151
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Bennekou SH. Moving towards a holistic approach for human health risk assessment - Is the current approach fit for purpose? EFSA J 2019; 17:e170711. [PMID: 32626448 PMCID: PMC7015490 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.e170711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is recognised that new scientific improvements and their integration in risk assessment, as outlined in the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine 2017 report, have the potential to improve human health risk assessments by enabling a mechanistic understanding of adverse effects and more accurate predictions of biological responses. Here, I discuss why such improvements are needed and can ease a paradigm shift in human health risk assessment. The current approach to human health risk assessment is limited by several elements: (1) the relevance of data is debatable, as they are largely based on in vivo animal models that are poorly predictive for complex endpoints, raise challenges with regard to interspecies extrapolations, and are seldom informative of the mechanism underlying the observed effects; (2) lack of flexibility in data requirements by regulators, which limits the uptake of new scientific developments in a timely manner; and (3) lack of data accessibility, which makes data integration difficult. However, mechanistic-based assessments are currently conducted for the identification of endocrine disruptors and are developed for addressing developmental neurotoxicity. Such assessments can serve as examples for changing the paradigm of risk assessment. There are several opportunities for improvement, such as: make regulatory standard requirements less prescriptive; enhance and use the opportunities for read-across; analyse and quantify uncertainties in order to benchmark new approach methods to the current system; better integrate screening methods early in regulatory assessments and decision-making; and develop more adverse outcome pathways in order to link new approach methods with the current approach and ultimately make it possible to base regulatory decisions on early key events of a toxicity pathway.
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152
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Martin OV, Adams J, Beasley A, Belanger S, Breton RL, Brock TCM, Buonsante VA, Galay Burgos M, Green J, Guiney PD, Hall T, Hanson M, Harris MJ, Henry TR, Huggett D, Junghans M, Laskowski R, Maack G, Moermond CTA, Panter G, Pease A, Poulsen V, Roberts M, Rudén C, Schlekat CE, Schoeters I, Solomon KR, Staveley J, Stubblefield B, Sumpter JP, Warne MSJ, Wentsel R, Wheeler JR, Wolff BA, Yamazaki K, Zahner H, Ågerstrand M. Improving environmental risk assessments of chemicals: Steps towards evidence-based ecotoxicology. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 128:210-217. [PMID: 31059916 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olwenn V Martin
- Dept of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Adams
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Scott Belanger
- Global Product Stewardship, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Theo C M Brock
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands
| | | | - Malyka Galay Burgos
- European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Mark Hanson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Tala R Henry
- Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Marion Junghans
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ryszard Laskowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland
| | - Gerd Maack
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Caroline T A Moermond
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Grace Panter
- wca (previously affiliated with Syngenta Ltd., Berkshire, UK), Faringdon, UK
| | | | | | | | - Christina Rudén
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Sweden
| | | | | | - Keith R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Bill Stubblefield
- Dept of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - John P Sumpter
- Dept of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael St J Warne
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia; Queensland Department of Environment and Science, Australia; Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, UK
| | | | - James R Wheeler
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Brian A Wolff
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Holly Zahner
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Marlene Ågerstrand
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Sweden.
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153
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Rigobello-Masini M, Pereira EAO, Abate G, Masini JC. Solid-Phase Extraction of Glyphosate in the Analyses of Environmental, Plant, and Food Samples. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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154
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Grube M, Kalnenieks U, Muter O. Metabolic response of bacteria to elevated concentrations of glyphosate-based herbicide. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 173:373-380. [PMID: 30784801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most widespread commonly used broad-spectrum herbicides that contaminate soils and waters, are toxic to bacteria, plants and animals, and have been classified as 'probably carcinogenic to humans' by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2015. Particular soil bacteria and fungi can degrade GBHs, hence, search for new GBH-degrading strains or microbial consortia, effective under specific growth conditions and local environment, seems to be a promising solution for bio-remediation of glyphosate-contaminated environment. Consequently, there is a need for rapid and informative methods to evaluate the GBH-induced changes of the metabolic pathways in cells, that may serve as indicators of GBH-degrading potential. Three new GBH-degrading bacterial strains, Pseudomonas sp., Actinobacteria and Serratia sp. were isolated from sludge of municipal waste water treatment plant (Daugavgriva, Riga, Latvia), agricultural soil and plant tissue, respectively. This study examined the response of these isolates to elevated concentrations of glyphosate (GLP) (100 and 500 mg/L) in GBH Klinik® 360 SL. The GBH-induced shift of metabolic activity in cells of Pseudomonas sp. was shown by tests on EcoPlates™. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses were used to evaluate the metabolomic response of bacteria to elevated concentrations of GBH in the growth environment. The spectra of Pseudomonas sp. and Serratia sp., incubated with and without GBH, were similar, thus indicating their GBH-resistance. The absorption at 1736 cm-1, assigned to ester carbonyl stretch vibrations, was detected in spectra of all three bacteria. The highest ester content was detected in Actinobacteria grown in medium with 1.0% molasses and 100 or 500 mg/L GLP in GBH Klinik®. An increase of cellular amounts of esters, either those of phospholipids or poly-β-hydroxybutyrates, indicates degradation of GLP. Therefore, monitoring the ester carbonyl stretch vibration band in FTIR spectra of bacterial biomass may speed up the search GBH-degrading strains. Microbiological tests and cell metabolic response studies by FTIR spectroscopy showed that the three new isolates of Pseudomonas sp., Actinobacteria and Serratia sp. were resistant to elevated concentrations of GBH Klinik® in growth environment and exhibited the potential for GBH degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Grube
