allowed long-term survival of the neurocardiac synapse. Activated fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) isolated from myocardial infarction rat hearts exhibited significantly higher mature NGF expression than normal fibroblasts and also promoted PC12 cells differentiation. Within the ischemic area lacking cardiomyocytes and neurocardiac synapses, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was increased and associated with local anarchical and immature sympathetic hyperinnervation but tissue norepinephrine content was similar to that of normal cardiac tissue, suggesting depressed sympathetic function. Collectively, these findings demonstrate for the first time that fibroblasts are essential for the setting of cardiac sympathetic innervation and neurocardiac synapse stability. They also suggest that neurocardiac synapse functionality relies on a triptych with tight interaction between sympathetic nerve endings, cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. Deregulations of this triptych may be involved in pathophysiology of cardiac diseases.
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154
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Araña M, Gavira JJ, Peña E, González A, Abizanda G, Cilla M, Pérez MM, Albiasu E, Aguado N, Casado M, López B, González S, Soriano M, Moreno C, Merino J, García-Verdugo JM, Díez J, Doblaré M, Pelacho B, Prosper F. Epicardial delivery of collagen patches with adipose-derived stem cells in rat and minipig models of chronic myocardial infarction. Biomaterials 2013; 35:143-51. [PMID: 24119456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) in chronic myocardial infarction (MI) models is associated with functional improvement, its therapeutic value is limited due to poor long-term cell engraftment and survival. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine whether transplantation of collagen patches seeded with ADSC could enhance cell engraftment and improve cardiac function in models of chronic MI. With that purpose, chronically infarcted Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 58) were divided into four groups and transplanted with media, collagen scaffold (CS), rat ADSC, or CS seeded with rat ADSC (CS-rADSC). Cell engraftment, histological changes, and cardiac function were assessed 4 months after transplantation. In addition, Göttingen minipigs (n = 18) were subjected to MI and then transplanted 2 months later with CS or CS seeded with autologous minipig ADSC (CS-pADSC). Functional and histological assessments were performed 3 months post-transplantation. Transplantation of CS-rADSC was associated with increased cell engraftment, significant improvement in cardiac function, myocardial remodeling, and revascularization. Moreover, transplantation of CS-pADSC in the pre-clinical swine model improved cardiac function and was associated with decreased fibrosis and increased vasculogenesis. In summary, transplantation of CS-ADSC resulted in enhanced cell engraftment and was associated with a significant improvement in cardiac function and myocardial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Araña
- Laboratory of Cell Therapy, Division of Oncology, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Spain
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155
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dos Santos L, Gonçalves GA, Davel AP, Santos AA, Krieger JE, Rossoni LV, Tucci PJ. Cell therapy prevents structural, functional and molecular remodeling of remote non-infarcted myocardium. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3829-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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156
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Zhang L, Li K, Liu X, Li D, Luo C, Fu B, Cui S, Zhu F, Zhao RC, Chen X. Repeated systemic administration of human adipose-derived stem cells attenuates overt diabetic nephropathy in rats. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:3074-86. [PMID: 23844841 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can alleviate acute kidney injury and promote kidney cell regeneration and repair. To investigate the role of ASCs in diabetic nephropathy (DN), Sprague-Dawley rats were made diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) after uninephrectomy. After 12 weeks, proteinuria was well established. Five times of 5×10(6) human ASCs repeatedly injected through a tail vein at 4 weekly intervals. A reduction in proteinuria was not observed in diabetic rats until 24 weeks. However, urinary protein excretion was significantly suppressed at 28 weeks and persisted up to 32 weeks after STZ treatment. ASC treatment significantly attenuated glomerulus hypertrophy and tubular interstitial injury, and led to the downregulation of WT-1 and synaptopodin expression. CFSE labeled ASCs were injected into DN rats via the tail vein. Within 24 h after injection, the cells were detected in lung, spleen, and peritubular regions, but rarely in pancreas. Human Alu gene expression was detected in lung and spleen up to 4 weeks after ASCs injection. ASC treatment did not improve hyperglycemia or pancreatic damage. In vitro, recombinant human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) prevented podocyte injury by high glucose similarly to ASC-conditioned medium. After blocking GDNF in ASC-CM with neutralizing antibody, the therapeutic effect of ASC-CM was significantly decreased. ASCs cocultured with podocytes restored the downregulation of synaptopodin expression, which was weakened by GDNF-RNA interfering. These findings indicate that repeated intravenous ASC can reduce diabetic kidney damage in rats even at the progressive stage, and promote podocyte recovery via GDNF secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College , Beijing, China
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157
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Chen CW, Okada M, Proto JD, Gao X, Sekiya N, Beckman SA, Corselli M, Crisan M, Saparov A, Tobita K, Péault B, Huard J. Human pericytes for ischemic heart repair. Stem Cells 2013; 31:305-16. [PMID: 23165704 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human microvascular pericytes (CD146(+)/34(-)/45(-)/56(-)) contain multipotent precursors and repair/regenerate defective tissues, notably skeletal muscle. However, their ability to repair the ischemic heart remains unknown. We investigated the therapeutic potential of human pericytes, purified from skeletal muscle, for treating ischemic heart disease and mediating associated repair mechanisms in mice. Echocardiography revealed that pericyte transplantation attenuated left ventricular dilatation and significantly improved cardiac contractility, superior to CD56+ myogenic progenitor transplantation, in acutely infarcted mouse hearts. Pericyte treatment substantially reduced myocardial fibrosis and significantly diminished infiltration of host inflammatory cells at the infarct site. Hypoxic pericyte-conditioned medium suppressed murine fibroblast proliferation and inhibited macrophage proliferation in vitro. High expression by pericytes of immunoregulatory molecules, including interleukin-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, cyclooxygenase-2, and heme oxygenase-1, was sustained under hypoxia, except for monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Host angiogenesis was significantly increased. Pericytes supported microvascular structures in vivo and formed capillary-like networks with/without endothelial cells in three-dimensional cocultures. Under hypoxia, pericytes dramatically increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A, platelet-derived growth factor-β, transforming growth factor-β1 and corresponding receptors while expression of basic fibroblast growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and angiopoietin-1 was repressed. The capacity of pericytes to differentiate into and/or fuse with cardiac cells was revealed by green fluorescence protein labeling, although to a minor extent. In conclusion, intramyocardial transplantation of purified human pericytes promotes functional and structural recovery, attributable to multiple mechanisms involving paracrine effects and cellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wen Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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158
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Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation promotes liver regeneration after portal vein embolization in cirrhotic rats. J Surg Res 2013; 184:1161-73. [PMID: 23809154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preexisting cirrhosis usually leads to an inadequate and delayed regeneration of the future liver remnant (FLR) after portal vein embolization (PVE). Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) are promising candidates for therapeutic applications in liver diseases. In this study, the efficacy of autologous BMSCs transplantation to promote FLR regeneration was investigated in a rat cirrhotic model. METHODS Autologous BMSCs were expanded and labeled with PKH26, and then were injected immediately into nonembolized lobes after PVE through portal vein in cirrhotic rat. At 7, 14, and 28 d after this, liver weight and Ki-67 labeling index were measured, and blood analysis was performed. Cirrhotic degree of FLR was assessed by hydroxyproline content assay and histopathology. Gene expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were detected with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Distribution and hepatocyte differentiation of BMSCs in FLR were determined by confocal microscopy. RESULTS Autologous BMSCs significantly increased the FLR weight ratio to the total liver and the Ki-67 labeling index, and serum albumin levels were significantly higher and total bilirubin levels were significantly lower in the BMSCs group compared with the controls without BMSCs transplantation 14 and 28 d post-PVE. BMSCs significantly decreased the hydroxyproline content and collagen accumulation, up-regulated the expressions of HGF, IL-10, VEGF, and MMP-9 28 d post-PVE, and expressed hepatocyte-specific markers, such as α-fetoprotein, cytokeratin 18, and albumin in a time-dependent manner in FLR. CONCLUSIONS Autologous BMSCs can differentiate into hepatocyte and promote FLR regeneration after PVE in cirrhotic liver, which may be through improving local microenvironment by decreasing cirrhosis, up-regulating the gene expressions of VEGF, HGF, IL-10, and MMP-9.
