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Kavaliauskis A, Arnemo M, Speth M, Lagos L, Rishovd AL, Estepa A, Griffiths G, Gjøen T. Protective effect of a recombinant VHSV-G vaccine using poly(I:C) loaded nanoparticles as an adjuvant in zebrafish (Danio rerio) infection model. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 61:248-257. [PMID: 27084059 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a constant need to increase the efficiency of vaccines in the aquaculture industry. Although several nano-based vaccine formulations have been reported, to the best of our knowledge so far only one of them have been implemented in the industry. Here we report on chitosan-poly(I:C) nanoparticles (NPs) that could be used as a non-specific adjuvant in antiviral vaccines in aquaculture. We have characterized the physical parameters of the NPs, studied the in vivo and in vitro bio-distribution of fluorescent NPs and verified NP uptake by zebrafish leucocytes. We used the zebrafish model to test the protective efficiency of the recombinant glycoprotein G (rgpG) of VHSV compared to inactivated whole virus (iV) against VHSV using NPs as an adjuvant in both formulations. In parallel we tested free poly(I:C) and rgpG (pICrgpG), and free chitosan and rgpG (CSrgpG) vaccine formulations. While the iV group (with NP adjuvant) provided the highest overall survival, all vaccine formulations with poly(I:C) provided a significant protection against VHSV; possibly through an early induction of an anti-viral state. Our results suggest that chitosan-poly(I:C) NPs are a promising adjuvant candidate for future vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturas Kavaliauskis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Arnemo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Speth
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Lise Rishovd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Gjøen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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152
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Arnold CP, Merryman MS, Harris-Arnold A, McKinney SA, Seidel CW, Loethen S, Proctor KN, Guo L, Sánchez Alvarado A. Pathogenic shifts in endogenous microbiota impede tissue regeneration via distinct activation of TAK1/MKK/p38. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27441386 PMCID: PMC4993586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The interrelationship between endogenous microbiota, the immune system, and tissue regeneration is an area of intense research due to its potential therapeutic applications. We investigated this relationship in Schmidtea mediterranea, a model organism capable of regenerating any and all of its adult tissues. Microbiome characterization revealed a high Bacteroidetes to Proteobacteria ratio in healthy animals. Perturbations eliciting an expansion of Proteobacteria coincided with ectopic lesions and tissue degeneration. The culture of these bacteria yielded a strain of Pseudomonas capable of inducing progressive tissue degeneration. RNAi screening uncovered a TAK1 innate immune signaling module underlying compromised tissue homeostasis and regeneration during infection. TAK1/MKK/p38 signaling mediated opposing regulation of apoptosis during infection versus normal tissue regeneration. Given the complex role of inflammation in either hindering or supporting reparative wound healing and regeneration, this invertebrate model provides a basis for dissecting the duality of evolutionarily conserved inflammatory signaling in complex, multi-organ adult tissue regeneration. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16793.001 Regeneration, the ability to replace missing or damaged tissue, has fascinated biologists for years and has inspired a new direction for the medical field. Figuring out how some animals easily accomplish this while others do not may help us to develop new therapies that enhance regeneration in humans. Previous work has indicated that the immune system, which is normally used to defend the body against bacteria, plays an important but complicated role in regeneration. By studying the relationships between bacteria, the immune system and regeneration in simple systems, it may be possible to see how their interactions either support or prevent the replacement of lost tissues. Flatworms called planaria can regenerate all of their tissues. Arnold et al. have now investigated what bacteria exist in planaria, how the planarian immune system responds to these bacteria, and how this response affects regeneration. The results reveal that the two main types of bacteria that are present in planaria are also found in humans. In fact, conditions that encourage the growth and spread of one of these types of bacteria (called Proteobacteria, many of which can make humans ill) damaged the worms and prevented them from regenerating. Arnold et al. then looked to see if the worms had genes that were similar to human genes that control the key immune process of inflammation, and found evidence of several such genes. Reducing the activity levels of these genes enabled worms that had been infected with Proteobacteria to regenerate again. However, these genes only seem to be responsible for regeneration when the planaria are infected with bacteria. Thus, planaria could be used as a simple model to discover how changes in resident bacteria can be detected by the immune system and affect the ability to regenerate tissues. Future studies could use planaria to identify even more genes that control regeneration during infection. Also, since the main types of bacteria in planaria are similar to those in humans, planaria may help us to learn how animals can properly balance the levels of these bacteria in order to remain healthy. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16793.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Shane Merryman
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | | | - Sean A McKinney
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Chris W Seidel
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | | | | | - Longhua Guo
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
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153
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Korbut R, Mehrdana F, Kania PW, Larsen MH, Frees D, Dalsgaard I, Jørgensen LVG. Antigen Uptake during Different Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Using a GFP-Tagged Yersinia ruckeri. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158968. [PMID: 27404564 PMCID: PMC4942034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Immersion-vaccines (bacterins) are routinely used for aquacultured rainbow trout to protect against Yersinia ruckeri (Yr). During immersion vaccination, rainbow trout take up and process the antigens, which induce protection. The zebrafish was used as a model organism to study uptake mechanisms and subsequent antigen transport in fish. A genetically modified Yr was developed to constitutively express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and was used for bacterin production. Larval, juvenile and adult transparent zebrafish (tra:nac mutant) received a bath in the bacterin for up to 30 minutes. Samples were taken after 1 min, 15 min, 30 min, 2 h, 12 h and 24 h. At each sampling point fish were used for live imaging of the uptake using a fluorescence stereomicroscope and for immunohistochemistry (IHC). In adult fish, the bacterin could be traced within 30 min in scale pockets, skin, oesophagus, intestine and fins. Within two hours post bath (pb) Yr-antigens were visible in the spleen and at 24 h in liver and kidney. Bacteria were associated with the gills, but uptake at this location was limited. Antigens were rarely detected in the blood and never in the nares. In juvenile fish uptake of the bacterin was seen in the intestine 30 min pb and in the nares 2 hpb but never in scale pockets. Antigens were detected in the spleen 12 hpb. Zebrafish larvae exhibited major Yr uptake only in the mid-intestine enterocytes 24 hpb. The different life stages of zebrafish varied with regard to uptake locations, however the gut was consistently a major uptake site. Zebrafish and rainbow trout tend to have similar uptake mechanisms following immersion or bath vaccination, which points towards zebrafish as a suitable model organism for this aquacultured species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozalia Korbut
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Foojan Mehrdana
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Marianne Halberg Larsen
- Food Safety and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Dorte Frees
- Food Safety and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- Section for Bacteriology and Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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154