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Uldis Kalnenieks
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Olga Muter
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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155
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Verderame M, Scudiero R. How Glyphosate Impairs Liver Condition in the Field Lizard Podarcis siculus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810): Histological and Molecular Evidence. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4746283. [PMID: 31218226 PMCID: PMC6536989 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4746283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The potential toxicity of glyphosate, a widely used broad-spectrum herbicide, is currently a great matter of debate. As vertebrate insectivores, lizards protect plants from herbivorous insects increasing plant biomass via the trophic cascade and represent an important link between invertebrates and higher predators. A negative effect of glyphosate on lizards' survival could have major impacts at the ecological levels. In this study, we investigated the effects of the exposure to low doses of glyphosate on the liver of the wall lizard Podarcis siculus, a suitable bioindicator of soil pollution. Two different doses of pure glyphosate (0.05 and 0.5 μg/kg body weight) were orally administered every other day for 3 weeks to sexually mature males and females. The results demonstrated that both doses, despite being very low, are toxic for the liver that showed clear signs of suffering, regardless of sex. The histological analysis provided a scenario of severe hepatic condition, which degenerated until the appearance of fibrotic formations. The morphological observations were consistent with a loss of liver physiological functions. Immunocytochemical investigations allowed us to detect an involvement of antioxidant/cytoprotective proteins, such as superoxide dismutase 1 (Cu/Zn SOD, known as SOD1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), metallothionein (MT), and tumor suppressor protein 53, (p53) suggesting that the liver was trying to react against stress signals and damage induced by glyphosate. Finally, in situ hybridization and Real-Time PCR analysis showed the upregulation of estrogen receptor α and vitellogenin gene expression, thus demonstrating the xenoestrogenic action of glyphosate. The imbalance of the hormonal homeostasis could threaten the lizards' reproductive fitness and survival, altering the trophic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosaria Scudiero
- Department of Biology, University Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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156
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Determination of glyphosate in soil samples using CdTe/CdS quantum dots in capillary electrophoresis. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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157
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Lanzarin GAB, Félix LM, Santos D, Venâncio CAS, Monteiro SM. Dose-dependent effects of a glyphosate commercial formulation - Roundup ® UltraMax - on the early zebrafish embryogenesis. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:514-522. [PMID: 30784758 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of herbicides with glyphosate as an active ingredient, the so-called glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH), has increased dramatically in recent years currently being the most widely used in the world. Therefore, glyphosate residues have been detected in water and soils near the application sites. Recent studies indicate that GBH may cause adverse effects on vertebrates although these have been attributed to the presence of adjuvants in the commercial formulations rather than to the sole compound. Accordingly, the objective of this work was to investigate the lethal and sub-lethal developmental effects, neurotoxic potential and oxidative stress responses of zebrafish embryos to Roundup® Ultramax (RU) exposure. Embryos were exposed during 72 h to 0, 2, 5, 8.5 μg a.i. mL-1 of RU. Increased mortality was observed in embryos exposed to concentrations above 8.5 μg a.i. mL-1 as well as increased number of malformations. Decreased heart rate and hatchability were also observed. By contrast, exposure to concentrations that do not evoke teratogenic outcomes induced a dose-dependent decrease of heart rate although not inducing significant developmental changes. However, histological changes were not observed in the larvae exposed to these concentrations. Moreover, the generation of reactive oxygen species, the antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD and CAT), the GST biotransformation activity, the glutathione levels (GSH and GSSG), the oxidative damage (MDA) and the acetylcholinesterase and lactate dehydrogenase were similar among groups following exposure. Overall, available evidence suggests a dose-dependent toxicological effect of this formulation at concentrations that are not routinely detected in the environment. However, additional studies should be performed to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms in favor of this formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano A B Lanzarin
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís M Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Dércia Santos
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos A S Venâncio
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sandra M Monteiro
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
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158
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Pham TH, Derian L, Kervarrec C, Kernanec PY, Jégou B, Smagulova F, Gely-Pernot A. Perinatal Exposure to Glyphosate and a Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Affect Spermatogenesis in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2019; 169:260-271. [PMID: 30785197 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world. Several studies have investigated the effects of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) on male reproduction, but there is still little and conflicting evidence for its toxicity. In this study, we analyzed the effects of glyphosate, alone or in formula, on the male reproductive system. Pregnant mice were treated from E10.5 to 20 days postpartum by adding glyphosate or a GBH (Roundup 3 Plus) to their drinking water at 0.5 (the acceptable daily intake, ADI dose), 5 and 50 mg/kg/day. Male offspring derived from treated mice were sacrificed at 5, 20, and 35 days old (d.o.) and 8 months old (m.o.) for analysis. Our result showed that exposure to glyphosate, but not GBH, affects testis morphology in 20 d.o. and decrease serum testosterone concentrations in 35 d.o. males. We identified that the spermatozoa number decreased by 89% and 84% in 0.5 and 5 mg/kg/day of GBH and glyphosate groups, respectively. Moreover, the undifferentiated spermatogonia numbers were decreased by 60% in 5 mg/kg/day glyphosate group, which could be due to the alterations in the expression of genes involved in germ cell differentiation such as Sall4 and Nano3 and apoptosis as Bax and Bcl2. In 8 m.o. animals, a decreased testosterone level was observed in GBH groups. Our data demonstrate that glyphosate and GBHs could cause endocrine-disrupting effects on male reproduction at low doses. As glyphosate has effects at the ADI level, our data suggest that the current ADI for glyphosate could be overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Ha Pham