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159
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Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for organ repair. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:132642. [PMID: 23554816 PMCID: PMC3608346 DOI: 10.1155/2013/132642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are prototypical adult stem cells with the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation with a broad tissue distribution. MSCs not only differentiate into types of cells of mesodermal lineage but also into endodermal and ectodermal lineages such as bone, fat, cartilage and cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, lung epithelial cells, hepatocytes, neurons, and pancreatic islets. MSCs have been identified as an adherent, fibroblast-like population and can be isolated from different adult tissues, including bone marrow (BM), umbilical cord, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. MSCs secrete factors, including IL-6, M-CSF, IL-10, HGF, and PGE2, that promote tissue repair, stimulate proliferation and differentiation of endogenous tissue progenitors, and decrease inflammatory and immune reactions. In this paper, we focus on the role of BM-derived MSCs in organ repair.
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160
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CD73+ adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells possess higher potential to differentiate into cardiomyocytes in vitro. J Mol Histol 2013; 44:411-22. [PMID: 23456425 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-013-9492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) are an attractive adult-derived stem cell population for cardiovascular repair. ADMSCs are heterogeneous cell populations with pluripotent capacity to differentiate into different types of cells. In the present study, we investigated the biological characteristics and differentiation potential of CD73-positive (CD73(+)) and CD73-negative (CD73(-)) ADMSCs. Our results show that in terms of morphological shape, CD73(+)-ADMSCs are mainly small-sized cells, whereas CD73(-)-ADMSCs are big-sized cells; both subpopulations can equally differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts in vitro. However, the CD73(+)-ADMSCs possess a higher potential to differentiate into cardiomyocytes than the CD73(-)-ADMSCs. The expression of the cardiac-specific genes, cTnT, Gata4, and Nkx2.5, is much higher in the CD73(+)-ADMSCs than in the CD73(-)-ADMSCs. Furthermore, Nanog expression at both the mRNA and protein levels is significantly higher in CD73(+)-ADMSCs than in CD73(-)-ADMSCs, suggesting that CD73(+)-ADMSCs are an undifferentiated subpopulation that can differentiate into cardiomyocytes in vitro more efficiently. Therefore, this study facilitates a better understanding of the differentiation of the ADMSCs subgroups and attempts to identify if CD73 is a useful marker for sorting and purifying the subpopulation of ADMSCs with a higher capacity for differentiation into cardiomyocytes.
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161
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Konttinen YT, Kaivosoja E, Stegaev V, Wagner HD, Levón J, Tiainen VM, Mackiewicz Z. Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Regeneration. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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162
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Mathieu E, Lamirault G, Toquet C, Lhommet P, Rederstorff E, Sourice S, Biteau K, Hulin P, Forest V, Weiss P, Guicheux J, Lemarchand P. Intramyocardial delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-seeded hydrogel preserves cardiac function and attenuates ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51991. [PMID: 23284842 PMCID: PMC3527411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To improve the efficacy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy targeted to infarcted myocardium, we investigated whether a self-setting silanized hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Si-HPMC) hydrogel seeded with MSC (MSC+hydrogel) could preserve cardiac function and attenuate left ventricular (LV) remodeling during an 8-week follow-up study in a rat model of myocardial infarction (MI). Methodology/Principal Finding Si-HPMC hydrogel alone, MSC alone or MSC+hydrogel were injected into the myocardium immediately after coronary artery ligation in female Lewis rats. Animals in the MSC+hydrogel group showed an increase in cardiac function up to 28 days after MI and a mid-term prevention of cardiac function alteration at day 56. Histological analyses indicated that the injection of MSC+hydrogel induced a decrease in MI size and an increase in scar thickness and ultimately limited the transmural extent of MI. These findings show that intramyocardial injection of MSC+hydrogel induced short-term recovery of ventricular function and mid-term attenuation of remodeling after MI. Conclusion/Significance These beneficial effects may be related to the specific scaffolding properties of the Si-HPMC hydrogel that may provide the ability to support MSC injection and engraftment within myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mathieu
- INSERM UMR1087, CNRS UMR6291, l’institut du thorax, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé F. Bonamy, Nantes, France
| | - Guillaume Lamirault
- INSERM UMR1087, CNRS UMR6291, l’institut du thorax, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé F. Bonamy, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Claire Toquet
- CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, E.A. Biometadys, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Lhommet
- INSERM UMR1087, CNRS UMR6291, l’institut du thorax, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé F. Bonamy, Nantes, France
| | - Emilie Rederstorff
- Université de Nantes, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé F. Bonamy, Nantes, France
- INSERM, U791, Laboratory of Osteo-Articular and Dental Tissue Engineering, Group STEP “Skeletal tissue Engineering and Physiopathology”, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Sourice
- Université de Nantes, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé F. Bonamy, Nantes, France
- INSERM, U791, Laboratory of Osteo-Articular and Dental Tissue Engineering, Group STEP “Skeletal tissue Engineering and Physiopathology”, Nantes, France
| | - Kevin Biteau
- INSERM UMR1087, CNRS UMR6291, l’institut du thorax, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé F. Bonamy, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Hulin
- Université de Nantes, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé F. Bonamy, Nantes, France
- Cellular and Tissular Imaging Core Facility of Nantes University (MicroPICell), Nantes, France
| | - Virginie Forest
- INSERM UMR1087, CNRS UMR6291, l’institut du thorax, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé F. Bonamy, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Weiss
- Université de Nantes, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé F. Bonamy, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
- INSERM, U791, Laboratory of Osteo-Articular and Dental Tissue Engineering, Group STEP “Skeletal tissue Engineering and Physiopathology”, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- Université de Nantes, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé F. Bonamy, Nantes, France
- INSERM, U791, Laboratory of Osteo-Articular and Dental Tissue Engineering, Group STEP “Skeletal tissue Engineering and Physiopathology”, Nantes, France
| | - Patricia Lemarchand
- INSERM UMR1087, CNRS UMR6291, l’institut du thorax, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé F. Bonamy, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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163