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Planchart A, Mattingly CJ, Allen D, Ceger P, Casey W, Hinton D, Kanungo J, Kullman SW, Tal T, Bondesson M, Burgess SM, Sullivan C, Kim C, Behl M, Padilla S, Reif DM, Tanguay RL, Hamm J. Advancing toxicology research using in vivo high throughput toxicology with small fish models. ALTEX 2016; 33:435-452. [PMID: 27328013 PMCID: PMC5270630 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1601281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small freshwater fish models, especially zebrafish, offer advantages over traditional rodent models, including low maintenance and husbandry costs, high fecundity, genetic diversity, physiology similar to that of traditional biomedical models, and reduced animal welfare concerns. The Collaborative Workshop on Aquatic Models and 21st Century Toxicology was held at North Carolina State University on May 5-6, 2014, in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. Participants discussed the ways in which small fish are being used as models to screen toxicants and understand mechanisms of toxicity. Workshop participants agreed that the lack of standardized protocols is an impediment to broader acceptance of these models, whereas development of standardized protocols, validation, and subsequent regulatory acceptance would facilitate greater usage. Given the advantages and increasing application of small fish models, there was widespread interest in follow-up workshops to review and discuss developments in their use. In this article, we summarize the recommendations formulated by workshop participants to enhance the utility of small fish species in toxicology studies, as well as many of the advances in the field of toxicology that resulted from using small fish species, including advances in developmental toxicology, cardiovascular toxicology, neurotoxicology, and immunotoxicology. We alsoreview many emerging issues that will benefit from using small fish species, especially zebrafish, and new technologies that will enable using these organisms to yield results unprecedented in their information content to better understand how toxicants affect development and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Planchart
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Carolyn J. Mattingly
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Patricia Ceger
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Warren Casey
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David Hinton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jyotshna Kanungo
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Seth W. Kullman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Tamara Tal
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Maria Bondesson
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Con Sullivan
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Carol Kim
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Mamta Behl
- Division of National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie Padilla
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David M. Reif
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robert L. Tanguay
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jon Hamm
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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155
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Mallick EM, Bergeron AC, Jones SK, Newman ZR, Brothers KM, Creton R, Wheeler RT, Bennett RJ. Phenotypic Plasticity Regulates Candida albicans Interactions and Virulence in the Vertebrate Host. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:780. [PMID: 27303374 PMCID: PMC4880793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic diversity is critical to the lifestyles of many microbial species, enabling rapid responses to changes in environmental conditions. In the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, cells exhibit heritable switching between two phenotypic states, white and opaque, which yield differences in mating, filamentous growth, and interactions with immune cells in vitro. Here, we address the in vivo virulence properties of the two cell states in a zebrafish model of infection. Multiple attributes were compared including the stability of phenotypic states, filamentation, virulence, dissemination, and phagocytosis by immune cells, and phenotypes equated across three different host temperatures. Importantly, we found that both white and opaque cells could establish a lethal systemic infection. The relative virulence of the two cell types was temperature dependent; virulence was similar at 25°C, but at higher temperatures (30 and 33°C) white cells were significantly more virulent than opaque cells. Despite the difference in virulence, fungal burden, and dissemination were similar between cells in the two states. Additionally, both white and opaque cells exhibited robust filamentation during infection and blocking filamentation resulted in decreased virulence, establishing that this program is critical for pathogenesis in both cell states. Interactions between C. albicans cells and immune cells differed between white and opaque states. Macrophages and neutrophils preferentially phagocytosed white cells over opaque cells in vitro, and neutrophils showed preferential phagocytosis of white cells in vivo. Together, these studies distinguish the properties of white and opaque cells in a vertebrate host, and establish that the two cell types demonstrate both important similarities and key differences during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mallick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University Providence, RI, USA
| | - Audrey C Bergeron
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine Orono, ME, USA
| | - Stephen K Jones
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University Providence, RI, USA
| | - Zachary R Newman
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine Orono, ME, USA
| | - Kimberly M Brothers
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine Orono, ME, USA
| | - Robbert Creton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robert T Wheeler
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine Orono, ME, USA
| | - Richard J Bennett
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University Providence, RI, USA
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156
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Yang Y, Qi S, Wang D, Wang K, Zhu L, Chai T, Wang C. Toxic effects of thifluzamide on zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 307:127-136. [PMID: 26780700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Thifluzamide is a fungicide widely used to control crop diseases, and it therefore constitutes a hazard to the environment. In this study, zebrafish were selected to assess the aquatic toxicity of thifluzamide. The acute and development toxicity of thifluzamide to embryos, larvae, and adult zebrafish were measured and the corresponding 96h-LC50 values were as follows: adult fish (4.19mg/L) <larvae (3.52mg/L) <embryos (3.08mg/L). A large suite of symptoms was found in these three stages of zebrafish, including abnormal spontaneous movement, slow heartbeat, hatching inhibition, growth regression, and morphological deformities. In addition, for adult zebrafish, distinct pathological changes were noted in liver and kidney 21 days post exposure (dpe) to 0.19, 1.33, and 2.76mg/L. Liver damage was more severe than kidney damage. In another 28 days exposure of adult zebrafish to 0.019, 0.19, and 1.90mg/L, negative changes in mitochondrial structure and enzymes activities [succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and respiratory chain complexes] were found. These might be responsible for the adverse expansion of the apoptosis- and immune-related genes, which would facilitate the action of these factors in programmed cell death and might play a key role during the toxic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suzhen Qi
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghui Wang
- Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Zhu
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Chai
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengju Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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157
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Indomethacin treatment prior to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures downregulates the expression of il1b and cox2 and decreases seizure-like behavior in zebrafish larvae. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:12. [PMID: 26961169 PMCID: PMC4785663 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been demonstrated that the zebrafish model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-evoked seizures and the well-established rodent models of epilepsy are similar pertaining to behavior, electrographic features, and c-fos expression. Although this zebrafish model is suitable for studying seizures, to date, inflammatory response after seizures has not been investigated using this model. Because a relationship between epilepsy and inflammation has been established, in the present study we investigated the transcript levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (il1b) and cyclooxygenase-2 (cox2a and cox2b) after PTZ-induced seizures in the brain of zebrafish 7 days post fertilization. Furthermore, we exposed the fish to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin prior to PTZ, and we measured its effect on seizure latency, number of seizure behaviors, and mRNA expression of il1b, cox2b, and c-fos. We used quantitative real-time PCR to assess the mRNA expression of il1b, cox2a, cox2b, and c-fos, and visual inspection was used to monitor seizure latency and the number of seizure-like behaviors. Results We found a short-term upregulation of il1b, and we revealed that cox2b, but not cox2a, was induced after seizures. Indomethacin treatment prior to PTZ-induced seizures downregulated the mRNA expression of il1b, cox2b, and c-fos. Moreover, we observed that in larvae exposed to indomethacin, seizure latency increased and the number of seizure-like behaviors decreased. Conclusions This is the first study showing that il1b and cox-2 transcripts are upregulated following PTZ-induced seizures in zebrafish. In addition, we demonstrated the anticonvulsant effect of indomethacin based on (1) the inhibition of PTZ-induced c-fos transcription, (2) increase in seizure latency, and (3) decrease in the number of seizure-like behaviors. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory effect of indomethacin is clearly demonstrated by the downregulation of the mRNA expression of il1b and cox2b. Our results are supported by previous evidences suggesting that zebrafish is a suitable alternative for studying inflammation, seizures, and the effect of anti-inflammatory compounds on seizure suppression.
