151
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Achrol AS, Guzman R, Lee M, Steinberg GK. Pathophysiology and genetic factors in moyamoya disease. Neurosurg Focus 2009; 26:E4. [PMID: 19335130 DOI: 10.3171/2009.1.focus08302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Moyamoya disease is an uncommon cerebrovascular condition characterized by progressive stenosis of the bilateral internal carotid arteries with compensatory formation of an abnormal network of perforating blood vessels providing collateral circulation. The etiology and pathogenesis of moyamoya disease remain unclear. Evidence from histological studies, proteomics, and endothelial progenitor cell analyses suggests new theories underlying the cause of vascular anomalies, including moyamoya disease. Familial moyamoya disease has been noted in as many as 15% of patients, indicating an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with incomplete penetrance. Genetic analyses in familial moyamoya disease and genome-wide association studies represent promising strategies for elucidating the pathophysiology of this condition. In this review, the authors discuss recent studies that have investigated possible mechanisms underlying the etiology of moyamoya disease, including stem cell involvement and genetic factors. They also discuss future research directions that promise not only to offer new insights into the origin of moyamoya disease but to enhance our understanding of new vessel formation in the CNS as it relates to stroke, vascular anomalies, and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achal S Achrol
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5487, USA
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152
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Wu J, Peng L, McMahon GA, Lawrence DA, Fay WP. Recombinant plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 inhibits intimal hyperplasia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1565-70. [PMID: 19574558 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.189514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) overexpression is implicated in vascular disease. However, the effects of a primary increase in PAI-1 expression on arterial remodeling are poorly defined. We tested the hypothesis that recombinant PAI-1 inhibits intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats underwent carotid artery injury and received intraperitoneal injections of saline or mutant forms of PAI-1 for 14 days, including an active stable mutant (PAI-1-14-1b), a mutant lacking anti-PA activity (PAI-1-R), or a mutant defective in vitronectin (VN) binding (PAI-1-K). All forms of PAI-1 significantly inhibited neointima formation, whereas elastase-cleaved PAI-1, which lacks both anti-PA and VN-binding functions, did not. Similar effects were observed in a murine model. However, the antiproliferative effect of PAI-1-R was lost in Vn(-/-) mice, suggesting that PAI-1 can inhibit intimal hyperplasia in vivo by a VN-dependent pathway not involving direct inhibition of proteases. In vitro, recombinant PAI-1 inhibited wild-type vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, promoted apoptosis, and inhibited migration. These effects were lost in VN-deficient VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS Recombinant PAI-1 inhibits intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting proteases and binding VN. VN is a key determinant of the antiproliferative effect of PAI-1 overexpression. PAI-1-R has therapeutic potential to inhibit vascular restenosis without promoting thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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153
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Hibbert B, Ma X, Pourdjabbar A, Holm E, Rayner K, Chen YX, Sun J, Filion L, O'Brien ER. Inhibition of endothelial progenitor cell glycogen synthase kinase-3β results in attenuated neointima formation and enhanced re-endothelialization after arterial injury. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 83:16-23. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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154
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van Oostrom O, Fledderus JO, de Kleijn D, Pasterkamp G, Verhaar MC. Smooth muscle progenitor cells: friend or foe in vascular disease? Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2009; 4:131-40. [PMID: 19442197 PMCID: PMC3182076 DOI: 10.2174/157488809788167454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The origin of vascular smooth muscle cells that accumulate in the neointima in vascular diseases such as transplant arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis and restenosis remains subject to much debate. Smooth muscle cells are a highly heterogeneous cell population with different characteristics and markers, and distinct phenotypes in physiological and pathological conditions. Several studies have reported a role for bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in vascular maintenance and repair. Moreover, bone marrow-derived smooth muscle progenitor cells have been detected in human atherosclerotic tissue as well as in in vivo mouse models of vascular disease. However, it is not clear whether smooth muscle progenitor cells can be regarded as a 'friend' or 'foe' in neointima formation. In this review we will discuss the heterogeneity of smooth muscle cells, the role of smooth muscle progenitor cells in vascular disease, potential mechanisms that could regulate smooth muscle progenitor cell contribution and the implications this may have on designing novel therapeutic tools to prevent development and progression of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia van Oostrom
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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155
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Sedding DG, Tröbs M, Reich F, Walker G, Fink L, Haberbosch W, Rau W, Tillmanns H, Preissner KT, Bohle RM, Langheinrich AC. 3-Deazaadenosine prevents smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation by interfering with Ras signaling. Circ Res 2009; 104:1192-200. [PMID: 19372464 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.194357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
3-Deazaadenosine (c3Ado) is a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, which regulates cellular methyltransferase activity. In the present study, we sought to determine the effect of c3Ado on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function and neointima formation in vivo. c3Ado dose-dependently prevented the proliferation and migration of human coronary VSMCs in vitro. This was accompanied by an increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(WAF1/Cip1), p27(Kip1), a decreased expression of G(1)/S phase cyclins, and a lack of retinoblastoma protein hyperphosphorylation. In accordance with these findings, fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis of propidium iodide-stained cells indicated a cell cycle arrest in the G(0)/G(1) phase. Importantly, c3Ado did not affect the number of viable (trypan blue exclusion) or apoptotic cells (TUNEL). Mechanistically, c3Ado prevented FCS-induced Ras carboxyl methylation and membrane translocation and activity by inhibiting isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase and reduced FCS-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and Akt phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, rescuing signal transduction by overexpression of a constitutive active Ras mutant abrogated c3Ado's effect on proliferation. For in vivo studies, the femoral artery of C57BL/6 mice was dilated and mice were fed a diet containing 150 microg of c3Ado per day. c3Ado prevented dilation-induced Ras activation, as well as ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation in vivo. At day 21, VSMC proliferation (proliferating-cell nuclear antigen [PCNA]-positive cells), as well as the neointima/media ratio (0.7+/-0.2 versus 1.6+/-0.4; P<0.05) were significantly reduced, without any changes in the number of apoptotic cells. Our data indicate that c3Ado interferes with Ras methylation and function and thereby with mitogenic activation of ERK1/2 and Akt, preventing VSMC cell cycle entry and proliferation and neointima formation in vivo. Thus, therapeutic inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase by c3Ado may represent a save and effective novel approach to prevent vascular proliferative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Sedding
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology, Giessen University, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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156
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Ruohonen ST, Abe K, Kero M, Toukola L, Ruohonen S, Röyttä M, Koulu M, Pesonen U, Zukowska Z, Savontaus E. Sympathetic nervous system-targeted neuropeptide Y overexpression in mice enhances neointimal formation in response to vascular injury. Peptides 2009; 30:715-20. [PMID: 19135490 PMCID: PMC2914533 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY) is associated with vascular remodelling, neointimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis in experimental animal models and clinical studies. In order to study the role of sympathetic nerve-produced NPY in vascular diseases, transgenic mouse model overexpressing NPY in central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons under the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) promoter was recently created (OE-NPY(DBH) mouse). This study aimed to examine the effect of NPY overexpression on arterial neointimal hyperplasia in an experimental model of vascular injury. Transgenic OE-NPY(DBH) mice and wildtype control mice of two different inbred strains (C57BL/6 and FVB/n) underwent a femoral artery surgery with a transluminar injury by a 0.38-mm guide wire insertion. Arteries were harvested 4 weeks from the surgery, and they were stained for basic morphology. Both strains of OE-NPY(DBH) mice, as compared with wildtype control mice, showed on average 50% greater formation of the neointima (P<0.01) and an increase in the medial area (P=0.05). The results suggest that moderately increased neuronal NPY causes the arteries to be more susceptible to femoral artery thickening after endothelial injury. The OE-NPY(DBH) mouse provides a novel tool to explore the role of NPY in the development of vascular disease related to metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi T. Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Drug Discovery Graduate School, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Ken Abe
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mia Kero
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Toukola
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Saku Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Matias Röyttä
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Koulu
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Ullamari Pesonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Zofia Zukowska
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eriika Savontaus
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Finland
- Clinical Pharmacology, TYKSLAB, Health Care District of Southwest Finland, Finland
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland. Tel.: +358 2 3337362; fax: +358 2 3337216
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157
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Vascular progenitor cells and translational research: the role of endothelial and smooth muscle progenitor cells in endogenous arterial remodelling in the adult. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 116:283-99. [PMID: 19138170 DOI: 10.1042/cs20080001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There has been much recent research into the therapeutic use of stem and progenitor cells for various diseases. Alongside this, there has also been considerable interest in the normal roles that endogenous precursor cells may play in both physiological and pathological settings. In the present review, we focus on two types of progenitor cell which are of potential relevance to vascular homoeostasis, namely the EPC (endothelial progenitor cell) and the smooth muscle progenitor cell. We discuss evidence for their existence and sources in adults, and the various techniques currently used to identify these cells. We examine data obtained from studies using different methods of progenitor identification and relate these to each other, in order to provide a framework in which to interpret the literature in this area. We review evidence for the influence of these vascular progenitor cells upon vascular function and the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
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158