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Elnakish MT, Kuppusamy P, Khan M. Stem cell transplantation as a therapy for cardiac fibrosis. J Pathol 2012; 229:347-54. [PMID: 23011894 DOI: 10.1002/path.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a fundamental constituent of most cardiac pathologies and represents the upshot of nearly all types of cardiac injury. Generally, fibrosis is a scarring process, characterized by accumulation of fibroblasts and deposition of increasing amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the myocardium. Therapeutic approaches that control fibroblast activity and evade maladaptive processes could represent a potential strategy to attenuate progression towards heart failure. Currently, cell therapy is actively perceived as an alternative to traditional pharmacological management of myocardial infarction (MI). The majority of the studies applying stem cell therapy following MI have demonstrated a decline in fibrosis. However, it was not clearly recognized whether the decline in cardiac fibrosis was due to replacement of dead cardiomyocytes or because of the direct effects of paracrine factors released from the transplanted stem cells on the ECM. Therefore, the main focus of this review is to discuss the impact of different types of stem cells on cardiac fibrosis and associated cardiac remodelling in a variety of experimental models of heart failure, particularly MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Elnakish
- Dorothy M Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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164
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Lei PP, Qu YQ, Shuai Q, Tao SM, Bao YX, Wang Y, Wang SW, Wang DH. Fibrocytes are associated with the fibrosis of coronary heart disease. Pathol Res Pract 2012. [PMID: 23177618 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrocytes contribute significantly to fibrosis in many cardiac diseases. However, it is not clear whether fibrocytes are associated with the fibrosis in coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of this study was to determine whether fibrocytes are involved in cardiac fibrosis in CHD. We identified the presence of fibrocytes in CHD heart by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, examined the collagen volume fraction by Masson's Trichrome staining, and evaluated the correlation between fibrocytes and cardiac fibrosis. In conjunction, we examined the location of CXCL12, a homing factor and specific ligand for CXCR4, by immunohistochemistry. Fibrocytes were identified in 26 out of 27 CHD hearts and in 10 out of 11 normal hearts. Combinations, including CD34/αSMA, CD34/procollagen-I, CD45/αSMA, CXCR4/procollagen-I and CXCR4/αSMA, stained significantly more fibrocytes in CHD hearts as compared with those in normal hearts (p<0.05). There were positive correlations between the collagen volume fraction and the amount of fibrocytes (r=0.558; p=0.003<0.01) and between the number of CXCR4(+) fibrocytes and the CXCL12(+) cells (r=0.741; p=0.000<0.01) in CHD hearts. Based upon these findings, we conclude that fibrocytes, likely recruited through the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis, may contribute to the increase in the fibroblast population in CHD heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Ping Lei
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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165
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Yeh CC, Malhotra D, Yang YL, Xu Y, Fan Y, Li H, Mann MJ. MEK1-induced physiological hypertrophy inhibits chronic post-myocardial infarction remodeling in mice. J Cell Biochem 2012; 114:47-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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166
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MSC and Tumors: Homing, Differentiation, and Secretion Influence Therapeutic Potential. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 130:209-66. [PMID: 22990585 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
: Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) are adult multipotent progenitors with fibroblast-like morphology able to differentiate into adipocytic, osteogenic, chondrogenic, and myogenic lineages. Due to these properties, MSC have been studied and introduced as therapeutics in regenerative medicine. Preliminary studies have also shown a possible involvement of MSC as precursors of cellular elements within tumor microenvironments, in particular tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAF). Among a number of different possible origins, TAF may originate from a pool of circulating progenitors from bone marrow or adipose tissue-derived MSC. There is growing evidence to corroborate that cells immunophenotypically defined as MSC are able to reside as TAF influencing the tumor microenvironment in a potentially bi-phasic and obscure manner: either promoting or inhibiting growth depending on tumor context and MSC sources. Here we focus on relationships between the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells, and MSC, analyzing their diverse ability to influence neoplastic development. Associated activities include MSC homing driven by the secretion of various mediators, differentiation towards TAF phenotypes, and reciprocal interactions with the tumor cells. These are reviewed here with the aim of understanding the biological functions of MSC that can be exploited for innovative cancer therapy.
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167
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Gao Z, Cheng P, Xue Y, Liu Y. Vascular endothelial growth factor participates in modulating the C6 glioma-induced migration of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and upregulates their vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4:993-998. [PMID: 23226762 PMCID: PMC3494128 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been shown to be able to migrate towards glioma, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for this migratory behavior still require further elucidation. This study aimed to test the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the C6 glioma-induced migration of BMSCs, evaluate the effect of VEGF on the migratory capacity and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression of BMSCs and explore the role of VCAM-1 in the VEGF-induced migration of BMSCs. The results showed that C6 glioma cells significantly increased the migration of BMSCs in vitro, which was partially blocked by a VEGF neutralizing antibody, and 20 ng/ml recombinant rat VEGF(164) incubation enhanced the migration of BMSCs. Moreover, 12 h of 20 ng/ml VEGF(164) incubation upregulated the VCAM-1 expression of BMSCs and the blocking of VCAM-1 reduced the VEGF(164)-induced migration of BMSCs. The data also revealed that LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), decreased the VEGF-induced migration and VCAM-1 expression of BMSCs. These findings indicate that VEGF participates in mediating the C6 glioma-induced migration of BMSCs by upregulating their VCAM-1 expression, and that PI3K is involved in the signal transduction of VEGF(164)-induced migration and VCAM-1 expression of BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004
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168
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Wang N, Li Q, Zhang L, Lin H, Hu J, Li D, Shi S, Cui S, Zhou J, Ji J, Wan J, Cai G, Chen X. Mesenchymal stem cells attenuate peritoneal injury through secretion of TSG-6. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43768. [PMID: 22912904 PMCID: PMC3422344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesothelial cell injury plays an important role in peritoneal fibrosis. Present clinical therapies aimed at alleviating peritoneal fibrosis have been largely inadequate. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are efficient for repairing injuries and reducing fibrosis. This study was designed to investigate the effects of MSCs on injured mesothelial cells and peritoneal fibrosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Rat bone marrow-derived MSCs (5 × 10(6)) were injected into Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats via tail vein 24 h after peritoneal scraping. Distinct reductions in adhesion formation; infiltration of neutrophils, macrophage cells; number of fibroblasts; and level of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 were found in MSCs-treated rats. The proliferation and repair of peritoneal mesothelial cells in MSCs-treated rats were stimulated. Mechanically injured mesothelial cells co-cultured with MSCs in transwells showed distinct increases in migration and proliferation. In vivo imaging showed that MSCs injected intravenously mainly accumulated in the lungs which persisted for at least seven days. No apparent MSCs were observed in the injured peritoneum even when MSCs were injected intraperitoneally. The injection of serum-starved MSCs-conditioned medium (CM) intravenously reduced adhesions similar to MSCs. Antibody based protein array of MSCs-CM showed that the releasing of TNFα-stimulating gene (TSG)-6 increased most dramatically. Promotion of mesothelial cell repair and reduction of peritoneal adhesion were produced by the administration of recombinant mouse (rm) TSG-6, and were weakened by TSG-6-RNA interfering. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, these results indicate that MSCs may attenuate peritoneal injury by repairing mesothelial cells, reducing inflammation and fibrosis. Rather than the engraftment, the secretion of TSG-6 by MSCs makes a major contribution to the therapeutic benefits of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