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Lohann Derian
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Christine Kervarrec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Kernanec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Bernard Jégou
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Fatima Smagulova
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Aurore Gely-Pernot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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159
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Tsiaoussis J, Antoniou MN, Koliarakis I, Mesnage R, Vardavas CI, Izotov BN, Psaroulaki A, Tsatsakis A. Effects of single and combined toxic exposures on the gut microbiome: Current knowledge and future directions. Toxicol Lett 2019; 312:72-97. [PMID: 31034867 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human populations are chronically exposed to mixtures of toxic chemicals. Predicting the health effects of these mixtures require a large amount of information on the mode of action of their components. Xenobiotic metabolism by bacteria inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract has a major influence on human health. Our review aims to explore the literature for studies looking to characterize the different modes of action and outcomes of major chemical pollutants, and some components of cosmetics and food additives, on gut microbial communities in order to facilitate an estimation of their potential mixture effects. We identified good evidence that exposure to heavy metals, pesticides, nanoparticles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and non-caloric artificial sweeteners affect the gut microbiome and which is associated with the development of metabolic, malignant, inflammatory, or immune diseases. Answering the question 'Who is there?' is not sufficient to define the mode of action of a toxicant in predictive modeling of mixture effects. Therefore, we recommend that new studies focus to simulate real-life exposure to diverse chemicals (toxicants, cosmetic/food additives), including as mixtures, and which combine metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metabolomic analytical methods achieving in that way a comprehensive evaluation of effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Michael N Antoniou
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Koliarakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Constantine I Vardavas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Boris N Izotov
- Department of Analytical, Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Psaroulaki
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Analytical, Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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160
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Chiesa LM, Nobile M, Panseri S, Arioli F. Detection of glyphosate and its metabolites in food of animal origin based on ion-chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (IC-HRMS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:592-600. [PMID: 30870107 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1583380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate and glufosinate are broad spectrum herbicides, widely used in agriculture and in inhabited or industrialised areas, and aminomethylphosphonic acid is a degradation product of glyphosate. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer reported that glyphosate is a probable carcinogenic. In 2017, however, a scientific opinion of the European Chemicals Agency concluded that glyphosate is not proven to be carcinogenic, mutagenic or to have negative effects on reproduction. Nevertheless, aminomethylphosphonic acid was not considered. Due to their chemical-physical characteristics, these molecules present difficulties that have not yet allowed routine monitoring to be carried out. For these reasons, we developed and validated a simple and versatile liquid extraction, before IC-HRMS analysis, of three different complex matrices: honey, bass fish and bovine muscle. Among the satisfactory validation parameters, the LOQs in the range of 4.30-9.26 ng g-1 demonstrated high method sensitivity, compared to the few works present in literature. Finally, the method was applied to real commercial samples, which showed no traces of the selected pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maria Chiesa
- a Department of Health , Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Maria Nobile
- a Department of Health , Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Sara Panseri
- a Department of Health , Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Francesco Arioli
- a Department of Health , Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
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161
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Clarke G, Sandhu KV, Griffin BT, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Hyland NP. Gut Reactions: Breaking Down Xenobiotic–Microbiome Interactions. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:198-224. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.015768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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162
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Yushchenko DY, Simonov PA, Khlebnikova TB, Pai ZP, Bukhtiyarov VI. Oxidation of N-isopropyl phosphonomethyl glycine with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by carbon-supported gold nanoparticles. CATAL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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163
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Reynoso EC, Torres E, Bettazzi F, Palchetti I. Trends and Perspectives in Immunosensors for Determination of Currently-Used Pesticides: The Case of Glyphosate, Organophosphates, and Neonicotinoids. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E20. [PMID: 30720729 PMCID: PMC6468886 DOI: 10.3390/bios9010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides, due to their intensive use and their peculiar chemical features, can persist in the environment and enter the trophic chain, thus representing an environmental risk for the ecosystems and human health. Although there are several robust and reliable standard analytical techniques for their monitoring, the high frequency of contamination caused by pesticides requires methods for massive monitoring campaigns that are capable of rapidly detecting these compounds in many samples of different origin. Immunosensors represent a potential tool for simple, rapid, and sensitive monitoring of pesticides. Antibodies coupled to electrochemical or optical transducers have resulted in effective detection devices. In this review, the new trends in immunosensor development and the application of immunosensors for the detection of pesticides of environmental concern-such as glyphosate, organophosphates, and neonicotinoids-are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo C Reynoso
- Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Torres
- Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico.