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Koga JI, Matoba T, Egashira K, Kubo M, Miyagawa M, Iwata E, Sueishi K, Shibuya M, Sunagawa K. Soluble Flt-1 gene transfer ameliorates neointima formation after wire injury in flt-1 tyrosine kinase-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:458-64. [PMID: 19164801 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.183772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression is upregulated in injured vascular wall, and blockade of VEGF inhibited monocyte infiltration and neointima formation in several animal models. In the present study, we aimed to clarify relative role of two VEGF receptors, flt-1 versus flk-1/KDR, in neointima formation after injury using flt-1 tyrosine kinase-deficient (Flt-1 TK(-/-)) mice and soluble Flt-1(sFlt-1) gene transfer. METHODS AND RESULTS Neointima formation was comparable between wild-type and Flt-1 TK(-/-) mice 28 days after intraluminal wire injury in femoral arteries. By contrast, neointima formation was significantly suppressed by sFlt-1 gene transfer into Flt-1 TK(-/-) mice that blocks VEGF action on flk-1 (intima/media ratio: 2.8+/-0.4 versus 1.4+/-0.4, P<0.05). The inhibition of neointima formation was preceded by significant reduction of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and monocyte infiltration 7 days after injury. Gene transfer of sFlt-1 or treatment of flk-1-specific antibody significantly inhibited VEGF-induced MCP-1 expression determined by RT-PCR in cultured aortic tissue and VSMCs. MCP-1-induced chemotaxis was equivalent between wild-type and Flt-1 TK(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that endogenous VEGF accelerates neointima formation through flk-1 by regulating MCP-1 expression in VSMCs and macrophage-mediated inflammation in injured vascular wall in murine model of wire injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichiro Koga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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159
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Lee MY, San Martin A, Mehta PK, Dikalova AE, Garrido AM, Datla SR, Lyons E, Krause KH, Banfi B, Lambeth JD, Lassègue B, Griendling KK. Mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) contribution to injury-induced neointimal formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:480-7. [PMID: 19150879 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.181925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular NADPH oxidases (Noxes) have been implicated in cardiovascular diseases; however, the importance of individual Nox homologues remains unclear. Here, the role of the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) Nox1 in neointima formation was studied using genetically modified animal models. METHODS AND RESULTS Wire injury-induced neointima formation in the femoral artery, along with proliferation and apoptosis, was reduced in Nox1(y/-) mice, but there was little difference in Tg(SMCnox1) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Proliferation and migration were reduced in cultured Nox1(y/-) VSMCs and increased in Tg(SMCnox1) cells. Tg(SMCnox1) cells exhibited increased fibronectin secretion, but neither collagen I production nor cell adhesion was affected by alteration of Nox1. Using antibody microarray and Western blotting analysis, increased cofilin phosphorylation and mDia1 expression and decreased PAK1 expression were detected in Nox1(y/-) cells. Overexpression of S3A, a constitutively active cofilin mutant, partially recovered reduced migration of Nox1(y/-) cells, suggesting that reduction in cofilin activity contributes to impaired migration of Nox1(y/-) VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Nox1 plays a critical role in neointima formation by mediating VSMC migration, proliferation, and extracellular matrix production, and that cofilin is a major effector of Nox1-mediated migration. Inhibition of Nox1 may be an efficient strategy to suppress neointimal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Yeol Lee
- Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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160
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Schwarz JBK, Langwieser N, Langwieser NN, Bek MJ, Seidl S, Eckstein HH, Lu B, Schömig A, Pavenstädt H, Zohlnhöfer D. Novel role of the CXC chemokine receptor 3 in inflammatory response to arterial injury: involvement of mTORC1. Circ Res 2008; 104:189-200. [PMID: 19059841 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.182683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, restenosis, and posttransplant graft atherosclerosis are characterized by endothelial damage, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and proliferation of smooth muscle cells. The CXCR3-activating chemokines interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 (IP10) and MIG (monokine induced by interferon-gamma) have been implicated in vascular repair and remodeling. The underlying molecular mechanisms, however, remain elusive. Here, we show that wire-mediated arterial injury induced local and systemic expression of IP10 and MIG, resulting in enhanced recruitment of CXCR3(+) leukocytes and hematopoietic progenitor cells. This was accompanied by profound activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC)1, increased reactive oxygen species production, apoptosis, and intimal hyperplasia. Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of CXCR3 signaling not only suppressed recruitment of inflammatory cells but also abolished mTORC1 activation, reduced reactive oxygen species generation, and blocked apoptosis of vascular cells, resulting in significant reduction of intimal hyperplasia in vivo. In vitro, stimulation of T cells with IP10 directly activated mTORC1 and induced generation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in an mTORC1-dependent manner. These results strongly indicate that CXCR3-dependent activation of mTORC1 directly links stimulation of the Th1 immune system with the proliferative response of intimal cells in vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes B K Schwarz
- Deutsches Herzzentrum, 1. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
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161
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Kritz AB, Yu J, Wright PL, Wan S, George SJ, Halliday C, Kang N, Sessa WC, Baker AH. In vivo modulation of Nogo-B attenuates neointima formation. Mol Ther 2008; 16:1798-804. [PMID: 18781142 PMCID: PMC4736735 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nogo-B was recently identified as a novel vascular marker; the normally high vascular expression of Nogo-B is rapidly lost following vascular injury. Here we assess the potential therapeutic effects of Ad-Nogo-B delivery to injured vessels in vivo. Nogo-B overexpression following Ad-Ng-B infection of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was shown to block proliferation and migration in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. We next assessed the effects of Ad-Ng-B treatment on neointima formation in two in vivo models of acute vascular injury. Adventitial delivery of Ad-Ng-B to wire-injured murine femoral arteries led to a significant decrease in the intimal area [0.014 mm(2) versus 0.030 mm(2) (P = 0.049)] and the intima:media ratio [0.78 versus 1.67 (P = 0.038)] as compared to the effects of Ad-beta-Gal control virus at 21 days after injury. Similarly, lumenal delivery of Ad-Ng-B to porcine saphenous veins prior to carotid artery grafting significantly reduced the intimal area [2.87 mm(2) versus 7.44 mm(2) (P = 0.0007)] and the intima:media ratio [0.32 versus 0.55 (P = 0.0044)] as compared to the effects following the delivery of Ad- beta-Gal, at 28 days after grafting. Intimal VSMC proliferation was significantly reduced in both the murine and porcine disease models. Gene delivery of Nogo-B exerts a positive effect on vascular injury-induced remodeling and reduces neointimal development in two arterial and venous models of vascular injury.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/metabolism
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Carotid Arteries/surgery
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis
- Constriction, Pathologic/pathology
- Constriction, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Femoral Artery/metabolism
- Femoral Artery/pathology
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Vectors
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/pathology
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/prevention & control
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myelin Proteins/biosynthesis
- Myelin Proteins/genetics
- Nogo Proteins
- Saphenous Vein/metabolism
- Saphenous Vein/pathology
- Swine
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Tunica Media/metabolism
- Tunica Media/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika B Kritz
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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162
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Harris AK, Shen J, Radford J, Bao S, Hambly BD. GM‐CSF deficiency delays neointima formation in a normolipidemic mouse model of endoluminal endothelial damage. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 87:122-30. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angie K Harris
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Jie Shen
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Jane Radford
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Shisan Bao
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Brett D Hambly
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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163
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Tanaka K, Sata M. Contribution of circulating vascular progenitors in lesion formation and vascular healing: lessons from animal models. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:498-504. [PMID: 18769231 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32830dd566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It is a widely accepted view that vascular repair results from migration and proliferation of adjacent cells in animal models. On the contrary, accumulating evidence suggests that bone marrow can give rise to endothelial-like cells and smooth muscle like cells that potentially contribute to vascular healing, remodeling, and lesion formation under physiological and pathological conditions. The aim of this article is to review recent findings obtained from animal models of vascular diseases regarding bone marrow derived progenitor cells. RECENT FINDINGS Studies using chimeric animals revealed that bone marrow derived cells exist at the sites of vascular healing and lesion formation after injury. High-resolution histological analyses revealed that those bone marrow derived cells do express some markers for endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells. Peripheral mononuclear cells could differentiate into endothelial-like cells or smooth muscle like cells in vitro according to the culture conditions. SUMMARY Circulating progenitors significantly contribute to vascular repair and lesion formation. These findings provide the basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies that involve targeting the mobilization, homing, differentiation, and proliferation of bone marrow- derived vascular progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimie Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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164
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Hic-5, an adaptor protein expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells, modulates the arterial response to injury in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 376:682-7. [PMID: 18812162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion components are targets for biochemical and mechanical stimuli that evoke crucial injury. Hic-5 (hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone 5) is a multidomain adaptor protein which is implicated in the regulation of integrin signaling in focal adhesion. The aim of this research was to test the hypothesis that Hic-5, a focal adhesion LIM protein expressed in smooth muscle cells, is involved in dynamic processes by pathological stimuli in the vessel wall. Here, we describe the analysis of the function of Hic-5 using a mouse model of vascular injury that may mimic balloon angioplasty. At 4 days after vascular injury, marked down-regulation of the Hic-5 expression was observed in the smooth muscle layer, and local delivery of the Hic-5 using adenovirus vectors repressed injury-induced neointimal expansion. In addition, Hic-5 reduced cells migration into three-dimensional collagen gels, and the forced expression of Hic-5 in cells embedded in the collagen gel matrix repressed the expression of uPA that participates in smooth muscle cell migration. These results suggest that Hic-5 modulates cellular responses to pathological stimuli in the vessel wall.
