151
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Lúdvíksson BR, Gunnlaugsdóttir B. Transforming growth factor-beta as a regulator of site-specific T-cell inflammatory response. Scand J Immunol 2003; 58:129-38. [PMID: 12869133 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A common immunopathological hallmark of many autoimmune inflammatory diseases is a T-cell invasion and accumulation at the inflamed tissue. Although the exact molecular and microenvironmental mechanisms governing such cellular invasion and tissue retention are not known, some key immunological principles must be at work. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is known to modulate some of these processes including homing, cellular adhesion, chemotaxis and finally T-cell activation, differentiation and apoptosis. The chronicity of such T-cell-driven inflammation probably involves an innate immunological response leading to a T-1 (Th/Tc), T-2 or T-3 (Th/Tr) T-cell adaptive immune response. Several studies suggest that the key to T-cell final destination resides on its and the antigen-presenting cell's phenotype as well as the coreceptor expression pattern and their signalling intensity. Recent observations suggest other equally important regulatory elements of T-cell inflammatory response that are sensitive to TGF-beta modulation. These include: (i) the stage of T-cell activation/differentiation; (ii) the chemotactic/adhesion molecule expression pattern; and (iii) the conditioning at the immunological synapse determining their sensitivity to known regulators such as TGF-beta. In this article, we focus on how the phenotype of the responding T cell and the T-cell receptor (TCR)-signalling intensity could drive the given inflammatory response. In particular, we discuss how TGF-beta can influence the process of T-cell migration and activation during such site-specific inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Lúdvíksson
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, Landspítali-University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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152
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Klein L, Khazaie K, von Boehmer H. In vivo dynamics of antigen-specific regulatory T cells not predicted from behavior in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:8886-91. [PMID: 12857946 PMCID: PMC166408 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1533365100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of antigen-specific CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells was used to analyze the stability of their phenotype, their behavior after immunization, and their mode of suppressing cotransferred naive T cells in vivo. We found that regulatory T cells maintained their phenotype in the absence of antigen, were not anergic in vivo, and proliferated as extensively as naive CD4+ T cells after immunization without losing their suppressive function in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, the expansion of cotransferred naive T cells was suppressed relatively late in the response such that regulatory T cells expressing mostly IL-10 but not IL-2 or IFN-gamma represented the dominant subset of cells. Our results reveal properties of regulatory T cells that were not predicted from in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Klein
- Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Smith 736, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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153
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Asseman C, Read S, Powrie F. Colitogenic Th1 cells are present in the antigen-experienced T cell pool in normal mice: control by CD4+ regulatory T cells and IL-10. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:971-8. [PMID: 12847269 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) regulatory T cells have been shown to prevent intestinal inflammation; however, it is not known whether they act to prevent the priming of colitogenic T cells or actively control these cells as part of the memory T cell pool. In this study, we describe the presence of colitogenic Th1 cells within the CD4(+)CD45RB(low) population. These pathogenic cells enrich within the CD25(-) subset and are not recent thymic emigrants. CD4(+)CD45RB(low) cells from germfree mice were significantly reduced in their ability to transfer colitis to immune deficient recipients, suggesting the presence of commensal bacteria in the donor mice drives colitogenic T cells into the Ag-experienced/memory T cell pool. This potentially pathogenic population of Ag-experienced T cells is subject to T cell-mediated regulation in vivo by both CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-) cells in an IL-10-dependent manner. Furthermore, administration of an anti-IL-10R mAb to unmanipulated adult mice was sufficient to induce the development of colitis. Taken together, these data indicate that colitogenic Th1 cells enter into the Ag-experienced pool in normal mice, but that their function is controlled by regulatory T cells and IL-10. Interestingly, IL-10 was not absolutely required for CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell-mediated inhibition of colitis induced by transfer of naive CD4(+)CD45RB(high) cells, suggesting a differential requirement for IL-10 in the regulation of naive and Ag-experienced T cells.