- Medical College, NanKai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qinggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongli Lin
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
| | - Diangeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
| | - Suozhu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
- Medical College, NanKai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiajia Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
- Medical College, NanKai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (GC)
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (GC)
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169
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Winkler T, von Roth P, Radojewski P, Urbanski A, Hahn S, Preininger B, Duda GN, Perka C. Immediate and delayed transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells improve muscle force after skeletal muscle injury in rats. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 6 Suppl 3:s60-7. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Winkler
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery and Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Philipp von Roth
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery and Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Piotr Radojewski
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery and Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Alexander Urbanski
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery and Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Sebastian Hahn
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery and Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Bernd Preininger
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery and Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Georg N. Duda
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery and Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Carsten Perka
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery and Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
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170
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Alfarano C, Roubeix C, Chaaya R, Ceccaldi C, Calise D, Mias C, Cussac D, Bascands JL, Parini A. Intraparenchymal injection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells reduces kidney fibrosis after ischemia-reperfusion in cyclosporine-immunosuppressed rats. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2009-19. [PMID: 22525800 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x640448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion and immunosuppressive therapy are a major cause of progressive renal failure after kidney transplantation. Recent studies have shown that administration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) improves kidney functional recovery in the acute phase of post ischemia-reperfusion injury. In the present study, we used an original model of renal ischemia-reperfusion in immunosuppressed rats (NIRC) to investigate the effects of bone marrow MSCs on progression of chronic renal failure and the mechanisms potentially involved. Left renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) was induced in unilateral nephrectomized Lewis rats. After IR, rats were treated daily with cyclosporine (10 mg/kg SC) for 28 days. MSCs were injected into the kidney at day 7 after IR. At day 28 after IR, kidneys were removed for histomorphological, biochemical, and gene expression analysis. The effect of conditioned media from MSCs on epithelial-mesenchymal transition was studied in vitro on HK2 cells. Our results show that, as compared to untreated NIRC rats, rats treated by intrarenal injection of MSCs 7 days after IR displayed improvement in renal function, reduction of interstitial fibrosis, and decrease in chronic tubule injury. These effects were associated with a decrease in interstitial α-SMA accumulation and MMP2 activity, markers of fibroblast/fibroblast-like cell activation, and renal remodeling, respectively. Finally, experiments in vitro showed that MSC-conditioned medium prevented epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-β in HK2 cells. In conclusion, our results show that, in immunosuppressed animals, a single intrarenal administration of MSCs reduced renal fibrosis and promoted the recovery of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alfarano
- Inserm, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Toulouse, France
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171
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van Oorschot AAM, Smits AM, Pardali E, Doevendans PA, Goumans MJ. Low oxygen tension positively influences cardiomyocyte progenitor cell function. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:2723-34. [PMID: 21306557 PMCID: PMC4373441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we observed that cardiomyocyte progenitor cells (hCMPCs) isolated from the human heart differentiate spontaneously into cardiomyocytes and vascular cells when transplanted after myocardial infarction (MI) in the ischemic heart. After MI, deprivation of oxygen is the first major change in the cardiac environment. How cells handle hypoxia is highly cell type dependent. The effect of hypoxia on cardiac stem or progenitor cells remains to be elucidated. Here, we show for the first time that short- and long-term hypoxia have different effects on hCMPCs. Short-term hypoxia increased the migratory and invasive capacities of hCMPCs likely via mesenchymal transformation. Although long-term exposure to low oxygen levels did not induce differentiation of hCMPCs into mature cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells, it did increase their proliferation, stimulated the secretome of the cells which was shifted to a more anti-inflammatory profile and dampened the migration by altering matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) modulators. Interestingly, hypoxia greatly induced the expression of the extracellular matrix modulator thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2). Knockdown of TSP-2 resulted in increased proliferation, migration and MMP activity. In conclusion, short exposure to hypoxia increases migratory and invasive capacities of hCMPCs and prolonged exposure induces proliferation, an angiogenic secretion profile and dampens migration, likely controlled by TSP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique A M van Oorschot
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Center for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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172
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Mesenchymal stem cells and cardiovascular disease: a bench to bedside roadmap. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:175979. [PMID: 22315617 PMCID: PMC3270473 DOI: 10.1155/2012/175979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incredible boost in stem cell research has kindled the expectations of both patients and physicians. Mesenchymal progenitors, owing to their availability, ease of manipulation, and therapeutic potential, have become one of the most attractive options for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, from cartilage defects to cardiac disorders. Moreover, their immunomodulatory capacity has opened up their allogenic use, consequently broadening the possibilities for their application. In this review, we will focus on their use in the therapy of myocardial infarction, looking at their characteristics, in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of action, as well as clinical trials.