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158
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Pereira TCB, Campos MM, Bogo MR. Copper toxicology, oxidative stress and inflammation using zebrafish as experimental model. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:876-85. [PMID: 26888422 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient and a key catalytic cofactor in a wide range of enzymes. As a trace element, copper levels are tightly regulated and both its deficit and excess are deleterious to the organism. Under inflammatory conditions, serum copper levels are increased and trigger oxidative stress responses that activate inflammatory responses. Interestingly, copper dyshomeostasis, oxidative stress and inflammation are commonly present in several chronic diseases. Copper exposure can be easily modeled in zebrafish; a consolidated model in toxicology with increasing interest in immunity-related research. As a result of developmental, economical and genetic advantages, this freshwater teleost is uniquely suitable for chemical and genetic large-scale screenings, representing a powerful experimental tool for a whole-organism approach, mechanistic studies, disease modeling and beyond. Copper toxicological and more recently pro-inflammatory effects have been investigated in both larval and adult zebrafish with breakthrough findings. Here, we provide an overview of copper metabolism in health and disease and its effects on oxidative stress and inflammation responses in zebrafish models. Copper-induced inflammation is highlighted owing to its potential to easily mimic pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory features that combined with zebrafish genetic tractability could help further in the understanding of copper metabolism, inflammatory responses and related diseases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Carneiro Brandão Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brasil.,Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Maria Martha Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brasil.,Instituto de Toxicologia e Farmacologia, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brasil.,Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brasil.,Instituto de Toxicologia e Farmacologia, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brasil
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159
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Lorent K, Gong W, Koo KA, Waisbourd-Zinman O, Karjoo S, Zhao X, Sealy I, Kettleborough RN, Stemple DL, Windsor PA, Whittaker SJ, Porter JR, Wells RG, Pack M. Identification of a plant isoflavonoid that causes biliary atresia. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:286ra67. [PMID: 25947162 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a rapidly progressive and destructive fibrotic disorder of unknown etiology affecting the extrahepatic biliary tree of neonates. Epidemiological studies suggest that an environmental factor, such as a virus or toxin, is the cause of the disease, although none have been definitively established. Several naturally occurring outbreaks of BA in Australian livestock have been associated with the ingestion of unusual plants by pregnant animals during drought conditions. We used a biliary secretion assay in zebrafish to isolate a previously undescribed isoflavonoid, biliatresone, from Dysphania species implicated in a recent BA outbreak. This compound caused selective destruction of the extrahepatic, but not intrahepatic, biliary system of larval zebrafish. A mutation that enhanced biliatresone toxicity mapped to a region of the zebrafish genome that has conserved synteny with an established human BA susceptibility locus. The toxin also caused loss of cilia in neonatal mouse extrahepatic cholangiocytes in culture and disrupted cell polarity and monolayer integrity in cholangiocyte spheroids. Together, these findings provide direct evidence that BA could be initiated by perinatal exposure to an environmental toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Lorent
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Weilong Gong
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kyung A Koo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Orith Waisbourd-Zinman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sara Karjoo
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian Sealy
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ross N Kettleborough
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Derek L Stemple
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter A Windsor
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Stephen J Whittaker
- Hume Livestock Health and Pest Authority, Albury, New South Wales 2640, Australia
| | - John R Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca G Wells
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Michael Pack
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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160
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Rodriguez-Nunez I, Wcisel DJ, Litman RT, Litman GW, Yoder JA. The identification of additional zebrafish DICP genes reveals haplotype variation and linkage to MHC class I genes. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:295-312. [PMID: 26801775 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bony fish encode multiple multi-gene families of membrane receptors that are comprised of immunoglobulin (Ig) domains and are predicted to function in innate immunity. One of these families, the diverse immunoglobulin (Ig) domain-containing protein (DICP) genes, maps to three chromosomal loci in zebrafish. Most DICPs possess one or two Ig ectodomains and include membrane-bound and secreted forms. Membrane-bound DICPs include putative inhibitory and activating receptors. Recombinant DICP Ig domains bind lipids with varying specificity, a characteristic shared with mammalian CD300 and TREM family members. Numerous DICP transcripts amplified from different lines of zebrafish did not match the zebrafish reference genome sequence suggesting polymorphic and haplotypic variation. The expression of DICPs in three different lines of zebrafish has been characterized employing PCR-based strategies. Certain DICPs exhibit restricted expression in adult tissues whereas others are expressed ubiquitously. Transcripts of a subset of DICPs can be detected during embryonic development suggesting roles in embryonic immunity or other developmental processes. Transcripts representing 11 previously uncharacterized DICP sequences were identified. The assignment of two of these sequences to an unplaced genomic scaffold resulted in the identification of an alternative DICP haplotype that is linked to a MHC class I Z lineage haplotype on zebrafish chromosome 3. The linkage of DICP and MHC class I genes also is observable in the genomes of the related grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) suggesting that this is a shared character with the last common Cyprinidae ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rodriguez-Nunez
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Dustin J Wcisel
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Ronda T Litman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, USF/ACH Children's Research Institute, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Gary W Litman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, USF/ACH Children's Research Institute, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, All Children's Hospital Johns Hopkins Medicine, 501 6th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
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161
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Sim DS, Kauser K. In Vivo Target Validation Using Biological Molecules in Drug Development. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 232:59-70. [PMID: 26552401 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug development is a resource-intensive process requiring significant financial and time investment. Preclinical target validation studies and in vivo testing of the therapeutic molecules in clinically relevant disease models can accelerate and significantly de-risk later stage clinical development. In this chapter, we will focus on (1) in vivo animal models and (2) pharmacological tools for target validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S Sim
- Bayer HealthCare, 455 Mission Bay Blvd. South, Suite 493, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Katalin Kauser
- Bayer HealthCare, 455 Mission Bay Blvd. South, Suite 493, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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162