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154
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Wraith DC. Role of interleukin-10 in the induction and function of natural and antigen-induced regulatory T cells. J Autoimmun 2003; 20:273-5. [PMID: 12791311 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-8411(03)00046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C Wraith
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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155
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Abstract
Self-tolerance is maintained by several mechanisms including deletion (via apoptosis) and regulation. Acquired tolerance to allogeneic tissues and organs exploits similar strategies. One key difference between alloantigens and peptide antigens is the enormous number of T cells that are alloreactive. Accumulating evidence suggests that in the face of this large mass of potentially graft-destructive T cells, tolerance requires an initial wave of deletion. This creates a more level playing field in which a smaller number of regulatory T cells can then act to maintain an established tolerant state. Deletion of alloreactive T cells by apoptosis actively promotes immunoregulation as well, by interfering with proinflammatory maturation of antigen presenting cells. This article reviews the immune response to alloantigens, the development and use of both necrotic and apoptotic means of cell death during the evolution of the immune response, and the likely role and mechanisms by which apoptosis promotes, and may even be required for, transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Chiffoleau
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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156
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Raghavan S, Fredriksson M, Svennerholm AM, Holmgren J, Suri-Payer E. Absence of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is associated with a loss of regulation leading to increased pathology in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 132:393-400. [PMID: 12780684 PMCID: PMC1808721 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori induces symptomatic chronic gastritis in a subpopulation of infected individuals. The mechanism(s) determining the development and severity of pathology leading to symptoms are not fully understood. In a mouse model of H. pylori infection we analysed the influence of immunoregulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells on H. pylori colonization and gastritis. Athymic C57BL/6 nu/nu mice were reconstituted with (a) lymph node (LN) cells (b) LN cells depleted of CD25+ T cells (CD25(-) LN) or (c) not reconstituted at all. Mice were then infected orally with 3 x 10(8)H. pylori SS1 bacteria. At 2 and 6 weeks after the inoculation there was a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in H. pylori colonization in athymic mice transferred with CD25(-) LN cells compared to mice transferred with LN cells. Colonization was still reduced at 12 weeks after inoculation. Mice transferred with CD25(-) LN cells showed an earlier onset and increased severity of gastritis as compared to mice receiving LN cells. Splenic cells isolated from mice receiving CD25(-) LN cells produced the highest level of IFN-gamma on stimulation with H. pylori antigens in vitro, had a higher H. pylori-specific DTH response and increased infiltration of CD4+ T cells and macrophages in the gastric mucosa. Athymic mice not transferred with T cells had persistent high H. pylori colonization and displayed a normal gastric epithelium without inflammatory cells. In conclusion, CD4+CD25+ cells reduce immunopathology in H. pylori infection, possibly by reducing the activation of IFN-gamma producing CD4+ T cells, even at the expense of a higher H. pylori load in the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raghavan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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157
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Abstract
The induction of tolerance is essential for the maintenance of immune homeostasis, for the prevention of autoimmune diseases, and to achieve transplantation tolerance. To induce tolerance, the immune system uses several mechanisms, including the deletion of autoreactive T cells, the induction of anergy, and active suppression of autoimmune responses. The mechanisms of thymic deletion and anergy of autoreactive T cells are well characterized, whereas active suppression by T-regulatory (Tr) cells, which has recently emerged as an essential component of the immune response to induce peripheral tolerance, is less well understood. Results from seminal studies by a number of laboratories have renewed interest in CD4+ T cells with regulatory properties. Although many aspects of the mechanisms by which these cells exert their effects have still to be elucidated, it is well established that T-regulatory cells suppress immune responses by means of cell-to-cell interactions or the production of interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, or both. Type-1 Tr (Tr1) cells are defined by their ability to produce high levels of IL-10 and TGF-beta. Tr1 cells specific for a variety of antigens arise in vivo but may also differentiate from naive CD4+ T cells in the presence of IL-10 in vitro. Tr1 cells have a low proliferative capacity. Tr1 cells suppress naive and memory T-helper type 1 or 2 responses by means of production of IL-10 and TGF-beta. Further characterization of Tr1 cells at the molecular level will define their mechanisms of action and clarify their relationship with other subsets of Tr cells. The use of Tr1 cells to identify novel targets for the development of new therapeutic agents, and as a cellular therapy to modulate peripheral tolerance, can be foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Groux
- Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherche Medicale Unite 576, Hôpital de l'Archet, route de Saint-Antoine de Ginestière, 06200 Nice, France
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158