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165
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Murayama H, Takahashi M, Takamoto M, Shiba Y, Ise H, Koyama J, Tagawa YI, Iwakura Y, Ikeda U. Deficiency of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma in bone marrow cells synergistically inhibits neointimal formation following vascular injury. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 80:175-80. [PMID: 18791204 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Neointimal formation after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), termed restenosis, limits therapeutic revascularization. Since it is now known that vascular injury involves an inflammatory response, we examined the role of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the neointimal formation after injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Control (BALB/c), TNF-alpha-deficient (Tnf(-/-)), IFN-gamma-deficient (Ifng(-/-)), or double-deficient (Tnf(-/-)Ifng(-/-)) mice were subjected to wire-mediated vascular injury of the right femoral artery. Neointimal formation after injury was significantly reduced after the injury in the Tnf(-/-)Ifng(-/-) mice, compared to that in the control, Tnf(-/-), and Ifng(-/-) mice. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma were expressed in neointimal lesions in the control mice, but not in mice with deficiency of the corresponding cytokine. No significant difference in re-endothelialization was observed among these groups. The number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the neointimal lesions was significantly decreased in the Tnf(-/-)Ifng(-/-) mice. Bone marrow transplantation experiments revealed that deficiency of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma specifically in bone marrow cells significantly inhibited neointimal formation after vascular injury. CONCLUSION The absence of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in bone marrow cells synergistically inhibits neointimal formation following vascular injury, and thus, may provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying restenosis after PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Murayama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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166
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Yajima N, Takahashi M, Morimoto H, Shiba Y, Takahashi Y, Masumoto J, Ise H, Sagara J, Nakayama J, Taniguchi S, Ikeda U. Critical role of bone marrow apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, an inflammasome adaptor molecule, in neointimal formation after vascular injury in mice. Circulation 2008; 117:3079-87. [PMID: 18541743 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.746453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-18 play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) is an adaptor protein that regulates caspase-1-dependent IL-1 beta and IL-18 generation; however, the role of ASC in vascular injury remains undefined. Here, we investigated the contribution of ASC to neointimal formation after vascular injury in ASC-deficient (ASC(-/-)) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Wire-mediated vascular injury was produced in the femoral artery of ASC(-/-) and wild-type mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that ASC was markedly expressed at the site of vascular injury. Neointimal formation was significantly attenuated in ASC(-/-) mice after injury. IL-1 beta and IL-18 were expressed in the neointimal lesion in wild-type mice but showed decreased expression in the lesion of ASC(-/-) mice. To investigate the contribution of bone marrow-derived cells, we developed bone marrow-transplanted mice and found that neointimal formation was significantly decreased in wild-type mice in which bone marrow was replaced with ASC(-/-) bone marrow cells. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that the proliferation activity of ASC(-/-) vascular smooth muscle cells was not impaired. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that bone marrow-derived ASC is critical for neointimal formation after vascular injury and identify ASC as a novel therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Yajima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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167
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Kim J, Zhang L, Peppel K, Wu JH, Zidar DA, Brian L, DeWire SM, Exum ST, Lefkowitz RJ, Freedman NJ. Beta-arrestins regulate atherosclerosis and neointimal hyperplasia by controlling smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Circ Res 2008; 103:70-9. [PMID: 18519945 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.172338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and arterial injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia involve medial smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration into the arterial intima. Because many 7-transmembrane and growth factor receptors promote atherosclerosis, we hypothesized that the multifunctional adaptor proteins beta-arrestin1 and -2 might regulate this pathological process. Deficiency of beta-arrestin2 in ldlr(-/-) mice reduced aortic atherosclerosis by 40% and decreased the prevalence of atheroma SMCs by 35%, suggesting that beta-arrestin2 promotes atherosclerosis through effects on SMCs. To test this potential atherogenic mechanism more specifically, we performed carotid endothelial denudation in congenic wild-type, beta-arrestin1(-/-), and beta-arrestin2(-/-) mice. Neointimal hyperplasia was enhanced in beta-arrestin1(-/-) mice, and diminished in beta-arrestin2(-/-) mice. Neointimal cells expressed SMC markers and did not derive from bone marrow progenitors, as demonstrated by bone marrow transplantation with green fluorescent protein-transgenic cells. Moreover, the reduction in neointimal hyperplasia seen in beta-arrestin2(-/-) mice was not altered by transplantation with either wild-type or beta-arrestin2(-/-) bone marrow cells. After carotid injury, medial SMC extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and proliferation were increased in beta-arrestin1(-/-) and decreased in beta-arrestin2(-/-) mice. Concordantly, thymidine incorporation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and migration evoked by 7-transmembrane receptors were greater than wild type in beta-arrestin1(-/-) SMCs and less in beta-arrestin2(-/-) SMCs. Proliferation was less than wild type in beta-arrestin2(-/-) SMCs but not in beta-arrestin2(-/-) endothelial cells. We conclude that beta-arrestin2 aggravates atherosclerosis through mechanisms involving SMC proliferation and migration and that these SMC activities are regulated reciprocally by beta-arrestin2 and beta-arrestin1. These findings identify inhibition of beta-arrestin2 as a novel therapeutic strategy for combating atherosclerosis and arterial restenosis after angioplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Kim
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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168
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Mohan S, Reddick RL, Musi N, Horn DA, Yan B, Prihoda TJ, Natarajan M, Abboud-Werner SL. Diabetic eNOS knockout mice develop distinct macro- and microvascular complications. J Transl Med 2008; 88:515-28. [PMID: 18391994 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2008.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional consequences of impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity causing organ-specific abnormalities on a diabetic setting are not completely understood. In this study, we extensively characterized a diabetic mouse model (lepr(db/db)) in which eNOS expression is genetically disrupted (eNOS-/-). The eNOS-/-/ lepr(db/db) double-knockout (DKO) mice developed obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hypertension. Analysis of tissues from DKO mice showed large islets in the pancreas and fat droplets in hepatocytes. Interestingly, the aorta was normal and atherogenic lesions were not observed. Abnormalities in the aorta including poor re-endothelialization and increased medial wall thickness were evident only in response to deliberate injury. In contrast, significant glomerular capillary damage in the kidney was identified, with DKO mice demonstrating a robust diabetic nephropathy similar to human disease. The vascular and renal impairments in DKO mice were pronounced despite lower fasting plasma glucose levels compared to lepr(db/db) mice, indicating that eNOS is a critical determinant of hyperglycemia-induced organ-specific complications and their severity in diabetes. Results provide the first evidence that absence of eNOS in diabetes has a greater deleterious effect on the renal microvasculature than on the larger aortic vessel. The DKO model may suggest novel therapeutic strategies to prevent both vascular and renal complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumathy Mohan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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169
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Shoji M, Iso Y, Kusuyama T, Omori Y, Soda T, Tsunoda F, Sato T, Koba S, Geshi E, Kobayashi Y, Katagiri T, Suzuki H. High-Dose Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor Promotes Neointimal Hyperplasia in the Early Phase and Inhibits Neointimal Hyperplasia in the Late Phase After Vascular Injury. Circ J 2008; 72:1885-93. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-07-1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shoji
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Yoshitaka Iso
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Taro Kusuyama
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Yasutoshi Omori
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Teruko Soda
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Fumiyoshi Tsunoda
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Takatoshi Sato
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Shinji Koba
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Eiichi Geshi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Youichi Kobayashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Katagiri
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital
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170
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Akimoto N, Miyazawa M, Torii T, Toshimitsu Y, Aikawa M, Okada K, Otani Y, Koyama I, Ikada Y. Regeneration of the Inferior Vena Cava with a Bioabsorbable Polymer Implant: A Histological Study. J Surg Res 2008; 144:22-8. [PMID: 17574592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell implantation into ischemic regions has recently been introduced as a novel strategy for therapeutic angiogenesis. Little is known, however, about the process of blood vessel regeneration, particularly that of the inferior vena cava (IVC). The indicators of normal angiogenesis are also unestablished. PURPOSE To investigate the process of regeneration of the IVC from a histological viewpoint and to speculate on how the new formation and regeneration of the blood vessels proceed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our previous studies showed that a bioabsorbable polymer patch implanted into the IVC formed vessels resembling the native IVC (J Gastrointest Surg 2005;9:789). Using this model system, we investigated the histology and time course of IVC regeneration in the graft site. A 3 x 2 portion of infrahepatic IVC was substituted by a bioabsorbable polymer patch of the same size in hybrid pigs. The patched area was excised for histology at 2 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation (n = 3, each). RESULTS By 2 weeks, the patched area had developed vascular endothelial cells of the same type seen in native veins. The polymer implant was still detectable at 2 weeks but histologically absorbed at 3 months. Smooth muscle was barely formed at 2 weeks, but the ratio of smooth muscle to subendothelial connective tissue gradually increased as time advanced to 3, 6, and 12 months. Even at the last observation at 12 months, however, the amount of smooth muscle formed made up no more than one-half of the native IVC. The case with the elastic fibers accounted for about 90% of the total number of native fibers at 12 months. On gross examination, the patched area resembled the native IVC at 3 months after implantation. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that the subendothelial tissue regenerated gradually, requiring more than 1 year to resemble native tissue, whereas the vascular endothelium regenerated in the early phase after injury. Our findings make it possible to establish criteria by which to evaluate venous regeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Absorbable Implants
- Animals
- Blood Vessel Prosthesis
- Collagen/metabolism
- Coloring Agents
- Elasticity
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/surgery
- Eosine Yellowish-(YS)
- Hematoxylin
- Models, Animal
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/surgery
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Polymers
- Regeneration
- Staining and Labeling
- Swine
- Vena Cava, Inferior/cytology
- Vena Cava, Inferior/physiology
- Vena Cava, Inferior/surgery
- Wound Healing
- von Willebrand Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoe Akimoto
- Department of Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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171
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YAMAMOTO Y, WATARI Y, BRYDUN A, YOSHIZUMI M, AKISHITA M, HORIUCHI M, CHAYAMA K, OSHIMA T, OZONO R. Role of the Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor in Arterial Remodeling after Wire Injury in Mice. Hypertens Res 2008; 31:1241-9. [DOI: 10.1291/hypres.31.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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172
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Wang CH, Cherng WJ, Yang NI, Kuo LT, Hsu CM, Yeh HI, Lan YJ, Yeh CH, Stanford WL. Late-Outgrowth Endothelial Cells Attenuate Intimal Hyperplasia Contributed by Mesenchymal Stem Cells After Vascular Injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:54-60. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.147256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives—
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of a number of cell types undergoing extensive investigation for cardiac regeneration therapy. It has not yet been determined whether this cell therapy also substantially contributes to vascular remodeling of diseased vessels.