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Ichijo Y, Mochimaru Y, Azuma M, Satou K, Negishi J, Nakakura T, Oshima N, Mogi C, Sato K, Matsuda K, Okajima F, Tomura H. Two zebrafish G2A homologs activate multiple intracellular signaling pathways in acidic environment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:81-86. [PMID: 26614909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human G2A is activated by various stimuli such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE), and protons. The receptor is coupled to multiple intracellular signaling pathways, including the Gs-protein/cAMP/CRE, G12/13-protein/Rho/SRE, and Gq-protein/phospholipase C/NFAT pathways. In the present study, we examined whether zebrafish G2A homologs (zG2A-a and zG2A-b) could respond to these stimuli and activate multiple intracellular signaling pathways. We also examined whether histidine residue and basic amino acid residue in the N-terminus of the homologs also play roles similar to those played by human G2A residues if the homologs sense protons. We found that the zG2A-a showed the high CRE, SRE, and NFAT activities, however, zG2A-b showed only the high SRE activity under a pH of 8.0. Extracellular acidification from pH 7.4 to 6.3 ameliorated these activities in zG2A-a-expressing cells. On the other hand, acidification ameliorated the SRE activity but not the CRE and NFAT activities in zG2A-b-expressing cells. LPC or 9-HODE did not modify any activity of either homolog. The substitution of histidine residue at the 174(th) position from the N-terminus of zG2A-a to asparagine residue attenuated proton-induced CRE and NFAT activities but not SRE activity. The substitution of arginine residue at the 32nd position from the N-terminus of zG2A-a to the alanine residue also attenuated its high and the proton-induced CRE and NFAT activities. On the contrary, the substitution did not attenuate SRE activity. The substitution of the arginine residue at the 10th position from the N-terminus of zG2A-b to the alanine residue also did not attenuate its high or the proton-induced SRE activity. These results indicate that zebrafish G2A homologs were activated by protons but not by LPC and 9-HODE, and the activation mechanisms of the homologs were similar to those of human G2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yuta Mochimaru
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Morio Azuma
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Satou
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Jun Negishi
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakakura
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Natsuki Oshima
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Chihiro Mogi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
| | - Kouhei Matsuda
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Okajima
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tomura
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan.
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163
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Surana S, Shenoy AR, Krishnan Y. Designing DNA nanodevices for compatibility with the immune system of higher organisms. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:741-7. [PMID: 26329110 PMCID: PMC4862568 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA is proving to be a powerful scaffold to construct molecularly precise designer DNA devices. Recent trends reveal their ever-increasing deployment within living systems as delivery devices that not only probe but also program and re-program a cell, or even whole organisms. Given that DNA is highly immunogenic, we outline the molecular, cellular and organismal response pathways that designer nucleic acid nanodevices are likely to elicit in living systems. We address safety issues applicable when such designer DNA nanodevices interact with the immune system. In light of this, we discuss possible molecular programming strategies that could be integrated with such designer nucleic acid scaffolds to either evade or stimulate the host response with a view to optimizing and widening their applications in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Surana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, 60637 Illinois, USA
| | - Avinash R. Shenoy
- Section of Microbiology, Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- ;
| | - Yamuna Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, 60637 Illinois, USA
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK-UAS, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- ;
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164
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Shan Y, Fang C, Cheng C, Wang Y, Peng J, Fang W. Immersion infection of germ-free zebrafish with Listeria monocytogenes induces transient expression of innate immune response genes. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:373. [PMID: 25972853 PMCID: PMC4413826 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish, Denio rerio, can be an alternative to other classic animal models for human infectious diseases to examine the processes of microbial infections and host-pathogen interactions in vivo because of their small body dimension but large clutch size. We established germ-free zebrafish infection models of Listeria monocytogenes through different routes of infection: oral immersion and injection via yolk sac, brain ventricle and blood island. Immersion of zebrafish larva even with 10(10) CFU/mL L. monocytogenes EGDe strain in egg water was unable to cause mortality, but GFP-expressing bacteria in the gut lumen can be observed in frozen sections. Several selected maker genes of the innate immune system, including cyp1a, irg1l, il1b, and mmp9, were significantly induced by oral immersion not only with strain EGDe, but also with strain M7 and L. innocua, though to a lesser degree (P < 0.01). Such induction appears to be transient with peak at 48 h post-infection, but returned to basal level at 72 h post-infection. Of the three injection routes, mortality after infection by yolk sac was 80% in early stage of infection. Few eggs can survive and hatch. Injection into zebrafish embryos via brain ventricle or blood island led to progressive lethal infection. L. mocytogenes EGDe showed steady replication in the fish embryos and was far more pathogenic than strain M7, which is consistent with findings in the murine model. We conclude that zebrafish can serve as susceptible and microscopically visible infection models for L. monocytogenes via different routes and can be applied to further studies on the interactions between bacterial virulence factors and host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Chun Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Changyong Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Jinrong Peng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Molecular Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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165
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Chi JR, Liao LS, Wang RG, Jhu CS, Wu JL, Hu SY. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the hepcidin gene from the convict cichlid (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) and its expression pattern in response to lipopolysaccharide challenge. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:449-461. [PMID: 25280727 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9996-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The hepcidin gene is widely expressed in many fish species and functions as an antimicrobial peptide, suggesting that it plays an important role in the innate immune system of fish. In the present study, the Amatitlania nigrofasciata hepcidin gene (AN-hepc) was cloned from the liver and its expression during an immune response was characterized. The results of quantitative PCR and RT-PCR showed that the AN-hepc transcript was most abundant in the liver. The expression of AN-hepc mRNA was significantly increased in the liver, stomach, heart, intestine, gill and muscle but was not significantly altered in the spleen, kidney, brain or skin after lipopolysaccharide challenge. The synthetic AN-hepc peptide showed a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity in vitro toward gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In particular, this peptide demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against the aquatic pathogens Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae. The in vivo bacterial challenge results demonstrated that the synthetic AN-hepc peptide significantly improved the survival rate of S. agalactiae- and V. vulnificus-infected zebrafish. Taken together, these data indicate an important role for AN-hepc in the innate immunity of A. nigrofasciata and suggest its potential application in aquaculture for increasing resistance to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ruei Chi
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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166
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Mortality Caused by Bath Exposure of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae to Nervous Necrosis Virus Is Limited to the Fourth Day Postfertilization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3280-7. [PMID: 25746990 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04175-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a member of the Betanodavirus genus that causes fatal diseases in over 40 species of fish worldwide. Mortality among NNV-infected fish larvae is almost 100%. In order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the susceptibility of fish larvae to NNV, we exposed zebrafish larvae to NNV by bath immersion at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days postfertilization (dpf). Here, we demonstrate that developing zebrafish embryos are resistant to NNV at 2 dpf due to the protection afforded by the egg chorion and, to a lesser extent, by the perivitelline fluid. The zebrafish larvae succumbed to NNV infection during a narrow time window around the 4th dpf, while 6- and 8-day-old larvae were much less sensitive, with mortalities of 24% and 28%, respectively.