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Hori S, Nomura T, Sakaguchi S. Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3. Science 2003; 299:1057-61. [PMID: 12522256 DOI: 10.1126/science.1079490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6202] [Impact Index Per Article: 295.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells engage in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance by actively suppressing self-reactive lymphocytes. Little is known, however, about the molecular mechanism of their development. Here we show that Foxp3, which encodes a transcription factor that is genetically defective in an autoimmune and inflammatory syndrome in humans and mice, is specifically expressed in naturally arising CD4+ regulatory T cells. Furthermore, retroviral gene transfer of Foxp3 converts naïve T cells toward a regulatory T cell phenotype similar to that of naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells. Thus, Foxp3 is a key regulatory gene for the development of regulatory T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Forkhead Transcription Factors
- Gastritis/immunology
- Gastritis/prevention & control
- Immune Tolerance
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/prevention & control
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/analysis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Self Tolerance
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Hori
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Institute for Physical and Chemical Research, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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159
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Sundstedt A, O'Neill EJ, Nicolson KS, Wraith DC. Role for IL-10 in suppression mediated by peptide-induced regulatory T cells in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:1240-8. [PMID: 12538682 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.3.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory CD4(+) T cells were induced in the Tg4 TCR transgenic mouse specific for the N-terminal peptide (Ac1-9) of myelin basic protein by intranasal administration of a high-affinity MHC-binding analog (Ac1-9[4Y]). Peptide-induced tolerant cells (PItol) were anergic, failed to produce IL-2, but responded to Ag by secretion of IL-10. PItol cells were predominantly CD25(-) and CTLA-4(+) and their anergic state was reversed by addition of IL-2 in vitro. PItol cells suppressed the response of naive Tg4 cells both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro suppression mediated by these cells was not reversed by cytokine neutralization and was cell-cell contact-dependent. However, suppression of proliferation and IL-2 production by PItol cells in vivo was abrogated by neutralization of IL-10. These results emphasize an important role for IL-10 in the function of peptide-induced regulatory T cells in vivo and highlight the caution required in extrapolating mechanisms of T regulatory cell function from in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Sundstedt
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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160
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells are shown to originate form the thymus and their role is to maintain self-tolerance to intra-thymic as well as extra-thymic self-antigens. Their mode of action, using in vivo and in vitro systems, has led to different conclusions as to the need of cell-cell interactions or regulation upon suppressive cytokines. The more we study regulatory T cells the more we find similarities to the old notion of the suppressor T cell network. The limited knowledge in molecular technology in the early 70s and 80s discouraged investigators to further scrutinize the issue and the terms T suppressors and contra-suppressors that were coined back then have been forgotten over the years. It is now time to remember the work of these investigators and attempt to explain their findings using the current knowledge and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Athanassakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 714-09 Heraklion Crete, Greece.
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161
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Levings MK, Bacchetta R, Schulz U, Roncarolo MG. The role of IL-10 and TGF-beta in the differentiation and effector function of T regulatory cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2002; 129:263-76. [PMID: 12483031 DOI: 10.1159/000067596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression by T regulatory (Tr) cells is essential for the induction of peripheral tolerance. Many types of CD4+ Tr cells have been described in a number of systems, and although the precise mechanisms which mediate their effects remain to be defined, it is well established that they can suppress immune responses via cell-cell interactions and/or the production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Type 1 T regulatory (Tr1) cells are defined by their ability to produce high levels of IL-10 and TGF-beta, and these cytokines mediate their ability to suppress pathological immune responses in the settings of transplantation, allergy and autoimmune disease. Tr1 cell activity is not necessarily beneficial, and they can also suppress immune responses to antigens from tumours and pathogens. In vivo, the differentiation of Tr1 cells is likely controlled by certain dendritic cells which promote IL-10 production and may express tolerogenic costimulatory molecules. Another subset of CD4+ Tr cells is defined by constitutive expression of CD25, and although these CD4+CD25+ Tr cells appear to suppress via mechanisms which are largely independent of cytokines, they may actively promote the differentiation of Tr1 cells. Many questions about the basic biology of Tr1 cells remain to be answered, but the development of therapeutic strategies designed to harness their immunoregulatory effects can already be contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Levings
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Milan, Italy.