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173
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Di GH, Jiang S, Li FQ, Sun JZ, Wu CT, Hu X, Duan HF. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells mitigate chemotherapy-associated tissue injury in a pre-clinical mouse model. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:412-22. [PMID: 22242830 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.646044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been shown to be a promising candidate for tissue regeneration and cancer therapy. However, their therapeutic potential against chemotherapy-induced side-effects remains unclear. METHODS We treated murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and xenograft human colon tumors with adriamycin (ADM) for 3 consecutive days followed by one intravenous (i.v.) injection of human umbilical cord (hUC) MSC for several cycles. RESULTS MSC treatment mitigated ADM-induced cardiomyopathy, reduced the extent of ADM-induced apoptosis in intestinal crypts, suppressed body weight loss in mice treated with ADM and increased the survival rate of mice treated with a lethal dose of ADM. The examination of hematologic parameters indicated a moderate recovery in MSC-injected mice. Systemic administration of MSC did not increase the growth of murine LLC cells and human colon carcinoma in vivo while it strongly inhibited the lung metastases of LLC cells. CONCLUSIONS We evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic action of hUC MSC on the chemotherapy agent ADM-induced side-effects in two different tumor models. Our observations suggest that MSC can be used as auxiliary means in chemotherapy for certain tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hu Di
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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174
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Wen Z, Zheng S, Zhou C, Wang J, Wang T. Repair mechanisms of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:1032-43. [PMID: 21199333 PMCID: PMC3822616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and resultant chronic heart failure remains extremely poor despite advances in optimal medical therapy and interventional procedures. Animal experiments and clinical trials using adult stem cell therapy following MI have shown a global improvement of myocardial function. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold promise for cardiac repair following MI, due to their multilineage, self-renewal and proliferation potential. In addition, MSCs can be easily isolated, expanded in culture, and have immunoprivileged properties to the host tissue. Experimental studies and clinical trials have revealed that MSCs not only differentiate into cardiomyocytes and vascular cells, but also secrete amounts of growth factors and cytokines which may mediate endogenous regeneration via activation of resident cardiac stem cells and other stem cells, as well as induce neovascularization, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, anti-remodelling and cardiac contractility in a paracrine manner. It has also been postulated that the anti-arrhythmic and cardiac nerve sprouting potential of MSCs may contribute to their beneficial effects in cardiac repair. Most molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the MSC-based therapy after MI are still unclear at present. This article reviews the potential repair mechanisms of MSCs in the setting of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuzhi Wen
- The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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175
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Human matrix metalloproteinases: an ubiquitarian class of enzymes involved in several pathological processes. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 33:119-208. [PMID: 22100792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to the M10 family of the MA clan of endopeptidases. They are ubiquitarian enzymes, structurally characterized by an active site where a Zn(2+) atom, coordinated by three histidines, plays the catalytic role, assisted by a glutamic acid as a general base. Various MMPs display different domain composition, which is very important for macromolecular substrates recognition. Substrate specificity is very different among MMPs, being often associated to their cellular compartmentalization and/or cellular type where they are expressed. An extensive review of the different MMPs structural and functional features is integrated with their pathological role in several types of diseases, spanning from cancer to cardiovascular diseases and to neurodegeneration. It emerges a very complex and crucial role played by these enzymes in many physiological and pathological processes.
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176
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Transforming Growth Factor-α Enhances Stem Cell-Mediated Postischemic Myocardial Protection. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 92:1719-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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177
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Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are mainly isolated from bone marrow or fat tissue. Owing to their potential for multilineage differentiation towards bone, cartilage and fat tissue, they were initially evaluated in innovative strategies for tissue engineering. More recently, they have gained interest for their immunomodulatory properties and have been tested in various clinical trials that aim to modulate the host immune response in graft-versus-host disease or autoimmune diseases. MSC-mediated immunomodulation occurs through the secretion of soluble mediators. The clinical applications of MSCs for rheumatic diseases focus on their potential to promote tissue repair/regeneration and prevent inflammation. This article will focus on the mechanisms by which MSCs might exhibit a therapeutic potential in rheumatology. Special attention is given to their potential for innovative future strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danièle Noël
- INSERM U 844, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 34295 Montpellier, France
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178
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Roberts S, Genever P, McCaskie A, De Bari C. Prospects of stem cell therapy in osteoarthritis. Regen Med 2011; 6:351-66. [PMID: 21548740 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a common disorder in which there is not only extensive degeneration but also an aberrant attempt at repair in joints. Stem cell therapy could provide a permanent, biological solution, with all sources of stem cells (embryonic, fetal and adult) showing some degree of potential. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, however, appear to be the leading candidates because of their ability to be sourced from many or all joint tissues. They may also modulate the immune response of individuals, in a manner influenced by local factors. This biological behavior of stem cells renders the application of regulatory standardizations challenging in comparison to pharmaceutical therapies. However, this would not be an issue if endogenous stem cells were activated to effect repair of an arthritic joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Roberts
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Arthritis Research UK, UK.
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179
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Roncalli J, Lemarchand P. Autologous bone marrow cells and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Future Cardiol 2011; 7:603-7. [DOI: 10.2217/fca.11.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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180
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Therapeutic mesenchymal stem or stromal cells in rheumatic diseases: rationale, clinical data and perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4155/cli.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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181
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Wei F, Wang T, Liu J, Du Y, Ma A. The subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells that differentiate toward cardiomyocytes is cardiac progenitor cells. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:2661-70. [PMID: 21878326 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are regarded as a promising source of cell-based therapy for heart injury. In fact, less than 30% of MSCs contribute to cardiomyocytes differentiation, and the isolation procedure and biological characteristics of this population of cells remain unknown. Here we isolate and investigate the biological characteristics of this subpopulation of MSCs. Twenty four MSC clones were randomly selected using single-cell monoclonal technology. After induced with 5-azacytidine, eight clones displayed cardiomyocyte-like morphologies, and highly (over 90%) expressed cardiac-specific markers cTnT and α-actin, and displayed transient outward K(+) current (I(to)), inwardly rectifying K(+) current (I(K1)) and delayed rectifier K(+) current (I(KDR)), which were typical of cardiomocytes. Other clones merely showed I(to) current, and the current densities were different from those of cardiomyocytes. In contrast to the other clones, before induced with 5-azacytidine, the eight clones expressed early cardiac markers GATA4 and NKX2.5, but not cTnT, α-actin, CD44 and CD90, and had no potentials for adiopogenesis, osteogenesis or chondrogenesis after induction. Our data suggest that the subgroup of MSCs that contributes to cardiomyocytes differentiation is cardiac progenitor cells. Moreover, we show the preliminary purification of this population of cells with a high potential for cardiomyocytes differentiation using single-cell monoclonal technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, No. 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
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182