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167
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Schenck TL, Hopfner U, Chávez MN, Machens HG, Somlai-Schweiger I, Giunta RE, Bohne AV, Nickelsen J, Allende ML, Egaña JT. Photosynthetic biomaterials: a pathway towards autotrophic tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2015; 15:39-47. [PMID: 25536030 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Engineered tissues are highly limited by poor vascularization in vivo, leading to hypoxia. In order to overcome this challenge, we propose the use of photosynthetic biomaterials to provide oxygen. Since photosynthesis is the original source of oxygen for living organisms, we suggest that this could be a novel approach to provide a constant source of oxygen supply independently of blood perfusion. In this study we demonstrate that bioartificial scaffolds can be loaded with a solution containing the photosynthetic microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, showing high biocompatibility and photosynthetic activity in vitro. Furthermore, when photosynthetic biomaterials were engrafted in a mouse full skin defect, we observed that the presence of the microalgae did not trigger a native immune response in the host. Moreover, the analyses showed that the algae survived for at least 5 days in vivo, generating chimeric tissues comprised of algae and murine cells. The results of this study represent a crucial step towards the establishment of autotrophic tissue engineering approaches and suggest the use of photosynthetic cells to treat a broad spectrum of hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Ludwig Schenck
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Ursula Hopfner
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Myra Noemi Chávez
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Hans-Günther Machens
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Ian Somlai-Schweiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Riccardo Enzo Giunta
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany; Handchirurgie, Plastische Chirurgie, Ästhetische Chirurgie der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Viola Bohne
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jörg Nickelsen
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Miguel L Allende
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Tomás Egaña
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany; FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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168
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Shiau CE, Kaufman Z, Meireles AM, Talbot WS. Differential requirement for irf8 in formation of embryonic and adult macrophages in zebrafish. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117513. [PMID: 25615614 PMCID: PMC4304715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (Irf8) is critical for mammalian macrophage development and innate immunity, but its role in teleost myelopoiesis remains incompletely understood. In particular, genetic tools to analyze the role of Irf8 in zebrafish macrophage development at larval and adult stages are lacking. We generated irf8 null mutants in zebrafish using TALEN-mediated targeting. Our analysis defines different requirements for irf8 at different stages. irf8 is required for formation of all macrophages during primitive and transient definitive hematopoiesis, but not during adult-phase definitive hematopoiesis starting at 5-6 days postfertilization. At early stages, irf8 mutants have excess neutrophils and excess cell death in pu.1-expressing myeloid cells. Macrophage fates were recovered in irf8 mutants after wildtype irf8 expression in neutrophil and macrophage lineages, suggesting that irf8 regulates macrophage specification and survival. In juvenile irf8 mutant fish, mature macrophages are present, but at numbers significantly reduced compared to wildtype, indicating an ongoing requirement for irf8 after embryogenesis. As development progresses, tissue macrophages become apparent in zebrafish irf8 mutants, with the possible exception of microglia. Our study defines distinct requirement for irf8 in myelopoiesis before and after transition to the adult hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia E. Shiau
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WST); (CES)
| | - Zoe Kaufman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ana M. Meireles
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - William S. Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WST); (CES)
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169
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van Leeuwen LM, van der Sar AM, Bitter W. Animal models of tuberculosis: zebrafish. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:a018580. [PMID: 25414379 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become an attractive new vertebrate model organism for studying mycobacterial pathogenesis. The combination of medium-throughput screening and real-time in vivo visualization has allowed new ways to dissect host pathogenic interaction in a vertebrate host. Furthermore, genetic screens on the host and bacterial sides have elucidated new mechanisms involved in the initiation of granuloma formation and the importance of a balanced immune response for control of mycobacterial pathogens. This article will highlight the unique features of the zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum infection model and its added value for tuberculosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M van Leeuwen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection control, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M van der Sar
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Molecular Microbiology, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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170
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Dios S, Balseiro P, Costa MM, Romero A, Boltaña S, Roher N, Mackenzie S, Figueras A, Novoa B. The involvement of cholesterol in sepsis and tolerance to lipopolysaccharide highlighted by the transcriptome analysis of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish 2014; 11:421-33. [PMID: 25181277 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2014.0995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic shock is the most common cause of death in intensive care units due to an aggressive inflammatory response that leads to multiple organ failure. However, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) tolerance phenomenon (a nonreaction to LPS), is also often described. Neither the inflammatory response nor the tolerance is completely understood. In this work, both of these responses were analyzed using microarrays in zebrafish. Fish that were 4 or 6 days postfertilization (dpf) and received a lethal dose (LD) of LPS exhibited 100% mortality in a few days. Their transcriptome profile, even at 4 dpf, resembled the profile in humans with severe sepsis. Moreover, we selected 4-dpf fish to set up a tolerance protocol: fish treated with a nonlethal concentration of Escherichia coli LPS exhibited complete protection against the LD of LPS. Most of the main inflammatory molecules described in mammals were represented in the zebrafish microarray experiments. Additionally and focusing on this tolerance response, the use of cyclodextrins may mobilize cholesterol reservoirs to decrease mortality after a LD dose of LPS. Therefore, it is possible that the use of the whole animal could provide some clues to enhance the understanding of the inflammatory/tolerance response and to guide drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Dios
- 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Vigo, Spain
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171
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Goody MF, Sullivan C, Kim CH. Studying the immune response to human viral infections using zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:84-95. [PMID: 24718256 PMCID: PMC4067600 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Humans and viruses have a long co-evolutionary history. Viral illnesses have and will continue to shape human history: from smallpox, to influenza, to HIV, and beyond. Animal models of human viral illnesses are needed in order to generate safe and effective antiviral medicines, adjuvant therapies, and vaccines. These animal models must support the replication of human viruses, recapitulate aspects of human viral illnesses, and respond with conserved immune signaling cascades. The zebrafish is perhaps the simplest, most commonly used laboratory model organism in which innate and/or adaptive immunity can be studied. Herein, we will discuss the current zebrafish models of human viral illnesses and the insights they have provided. We will highlight advantages of early life stage zebrafish and the importance of innate immunity in human viral illnesses. We will also discuss viral characteristics to consider before infecting zebrafish with human viruses as well as predict other human viruses that may be able to infect zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F Goody