| | - Francesca Bettazzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
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164
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Sullivan G, Holliman P. Thermal treatment of Himalayan balsam: Tar and biochar analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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165
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Tsai WT. Trends in the Use of Glyphosate Herbicide and Its Relevant Regulations in Taiwan: A Water Contaminant of Increasing Concern. TOXICS 2019; 7:E4. [PMID: 30678215 PMCID: PMC6468642 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In Taiwan and other countries, glyphosate has been used widely as a non-selective herbicide over 40 years in crop lands and non-crop lands. However, public concerns about its environmental and health risks have increased rapidly because the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reclassified it as Group 2A (probably carcinogenic to humans) in 2015. From the viewpoints of environmental quality, food security and human health, it is necessary to regulate the release of glyphosate into the environment due to its massive use. The purpose of this case study was to analyze the historical consumption of glyphosate in Taiwan and also summarize its current regulatory measures through multi-ministerial levels. It showed that the sales quantities of glyphosate in Taiwan can be grouped into three stages, which include a ramping period (1984⁻1992), a stable period (1992⁻2007), and a declining period (2007⁻2016). These variations can be correlated with the annual price, manufacturers' promotion and other non-selective herbicide competitors (i.e., paraquat and glufosinate), as well as the excellent action features of glyphosate. It should be noted that its sales quantities significantly increased from 3200 metric tons in 2015 to 4535 metric tons in 2016 mainly due to the official announcement of paraquat ban effective in February 2019. The core regulations for protecting food security and water quality from the use of glyphosate are based on its residual limits and standards under the authorization of the Food Sanitation Management Act (FSMA) and the Water Pollution Control Act (WPCA), respectively. More importantly, there are occasional reports of contamination by herbicides (including glyphosate) in drinking water sources. Unfortunately, glyphosate is not yet considered among chemical items when evaluating drinking water quality standards in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tien Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan.
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166
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Paumgartten FJR. To be or not to be a carcinogen; delving into the glyphosate classification controversy. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000118217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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167
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Zhao J, Pacenka S, Wu J, Richards BK, Steenhuis T, Simpson K, Hay AG. Detection of glyphosate residues in companion animal feeds. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1113-1118. [PMID: 30253302 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The widespread adoption of genetically modified, glyphosate-tolerant corn and soybean varieties in US crop production has led to a dramatic increase in glyphosate usage. Though present at or below regulatory limits currently set for human foodstuffs, the concentration of glyphosate in companion animal feed is currently unknown. In the present study, 18 commercial companion animal feeds from eight manufacturers were analyzed for glyphosate residues using ELISA. Every product contained detectable glyphosate residues in the range of 7.83 × 101-2.14 × 103 μg kg-1 dry weight, with the average and medians being 3.57 × 102 and 1.98 × 102 μg kg-1 respectively. Three products were tested for within-bag variation and six were tested for lot to lot variation. Little within-bag variation was found, but the concentration of glyphosate varied by lot in half of the products tested. Glyphosate concentration was significantly correlated with crude fiber content, but not crude fat or crude protein. Average daily intakes by animals consuming feeds containing the median glyphosate concentration are estimated to result in exposures that are 0.68-2.5% of the Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) for humans in the US and EU, which are 1750 and 500 μg kg-1 respectively. Consumption of the most contaminated feed, however, would result in exposure to 7.3% and 25% of the above ADIs, though the relevance of such an exposure to companion animals is currently unknown. Companion animal feeds contained 7.83 × 101-2.14 × 103 μg kg-1 glyphosate which is likely to result in pet exposure that is 4-12 times higher than that of humans on a per Kg basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, USA; Department of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, USA
| | - Steven Pacenka
- Department of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Genomics Facility, Cornell University, USA
| | - Brian K Richards
- Department of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, USA
| | - Tammo Steenhuis
- Department of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, USA
| | - Kenneth Simpson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NYS College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, USA
| | - Anthony G Hay
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, USA.
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168
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Lushchak VI, Matviishyn TM, Husak VV, Storey JM, Storey KB. Pesticide toxicity: a mechanistic approach. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:1101-1136. [PMID: 30564086 PMCID: PMC6295629 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are known for their high persistence and pervasiveness in the environment, and along with products of their biotransformation, they may remain in and interact with the environment and living organisms in multiple ways, according to their nature and chemical structure, dose and targets. In this review, the classifications of pesticides based on their nature, use, physical state, pathophysiological effects, and sources are discussed. The effects of these xenobiotics on the environment, their biotransformation in terms of bioaccumulation are highlighted with special focus on the molecular mechanisms deciphered to date. Basing on targeted organisms, most pesticides are classified as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. Herbicides are known as growth regulators, seedling growth inhibitors, photosynthesis inhibitors, inhibitors of amino acid and lipid biosynthesis, cell membrane disrupters, and pigment biosynthesis inhibitors, whereas fungicides include inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, and mitochondrial respiration. Insecticides mainly affect nerves and muscle, growth and development, and energy production. Studying the impact of pesticides and other related chemicals is of great interest to animal and human health risk assessment processes since potentially everyone can be exposed to these compounds which may cause many diseases, including metabolic syndrome, malnutrition, atherosclerosis, inflammation, pathogen invasion, nerve injury, and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Future studies should be directed to investigate influence of long term effects of low pesticide doses and to minimize or eliminate influence of pesticides on non-target living organisms, produce more specific pesticides and using modern technologies to decrease contamination of food and other goods by pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr I. Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana M. Matviishyn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine
| | - Viktor V. Husak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine
| | - Janet M. Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kenneth B. Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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169
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Guerrero Schimpf M, Milesi MM, Luque EH, Varayoud J. Glyphosate-based herbicide enhances the uterine sensitivity to estradiol in rats. J Endocrinol 2018; 239:197-213. [PMID: 30121576 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In a previous work, we detected that postnatal exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) alters uterine development in prepubertal rats causing endometrial hyperplasia and increasing cell proliferation. Our goal was to determine whether exposure to low dose of a GBH during postnatal development might enhance the sensitivity of the uterus to an estrogenic treatment. Female Wistar pups were subcutaneously injected with saline solution (control) or GBH using the reference dose (2 mg/kg/day, EPA) on postnatal days (PND) 1, 3, 5 and 7. At weaning (PND21), female rats were bilaterally ovariectomized and treated with silastic capsules containing 17β-estradiol (E2, 1 mg/mL) until they were 2 months of age. On PND60, uterine samples were removed and processed for histology, immunohistochemistry and mRNA extraction to evaluate: (i) uterine morphology, (ii) uterine cell proliferation by the detection of Ki67, (iii) the expression of the estrogen receptors alpha (ESR1) and beta (ESR2) and (iv) the expression of WNT7A and CTNNB1. GBH-exposed animals showed increased luminal epithelial height and stromal nuclei density. The luminal and glandular epithelium were markedly hyperplastic in 43% of GBH-exposed animals. GBH exposure caused an increase in E2-induced cell proliferation in association with an induction of both ESR1 and ESR2. GBH treatment decreased membranous and cytoplasmic expression of CTNNB1 in luminal and glandular epithelial cells and increased WNT7A expression in the luminal epithelium. These results suggest that early postnatal exposure to a GBH enhances the sensitivity of the rat uterus to estradiol and induces histomorphological and molecular changes associated with uterine hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlise Guerrero Schimpf
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María M Milesi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Enrique H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Varayoud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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170
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Costa MP, Prates LM, Baptista L, Cruz MT, Ferreira IL. Interaction of polyelectrolyte complex between sodium alginate and chitosan dimers with a single glyphosate molecule: A DFT and NBO study. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 198:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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171
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Bettazzi F, Romero Natale A, Torres E, Palchetti I. Glyphosate Determination by Coupling an Immuno-Magnetic Assay with Electrochemical Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E2965. [PMID: 30200562 PMCID: PMC6164882 DOI: 10.3390/s18092965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is the most frequently used broad-spectrum herbicide worldwide. Its mechanism of action is based on the inhibition of an enzyme that is essential to plant growth. Its intensive use has caused global contamination to occur, which has not only affected the ecosystems, but even food and other objects of common use. Thus, there is a pronounced need for developing analytical methods for glyphosate determination in different matrices. Here, an electrochemical competitive immunoassay, based on the use of antibody-modified magnetic particles, has been developed. Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) has been used as an enzymatic substrate. The extent of the affinity reaction has been achieved by monitoring the current value, due to the reduction of the enzymatic product. A disposable screen-printed electrochemical cell has been used. The calibration curve has been recorded in the 0⁻10,000 ng/L concentration range, with a detection limit of 5 ng/L and quantification limit of 30 ng/L. The electrochemical immunoassay has also been applied to the analysis of spiked beer samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bettazzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
| | - Aline Romero Natale
- Centro de Química-ICUAP, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Torres
- Centro de Química-ICUAP, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
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172
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Jansons M, Pugajeva I, Bartkevičs V. Occurrence of glyphosate in beer from the Latvian market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1767-1775. [PMID: 29718772 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1469051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of glyphosate in beer has been developed, validated, and applied to analyse 100 beer samples from 24 different producers and distributors in Latvia. The selected samples represented most beer brands and varieties sold in local supermarkets. Different procedures for sample preparation and chromatographic separation were compared. The final version of the method consisted of solid phase extraction, chromatographic separation on aminopropyl stationary phase, and detection using tandem mass spectrometry. The concentration of glyphosate in beer varied from below the LOD of 0.2 μg kg-1 up to 150 μg kg-1, higher than previously reported. Significantly higher (p < 0.01) content of glyphosate was observed in beers that did not have the country of production disclosed on the label and were sold in local supermarkets by distributors from Latvia (1.8 μg kg-1 median concentration in locally produced beer, 6.7 μg kg-1 in beer of undisclosed origin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mārtiņš Jansons
- a University of Latvia , Faculty of Chemistry , Riga , Latvia
- b Institute of Food Safety , Animal Health and Environment 'BIOR' , Riga , Latvia
| | - Iveta Pugajeva
- b Institute of Food Safety , Animal Health and Environment 'BIOR' , Riga , Latvia
| | - Vadims Bartkevičs
- b Institute of Food Safety , Animal Health and Environment 'BIOR' , Riga , Latvia
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173
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Kawada T. Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenicity. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:800-801. [PMID: 30233278 PMCID: PMC6141822 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kawada
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tomoyuki Kawada, Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; Phone number: +81-3-3822-2131, E-mail:
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174
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Rossi LF, Luaces JP, Palermo AM, Merani MS, Mudry MD. Cytogenetic damage in peripheral blood cultures of Chaetophractus villosus exposed in vivo to a glyphosate formulation (Roundup). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:121-127. [PMID: 29614449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Different concentrations of a glyphosate formulation, Roundup® Full II (66.2% glyphosate) were tested in culture peripheral blood of armadillo Chaetophractus villosus with cytogenetic biomarkers like mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and cell proliferation kinetics (CPK) by means of replication index. Adults animals of both sexes were exposed to RU at four concentrations ranging from 0.026 mL RU solution to 0.379 mL RU daily in oral treatment with the same volume (0.2 mL) during 7 days. We analyzed the induced damage at different times considering T0 as control value, one (T1), seven (T7) and 30 days (T30). One day after, only the higher concentration shows MI significant differences (p < 0.05), at T7 the frequency increases and at T30 it decreases reaching T0 values. The analysis of CA frequencies shows that only 0.106 mL RU/day exhibit significant differences vs T0 values. A great variability is expressed in the values of standard deviation (SD) and in the wide confidence intervals of the media. One day after treatments (T1) all four concentrations shows significant differences in SCE vs T0 values. Replication Index (RI) does not show significant differences. The dose-response behavior was not observed in either CA or SCE. The consistency of the findings obtained with the same biomarkers in vitro support the idea of expanding studies in order to characterize the risk doses for these mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Francisco Rossi