Methods and Results—
Human MSCs and a variety of progenitor and vascular cells were used for in vitro and in vivo experiments. Wire-induced vascular injury mobilized MSCs into the circulation. Compared with human aortic smooth muscle cells, MSCs exhibited a 2.8-fold increase in the adhesion capacity in vitro (
P
<0.001) and a 6.3-fold increase in vivo (
P
<0.001). In all animal models, a significant amount of MSCs contributed to intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. MSCs were able to differentiate into cells of endothelial or smooth muscle lineage. Coculture experiments demonstrated that late-outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) guided MSCs to differentiate toward an endothelial lineage through a paracrine effects. In vivo, cell therapy with OECs significantly attenuated the thickness of the neointima contributed by MSCs (intima/media ratio, from 3.2±0.4 to 0.4±0.1,
P
<0.001).
Conclusions—
Tissue regeneration therapy with MSCs or cell populations containing MSCs requires a strategy to attenuate the high potential of MSCs to develop intimal hyperplasia on diseased vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hung Wang
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (C.-H.W., W.-J.C., N.-I.Y., L.-T.K., C.-M.H., Y.-J.L., C.-H.Y.), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Keelung, Taiwan; the Mackay Memorial Hospital (H.-I.Y.), Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; and the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (W.L.S.), University of Toronto, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto
| | - Wen-Jin Cherng
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (C.-H.W., W.-J.C., N.-I.Y., L.-T.K., C.-M.H., Y.-J.L., C.-H.Y.), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Keelung, Taiwan; the Mackay Memorial Hospital (H.-I.Y.), Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; and the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (W.L.S.), University of Toronto, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto
| | - Ning-I Yang
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (C.-H.W., W.-J.C., N.-I.Y., L.-T.K., C.-M.H., Y.-J.L., C.-H.Y.), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Keelung, Taiwan; the Mackay Memorial Hospital (H.-I.Y.), Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; and the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (W.L.S.), University of Toronto, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto
| | - Li-Tang Kuo
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (C.-H.W., W.-J.C., N.-I.Y., L.-T.K., C.-M.H., Y.-J.L., C.-H.Y.), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Keelung, Taiwan; the Mackay Memorial Hospital (H.-I.Y.), Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; and the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (W.L.S.), University of Toronto, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto
| | - Chia-Ming Hsu
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (C.-H.W., W.-J.C., N.-I.Y., L.-T.K., C.-M.H., Y.-J.L., C.-H.Y.), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Keelung, Taiwan; the Mackay Memorial Hospital (H.-I.Y.), Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; and the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (W.L.S.), University of Toronto, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto
| | - Hung-I Yeh
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (C.-H.W., W.-J.C., N.-I.Y., L.-T.K., C.-M.H., Y.-J.L., C.-H.Y.), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Keelung, Taiwan; the Mackay Memorial Hospital (H.-I.Y.), Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; and the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (W.L.S.), University of Toronto, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto
| | - Yii-Jenq Lan
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (C.-H.W., W.-J.C., N.-I.Y., L.-T.K., C.-M.H., Y.-J.L., C.-H.Y.), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Keelung, Taiwan; the Mackay Memorial Hospital (H.-I.Y.), Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; and the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (W.L.S.), University of Toronto, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto
| | - Chi-Hsiao Yeh
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (C.-H.W., W.-J.C., N.-I.Y., L.-T.K., C.-M.H., Y.-J.L., C.-H.Y.), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Keelung, Taiwan; the Mackay Memorial Hospital (H.-I.Y.), Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; and the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (W.L.S.), University of Toronto, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto
| | - William L. Stanford
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (C.-H.W., W.-J.C., N.-I.Y., L.-T.K., C.-M.H., Y.-J.L., C.-H.Y.), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Keelung, Taiwan; the Mackay Memorial Hospital (H.-I.Y.), Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; and the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (W.L.S.), University of Toronto, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto
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173
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Inoue S, Nakazawa T, Cho A, Dastvan F, Davastan F, Shilling D, Daum G, Reidy M. Regulation of arterial lesions in mice depends on differential smooth muscle cell migration: a role for sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. J Vasc Surg 2007; 46:756-63. [PMID: 17903653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The response of mice arteries to injury varies significantly between strains. FVB mice develop large neointimas after injury, whereas very small lesions form in C57BL/6 mice. After injury, platelet interaction with the denuded artery and early smooth muscle (SMC) replication are identical in both strains; however, the migration of SMCs differs significantly. FVB cells readily move into the developing neointima, whereas only the occasional C57BL/6 cells migrate. Injured arteries showed no difference in matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and plasminogen activator activities. In vitro, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in combination with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates migration of FVB cells but inhibits migration of C57BL/6 SMCs. Both SMCs migrate equally well to PDGF alone. One explanation is that the SMCs express different S1P receptors. Real-time polymerase chain reaction shows that FVB cells express higher levels of S1P receptor-1 (S1P(1)) compared with C57BL/6 cells, which express higher levels of S1P receptor-2 (S1P(2)). In addition, the migration of C57BL/6 cells can be increased by inhibiting S1P(2), whereas inhibiting S1P(1) expression slows the migration of FVB cells. Taken together these studies suggest that expression of S1P receptors vary within inbred mouse strains and that S1P is critical for SMC migration and lesion formation after injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/physiopathology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Plasminogen Activators/metabolism
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Inoue
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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174
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Yamada T, Kondo T, Numaguchi Y, Tsuzuki M, Matsubara T, Manabe I, Sata M, Nagai R, Murohara T. Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Inhibits Neointimal Hyperplasia Through Regulation of Smooth Muscle–Like Progenitor Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:2363-9. [PMID: 17717297 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.147124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives—
Angiotensin II (ATII) type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker (ARB) has been shown to inhibit neointimal formation. Bone marrow–derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) give rise to smooth muscle (SM)-like cells at injured arterial wall and contribute to neointimal formation. However, role of the renin—angiotensin system in the homing process of SM-like cells during neointimal formation is unknown.
Material and Methods—
When human BM-MNCs and peripheral blood MNCs (PB-MNCs) were cultured under treatment with PDGF-BB and bFGF, these cells gave rise to SM-like cells with expression of αSMA, SMemb, and SM1 proteins. RT-PCR showed the expression of AT1R, ATII type 2 receptor (AT2R), αSMA, and SMemb mRNAs. ATII accelerated the differentiation of SM-like cells, which was inhibited by an ARB CV11974 (
P
<0.05). We then examined the effects of ATII, CV11974, and AT2R antagonist PD123319 on neointimal formation and BM-derived SM-like cell incorporation at injured arteries in vivo. BM from green fluorescence protein (GFP)-transgenic mice was transplanted to irradiated WT mice. GFP-BM chimera mice were subjected to wire injury on the left femoral artery. ATII (100 ng/kg/min) stimulated whereas CV11974 (1 mg/kg/d) inhibited neointimal formation. Number of GFP
+
αSMA
+
cells at neointima correlated with the intima/media ratio (
r
=0.69,
P
<0.05).