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Con Sullivan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Carol H Kim
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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172
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Petrie TA, Strand NS, Yang CT, Tsung-Yang C, Rabinowitz JS, Moon RT. Macrophages modulate adult zebrafish tail fin regeneration. Development 2014; 141:2581-91. [PMID: 24961798 PMCID: PMC4067955 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils and macrophages, as key mediators of inflammation, have defined functionally important roles in mammalian tissue repair. Although recent evidence suggests that similar cells exist in zebrafish and also migrate to sites of injury in larvae, whether these cells are functionally important for wound healing or regeneration in adult zebrafish is unknown. To begin to address these questions, we first tracked neutrophils (lyzC+, mpo+) and macrophages (mpeg1+) in adult zebrafish following amputation of the tail fin, and detailed a migratory timecourse that revealed conserved elements of the inflammatory cell response with mammals. Next, we used transgenic zebrafish in which we could selectively ablate macrophages, which allowed us to investigate whether macrophages were required for tail fin regeneration. We identified stage-dependent functional roles of macrophages in mediating fin tissue outgrowth and bony ray patterning, in part through modulating levels of blastema proliferation. Moreover, we also sought to detail molecular regulators of inflammation in adult zebrafish and identified Wnt/β-catenin as a signaling pathway that regulates the injury microenvironment, inflammatory cell migration and macrophage phenotype. These results provide a cellular and molecular link between components of the inflammation response and regeneration in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Petrie
- HHMI, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nicholas S Strand
- HHMI, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Chao Tsung-Yang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jeremy S Rabinowitz
- HHMI, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Randall T Moon
- HHMI, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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173
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Huang SY, Feng CW, Hung HC, Chakraborty C, Chen CH, Chen WF, Jean YH, Wang HMD, Sung CS, Sun YM, Wu CY, Liu W, Hsiao CD, Wen ZH. A novel zebrafish model to provide mechanistic insights into the inflammatory events in carrageenan-induced abdominal edema. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104414. [PMID: 25141004 PMCID: PMC4139260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A suitable small animal model may help in the screening and evaluation of new drugs, especially those from natural products, which can be administered at lower dosages, fulfilling an urgent worldwide need. In this study, we explore whether zebrafish could be a model organism for carrageenan-induced abdominal edema. The research results showed that intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 1.5% λ-carrageenan in a volume of 20 µL significantly increased abdominal edema in adult zebrafish. Levels of the proinflammatory proteins tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were increased in carrageenan-injected adult zebrafish during the development of abdominal edema. An associated enhancement was also observed in the leukocyte marker, myeloperoxidase (MPO). To support these results, we further observed that i.p. methylprednisolone (MP; 1 µg), a positive control, significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced inflammation 24 h after carrageenan administration. Furthermore, i.p. pretreatment with either an anti-TNF-α antibody (1∶5 dilution in a volume of 20 µL) or the iNOS-selective inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG; 1 µg) inhibited carrageenan-induced abdominal edema in adult zebrafish. This new animal model is uncomplicated, easy to develop, and involves a straightforward inducement of inflammatory edema for the evaluation of small volumes of drugs or test compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ying Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Neuroscience, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Feng
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chun Hung
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Jean
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ping-Tung Christian Hospital, Ping-Tung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Sung Sung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Sun
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yi Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wangta Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
- Center of Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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174
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Forn-Cuní G, Reis ES, Dios S, Posada D, Lambris JD, Figueras A, Novoa B. The evolution and appearance of C3 duplications in fish originate an exclusive teleost c3 gene form with anti-inflammatory activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99673. [PMID: 24926798 PMCID: PMC4057122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system acts as a first line of defense and promotes organism homeostasis by modulating the fates of diverse physiological processes. Multiple copies of component genes have been previously identified in fish, suggesting a key role for this system in aquatic organisms. Herein, we confirm the presence of three different previously reported complement c3 genes (c3.1, c3.2, c3.3) and identify five additional c3 genes (c3.4, c3.5, c3.6, c3.7, c3.8) in the zebrafish genome. Additionally, we evaluate the mRNA expression levels of the different c3 genes during ontogeny and in different tissues under steady-state and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, while reconciling the phylogenetic tree with the fish species tree, we uncovered an event of c3 duplication common to all teleost fishes that gave rise to an exclusive c3 paralog (c3.7 and c3.8). These paralogs showed a distinct ability to regulate neutrophil migration in response to injury compared with the other c3 genes and may play a role in maintaining the balance between inflammatory and homeostatic processes in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Forn-Cuní
- Institute of Marine Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Edimara S. Reis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sonia Dios
- Institute of Marine Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - David Posada
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - John D. Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Institute of Marine Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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175
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Endotoxin molecule lipopolysaccharide-induced zebrafish inflammation model: a novel screening method for anti-inflammatory drugs. Molecules 2014; 19:2390-409. [PMID: 24566310 PMCID: PMC6271153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19022390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin molecule, has been used to induce inflammatory responses. In this study, LPS was used to establish an in vivo inflammation model in zebrafish for drug screening. We present an experimental method that conveniently and rapidly assesses the anti-inflammatory properties of drugs. The yolks of 3-day post-fertilization (dpf) larvae were injected with 0.5 mg/mL LPS to induce fatal inflammation. After LPS stimulation, macrophages were tracked by NR and SB staining and neutrophil migration was observed using the MPO:GFP line. Larval mortality was used as the primary end-point. Expression levels of key cytokines involved in the inflammatory response including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, were measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Macrophages and neutrophils were both recruited to the LPS-injected site during the inflammatory response. Mortality was increased by LPS in a dose-dependent manner within 48 h. Analyses of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression levels revealed the upregulation of the inflammatory response in the LPS-injected larvae. Further, the anti-inflammatory activity of chlorogenic acid (CA) was evaluated in this zebrafish model to screen for anti-inflammatory drugs. A preliminary result showed that CA revealed a similar effect as the corticosteroid dexamethasone (DEX), which was used as a positive control, by inhibiting macrophage and neutrophil recruitment to the LPS site and improving survival. Our results suggest that this zebrafish screening model could be applied to study inflammation-mediated diseases. Moreover, the Traditional Chinese Medicine CA displays potential anti-inflammatory activity.