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Luaces
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Maria Palermo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa (CITEDEF), B1603ALQ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Susana Merani
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marta Dolores Mudry
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), Depto EGE, IEGEBA, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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175
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Tazdaït D, Salah R, Grib H, Abdi N, Mameri N. Kinetic study on biodegradation of glyphosate with unacclimated activated sludge. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2018; 28:448-459. [PMID: 29932733 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1487043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article is concerned with the study of biodegradation of an organophosphorus herbicide (glyphosate) using unacclimated activated sludge. Glyphosate at different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 g/L) was tested for cellular growth. On the other hand, the effect of glyphosate on its own biodegradation was studied by evaluating the fittings of different kinetic models (Andrews, Aiba et al., Han and Levenspiel, Luong, Tessier, Webb, Tseng and Wayman, Yano and Koga). According to the obtained results, the activated sludge was able to use glyphosate as the sole carbon source; however, 2 and 5 g/L glyphosate seemed to inhibit cellular growth. Moreover, glyphosate at initial concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 g/L was completely degraded within 4, 13 and 18 h of incubation, respectively. Yano and Koga model was the best-fit model (R2 = 0.999, F = 173,106 and P = 0.000006).
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Affiliation(s)
- Djaber Tazdaït
- a Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Agronomical Sciences , Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi-Ouzou , Tizi-Ouzou , Algeria
- b Laboratory of Bioengineering and Process Engineering , National Polytechnic School , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Rym Salah
- a Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Agronomical Sciences , Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi-Ouzou , Tizi-Ouzou , Algeria
| | - Hocine Grib
- b Laboratory of Bioengineering and Process Engineering , National Polytechnic School , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Nadia Abdi
- b Laboratory of Bioengineering and Process Engineering , National Polytechnic School , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Nabil Mameri
- b Laboratory of Bioengineering and Process Engineering , National Polytechnic School , Algiers , Algeria
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176
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Clausing P, Robinson C, Burtscher-Schaden H. Pesticides and public health: an analysis of the regulatory approach to assessing the carcinogenicity of glyphosate in the European Union. J Epidemiol Community Health 2018; 72:668-672. [PMID: 29535253 PMCID: PMC6204965 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2017-209776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present paper scrutinises the European authorities' assessment of the carcinogenic hazard posed by glyphosate based on Regulation (EC) 1272/2008. We use the authorities' own criteria as a benchmark to analyse their weight of evidence (WoE) approach. Therefore, our analysis goes beyond the comparison of the assessments made by the European Food Safety Authority and the International Agency for Research on Cancer published by others. We show that not classifying glyphosate as a carcinogen by the European authorities, including the European Chemicals Agency, appears to be not consistent with, and in some instances, a direct violation of the applicable guidance and guideline documents. In particular, we criticise an arbitrary attenuation by the authorities of the power of statistical analyses; their disregard of existing dose-response relationships; their unjustified claim that the doses used in the mouse carcinogenicity studies were too high and their contention that the carcinogenic effects were not reproducible by focusing on quantitative and neglecting qualitative reproducibility. Further aspects incorrectly used were historical control data, multisite responses and progression of lesions to malignancy. Contrary to the authorities' evaluations, proper application of statistical methods and WoE criteria inevitably leads to the conclusion that glyphosate is 'probably carcinogenic' (corresponding to category 1B in the European Union).
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177
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de Souza JM, Rabelo LM, de Faria DBG, Guimarães ATB, da Silva WAM, Rocha TL, Estrela FN, Chagas TQ, de Oliveira Mendes B, Malafaia G. The intake of water containing a mix of pollutants at environmentally relevant concentrations leads to defensive response deficit in male C57Bl/6J mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:186-197. [PMID: 29432930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have individually confirmed the toxic effects from different pollutants on mammals. However, effects resulting from the exposure of these animals to multi-pollutant mixes have not been studied so far. Thus, the aim of the current study is to assess the effect from the chronic exposure (105days) of C57Bl/6J mice to a mix of pollutants on their response to potential predators. In order to do so, the following groups were formed: "control", "Mix 1× [compounds from 15 pollutants identified in surface waters at environmentally relevant concentration (ERC)]", "Mix 10×" and "Mix 25×" (concentrations 10 and 25 times higher than the ERC). From the 100th experimental day on, the animals were subjected to tests in order to investigate whether they showed locomotor, visual, olfactory and auditory changes, since these abilities are essential to their anti-predatory behavior. Next, the animals' behavior towards potential predators (Felis catus and Pantherophis guttatus) was assessed. The herein collected data did not show defensive response from any of the experimental groups to the predatory stimulus provided by P. guttatus. However, the control animals, only, presented anti-predatory behavior when F. catus was introduced in the apparatus, fact that suggests defensive response deficit resulting from the treatments. Thus, the current study is pioneer in showing that the chronic intake of water containing a mix of pollutants (even at low concentrations) leads to behavioral disorders able to affect the survival and population dynamics of mammalian species at ecological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Moreira de Souza
- Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Denise Braga Gomes de Faria
- Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães
- Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Wellington Alves Mizael da Silva
- Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bruna de Oliveira Mendes
- Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil; Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil.