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Dodd T, Jadhav R, Wiggins L, Stewart J, Smith E, Russell JC, Rocic P. MMPs 2 and 9 are essential for coronary collateral growth and are prominently regulated by p38 MAPK. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51:1015-25. [PMID: 21884701 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transient, repetitive ischemia (RI) stimulates coronary collateral growth (CCG) in normal, healthy (SD) rats, which requires p38 MAPK activation. In contrast, RI does not induce CCG in the metabolic syndrome (JCR) rats, which is associated with lack of p38 MAPK activation. The functional consequences of p38 MAPK activation in CCG remain unknown. Theoretically, effective collateral growth would require extracellular matrix remodeling; however, direct assessment as well as identification of proteases responsible for this degradation are lacking. In this study, we investigated the role of p38 MAPK in the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMPs 2 and 9) and their requirement for CCG in SD vs. JCR rats. The rats underwent the RI protocol (8 LAD occlusions, 40s each, every 20min, in 8h cycles for 0, 3, 6, or 9days). MMP expression was measured in the ischemic, collateral-dependent zone (CZ) and the normal zone (NZ) by Western blot, and MMP activity by zymography. Expression and activation of MMP 2 and 9 were significantly increased (~3.5 fold) on day 3 of RI in the CZ of SD rats. In vivo p38 MAPK inhibition completely blocked RI-induced MMP 2 and 9 expression and activation. MMP activation correlated with increased degradation of components of the basement membrane and the vascular elastic laminae: elastin (~3 fold), laminin (~3 fold) and type IV collagen (~2 fold). This was blocked by MMP 2 and 9 inhibition, which also abolished RI-induced CCG. In contrast, in JCR rats, RI did not induce expression or activation of MMP 2 or 9 and there was no associated degradation of elastin, laminin or type IV collagen. In conclusion, MMP 2 and 9 activation is essential for CCG and is mediated, in part, by p38 MAPK. Furthermore, compromised CCG in the metabolic syndrome may be partially due to the lack of p38 MAPK-dependent activation of MMP 2 and 9 and resultant decreased extracellular matrix degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Dodd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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183
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Abstract
The focus of this review is on translational studies utilizing large-animal models and clinical studies that provide fundamental insight into cellular and extracellular pathways contributing to post-myocardial infarction (MI) left ventricle (LV) remodeling. Specifically, both large-animal and clinical studies have examined the potential role of endogenous and exogenous stem cells to alter the course of LV remodeling. Interestingly, there have been alterations in LV remodeling with stem cell treatment despite a lack of long-term cell engraftment. The translation of the full potential of stem cell treatments to clinical studies has yet to be realized. The modulation of proteolytic pathways that contribute to the post-MI remodeling process has also been examined. On the basis of recent large-animal studies, there appears to be a relationship between stem cell treatment post-MI and the modification of proteolytic pathways, generating the hypothesis that stem cells leave an echo effect that moderates LV remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Dixon
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, USA
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184
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de Almeida PE, van Rappard JRM, Wu JC. In vivo bioluminescence for tracking cell fate and function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H663-71. [PMID: 21666118 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00337.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tracking the fate and function of cells in vivo is paramount for the development of rational therapies for cardiac injury. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) provides a means for monitoring physiological processes in real time, ranging from cell survival to gene expression to complex molecular processes. In mice and rats, BLI provides unmatched sensitivity because of the absence of endogenous luciferase expression in mammalian cells and the low background luminescence emanating from animals. In the field of stem cell therapy, BLI provides an unprecedented means to monitor the biology of these cells in vivo, giving researchers a greater understanding of their survival, migration, immunogenicity, and potential tumorigenicity in a living animal. In addition to longitudinal monitoring of cell survival, BLI is a useful tool for semiquantitative measurements of gene expression in vivo, allowing a better optimization of drug and gene therapies. Overall, this technology not only enables rapid, reproducible, and quantitative monitoring of physiological processes in vivo but also can measure the influences of therapeutic interventions on the outcome of cardiac injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5454, USA
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185
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Choi YH, Kurtz A, Stamm C. Mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac cell therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:3-17. [PMID: 21062128 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite refinements of medical and surgical therapies, heart failure remains a fatal disease. Myocardial infarction is the most common cause of heart failure, and only palliative measures are available to relieve symptoms and prolong the patient's life span. Because mammalian cardiomyocytes irreversibly exit the cell cycle at about the time of birth, the heart has traditionally been considered to lack any regenerative capacity. This paradigm, however, is currently shifting, and the cellular composition of the myocardium is being targeted by various regeneration strategies. Adult progenitor and stem cell treatment of diseased human myocardium has been carried out for more than 10 years (Menasche et al., 2001; Stamm et al., 2003), and it has become clear that, in humans, the regenerative capacity of hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells, despite potent proangiogenic effects, is limited (Stamm et al., 2009). More recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and related cell types are being evaluated in preclinical models of heart disease as well as in clinical trials (see Published Clinical Trials, below). MSCs have the capacity to self-renew and to differentiate into lineages that normally originate from the embryonic mesenchyme (connective tissues, blood vessels, blood-related organs) (Caplan, 1991; Prockop, 1997; Pittenger et al., 1999). The current definition of MSCs includes plastic adherence in cell culture, specific surface antigen expression (CD105(+)/CD90(+)/CD73(+), CD34(-)/CD45(-)/CD11b(-) or CD14(-)/CD19(-) or CD79α(-)/HLA-DR1(-)), and multilineage in vitro differentiation potential (osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic) (Dominici et al., 2006 ). If those criteria are not met completely, the term "mesenchymal stromal cells" should be used for marrow-derived adherent cells, or other terms for MSC-like cells of different origin. For the purpose of this review, MSCs and related cells are discussed in general, and cell type-specific properties are indicated when appropriate. We first summarize the preclinical data on MSCs in models of heart disease, and then appraise the clinical experience with MSCs for cardiac cell therapy.
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Deng W, Chen QW, Li XS, Liu H, Niu SQ, Zhou Y, Li GQ, Ke DZ, Mo XG. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells with support of bispecific antibody and ultrasound-mediated microbubbles prevent myocardial fibrosis via the signal transducer and activators of transcription signaling pathway. Cytotherapy 2011; 13:431-40. [DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.542458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Van Linthout S, Stamm C, Schultheiss HP, Tschöpe C. Mesenchymal stem cells and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: cardiac homing and beyond. Cardiol Res Pract 2011; 2011:757154. [PMID: 21403844 PMCID: PMC3051267 DOI: 10.4061/2011/757154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Under conventional heart failure therapy, inflammatory cardiomyopathy usually has a progressive course, merging for alternative interventional strategies. There is accumulating support for the application of cellular transplantation as a strategy to improve myocardial function. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the advantage over other stem cells that they possess immunomodulatory features, making them attractive candidates for the treatment of inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Studies in experimental models of inflammatory cardiomyopathy have consistently demonstrated the potential of MSCs to reduce cardiac injury and to improve cardiac function. This paper gives an overview about how inflammation triggers the functionality of MSCs and how it induces cardiac homing. Finally, the potential of intravenous application of MSCs by inflammatory cardiomyopathy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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188
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Durrani S, Konoplyannikov M, Ashraf M, Haider KH. Skeletal myoblasts for cardiac repair. Regen Med 2011; 5:919-32. [PMID: 21082891 DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells provide an alternative curative intervention for the infarcted heart by compensating for the cardiomyocyte loss subsequent to myocardial injury. The presence of resident stem and progenitor cell populations in the heart, and nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells with genetic induction of pluripotency markers are the emerging new developments in stem cell-based regenerative medicine. However, until safety and feasibility of these cells are established by extensive experimentation in in vitro and in vivo experimental models, skeletal muscle-derived myoblasts, and bone marrow cells remain the most well-studied donor cell types for myocardial regeneration and repair. This article provides a critical review of skeletal myoblasts as donor cells for transplantation in the light of published experimental and clinical data, and indepth discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of skeletal myoblast-based therapeutic intervention for augmentation of myocardial function in the infarcted heart. Furthermore, strategies to overcome the problems of arrhythmogenicity and failure of the transplanted skeletal myoblasts to integrate with the host cardiomyocytes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Durrani
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
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189