Conclusion—
BM-derived SM-like progenitor cells contributed to the neointimal formation after arterial injury. ATII accelerated whereas ARB suppressed this process. These are new aspects of the ARB-mediated inhibition of atherosclerotic disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Yamada
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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175
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Tanaka K, Sata M, Natori T, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Nose K, Shibanuma M, Hirata Y, Nagai R. Circulating progenitor cells contribute to neointimal formation in nonirradiated chimeric mice. FASEB J 2007; 22:428-36. [PMID: 17848623 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6884com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that bone marrow-derived cells may contribute to repair and lesion formation following vascular injury. In most studies, bone marrow-derived cells were tracked by transplanting exogenous cells into bone marrow that had been compromised by irradiation. It remains to be determined whether endogenous circulating progenitors actually contribute to arterial remodeling under physiological conditions. Here, we established a parabiotic model in which two mice were conjoined subcutaneously without any vascular anastomosis. When wild-type mice were joined with transgenic mice that expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) in all tissues, GFP-positive cells were detected not only in the peripheral blood but also in the bone marrow of the wild-type mice. The femoral arteries of the wild-type mice were mechanically injured by insertion of a large wire. At 4 wk, there was neointima hyperplasia that mainly consisted of alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells. GFP-positive cells were readily detected in the neointima (14.8+/-4.5%) and media (31.1+/-8.8%) of the injured artery. Some GFP-positive cells expressed alpha-smooth muscle actin or an endothelial cell marker. These results indicate that circulating progenitors contribute to re-endothelialization and neointimal formation after mechanical vascular injury even in nonirradiated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimie Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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176
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Qian H, Yang Y, Li J, Huang J, Dou K, Yang G. The role of vascular stem cells in atherogenesis and post-angioplasty restenosis. Ageing Res Rev 2007; 6:109-27. [PMID: 17324640 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2006] [Revised: 09/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that atherosclerosis prevails in elderly populations as ageing acts as a recognized risk factor for this disease. Although the pathogenic factors leading to atherosclerosis are highly heterogeneous, traditionally speaking, the causative risk factors include hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and smoking, which can damage to endothelial function, and subsequently promote lipid penetration and inflammatory cell infiltration. Damaged endothelial cells (ECs) may be replaced by neighboring cell division, while damaged smooth muscle cells (SMCs) may be replaced by medial SMCs emigrating into the intima during atherogenesis. However, this standpoint is challenged by recent findings that vascular progenitor/stem cells (VPCs) may contribute to atherogenesis and post-angioplasty restenosis. VPCs are a group of primitive cells that have the potential to produce mature, functional cells in the vascular wall. VPCs residing in bone marrow, vascular wall or circulating in the peripheral blood may be stimulated by a variety of pathogenic factors. These stem cells then participate in regeneration, repair and remodeling of the injured arterial wall. This new concept may bring about a great breakthrough in understanding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and develop novel therapeutic strategies for coronary heart disease. This article will mainly review the role of VPCs in atherogenesis, thus providing a novel understanding about the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital and Cardiovascular Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 167 BeiLiShi Road, Beijing 100037, PR China
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177
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Zou Y, Qi Y, Roztocil E, Nicholl SM, Davies MG. Patterns of kinase activation induced by injury in the murine femoral artery. J Surg Res 2007; 142:332-40. [PMID: 17631902 PMCID: PMC2048817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimal hyperplasia remains the principal lesion in the development of restenosis after vessel wall injury. Cell signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells remains a potential molecular target to modulate the development of intimal hyperplasia. The aim of this study was to define a baseline pattern of histological changes and kinase activation in a murine model. METHODS The murine femoral wire injury model was used in which a microwire was passed through a branch of the femoral artery and used to denude the common femoral artery. Pluronic gel was used to apply mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) inhibitors (PD98059, SB230580, and SP600125) on the exterior of the vessels. Specimens were perfusion-fixed and sections were stained for morphometry using an ImagePro system. Additional specimens of femoral artery were also harvested and snap frozen for Western blotting and zymography to allow for the study of kinase and protease activation. Contralateral vessels were used as controls. RESULTS The injured femoral arteries developed intimal hyperplasia, which is maximal at 28 days and does not change substantially between day 28 and day 56. Sham-operated vessels did not produce such a response. Cell apoptosis peaked within 3 days and cell proliferation peaked at 7 days after injury. There is a time-dependent increase in kinase activity immediately after injury. MEK1/2 activation peaks at 20 min after injury and is followed by a peak in extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 activation at 45 min. The stress kinases p38(MAPK) and JNK peak between 10 and 20 min. Activation of akt is later at 45 min and 120 min and activation of p70S6K was biphasic. There was a time-dependent increase in uPA/PAI-1 expression and activity after injury. Local application of MAPK inhibitors (PD98059, SB230580, and SP600125) within a pluronic gel reduced respective MAPK activity, decreased cell proliferation and enhanced cell apoptosis, increased PAI-1, and decreased uPA expression and activity; at 14 days there was a decrease in intimal hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that femoral wire injury in the mouse induces a consistent model of intimal hyperplasia and that it is associated with a time dependent increase in signaling kinase activity. Interruption of these pathways will interrupt the uPA/PAI-1 pathway and decrease intimal hyperplasia development. Accurate characterization of cell signaling is a necessary step in the development of molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Zou
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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178
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Aihara KI, Azuma H, Akaike M, Ikeda Y, Sata M, Takamori N, Yagi S, Iwase T, Sumitomo Y, Kawano H, Yamada T, Fukuda T, Matsumoto T, Sekine K, Sato T, Nakamichi Y, Yamamoto Y, Yoshimura K, Watanabe T, Nakamura T, Oomizu A, Tsukada M, Hayashi H, Sudo T, Kato S, Matsumoto T. Strain-dependent embryonic lethality and exaggerated vascular remodeling in heparin cofactor II-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1514-26. [PMID: 17549254 PMCID: PMC1878511 DOI: 10.1172/jci27095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin cofactor II (HCII) specifically inhibits thrombin action at sites of injured arterial wall, and patients with HCII deficiency exhibit advanced atherosclerosis. However, the in vivo effects and the molecular mechanism underlying the action of HCII during vascular remodeling remain elusive. To clarify the role of HCII in vascular remodeling, we generated HCII-deficient mice by gene targeting. In contrast to a previous report, HCII(-/-) mice were embryonically lethal. In HCII(+/-) mice, prominent intimal hyperplasia with increased cellular proliferation was observed after tube cuff and wire vascular injury. The number of protease-activated receptor-1-positive (PAR-1-positive) cells was increased in the thickened vascular wall of HCII(+/-) mice, suggesting enhanced thrombin action in this region. Cuff injury also increased the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the vascular wall of HCII(+/-) mice. The intimal hyperplasia in HCII(+/-) mice with vascular injury was abrogated by human HCII supplementation. Furthermore, HCII deficiency caused acceleration of aortic plaque formation with increased PAR-1 expression and oxidative stress in apoE-KO mice. These results demonstrate that HCII protects against thrombin-induced remodeling of an injured vascular wall by inhibiting thrombin action and suggest that HCII is potentially therapeutic against atherosclerosis without causing coagulatory disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Aihara
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Azuma
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masashi Akaike
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ikeda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takamori
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shusuke Yagi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwase
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuka Sumitomo
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kawano
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toru Fukuda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sekine
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakamichi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Watanabe
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akimasa Oomizu
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Minoru Tsukada
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sudo
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Kato
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshio Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences and
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
Benesis Corp., Osaka, Japan.
First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
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179
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Hosoda C, Hiroyama M, Sanbe A, Birumachi JI, Kitamura T, Cotecchia S, Simpson PC, Tsujimoto G, Tanoue A. Blockade of both α1A- and α1B-adrenergic receptor subtype signaling is required to inhibit neointimal formation in the mouse femoral artery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H514-9. [PMID: 17384126 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00626.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Attenuation of early restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is important for the successful treatment of coronary artery disease. Some clinical studies have shown that hypertension is a risk factor for early restenosis after PCI. These findings suggest that α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs) may facilitate restenosis after PCI because of α1-AR's remarkable contribution to the onset of hypertension. In this study, we examined the neointimal formation after vascular injury in the femoral artery of α1A-knockout (α1A-KO), α1B-KO, α1D-KO, α1A-/α1B-AR double-KO (α1AB-KO), and wild-type mice to investigate the functional role of each α1-AR subtype in neointimal formation, which is known to promote restenosis. Neointimal formation 4 wk after wire injury was significantly ( P < 0.05) smaller in α1AB-KO mice than in any other group of mice, while blood pressures were not altered in any of the groups of mice after wire injury compared with those before it. These results suggest that lack of both α1A- and α1B-ARs could be necessary to inhibit neointimal formation in the mouse femoral artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Hosoda
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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180
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Korshunov VA, Schwartz SM, Berk BC. Vascular remodeling: hemodynamic and biochemical mechanisms underlying Glagov's phenomenon. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1722-8. [PMID: 17541029 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.106.129254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