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162
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McHugh RS, Shevach EM. The role of suppressor T cells in regulation of immune responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110:693-702. [PMID: 12417876 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.129339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Suppressor T cells play important roles in the regulation of immune responses and the mediation of dominant immunologic tolerance. Studies of suppressor T-cell function have been hampered until their recent identification as a minor fraction (approximately 10%) of CD4 ( +) T cells that coexpress CD25. CD4(+)CD25(+ ) T cells have been shown to play a critical role in the prevention of organ- specific autoimmunity and allograft rejection. Because tumor antigens are self- antigens, it is not surprising that CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells also inhibit the induction of tumor immunity. The spectrum of activity of CD4(+ ) CD25(+) cells extends to non-self-antigens, including infectious agents. Indeed, T cell-mediated suppression might be responsible for the low level of chronic infection seen with many pathogens. Interestingly, however, this persistent level of infection might be beneficial to the host and needed for maintenance of immunologic memory. Although CD4(+ ) CD25(+) T cells are capable of inhibiting T(H)2 responses, their role in the suppression of allergic responses has not been firmly established. Depending on the desired immune response, enhancement or restraint of suppressor T-cell function might be required. Therefore immunologic or pharmacologic manipulation of regulatory T-cell populations represents an important future approach to immunotherapy of a wide range of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S McHugh
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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163
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Lehmann J, Huehn J, de la Rosa M, Maszyna F, Kretschmer U, Krenn V, Brunner M, Scheffold A, Hamann A. Expression of the integrin alpha Ebeta 7 identifies unique subsets of CD25+ as well as CD25- regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:13031-6. [PMID: 12242333 PMCID: PMC130581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.192162899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells are considered as important players in T cell homeostasis and self-tolerance. Here we report that the integrin alpha(E)beta(7), which recognizes epithelial cadherin, identifies the most potent subpopulation of regulatory CD25(+) T cells. Strikingly, CD25-negative alpha(E)+CD4(+) T cells displayed regulatory activity. Both alpha(E)+ subsets, CD25(+) and CD25(-), express CTLA-4, suppress T cell proliferation in vitro, and protect mice from colitis in the severe combined immunodeficient model (SCID) in vivo. Whereas alpha(E)+CD25(+) T cells produce almost no cytokines, alpha(E)+CD25(-) T cells represent a unique subset in which high IL-2, IFN-gamma and T helper 2-cytokine production is linked with suppressive function. Thus, the integrin alpha(E)beta(7) can be regarded as a novel marker for subsets of highly potent, functionally distinct regulatory T cells specialized for crosstalk with epithelial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Lehmann
- Experimentelle Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt-Universität, c/o Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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164
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Marshall ACJ, Alderuccio F, Toh BH. Fas/CD95 is required for gastric mucosal damage in autoimmune gastritis. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:780-9. [PMID: 12198704 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.35383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Experimental autoimmune gastritis (EAG), characterized by a gastric mononuclear cell infiltrate, mucosal cell damage, and autoantibodies to parietal cell-associated H(+)/K(+) adenosine triphosphatase, is a model for human autoimmune gastritis that leads to pernicious anemia. Previous in vitro studies have implicated Fas/CD95 in initiating damage to gastric mucosal cells in humans and an animal model of autoimmune gastritis. Here we used 2 in vivo animal models to examine the role of Fas in the development of mucosal cell damage in autoimmune gastritis. METHODS We initiated EAG in BALB/cCrSlc mice by neonatal thymectomy and examined for Fas expression in the gastric mucosa by immunohistochemistry. To address the in vivo relevance of Fas in mucosal injury, we examined the stomachs and sera of BALB/cCrSlc lpr/lpr mice subjected to neonatal thymectomy and BALB/cCrSlc nu/nu lpr/lpr mice transferred with lymphocytes from gastritic BALB/cCrSlc mice. RESULTS Fas expression was up-reguiated in parietal cells of mice with EAG. Neonatally thymectomized lpr/lpr mice were resistant to developing destructive gastritis compared with heterozygous and wild-type littermates. Nu/nu Fas-sufficient mice transferred with lymphocytes from thymectomized lpr/lpr mice developed destructive gastritis. Nu/nu lpr/lpr mice transferred with lymphocytes from gastritic mice developed a nondestructive gastritis. CONCLUSIONS The observations that Fas is up-regulated in gastric parietal cells of mice with EAG and that Fas-deficient mice are resistant to development of destructive gastritis provide compelling evidence that Fas is required in vivo for development of gastric mucosal cell damage in autoimmune gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden C j Marshall