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Leu S, Kao YH, Sun CK, Lin YC, Tsai TH, Chang LT, Chua S, Yeh KH, Wu CJ, Fu M, Yip HK. Myocardium-derived conditioned medium improves left ventricular function in rodent acute myocardial infarction. J Transl Med 2011; 9:11. [PMID: 21244680 PMCID: PMC3033820 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether myocardium-derived conditioned medium (MDCM) is effective in preserving left ventricular (LV) function in a rat acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n = 36) randomized to receive either left coronary artery ligation (AMI induction) or thoracotomy only (sham procedure) were grouped as follows (n = 6 per group): Group I, II, and III were sham-controls treated by fresh medium, normal rat MDCM, and infarct-related MDCM, respectively. Group IV, V, and VI were AMI rats treated by fresh medium, normal MDCM, and infarct-related MDCM, respectively. Either 75 μL MDCM or fresh medium was administered into infarct myocardium, followed by intravenous injection (3 mL) at postoperative 1, 12, and 24 h. RESULTS In vitro studies showed higher phosphorylated MMP-2 and MMP-9, but lower α-smooth muscle actin and collagen expressions in neonatal cardiac fibroblasts treated with MDCM compared with those in the cardiac fibroblasts treated with fresh medium (all p < 0.05). Sirius-red staining showed larger collagen deposition area in LV myocardium in Group IV than in other groups (all p < 0.05). Stromal cell-derived factor-1α and CXCR4 protein expressions were higher in Group VI than in other groups (all p < 0.05). The number of von Willebrand factor- and BrdU-positive cells and small vessels in LV myocardium as well as 90-day LV ejection fraction were higher, whereas oxidative stress was lower in Group VI than in Group IV and Group V (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION MDCM therapy reduced cardiac fibrosis and oxidative stress, enhanced angiogenesis, and preserved 90-day LV function in a rat AMI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Leu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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191
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Qiu X, Lin H, Wang Y, Yu W, Chen Y, Wang R, Dai Y. Intracavernous transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells restores erectile function of streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. J Sex Med 2010; 8:427-36. [PMID: 21091881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus. The efficacy of common ED therapies is low for diabetes-associated ED. AIM To explore the effects of transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) on improving erectile function of streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were injected either with STZ to induce diabetes or with citrate buffer as controls. Rat BM-MSCs were harvested and labeled with CM-DiI (Chloromethylbenzamido derivatives of 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), and then transplanted into corporal cavernosum of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Four weeks after transplantation, all rats were analyzed for erectile function and penile histology. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Erectile function was evaluated by the ratio between intracavernous pressure (ICP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) during electrostimulation of cavernous nerve. Fate of transplanted BM-MSCs was identified using immunofluorescence staining. Smooth muscle and endothelium in corpora cavernosum were assessed using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS After BM-MSCs transplantation, the ICP/MAP ratio was increased significantly compared with diabetic controls. Content of smooth muscle and endothelium in corporal cavernosa of BM-MSCs transplanted rats was significantly increased compared to diabetic controls. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that CM-DiI-labeled BM-MSCs could stay in corporal cavernosa for at least 4 weeks and some of them expressed von Willebrand Factor, CD31, calponin, or α-smooth muscle actin, cells markers for endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells, respectively. CONCLUSION Intracavernous transplantation of BM-MSCs had beneficial effects on erectile function of diabetic rats and increased the content of endothelium and smooth muscle in corporal cavernosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Qiu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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192
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Trouche E, Mias C, Seguelas MH, Ordener C, Cussac D, Parini A. Characterization of Monoamine Oxidases in Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Role in Hydrogen Peroxide Generation and Serotonin-Dependent Apoptosis. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:1571-8. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Angelo Parini
- INSERM, U858, F-31432 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, F-31000 Toulouse, France
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193
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Porada CD, Almeida-Porada G. Mesenchymal stem cells as therapeutics and vehicles for gene and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1156-66. [PMID: 20828588 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess a set of several fairly unique properties which make them ideally suited both for cellular therapies/regenerative medicine, and as vehicles for gene and drug delivery. These include: 1) relative ease of isolation; 2) the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of seemingly functional cell types of both mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin; 3) the ability to be extensively expanded in culture without a loss of differentiative capacity; 4) they are not only hypoimmunogenic, but they produce immunosuppression upon transplantation; 5) their pronounced anti-inflammatory properties; and 6) their ability to home to damaged tissues, tumors, and metastases following in vivo administration. In this review, we summarize the latest research in the use of mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine, as immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory agents, and as vehicles for transferring both therapeutic genes in genetic disease and genes designed to destroy malignant cells.
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Fernandes S, Naumova AV, Zhu WZ, Laflamme MA, Gold J, Murry CE. Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes engraft but do not alter cardiac remodeling after chronic infarction in rats. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:941-9. [PMID: 20854826 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that, in an acute myocardial infarction model, human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CM) injected with a pro-survival cocktail (PSC) can preserve contractile function. Because patients with established heart failure may also benefit from cell transplantation, we evaluated the physiological effects of hESC-CM transplanted into a chronic model of myocardial infarction. Intramyocardial injection of hESC-CM with PSC was performed in nude rats at 1 month following ischemia-reperfusion. The left ventricular function of hESC-CM injected rats was evaluated at 1, 2 and 3 months after the cell injection procedure and was compared to 3 control groups (rats injected with serum-free media, PSC only, or non-cardiac human cells in PSC). Histology at 3 months revealed that human cardiomyocytes survive, develop increased sarcomere organization and are still proliferating. Despite successful engraftment, both echocardiography and MRI analyses showed no significant difference in left ventricular structure or function between these 4 groups at any time point of the study, suggesting that human cardiomyocytes do not affect cardiac remodeling in a rat model of chronic myocardial infarction. When injected into a chronic infarct model, hESC-CM can engraft, survive and form grafts with striated cardiomyocytes at least as well as was previously observed in an acute myocardial infarction model. However, although hESC-CM transplantation can attenuate the progression of heart failure in an acute model, the same hESC-CM injection protocol is insufficient to restore heart function or to alter adverse remodeling of a chronic myocardial infarction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernandes
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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195
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Trouche E, Girod Fullana S, Mias C, Ceccaldi C, Tortosa F, Seguelas MH, Calise D, Parini A, Cussac D, Sallerin B. Evaluation of alginate microspheres for mesenchymal stem cell engraftment on solid organ. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:1623-33. [PMID: 20719065 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x514297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be used as a cell source for cell therapy of solid organs due to their differentiation potential and paracrine effect. Nevertheless, optimization of MSC-based therapy needs to develop alternative strategies to improve cell administration and efficiency. One option is the use of alginate microencapsulation, which presents an excellent biocompatibility and an in vivo stability. As MSCs are hypoimmunogenic, it was conceivable to produce microparticles with [alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate (APA) microcapsules] or without (alginate microspheres) a surrounding protective membrane. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the most suitable microparticles to encapsulate MSCs for engraftment on solid organ. First, we compared the two types of microparticles with 4 × 10(6) MSCs/ml of alginate. Results showed that each microparticle has distinct morphology and mechanical resistance but both remained stable over time. However, as MSCs exhibited a better viability in microspheres than in microcapsules, the study was pursued with microspheres. We demonstrated that viable MSCs were still able to produce the paracrine factor bFGF and did not present any chondrogenic or osteogenic differentiation, processes sometimes reported with the use of polymers. We then proved that microspheres could be implanted under the renal capsule without degradation with time or inducing impairment of renal function. In conclusion, these microspheres behave as an implantable scaffold whose biological and functional properties could be adapted to fit with clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Trouche
- INSERM U858, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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196
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The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells: implications for surgical disease. J Surg Res 2010; 167:78-86. [PMID: 20869073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used experimentally and clinically in the treatment of a wide variety of pathologies. It is now clear that a number of different mechanisms contribute to the therapeutic effects exerted by these cells. The ability of MSCs to interact with and modulate the functions of a wide variety of immune cells has been recognized as one such mechanism. The implications that the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs may have for the treatment of solid organ rejection, the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, cancer, and Crohn's disease are reviewed herein.