An important concept for vascular remodeling, termed Glagov's phenomenon, is that arteries remodel to maintain constant flow despite increases in atherosclerotic lesion mass. Although Glagov's phenomenon was originally described only for the case of arterial remodeling in response to growth of atherosclerotic plaques, experimental and clinical observations indicate that blood flow properties influence remodeling after angioplasty, hypertension, and flow diversion as well as atherosclerotic plaque progression. This review attempts to define Glagov's observation in terms of the physical parameters of blood in conduit arteries that must determine the remodeling response. Next we review experiments that have begun to identify specific molecules that influence vascular remodeling and therefore may serve as mediators for the phenomena. More comprehensive analyses of the specific molecular pathways in the vessels that determine constant flow may provide new therapeutic approaches to regulate vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav A Korshunov
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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181
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Budhani F, Leonard KA, Bergdahl A, Gao J, Lawler J, Davis EC. Vascular response to intra-arterial injury in the thrombospondin-1 null mouse. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007; 43:210-4. [PMID: 17583726 PMCID: PMC2045697 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a multifunctional, extracellular matrix protein that has been implicated in the regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and differentiation during vascular development and injury. Vascular injury in wildtype and TSP-1 null mice was carried out by insertion of a straight spring guidewire into the femoral artery via a muscular arterial branch. Blood flow was restored after the muscular branch was ligated. The injury completely denuded the endothelium and caused medial distension of the vessel in a manner similar to coronary artery balloon-angioplasty. After 28 days, wildtype arteries showed consistent neointima formation with smooth muscle cell hyperplasia. Injured arteries from TSP-1 null mice showed similar neointimal lesions with no significant difference in the extent of neointima formation. Unexpectedly, a high incidence of thrombus formation was observed in the TSP-1 null vessels in a region close to the entry point of the guidewire into the femoral artery. Thrombus was never observed in the injured wildtype vessels. These results provide in vivo evidence that the extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation following endothelial denuding injury is not affected by the absence of TSP-1. Furthermore, our results provide novel evidence for the involvement of TSP-1 in controlling thrombus growth following intra-arterial injury in areas of predicted high turbulent flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Budhani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B2
| | - Katherine A. Leonard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B2
| | - Andreas Bergdahl
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B2
| | - Jimin Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Jack Lawler
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02215
| | - Elaine C. Davis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B2
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Elaine C. Davis, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2, phone: 514-398-5893, fax: 514-398-5047, E-mail:
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182
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Ali ZA, Alp NJ, Lupton H, Arnold N, Bannister T, Hu Y, Mussa S, Wheatcroft M, Greaves DR, Gunn J, Channon KM. Increased In-Stent Stenosis in ApoE Knockout Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:833-40. [PMID: 17204666 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000257135.39571.5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop and validate a model of angioplasty and stenting in mice that would allow investigation of the response to stent injury using genetically modified mouse strains. METHODS AND RESULTS Aortic segments from either C57BL/6 wild-type or atherosclerotic ApoE-KO mice underwent balloon angioplasty alone or balloon angioplasty and stenting with a 1.25x2.5 mm stainless steel stent. Vessels were carotid-interposition grafted into genetically identical littermate recipients and harvested at 1, 7, 14, or 28 days. In wild-type mice, stenting generated an inflammatory vascular injury response between days 1 to 7, leading to the development of neointimal hyperplasia by day 14, which further increased in area by day 28 leading to the development of in-stent stenosis. Uninjured vessels and vessels injured by balloon angioplasty alone developed minimal neointimal hyperplasia. In stented ApoE-KO mice, neointimal area at 28 days was 30% greater compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS By reproducing important features of human stenting in atherosclerotic mice, we provide the potential to investigate molecular pathways and evaluate novel therapeutic targets for stent injury and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad A Ali
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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183
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Suzuki T, Nishi T, Nagino T, Sasaki K, Aizawa K, Kada N, Sawaki D, Munemasa Y, Matsumura T, Muto S, Sata M, Miyagawa K, Horikoshi M, Nagai R. Functional Interaction between the Transcription Factor Krüppel-like Factor 5 and Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 in Cardiovascular Apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:9895-9901. [PMID: 17283079 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608098200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is a transcription factor important in regulation of the cardiovascular response to external stress. KLF5 regulates pathological cell growth, and its acetylation is important for this effect. Its mechanisms of action, however, are still unclear. Analysis in KLF5-deficient mice showed that KLF5 confers apoptotic resistance in vascular lesions. Mechanistic analysis further showed that it specifically interacts with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a nuclear enzyme important in DNA repair and apoptosis. KLF5 interacted with a proteolytic fragment of PARP-1, and acetylation of KLF5 under apoptotic conditions increased their affinity. Moreover, KLF5 wild-type (but not a non-acetylatable point mutant) inhibited apoptosis as induced by the PARP-1 fragment. Collectively, we have found that KLF5 regulates apoptosis and targets PARP-1, and further, for acetylation to regulate these effects. Our findings thus implicate functional interaction between the transcription factor KLF5 and PARP-1 in cardiovascular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Clinical Bioinformatics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Nishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nagino
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kana Sasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kenichi Aizawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Nanae Kada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Daigo Sawaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Munemasa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Matsumura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Muto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Miyagawa
- Department of Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masami Horikoshi
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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184
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Tanaka K, Sata M. Therapeutic Application of Bone Marrow-derived Progenitor Cells for Vascular Diseases: Magicbullets Having the Good Without the Bad? INT J GERONTOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1873-9598(08)70019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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185
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Konishi H, Sydow K, Cooke JP. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase promotes endothelial repair after vascular injury. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49:1099-105. [PMID: 17349891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine if a reduction in asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) enhances endothelial regeneration. BACKGROUND Asymmetric dimethylarginine is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Increased plasma levels of ADMA are associated with endothelial vasodilator dysfunction in patients with vascular disease or risk factors. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is eliminated largely by the action of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), which exists in 2 isoforms. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 transgenic (TG) mice manifest increased DDAH activity, reduced plasma and tissue ADMA levels, increased nitric oxide synthesis, and reduced systemic vascular resistance. METHODS The left femoral arteries of DDAH1 TG mice and wild-type (WT) mice were injured by a straight spring wire, and regeneration of the endothelial cell (EC) monolayer was assessed. Endothelial sprouting was assayed with growth factor-reduced Matrigel. RESULTS Regeneration of the EC monolayer was more complete 1 week after injury in TG mice (WT vs. TG: 40.0 +/- 6.5% vs. 61.2 +/- 6.4%, p < 0.05). The number of CD45 positive cells at the injured sites was reduced by 62% in DDAH TG mice (p < 0.05). Four weeks after injury, the neointima area and intima/media ratio were attenuated in DDAH TG mice (WT vs. TG: 0.049 +/- 0.050 mm2 vs. 0.031 +/- 0.060 mm2, 3.1 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.2, respectively, p < 0.05). Endothelial cell sprouting from vascular segments increased in TG mice (WT vs. TG: 24.3 +/- 3.9 vs. 39.0 +/- 2.2, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We find for the first time an important role for DDAH in EC regeneration and in neointima formation. Strategies to enhance DDAH expression or activity might be useful in restoring the endothelial monolayer and in treating vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakuoh Konishi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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186
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Wang CH, Verma S, Hsieh IC, Hung A, Cheng TT, Wang SY, Liu YC, Stanford WL, Weisel RD, Li RK, Cherng WJ. Stem cell factor attenuates vascular smooth muscle apoptosis and increases intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:540-7. [PMID: 17204664 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000257148.01384.7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stem cell factor (SCF) through its cognate receptor, the tyrosine kinase c-kit, promotes survival and biological functions of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors. However, whether SCF/c-kit interactions exacerbate intimal hyperplasia through attenuating VSMC apoptosis induced by vascular injury has not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS VSMCs were stimulated with serum deprivation and H2O2 to induce apoptosis. The transcription of c-kit mRNA and the expression of the c-kit protein by VSMCs were estimated by Q-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. The interactions of SCF and c-kit were investigated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro, H2O2 stimulation significantly induced apoptosis of VSMCs as evidenced by the 3- and 3.2-fold increases of cleaved caspase-3 compared with those in the control group by Western blot and flow cytometric analyses, respectively (P<0.01). Stimulation of apoptosis also caused 3.5- and 9-fold increases in c-kit mRNA transcription and protein expression, respectively, by VSMCs compared with those in the control group. Administration of SCF (10 to 1000 ng/mL) significantly lowered the amount of cleaved caspase-3 in H2O2-treated VSMCs (P<0.01). Specifically, SCF exerted this effect through activating Akt, followed by increasing Bcl-2 and then inhibiting the release of cytochrome-c from the mitochondria to the cytosol. In vivo, the mouse femoral artery was injured with a wire in SCF mutant (Sl/Sl(d)), c-kit mutant (W/W(v)), and colony control mice. In colony control mice, confocal microscopy demonstrated that the wire-injury generated a remarkable activation of caspase-3 on medial VSMCs, coinciding with upregulation of c-kit expression. The wire-injury also caused an increase in the expression of SCF on surviving medial VSMCs and cells in the adventitia. The upregulated c-kit expression in the vessel wall also facilitated homing by circulating SCF+ cells. Compared with colony control mice, vascular injury in SCF mutant and c-kit mutant mice caused a higher number of apoptotic VSMCs on day 14 and a lower number of proliferating cells, and resulted in significantly less neointimal formation (P<0.01) on day 28. CONCLUSIONS The interactions between SCF and the c-kit receptor play an important role in protecting VSMCs against apoptosis and in maintaining intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hung Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 222 Mai Chin Road, Keelung, Taiwan.