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176
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Pickart MA, Klee EW. Zebrafish approaches enhance the translational research tackle box. Transl Res 2014; 163:65-78. [PMID: 24269745 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During the past few decades, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been a workhorse for developmental biology and genetics. Concurrently, zebrafish have proved highly accessible and effective for translational research by providing a vertebrate animal model useful for gene discovery, disease modeling, chemical genetic screening, and other medically relevant studies. Key resources such as an annotated and complete genome sequence, and diverse tools for genetic manipulation continue to spur broad use of zebrafish. Thus, the purpose of this introductory review is to provide a window into the unique characteristics and diverse uses of zebrafish and to highlight in particular the increasing relevance of zebrafish as a translational animal model. This is accomplished by reviewing broad considerations of anatomic and physiological conservation, approaches for disease modeling and creation, general laboratory methods, genetic tools, genome conservation, and diverse opportunities for functional validation. Additional commentary throughout the review also guides the reader to the 4 new reviews found elsewhere in this special issue that showcase the many unique ways the zebrafish is improving understanding of renal regeneration, mitochondrial disease, dyslipidemia, and aging, for example. With many other possible approaches and a rapidly increasing number of medically relevant reports, zebrafish approaches enhance significantly the tools available for translational research and are actively improving the understanding of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric W Klee
- Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn
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177
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Geiger BM, Gras-Miralles B, Ziogas DC, Karagiannis AKA, Zhen A, Fraenkel P, Kokkotou E. Intestinal upregulation of melanin-concentrating hormone in TNBS-induced enterocolitis in adult zebrafish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83194. [PMID: 24376661 PMCID: PMC3869761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), an evolutionarily conserved appetite-regulating neuropeptide, has been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Expression of MCH is upregulated in inflamed intestinal mucosa in humans with colitis and MCH-deficient mice treated with trinitrobenzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS) develop an attenuated form of colitis compared to wild type animals. Zebrafish have emerged as a new animal model of IBD, although the majority of the reported studies concern zebrafish larvae. Regulation MCH expression in the adult zebrafish intestine remains unknown. Methods In the present study we induced enterocolitis in adult zebrafish by intrarectal administration of TNBS. Follow-up included survival analysis, histological assessment of changes in intestinal architecture, and assessment of intestinal infiltration by myeloperoxidase positive cells and cytokine transcript levels. Results Treatment with TNBS dose-dependently reduced fish survival. This response required the presence of an intact microbiome, since fish pre-treated with vancomycin developed less severe enterocolitis. At 6 hours post-challenge, we detected a significant influx of myeloperoxidase positive cells in the intestine and upregulation of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Most importantly, and in analogy to human IBD and TNBS-induced mouse experimental colitis, we found increased intestinal expression of MCH and its receptor in TNBS-treated zebrafish. Conclusions Taken together these findings not only establish a model of chemically-induced experimental enterocolitis in adult zebrafish, but point to effects of MCH in intestinal inflammation that are conserved across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda M Geiger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Gras-Miralles
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dimitrios C Ziogas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Apostolos K A Karagiannis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aileen Zhen
- Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paula Fraenkel
- Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Efi Kokkotou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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178
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Antoine TE, Jones KS, Dale RM, Shukla D, Tiwari V. Zebrafish: modeling for herpes simplex virus infections. Zebrafish 2013; 11:17-25. [PMID: 24266790 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, zebrafish have been the prototypical model for studies in developmental biology. In recent years, zebrafish has emerged as a powerful model system to study infectious diseases, including viral infections. Experiments conducted with herpes simplex virus type-1 in adult zebrafish or in embryo models are encouraging as they establish proof of concept with viral-host tropism and possible screening of antiviral compounds. In addition, the presence of human homologs of viral entry receptors in zebrafish such as 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate, nectins, and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14-like receptor bring strong rationale for virologists to test their in vivo significance in viral entry in a zebrafish model and compare the structure-function basis of virus zebrafish receptor interaction for viral entry. On the other end, a zebrafish model is already being used for studying inflammation and angiogenesis, with or without genetic manipulations, and therefore can be exploited to study viral infection-associated pathologies. The major advantage with zebrafish is low cost, easy breeding and maintenance, rapid lifecycle, and a transparent nature, which allows visualizing dissemination of fluorescently labeled virus infection in real time either at a localized region or the whole body. Further, the availability of multiple transgenic lines that express fluorescently tagged immune cells for in vivo imaging of virus infected animals is extremely attractive. In addition, a fully developed immune system and potential for receptor-specific knockouts further advocate the use of zebrafish as a new tool to study viral infections. In this review, we focus on expanding the potential of zebrafish model system in understanding human infectious diseases and future benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thessicar Evadney Antoine
- 1 Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences & Microbiology/Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
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179
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Singh SK, Sethi S, Aravamudhan S, Krüger M, Grabher C. Proteome mapping of adult zebrafish marrow neutrophils reveals partial cross species conservation to human peripheral neutrophils. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73998. [PMID: 24019943 PMCID: PMC3760823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes are pivotal cells within the first line of host defense of the innate immune system. In this study, we have used a gel-based LC-MS/MS approach to explore the proteome of primary marrow neutrophils from adult zebrafish. The identified proteins originated from all major cellular compartments. Gene ontology analysis revealed significant association of proteins with different immune-related network and pathway maps. 75% of proteins identified in neutrophils were identified in neutrophils only when compared to neutrophil-free brain tissue. Moreover, cross-species comparison with human peripheral blood neutrophils showed partial conservation of immune-related proteins between human and zebrafish. This study provides the first zebrafish neutrophil proteome and may serve as a valuable resource for an understanding of neutrophil biology and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar Singh
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sachin Sethi
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Krüger
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Clemens Grabher
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
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180