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash University Medical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
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165
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Hoffmann P, Ermann J, Edinger M, Fathman CG, Strober S. Donor-type CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells suppress lethal acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. J Exp Med 2002; 196:389-99. [PMID: 12163567 PMCID: PMC2193938 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 851] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is still a major obstacle in clinical allogeneic bone marrow (BM) transplantation. CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells have recently been shown to suppress proliferative responses of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells to alloantigenic stimulation in vitro and are required for ex vivo tolerization of donor T cells, which results in their reduced potential to induce aGVHD. Here we show that CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells isolated from the spleen or BM of donor C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) mice that have not been tolerized are still potent inhibitors of the alloresponse in vitro and of lethal aGVHD induced by C57BL/6 CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells in irradiated BALB/c (H-2(d)) hosts in vivo. The addition of the CD4(+)CD25(+) T(reg) cells at a 1:1 ratio with responder/inducer CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells resulted in a >90% inhibition of the mixed leukocyte reaction and marked protection from lethal GVHD. This protective effect depended in part on the ability of the transferred CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells to secrete interleukin 10 and occurred if the T(reg) cells were of donor, but not host, origin. Our results demonstrate that the balance of donor-type CD4(+)CD25(+) T(reg) and conventional CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells can determine the outcome of aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hoffmann
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
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166
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Piccirillo CA, Letterio JJ, Thornton AM, McHugh RS, Mamura M, Mizuhara H, Shevach EM. CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells can mediate suppressor function in the absence of transforming growth factor beta1 production and responsiveness. J Exp Med 2002; 196:237-46. [PMID: 12119348 PMCID: PMC2193919 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells inhibit organ-specific autoimmune diseases induced by CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells and are potent suppressors of T cell activation in vitro. Their mechanism of suppression remains unknown, but most in vitro studies suggest that it is cell contact-dependent and cytokine independent. The role of TGF-beta1 in CD4(+)CD25(+) suppressor function remains unclear. While most studies have failed to reverse suppression with anti-transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 in vitro, one recent study has reported that CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells express cell surface TGF-beta1 and that suppression can be completely abrogated by high concentrations of anti-TGF-beta suggesting that cell-associated TGF-beta1 was the primary effector of CD4(+)CD25(+)-mediated suppression. Here, we have reevaluated the role of TGF-beta1 in CD4(+)CD25(+)-mediated suppression. Neutralization of TGF-beta1 with either monoclonal antibody (mAb) or soluble TGF-betaRII-Fc did not reverse in vitro suppression mediated by resting or activated CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells. Responder T cells from Smad3(-/-) or dominant-negative TGF-beta type RII transgenic (DNRIITg) mice, that are both unresponsive to TGF-beta1-induced growth arrest, were as susceptible to CD4(+)CD25(+)-mediated suppression as T cells from wild-type mice. Furthermore, CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells from neonatal TGF-beta1(-/-) mice were as suppressive as CD4(+)CD25(+) from TGF-beta1(+/+) mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CD4(+)CD25(+) suppressor function can occur independently of TGF-beta1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Immune Tolerance
- In Vitro Techniques
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neutralization Tests
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Smad3 Protein
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/deficiency
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA
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167
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McHugh RS, Shevach EM. Cutting edge: depletion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is necessary, but not sufficient, for induction of organ-specific autoimmune disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5979-83. [PMID: 12055202 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.5979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymectomy of BALB/c mice on day 3 of life results in the development of autoimmune gastritis (AIG) due to the absence of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. However, depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells by treatment with anti-CD25 rarely resulted in AIG. Depletion was efficient, as transfer of splenocytes from depleted mice induced AIG in nu/nu mice. One explanation for this result is that CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells upon transfer to nude recipients undergo lymphopenia-induced proliferation, providing a signal for T cell activation. Cotransfer of CD25(+) T cells did not inhibit initial proliferation but did suppress AIG. Surprisingly, immunization with the AIG target Ag, H/K ATPase, in IFA failed to induce disease in normal animals but induced severe AIG in CD25-depleted mice. These results demonstrate that second signals (nonspecific proliferation, TCR activation, or inflammation) are needed for induction of autoimmunity in the absence of CD25(+) regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S McHugh