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187
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Dover AR, Hadoke PWF, Macdonald LJ, Miller E, Newby DE, Walker BR. Intravascular glucocorticoid metabolism during inflammation and injury in mice. Endocrinology 2007; 148:166-72. [PMID: 17008390 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11betaHSDs) catalyze interconversion of 11-hydroxy-glucocorticoids with inactive 11-keto metabolites. In blood vessel walls, loss of 11betaHSD1 is thought to reduce local glucocorticoid concentrations, reducing the progression of atheroma and enhancing angiogenesis. Conversely, on the basis that 11betaHSD1 is up-regulated approximately 5-fold by inflammatory cytokines in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells, it has been proposed that increased 11betaHSD1 during vascular inflammation provides negative feedback suppression of inflammation. We aimed to determine whether inflammation and injury selectively up-regulate 11betaHSD1 reductase activity in vitro and in vivo in intact vascular tissue in mice. In isolated mouse aortae and femoral arteries, reductase activity (converting 11-dehydrocorticosterone to corticosterone) was approximately 10-fold higher than dehydrogenase activity and was entirely accounted for by 11betaHSD1 because it was abolished in vessels from 11betaHSD1(-/-) mice. Although 11betaHSD1 activity was up-regulated by proinflammatory cytokines in cultured murine aortic smooth muscle cells, no such effect was evident in intact aortic rings in vitro. Moreover, after systemic inflammation induced by ip lipopolysaccharide injection, there was only a modest (18%) increase in 11beta-reductase activity in the aorta and no increase in the perfused hindlimb. Furthermore, in femoral arteries in which neointimal proliferation was induced by intraluminal injury, there was no change in basal 11betaHSD1 activity or the sensitivity of 11betaHSD1 to cytokine up-regulation. We conclude that increased generation of glucocorticoids by 11betaHSD1 in the murine vessel wall is unlikely to contribute to feedback regulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Dover
- Clinical Lecturer, Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
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188
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Osaka M, Hagita S, Haraguchi M, Kajimura M, Suematsu M, Yoshida M. Real-time imaging of mechanically injured femoral artery in mice reveals a biphasic pattern of leukocyte accumulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 292:H1876-82. [PMID: 17172278 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00708.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wire injury of an artery has been recognized as a standard model of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis; however, the mechanism of leukocyte recruitment has not been studied in this model. In this study, we documented the recruitment of leukocytes to the murine femoral artery after a wire injury. A transluminal mechanical injury was generated by insertion of a wire into the femoral artery of male C57BL/6J mice. The mice were anesthetized and ventilated after tracheotomy and protected from hypothermia by a warming lamp. Body temperature and blood pH did not significantly change during the experiment. The interaction between rhodamine 6G-labeled leukocytes and the injured femoral artery was monitored using an epifluorescent microscope, and the images were evaluated using a computer-assisted image analysis program. In the absence of injury, virtually no leukocyte adhesion was observed. In contrast, the number of adherent leukocytes increased 4 and 24 h after injury and declined 72 h after injury. The rolling flux of leukocytes increased 4 h after injury and remained high up to 7 days, but it was faster 72 h after injury. We identified another peak of leukocyte adhesion 7 days after injury. Injection of anti-P-selectin antibody significantly reduced leukocyte adhesion at the early and later phases. In conclusion, we have established a novel experimental system for direct observation of leukocyte recruitment to the injured femoral artery. Our system revealed a previously undetected, unique profile of leukocyte recruitment during vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuko Osaka
- Life Science and Bioethics Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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189
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Sedding D, Daniel JM, Muhl L, Hersemeyer K, Brunsch H, Kemkes-Matthes B, Braun-Dullaeus RC, Tillmanns H, Weimer T, Preissner KT, Kanse SM. The G534E polymorphism of the gene encoding the factor VII-activating protease is associated with cardiovascular risk due to increased neointima formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2801-7. [PMID: 17145954 PMCID: PMC2118185 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The G534E polymorphism (Marburg I [MI]) of factor VII–activating protease (FSAP) is associated with carotid stenosis and cardiovascular disease. We have previously demonstrated that FSAP is present in atherosclerotic plaques and it is a potent inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle proliferation and migration in vitro. The effect of wild-type (WT)- and MI-FSAP on neointima formation in the mouse femoral artery after wire-induced injury was investigated. Local application of WT-FSAP led to a 70% reduction in the neointima formation, and this effect was dependent on the protease activity of FSAP. MI-FSAP did not inhibit neointima formation in vivo. This is due to a reduced proteolytic activity of MI-FSAP, compared to WT-FSAP, toward platelet-derived growth factor BB, a key mediator of neointima development. The inability of MI-FSAP to inhibit vascular smooth muscle accumulation explains the observed linkage between the MI-polymorphism and increased cardiovascular risk. Hence, FSAP has a protective function in the vasculature, and analysis of MI polymorphism is likely to be clinically relevant in restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sedding
- Institute for Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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190
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Paszkowiak JJ, Maloney SP, Kudo FA, Muto A, Teso D, Rutland RC, Westvik TS, Pimiento JM, Tellides G, Sessa WC, Dardik A. Evidence supporting changes in Nogo-B levels as a marker of neointimal expansion but not adaptive arterial remodeling. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 46:293-301. [PMID: 17207665 PMCID: PMC1839844 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Both neointimal hyperplasia and inward remodeling contribute to restenosis and lumen loss. Nogo-B has been recently described as an inhibitor of vascular injury and neointimal hyperplasia. To determine whether Nogo-B expression may be a mediator of inward remodeling, we examine the localization of expression of Nogo-B in an in vivo model that examines both neointimal hyperplasia and inward remodeling. The rabbit carotid artery was subjected to balloon injury, outflow branch ligation to reduce flow, or both balloon injury and reduction in flow. In balloon injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia Nogo-B expression was reduced in the intima and media but stimulated in the adventitia. In low flow-induced inward remodeling medial Nogo-B expression was not reduced and adventitial Nogo-B expression was not stimulated. Low flow significantly augmented balloon injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia and was accompanied by reduced intimal and medial Nogo-B expression, and increased adventitial Nogo-B expression in both smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Low flow-induced inward remodeling is not associated with changes in medial Nogo-B expression and is distinct from injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia. Pharmacological strategies to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis using normal flow models may only partially account for lumen loss and therefore may not accurately predict responses in patients with extensive outflow disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen P. Maloney
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Fabio A. Kudo
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Akihito Muto
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Desarom Teso
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Reuben C. Rutland
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Tormod S. Westvik
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jose M. Pimiento
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - George Tellides
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - William C. Sessa
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Alan Dardik
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
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191
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Bodary PF, Shen Y, Ohman M, Bahrou KL, Vargas FB, Cudney SS, Wickenheiser KJ, Myers MG, Eitzman DT. Leptin regulates neointima formation after arterial injury through mechanisms independent of blood pressure and the leptin receptor/STAT3 signaling pathways involved in energy balance. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 27:70-6. [PMID: 17095713 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000252068.89775.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone critical for energy homeostasis and implicated in vascular disease processes. The relevant cellular leptin receptor pools and signaling pathways involved in leptin-related vascular phenotypes in vivo are unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Arterial injury was induced in wild-type (wt), leptin-deficient (lep(ob/ob)), and leptin receptor-deficient (lepr(db/db)) mice. Compared with wt mice, lep(ob/ob) and lepr(db/db) mice were protected from the development of neointima. Bone marrow transplantation experiments between wt and lepr(db/db) mice indicated that the vascular protection in lepr(db/db) mice was not attributable to lack of leptin receptor expression on bone marrow-derived elements. To investigate the role of the lepr-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in the response to vascular injury, lepr(s/s) mice homozygous for a leptin receptor defective in STAT3 signaling underwent femoral arterial injury. Despite similar obesity and blood pressure levels, the neointimal area in lepr(s/s) mice was significantly increased compared with lepr(db/db) mice. CONCLUSIONS The molecular mechanism by which the leptin receptor mediates neointima formation and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation is largely independent of the STAT3-dependent signaling pathways involved in energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Bodary
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, USA
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192
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Shiba Y, Takahashi M, Yoshioka T, Yajima N, Morimoto H, Izawa A, Ise H, Hatake K, Motoyoshi K, Ikeda U. M-CSF accelerates neointimal formation in the early phase after vascular injury in mice: the critical role of the SDF-1-CXCR4 system. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 27:283-9. [PMID: 17053169 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000250606.70669.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) has been shown to stimulate differentiation and proliferation of monocyte/macrophage lineage and to be involved in the process of neointimal formation after vascular injury, we tested the effects of M-CSF on the recruitment of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in neointimal formation after vascular injury in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Wire-mediated vascular injury was produced in the femoral artery of C57BL/6 mice. Recombinant human M-CSF [500 microg/(kg x day)] or saline (control) was administered for 10 consecutive days, starting 4 days before the injury. Treatment with M-CSF accelerated neointimal formation in the early phase after injury, and this neointimal lesion mainly consisted of bone marrow-derived cells. M-CSF treatment had no effect on the mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs: CD34+/Flk-1+) and reendothelialization after injury. The stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) was markedly expressed in the neointima and media after injury, whereas CXCR4+ cells were observed in the neointima. Further, a novel CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, significantly attenuated the M-CSF-induced neointimal formation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that M-CSF accelerated neointimal formation after vascular injury via the SDF-1-CXCR4 system, and the inhibition of this system has therapeutic potential for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzylamines
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/physiology
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Cyclams
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/physiology
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/drug effects
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/drug effects
- Stem Cells/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- Tunica Intima/cytology
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shiba
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Organ Regeneration, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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193