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Spaink HP, Cui C, Wiweger MI, Jansen HJ, Veneman WJ, Marín-Juez R, de Sonneville J, Ordas A, Torraca V, van der Ent W, Leenders WP, Meijer AH, Snaar-Jagalska BE, Dirks RP. Robotic injection of zebrafish embryos for high-throughput screening in disease models. Methods 2013; 62:246-54. [PMID: 23769806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of zebrafish larvae for biomedical research applications is resulting in versatile models for a variety of human diseases. These models exploit the optical transparency of zebrafish larvae and the availability of a large genetic tool box. Here we present detailed protocols for the robotic injection of zebrafish embryos at very high accuracy with a speed of up to 2000 embryos per hour. These protocols are benchmarked for several applications: (1) the injection of DNA for obtaining transgenic animals, (2) the injection of antisense morpholinos that can be used for gene knock-down, (3) the injection of microbes for studying infectious disease, and (4) the injection of human cancer cells as a model for tumor progression. We show examples of how the injected embryos can be screened at high-throughput level using fluorescence analysis. Our methods open up new avenues for the use of zebrafish larvae for large compound screens in the search for new medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman P Spaink
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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181
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Patrinostro X, Carter ML, Kramer AC, Lund TC. A model of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the zebrafish. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:697-710.e2. [PMID: 23603363 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common genetic defect and enzymopathy worldwide, affecting approximately 400 million people and causing acute hemolysis in persons exposed to prooxidant compounds such as menthol, naphthalene, antimalarial drugs, and fava beans. Mouse models have not been useful because of a lack of significant response to oxidative challenge. We turned to zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, which develop ex utero and are transparent, allowing visualization of hemolysis. We designed morpholinos to zebrafish g6pd that were effective in reducing gene expression as shown by Western blot and G6PD enzyme activity, resulting in a brisk hemolysis and pericardial edema secondary to anemia. Titration of the g6pd knockdown allowed us to generate embryos that displayed no overt phenotype until exposed to the prooxidant compounds 1-naphthol, menthol, or primaquine, after which they developed hemolysis and pericardial edema within 48-72 hours. We were also able to show that g6pd morphants displayed significant levels of increased oxidative stress compared with controls. We anticipate that this will be a useful model of G6PD deficiency to study hemolysis as well as oxidative stress that occurs after exposure to prooxidants, similar to what occurs in G6PD-deficient persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Patrinostro
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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182
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Babaei F, Ramalingam R, Tavendale A, Liang Y, Yan LSK, Ajuh P, Cheng SH, Lam YW. Novel Blood Collection Method Allows Plasma Proteome Analysis from Single Zebrafish. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1580-90. [DOI: 10.1021/pr3009226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Babaei
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rajkumar Ramalingam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Amy Tavendale
- Dundee Cell Products, James Lindsay Place, Dundee Technopole, Dundee DD1 5JJ, Scotland,
U.K
| | - Yimin Liang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Leo So Kin Yan
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Ajuh
- Dundee Cell Products, James Lindsay Place, Dundee Technopole, Dundee DD1 5JJ, Scotland,
U.K
| | - Shuk Han Cheng
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yun Wah Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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183
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Baldwin J, Antoine TE, Shukla D, Tiwari V. Zebrafish encoded 3-O-sulfotransferase-2 generated heparan sulfate serves as a receptor during HSV-1 entry and spread. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:672-6. [PMID: 23416072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previously we reported the role of zebrafish (ZF) encoded glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase-3 (3-OST-3) isoform in assisting herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) entry and spread by generating an entry receptor to HSV-1 envelope glycoprotein D (gD). However, the ability of ZF encoded 3-OST-2 isoform to participate in HSV-1 entry has not been determined although it is predominantly expressed in ZF brain, a prime target for HSV-1 to infect and establish lifelong latency. Here we report the expression cloning of ZF encoded 3-OST-2 isoform and demonstrate HSV-1 entry into resistant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells expressing the clone. Additional significance of ZF encoded 3-OST-2 receptor was demonstrated using medically important isolates of HSV-1. In addition, interference to HSV-1 entry was observed upon co-expression of HSV-1 gD and ZF 3-OST-2. Similarly HSV-1 entry was significantly inhibited by the pre-treatment of cells with enzyme HS lyases (heparinase II/III). Finally, ZF-3-OST-2 expressing CHO-K1 was able to fuse with HSV-1 glycoprotein expressing cells suggesting their role in HSV-1 spread. Taken together our result demonstrates a role for ZF 3-OST-2 in HSV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Baldwin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
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184
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Ding Y, Liu X, Bu L, Li H, Zhang S. Antimicrobial-immunomodulatory activities of zebrafish phosvitin-derived peptide Pt5. Peptides 2012; 37:309-13. [PMID: 22841856 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A phosvitin (Pv)-derived peptide, Pt5, which consists of the C-terminal 55 residues of Pv in zebrafish, has been shown to function as an antimicrobial agent capable of killing microbes in vitro. However, its in vivo role in zebrafish remains unknown. In this study, we clearly demonstrated that Pt5 protected adult zebrafish from pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila attack, capable of significantly enhancing the survival rate of zebrafish after the pathogenic challenge. Pt5 also caused a marked decrease in the numbers of A. hydrophila in the blood, spleen, kidney, liver and muscle, suggesting that Pt5 was able to block multiplication/dissemination of A. hydrophila in zebrafish. Additionally, Pt5 markedly suppressed the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine genes IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the spleen and head kidney of A. hydrophila-infected zebrafish, but it considerably enhanced the expressions of the antiinflammatory cytokine genes IL-10 and IL-4 in the same tissues. Taken together, these data indicate that Pt5 plays a dual role in zebrafish as an antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agent, capable of protecting zebrafish against pathogenic A. hydrophila through its antimicrobial activity as well as preventing zebrafish from the detrimental effects of an excessive inflammatory response via modulating immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Ding
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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185
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Li YJ, Hu B. Establishment of Multi-Site Infection Model in Zebrafish Larvae for Studying Staphylococcus aureus Infectious Disease. J Genet Genomics 2012; 39:521-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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186
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Positive selection pressure within teleost toll-like receptors tlr21 and tlr22 subfamilies and their response to temperature stress and microbial components in zebrafish. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:8965-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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187
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Think small: zebrafish as a model system of human pathology. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:817341. [PMID: 22701308 PMCID: PMC3371824 DOI: 10.1155/2012/817341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human pathologies have mostly been modeled using higher mammal systems such as mice, the lower vertebrate zebrafish has gained tremendous attention as a model system. The advantages of zebrafish over classical vertebrate models are multifactorial and include high genetic and organ system homology to humans, high fecundity, external fertilization, ease of genetic manipulation, and transparency through early adulthood that enables powerful imaging modalities. This paper focuses on four areas of human pathology that were developed and/or advanced significantly in zebrafish in the last decade. These areas are (1) wound healing/restitution, (2) gastrointestinal diseases, (3) microbe-host interactions, and (4) genetic diseases and drug screens. Important biological processes and pathologies explored include wound-healing responses, pancreatic cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and mycobacterium infection. The utility of zebrafish in screening for novel genes important in various pathologies such as polycystic kidney disease is also discussed.
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