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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168
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Abstract
Several mechanisms control discrimination between self and non-self, including the thymic deletion of autoreactive T cells and the induction of anergy in the periphery. In addition to these passive mechanisms, evidence has accumulated for the active suppression of autoreactivity by a population of regulatory or suppressor T cells that co-express CD4 and CD25 (the interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain). CD4+ CD25+ T cells are powerful inhibitors of T-cell activation both in vivo and in vitro. The enhancement of suppressor-cell function might prove useful for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases, whereas the downregulation of these cells might be beneficial for the enhancement of the immunogenicity of vaccines that are specific for tumour antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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169
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Zöller M, McElwee KJ, Engel P, Hoffmann R. Transient CD44 variant isoform expression and reduction in CD4(+)/CD25(+) regulatory T cells in C3H/HeJ mice with alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118:983-92. [PMID: 12060392 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alopecia areata, an autoimmune disease affecting anagen stage hair follicles, can be induced by grafting spontaneous alopecia areata affected skin to normal-haired C3H/HeJ mice. As the onset of alopecia areata can be significantly retarded by anti-CD44 variant isoform 10 treatment, it was interesting to explore the underlying disease mechanism. Two weeks after transplanting alopecia areata affected skin, expression of CD44 variant isoforms 3, 6, 7, and 10 was strikingly upregulated as compared with sham-grafted mice. By 6 wk after grafting, CD44 variant isoform levels had returned to normal, whereas in draining lymph nodes, CD44 variant isoform expression was slightly decreased. Leukocytes in the skin of mice with chronic alopecia areata expressed a hematopoietic isoform of CD44 and CD44 variant isoform 6 at an elevated level, but CD44 variant isoform 3 expression was reduced. Cytokine expression in leukocytes of chronic alopecia areata affected skin was higher than in normal-haired controls. Cytokine expression also increased postsurgery in sham and alopecia areata grafted mice, but remained elevated only in mice receiving alopecia areata affected skin. Finally, from the skin of mice with chronic alopecia areata and of mice transplanted with alopecia areata affected skin, an increased number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells, but a strongly decreased number of CD4(+)/CD25(+) regulatory T cells was recovered. Thus, expression of CD44 variant isoforms is important for the migration of leukocytes during the initial period of alopecia areata. CD44, however, is apparently not involved in the maintenance of the disease state, which is characterized by high cytokine expression levels, an increased number of CD4(+) and CD8+ cells, but a low level of CD4(+)/CD25(+) suppressor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Zöller
- Department of Tumor Progression and Tumor Defense, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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170
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Girardi M, Lewis J, Glusac E, Filler RB, Geng L, Hayday AC, Tigelaar RE. Resident skin-specific gammadelta T cells provide local, nonredundant regulation of cutaneous inflammation. J Exp Med 2002; 195:855-67. [PMID: 11927630 PMCID: PMC2193718 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20012000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2001] [Revised: 02/05/2002] [Accepted: 02/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) network of T cell receptor (TCR) gammadelta(+) (Vgamma5(+)) dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) was evaluated by examining several mouse strains genetically deficient in gammadelta T cells (delta(-/-) mice), and in delta(-/-) mice reconstituted with DETC or with different gammadelta cell subpopulations. NOD.delta(-/-) and FVB.delta(-/-) mice spontaneously developed localized, chronic dermatitis, whereas interestingly, the commonly used C57BL/6.delta(-/-) strain did not. Genetic analyses indicated a single autosomal recessive gene controlled the dermatitis susceptibility of NOD.delta(-/-) mice. Furthermore, allergic and irritant contact dermatitis reactions were exaggerated in FVB.delta(-/-), but not in C57BL/6.delta(-/-) mice. Neither spontaneous nor augmented irritant dermatitis was observed in FVB.beta(-/-) delta(-/-) mice lacking all T cells, indicating that alphabeta T cell-mediated inflammation is the target for gammadelta-mediated down-regulation. Reconstitution studies demonstrated that both spontaneous and augmented irritant dermatitis in FVB.delta(-/-) mice were down-regulated by Vgamma5(+) DETC, but not by epidermal T cells expressing other gammadelta TCRs. This study demonstrates that functional impairment at an epithelial interface can be specifically attributed to absence of the local TCR-gammadelta(+) IEL subset and suggests that systemic inflammatory reactions may more generally be subject to substantial regulation by local IELs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dermatitis/genetics