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Matter CM, Ma L, von Lukowicz T, Meier P, Lohmann C, Zhang D, Kilic U, Hofmann E, Ha SW, Hersberger M, Hermann DM, Lüscher TF. Increased Balloon-Induced Inflammation, Proliferation, and Neointima Formation in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) Knockout Mice. Stroke 2006; 37:2625-32. [PMID: 16946151 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000241068.50156.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The pathophysiology of vascular lesions after balloon angioplasty remains poorly understood. A major limitation of most experimental studies in this regard is that injury was assessed in healthy arteries. Our aim was to study the effects of hypercholesterolemia in a mouse vascular injury model that mimics human balloon angioplasty. METHODS Carotid balloon distension was performed in wild-type (WT) mice on a normal diet (ND), in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice on ND and in ApoE-/- mice fed a high cholesterol diet (CD). RESULTS Medial cell death (TUNEL) was elevated in all mice at 1 hour and 1 day after angioplasty without differences between the groups. We found enhanced intimal inflammation (%CD45-positive cells) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression at 7 days (P < 0.05; n > or = 4) as well as increased proliferation rates (BrdU-index) in ApoE-/- CD at 7 and 28 days postinjury (P < 0.05; n > or = 5). Four weeks after injury, these events led to enhanced neointima in ApoE-/- CD compared with WT ND mice (intima/media, P < 0.001; n > or = 8). The amount of lesion formation paralleled the incremental increase in total plasma cholesterol in WT ND, ApoE-/- ND and ApoE-/- CD (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Carotid balloon distension injury in ApoE-/- mice on CD induced enhanced inflammation and proliferation leading to increased neointima. Further applications of this microballoon catheter in genetically modified mice will provide opportunities to elucidate molecular mechanisms of vascular lesion formation in a model that reflects clinical balloon angioplasty. This know-how may pave the way to catheter-based interventions of human microvessels in the peripheral or cerebral circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Matter
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, Zurich University and Cardiology CardioVascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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194
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Kosuge H, Suzuki JI, Haraguchi G, Koga N, Maejima Y, Inobe M, Isobe M, Uede T. Critical role of inducible costimulator signaling in the development of arteriosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:2660-5. [PMID: 16990558 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000245805.52081.ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and migration and accumulation of monocytes and T cells are landmark events in the development of arteriosclerosis. SMC proliferation in the intima induces interruption of blood flow and results in ischemia and graft rejection. Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is a major costimulator of T cell activation. However, the effect of costimulatory molecules on the formation of neointimal hyperplasia has not been fully elucidated. We examined the role of the ICOS pathway in SMC proliferation. METHODS AND RESULTS ICOS ligand (ICOSL) was detected in SMCs stimulated by interleukin (IL)-1beta, and coculture of stimulated SMCs and activated T cells induced SMC proliferation. Inhibition of the ICOS pathway resulted in inhibition of SMC proliferation. In models of transplantation and vascular injury, ICOSL was induced in SMCs in the neointima. Expression of IL-1beta, a key inducer of ICOSL expression, was significantly reduced in mice treated with anti-ICOS antibody or soluble form of ICOS (ICOSIg) and in ICOS-deficient mice. Inhibition of the ICOS pathway significantly suppressed neointimal thickening. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that ICOS on activated T cells contributes to neointimal formation through the regulation of SMC proliferation. These findings provide insights into new therapeutic strategies for arteriosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Arteriosclerosis/etiology
- Arteriosclerosis/genetics
- Arteriosclerosis/metabolism
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Cell Communication/drug effects
- Cell Communication/physiology
- Cell Proliferation
- Coculture Techniques
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Hyperplasia/pathology
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Interleukin-1beta/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Kosuge
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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195
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Arakawa N, Katsuyama M, Matsuno K, Urao N, Tabuchi Y, Okigaki M, Matsubara H, Yabe-Nishimura C. Novel transcripts of Nox1 are regulated by alternative promoters and expressed under phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem J 2006; 398:303-10. [PMID: 16724959 PMCID: PMC1550311 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase is implicated in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular disorders. In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), expression of NOX1 (NADPH oxidase 1), a catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase, is low and is induced upon stimulation by vasoactive factors, while it is abundantly expressed in colon epithelial cells. To clarify the regulatory mechanisms underlying such cell-specific expression, the upstream regions directing transcription of the NOX1 gene were explored. In P53LMACO1 cells, a cell line originated from mouse VSMCs, two novel Nox1 mRNA species, the c- and f-type, were isolated. These transcripts contained 5'-untranslated regions that differed from the colon type mRNA (a-type) and encoded an additional N-terminal peptide of 28 amino acids. When these transcripts were fused to the c-myc tag and expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, a fraction of translated proteins demonstrated the size containing the additional peptide. Proteins encoded by the c- and f-type mRNAs exhibited superoxide-producing activities equivalent to the activity of the a-type form. The a-type mRNA was expressed in the colon and in the intact aorta, whereas the c-type mRNA was detected in the primary cultured VSMCs migrated from aortic explants, in vascular tissue of a wire-injury model and in the thoracic aorta of mice infused with angiotensin II. The promoter region of the c-type mRNA exhibited transcriptional activity in P53LMACO1 cells, but not in MCE301 cells, a mouse colon epithelial cell line. These results suggest that expression of the Nox1 gene is regulated by alternative promoters and that the novel c-type transcript is induced under phenotypic modulation of VSMCs.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/genetics
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Exons/genetics
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/blood supply
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/genetics
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidase 1
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Arakawa
- *Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masato Katsuyama
- *Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kuniharu Matsuno
- *Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Norifumi Urao
- †Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- ‡Division for Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Okigaki
- †Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsubara
- †Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yabe-Nishimura
- *Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Takaoka M, Uemura S, Kawata H, Imagawa KI, Takeda Y, Nakatani K, Naya N, Horii M, Yamano S, Miyamoto Y, Yoshimasa Y, Saito Y. Inflammatory Response to Acute Myocardial Infarction Augments Neointimal Hyperplasia After Vascular Injury in a Remote Artery. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:2083-9. [PMID: 16778119 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000232528.93786.0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is currently the most widely accepted treatment for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It remains unclear, however, whether post-AMI conditions might exacerbate neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis following PCI. Given that both a medial smooth muscle cell lineage and a bone marrow (BM)-derived hematopoietic stem cell lineage are now thought to contribute to neointima formation, the primary aims of the present study were to determine whether AMI augments neointimal hyperplasia at sites of arterial injury, and whether BM-derived cells contribute to that process.
Methods and Results—
We simultaneously generated models of AMI and arterial injury in the same mice, some of which had received BM transplantation. We found that AMI augments neointimal hyperplasia at sites of femoral artery injury by &35% (
P
<0.05), but that while BM-derived cells contributed to neointimal hyperplasia, they did not contribute to the AMI-related augmentation. Expression of interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA was &7-fold higher in the neointimas of mice subjected to both AMI and arterial injury than in those of mice subjected to arterial injury alone. In addition, we observed increased synthesis of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α within infarcted hearts and TNF-α receptor type 1 (TNFR1) within injured arteries. Chronic treatment with pentoxifylline, which mainly inhibits TNF-α synthesis, reduced levels of circulating TNF-α and attenuated neointimal hyperplasia after AMI.
Conclusions—
Conditions after AMI could exacerbate postangioplasty restenosis, not by increasing mobilization of BM-derived cells, but by stimulating signaling via TNF-α, TNFR1 and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Takaoka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 84 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
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Pires NMM, Jukema JW, Daemen MJAP, Quax PHA. Drug-eluting stents studies in mice: Do we need atherosclerosis to study restenosis? Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 44:257-64. [PMID: 16527546 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2001, the first human study with drug-eluting stents (DES) was published showing a nearly complete abolition of restenosis by using a sirolimus-eluting stent. This success was very encouraging to test new compounds in combination with the DES platform. Nevertheless, several other anti-restenotic compounds have been used in human clinical trials with disappointing outcomes. Little is known concerning potential adverse effects on vessel wall integrity and (re)healing, atherosclerotic lesion formation, progression, and plaque stability of these DES. Although efficacy and safety need to be determined clinically, preclinical testing of candidate drugs in well-defined animal models is extremely helpful to gain insight into the basic biological responses to candidate compounds. Here, we discuss and report an animal model which enables rapid screening of candidate drugs for DES on an atherosclerotic background. The results from drug testing using this novel model could help to quickly and cost-effectively establish the dose range of candidate drugs with reasonable potential for DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M M Pires
- TNO-Quality of Life, Gaubius Laboratory, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
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199
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Varcoe RL, Mikhail M, Guiffre AK, Pennings G, Vicaretti M, Hawthorne WJ, Fletcher JP, Medbury HJ. The role of the fibrocyte in intimal hyperplasia. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:1125-33. [PMID: 16689767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental animal studies have shown that the intimal hyperplasia (IH) responsible for occlusion after successful revascularization procedures may be partially caused by a bone marrow-derived cell that migrates to the site of vascular injury. Concurrent studies have demonstrated an extensive role in wound healing for the circulating fibrocyte. OBJECTIVES We aimed to trace the path of the circulating cell that contributes to IH and determine if it is the fibrocyte. METHODS AND RESULTS We established an in vitro model whereby purified monocytes from six healthy human volunteers were cultured into fibrocytes. These cells were morphometrically similar to the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) found in IH and expressed alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) as well as CD34, CD45 and Collagen I (Col I), markers indicative of the fibrocyte. In an in vivo ovine carotid artery synthetic patch graft model, carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labeled circulating leukocytes were observed throughout the graft as well as in the neointima in 18 sheep. These cells were shown to produce collagen and alpha-SMA at 1, 2 and 4 weeks. These cells then underwent immunohistochemical analysis and were found to express a set of markers unique to the fibrocyte (CD34, CD45, Vimentin and alpha-SMA) and also to double stain for CD34 and alpha-SMA. CONCLUSIONS IH in an ovine carotid artery patch graft model is partially derived from a hematopoietic circulating progenitor cell that acquires mesenchymal features as it matures at the site of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Varcoe
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Research Centre, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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Urao N, Okigaki M, Yamada H, Aadachi Y, Matsuno K, Matsui A, Matsunaga S, Tateishi K, Nomura T, Takahashi T, Tatsumi T, Matsubara H. Erythropoietin-mobilized endothelial progenitors enhance reendothelialization via Akt-endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and prevent neointimal hyperplasia. Circ Res 2006; 98:1405-13. [PMID: 16645141 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000224117.59417.f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by exogenous erythropoietin (Epo) promotes the repair of injured endothelium. Recombinant human Epo was injected (1000 IU/kg for the initial 3 days) after wire injury of the femoral artery of mice. Neointimal formation was inhibited by Epo to 48% of the control (P<0.05) in an NO-dependent manner. Epo induced a 1.4-fold increase in reendothelialized area of day 14 denuded vessels, 55% of which was derived from bone marrow (BM) cells. Epo increased the circulating Sca-1(+)/Flk-1(+) EPCs (2.0-fold, P<0.05) with endothelial properties NO dependently. BM replacement by GFP- or beta-galactosidase-overexpressing cells showed that Epo stimulated both differentiation of BM-derived EPCs and proliferation of resident ECs. BM-derived ECs increased 2.2- to 2.7-fold (P<0.05) in the Epo-induced neoendothelium, where the expression of Epo receptor was upregulated. Epo induced Akt/eNOS phosphorylation and NO synthesis on EPCs and exerted an antiapoptotic action on wire-injured arteries. In conclusion, Epo treatment inhibits the neointimal hyperplasia after arterial injury in an NO-dependent manner by acting on the injured vessels and mobilizing EPCs to the neo-endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Urao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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