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197
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Wang D, Zhang F, Shen W, Chen M, Yang B, Zhang Y, Cao K. Mesenchymal stem cell injection ameliorates the inducibility of ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction in rats. Int J Cardiol 2010; 152:314-20. [PMID: 20674997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation is a promising new therapy to improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI). The electrophysiological consequences of MSC implantation has not been systematically studied. METHODS We investigated the electrophysiological and arrhythmogenic effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy in experimental infarction model. Rats were subjected to MI operation by LAD ligation and randomly allocated to receive intramyocardially injection PBS (MI-PBS) or 5 × 10(5) EGFP labeled MSCs (MI-MSCs). Electrophysiological study, histological examination, and western blotting were performed 2 weeks after cell transplantation. RESULTS Programmed electrical stimulation (PES) showed a significant reduced inducible ventricular tachycardias (VTs), raised ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) and prolonged ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) in MSC-treated rats compared to PBS-treated animals. MSC implantation led to markedly longer action potential duration (APD) and shorter activation time (AT) in infarcted border zone (IBZ) of left ventricular epicardium compared with PBS-treated hearts. Histological study revealed that fibrotic area and collagen deposition in infarcted region were significantly lower in MI-MSC group than in MI-PBS group. Abnormal alterations of Connexin 43 including reduction and lateralization were significantly attenuated by MSC treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study provide strong evidence that MSC implantation ameliorates interstitial fibrosis and the remodeling of gap junction, attenuates focal heterogeneity of reporlarization and conduction and reduces vulnerability to VTs. The results suggest that MSC transplantation might emerge as a new preventive strategy against VAs besides improving cardiac performance in ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, PR China
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198
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Jackson WM, Nesti LJ, Tuan RS. Potential therapeutic applications of muscle-derived mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:505-17. [PMID: 20218920 DOI: 10.1517/14712591003610606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Mesenchymal adult stem cells have properties that make them attractive for use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. They are inherently plastic, enabling them to differentiate along different lineages, and promote wound healing and regeneration of surrounding tissues by modulating immune and inflammatory responses, promoting angiogenesis and secreting other trophic factors. Unlike embryonic stem cells, clinical uses of mesenchymal stem cells are not encumbered by ethical considerations or legal restrictions. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We discuss skeletal muscle as a source of mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells by reviewing their biology and current applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This paper covers literature from the last 5 - 10 years. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Skeletal muscle is a plentiful source of mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells. This tissue may be obtained via routine biopsy or collection after surgical debridement. We describe the biology of these cells and provide an overview of therapeutic applications currently being developed to take advantage of their regenerative properties. TAKE HOME MESSAGE There is potential for stem and progenitor cells derived from skeletal muscle to be incorporated in clinical interventions, either as a cellular therapy to modify the natural history of disease or as a component of engineered tissue constructs that can replace diseased or damaged tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M Jackson
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 450 Technology Drive, Room 221, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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199
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Gulotta LV, Kovacevic D, Montgomery S, Ehteshami JR, Packer JD, Rodeo SA. Stem cells genetically modified with the developmental gene MT1-MMP improve regeneration of the supraspinatus tendon-to-bone insertion site. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38:1429-37. [PMID: 20400753 DOI: 10.1177/0363546510361235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotator cuffs heal through a scar tissue interface after repair, which makes them prone to failure. Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is upregulated during embryogenesis in areas that develop into tendon-bone insertion sites. HYPOTHESIS Bone marrow-derived stem cells in the presence of the developmental signal from MT1-MMP will drive the healing process toward regeneration and away from scar formation. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Sixty Lewis rats underwent unilateral detachment and repair of the supraspinatus tendon. Thirty animals received mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a fibrin glue carrier, and 30 received adenoviral MT1-MMP (Ad-MT1-MMP)-transduced MSCs. Animals were sacrificed at 2 weeks and 4 weeks and evaluated for the presence of fibrocartilage and collagen fiber organization at the insertion. Biomechanical testing was performed to determine the structural and material properties of the repaired tissue. Statistical analysis was performed with a Wilcoxon rank-sum test with significance set at P = .05. RESULTS There were no differences between the Ad-MT1-MMP and MSC groups in any outcome variable at 2 weeks. At 4 weeks, the Ad-MT1-MMP group had more fibrocartilage (P = .05), higher ultimate load to failure (P = .01), higher ultimate stress to failure (P = .005), and higher stiffness values (P = .02) as compared with the MSC group. CONCLUSION Mesenchymal stem cells genetically modified to overexpress the developmental gene MT1-MMP can augment rotator cuff healing at 4 weeks by the presence of more fibrocartilage at the insertion and improved biomechanical strength. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Biologic augmentation of repaired rotator cuffs with MT1-MMP-transduced MSCs may reduce the incidence of retears. However, further studies are needed to determine if this remains safe and effective in larger models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence V Gulotta
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Sports Medicine/Shoulder Service, 535 E 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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200
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Mu X, Bellayr I, Walters T, Li Y. Mediators leading to fibrosis - how to measure and control them in tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 20:110-118. [PMID: 20890400 DOI: 10.1053/j.oto.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the result of an excessive amount of fibrous connective tissue deposited into the extracellular matrix (ECM) space of damaged tissues from injury or disease. Collagens, particularly types I and III are the main constituents of the fibrotic scar tissue as well as a mixture of fibrotic cells. Severely fibrotic tissue will develop chronic healing problems resulting in tissue/organ dysfunction. More attention needs to be given to the fibrotic differentiation and related effects in bioengineered tissues. The current review provides an update on the mechanism behind fibrosis formation as well as technical measurements and preventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xd Mu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Stem Cell Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA15213
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