- Dermatitis/immunology
- Dermatitis/pathology
- Genes, Recessive
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta
- Inflammation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Skin/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Girardi
- Department of Dermatology and the Yale Skin Diseases Research Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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171
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Abstract
Regulatory CD4 T cells with the capacity to inhibit potentially harmful immune responses have been described in various experimental systems. Although the observations are converging towards the naturally activated CD25(+) CD4 T cells as a major population responsible for this protection, there is still considerable disagreement on the molecular and cellular requirements involved to achieve a stable immune homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Annacker
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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172
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McHugh RS, Whitters MJ, Piccirillo CA, Young DA, Shevach EM, Collins M, Byrne MC. CD4(+)CD25(+) immunoregulatory T cells: gene expression analysis reveals a functional role for the glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor. Immunity 2002; 16:311-23. [PMID: 11869690 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1046] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) immunoregulatory T cells represent a unique lineage of thymic-derived cells that potently suppress both in vitro and in vivo effector T cell function. We analyzed CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells by DNA microarray, identifying 29 genes differentially expressed in the resting subpopulations, and 77 that were differentially expressed following activation. Most of these genes were elevated in the CD4(+)CD25(+) population, suggesting a previously activated phenotype. Among these were a number of genes that antagonize signaling, including members of the SOCS family, which may contribute to their anergic phenotype. Multiple cell surface receptors also had increased expression in CD4(+)CD25(+) cells, including GITR, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily. Importantly, antibodies to GITR abrogated suppression, demonstrating a functional role for this receptor in regulating the CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell subset.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Biomarkers
- CD4 Antigens
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Separation
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Integrin alpha Chains
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S McHugh
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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173
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Alderuccio F, Sentry JW, Marshall ACJ, Biondo M, Toh BH. Animal models of human disease: experimental autoimmune gastritis--a model for autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia. Clin Immunol 2002; 102:48-58. [PMID: 11781067 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2001.5134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human autoimmune gastritis is an organ-specific autoimmune disease of the stomach. It is characterized by the development of disease-specific autoantibodies and a pathology that specifically targets specialized cells within the gastric environment. The autoantigens associated with this disease have been defined as the gastric H+/K+ ATPase and intrinsic factor. The development of experimental disease models has been pivotal in our contemporary understanding of autoimmunity. Here we review mouse models of autoimmune gastritis and their relevance to human autoimmune gastritis associated with pernicious anemia. We appraise some historical as well as recent studies of experimental autoimmune gastritis (EAG), highlighting key findings that have formed the basis of our current understanding of the etiology and mechanism(s) associated with autoimmune gastritis. A precise understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune gastritis will permit the design of innovative and rational therapeutic strategies to prevent, arrest, ameliorate or reverse the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Alderuccio
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash University Medical School, Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
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174
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Abstract
It is now well established that regulatory T (T(R)) cells can inhibit harmful immunopathological responses directed against self or foreign antigens. However, many key aspects of T(R) cell biology remain unresolved, especially with regard to their antigen specificities and the cellular and molecular pathways involved in their development and mechanisms of action. We will review here recent findings in these areas, outline a model for how T(R) cells may inhibit the development of immune pathology and discuss potential therapeutic benefits that may arise from the manipulation of T(R) cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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175
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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