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178
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Zhang C, Sun Y, Hu R, Huang J, Huang X, Li Y, Yin Y, Chen Z. A comparison of the effects of agricultural pesticide uses on peripheral nerve conduction in China. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9621. [PMID: 29941882 PMCID: PMC6018562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence on the adverse effects of agricultural pesticide use by farmers under the actual field conditions on their peripheral nerve conduction in China is limited. This study was to investigate the association of agricultural pesticide use with the abnormalities of farmers’ peripheral nerve conduction based on two rounds of conventional nerve conduction studies. The level of pesticide exposure was assessed by measuring total amount of pesticides used by farmers in 2012. The logistic and negative binomial regression analyses were performed on a cohort study of 218 farmers. Results show that agricultural use of neither glyphosate nor non-glyphosate herbicides was not found to induce the abnormalities of farmers’ peripheral nerve conduction. However, agricultural use of organophosphorus compounds was significantly associated with increased risk of demylination disease of peripheral nerve conduction described by the reduced velocity. Moreover, the use of organonitrogen compounds by farmers would not only increase risk of demylination disease but axonal damages described by the reduced amplitude. By contrast, agricultural uses of organosulfur and pyrethroid compounds would not induce the abnormalities of farmers’ peripheral nerve conduction. The findings demonstrated the importance of developing health-friendly pesticides to replace organophosphorus and organonitrogen insecticides and fungicides in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yiduo Sun
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ruifa Hu
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jikun Huang
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and China Center for Agricultural Policy, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xusheng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yanhong Yin
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhaohui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
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179
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Flandroy L, Poutahidis T, Berg G, Clarke G, Dao MC, Decaestecker E, Furman E, Haahtela T, Massart S, Plovier H, Sanz Y, Rook G. The impact of human activities and lifestyles on the interlinked microbiota and health of humans and of ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:1018-1038. [PMID: 29426121 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants, animals and humans, are colonized by microorganisms (microbiota) and transiently exposed to countless others. The microbiota affects the development and function of essentially all organ systems, and contributes to adaptation and evolution, while protecting against pathogenic microorganisms and toxins. Genetics and lifestyle factors, including diet, antibiotics and other drugs, and exposure to the natural environment, affect the composition of the microbiota, which influences host health through modulation of interrelated physiological systems. These include immune system development and regulation, metabolic and endocrine pathways, brain function and epigenetic modification of the genome. Importantly, parental microbiotas have transgenerational impacts on the health of progeny. Humans, animals and plants share similar relationships with microbes. Research paradigms from humans and other mammals, amphibians, insects, planktonic crustaceans and plants demonstrate the influence of environmental microbial ecosystems on the microbiota and health of organisms, and indicate links between environmental and internal microbial diversity and good health. Therefore, overlapping compositions, and interconnected roles of microbes in human, animal and plant health should be considered within the broader context of terrestrial and aquatic microbial ecosystems that are challenged by the human lifestyle and by agricultural and industrial activities. Here, we propose research priorities and organizational, educational and administrative measures that will help to identify safe microbe-associated health-promoting modalities and practices. In the spirit of an expanding version of "One health" that includes environmental health and its relation to human cultures and habits (EcoHealth), we urge that the lifestyle-microbiota-human health nexus be taken into account in societal decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucette Flandroy
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Belgium
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Maria-Carlota Dao
- ICAN, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS U1166 (Eq 6) Nutriomics, Paris 6, France; UPMC, Sorbonne University, Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, France
| | - Ellen Decaestecker
- Aquatic Biology, Department Biology, Science, Engineering & Technology Group, KU Leuven, Campus Kortrijk. E. Sabbelaan 53, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Eeva Furman
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tari Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sébastien Massart
- Laboratory of Integrated and Urban Phytopathology, TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des deportes, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hubert Plovier
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Graham Rook
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infection, UCL (University College London), London, UK.
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180
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Wrobel MH. Glyphosate affects the secretion of regulators of uterine contractions in cows while it does not directly impair the motoric function of myometrium in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 349:55-61. [PMID: 29705296 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of pure glyphosate and its most popular product (brand name: Roundup) on the secretion of hormones involved in the regulation of myometrial contractions as well as their direct effects on myometrial contractions were examined. Myometrial strips as well as uterine and ovarian cells were taken from cows during the oestrous cycle and they were treated with both compounds at concentrations from their environmental range. Glyphosate stimulated the secretion of oestradiol from granulosa cells while both herbicides increased and decreased oxytocin (OT) and progesterone secretion from luteal cells respectively. However only Roundup stimulated mRNA expression of the precursor of OT. Both compounds decreased the secretion of prostaglandins from endometrial cells while they exerted no effect on the basal and OT-stimulated force of myometrial contractions. The studied herbicides did not directly impair the motoric function of the myometrium. However our data indicate the potential of these compounds to disturb the secretory functions of the ovaries and uterus which can lead to the deregulation of uterine contractions and to the impairment of fertilisation or to difficulties in the maintenance of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hubert Wrobel
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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181
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van de Merwe JP, Neale PA, Melvin SD, Leusch FDL. In vitro bioassays reveal that additives are significant contributors to the toxicity of commercial household pesticides. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 199:263-268. [PMID: 29677588 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides commonly used around households can contain additives of unknown concentrations and toxicity. Given the likelihood of these chemicals washing into urban waterways, it is important to understand the effects that these additives may have on aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to compare the toxicity of commercially available household pesticides to that of the active ingredient(s) alone. The toxicity of five household pesticides (three herbicides and two insecticides) was investigated using a bacterial cytotoxicity bioassay and an algal photosynthesis bioassay. The commercial products were up to an order of magnitude more toxic than the active ingredient(s) alone. In addition, two commercial products with the same listed active ingredients in the same ratio had a 600× difference in potency. These results clearly demonstrate that additives in commercial formulations are significant contributors to the toxicity of household pesticides. The toxicity of pesticides in aquatic systems is therefore likely underestimated by conventional chemical monitoring and risk assessment when only the active ingredients are considered. Regulators and customers should require more clarity from pesticide manufacturers about the nature and concentrations of not only the active ingredients, but also additives used in commercial formulations. In addition, monitoring programmes and chemical risk assessments schemes should develop a structured approach to assessing the toxic effects of commercial formulations, including additives, rather than simply those of the listed active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P van de Merwe
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Qld 4222, Australia.
| | - Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Steven D Melvin
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Qld 4222, Australia
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182
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Zoller O, Rhyn P, Rupp H, Zarn JA, Geiser C. Glyphosate residues in Swiss market foods: monitoring and risk evaluation. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:83-91. [PMID: 29284371 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1419509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 243 samples of diverse foodstuffs were analysed for glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) using a liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method with a relatively low limit of quantification in the range of 0.0005-0.0025 mg kg-1. Main contributors for dietary glyphosate and AMPA intake were cereals and pulses. The results suggest that pasta is a very important foodstuff for dietary glyphosate residue intake in Switzerland. Interestingly all samples of wine, fruit juice and nearly all samples of honey tested positive for glyphosate although at very low levels. A dietary risk assessment was conducted. Food products for analysis were not selected purely at random, rather products were selected for which high levels of glyphosate residues were suspected. However, even in samples where high residue levels were expected, no exceedances of maximum residue levels were found. Consequently, human exposure did not exceed neither acceptable daily intake nor acute reference dose. Therefore, glyphosate residues found in the sampled foodstuffs from the Swiss market were of no concern for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmar Zoller
- a Risk Assessment Division , Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Peter Rhyn
- a Risk Assessment Division , Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Heinz Rupp
- a Risk Assessment Division , Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Jürg A Zarn
- a Risk Assessment Division , Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Christoph Geiser
- a Risk Assessment Division , Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) , Bern , Switzerland
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183
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Milić M, Žunec S, Micek V, Kašuba V, Mikolić A, Lovaković BT, Semren TŽ, Pavičić I, Čermak AMM, Pizent A, Vrdoljak AL, Valencia-Quintana R, Sánchez-Alarcón J, Želježić D. Oxidative stress, cholinesterase activity, and DNA damage in the liver, whole blood, and plasma of Wistar rats following a 28-day exposure to glyphosate. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2018; 69:154-168. [PMID: 29990293 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this 28 day-study, we evaluated the effects of herbicide glyphosate administered by gavage to Wistar rats at daily doses equivalent to 0.1 of the acceptable operator exposure level (AOEL), 0.5 of the consumer acceptable daily intake (ADI), 1.75 (corresponding to the chronic population-adjusted dose, cPAD), and 10 mg kg-1 body weight (bw) (corresponding to 100 times the AOEL). At the end of each treatment, the body and liver weights were measured and compared with their baseline values. DNA damage in leukocytes and liver tissue was estimated with the alkaline comet assay. Oxidative stress was evaluated using a battery of endpoints to establish lipid peroxidation via thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) level, level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) level, and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Total cholinesterase activity and the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were also measured. The exposed animals gained less weight than control. Treatment resulted in significantly higher primary DNA damage in the liver cells and leukocytes. Glyphosate exposure significantly lowered TBARS in the liver of the AOEL, ADI, and cPAD groups, and in plasma in the AOEL and cPAD group. AChE was inhibited with all treatments, but the AOEL and ADI groups significantly differed from control. Total ChE and plasma/liver ROS/GSH levels did not significantly differ from control, except for the 35 % decrease in ChE in the AOEL and ADI groups and a significant drop in liver GSH in the cPAD and 100xAOEL groups. AOEL and ADI blood GSH-Px activity dropped significantly, but in the liver it significantly increased in the ADI, cPAD, and 100xAOEL groups vs. control. All these findings show that even exposure to low glyphosate levels can have serious adverse effects and points to a need to change the approach to risk assessment of low-level chronic/sub-chronic glyphosate exposure, where oxidative stress is not necessarily related to the genetic damage and AChE inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Milić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Žunec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedran Micek
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vilena Kašuba
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anja Mikolić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Ivan Pavičić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Alica Pizent
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Rafael Valencia-Quintana
- Laboratorio "Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini" de Toxicología Genómica y Química Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Juana Sánchez-Alarcón
- Laboratorio "Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini" de Toxicología Genómica y Química Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Davor Želježić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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184
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Abstract
Regulation of pesticides such as glyphosate needs to include societal assessment
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico M van Straalen
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Juliette Legler
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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185
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Mao Q, Manservisi F, Panzacchi S, Mandrioli D, Menghetti I, Vornoli A, Bua L, Falcioni L, Lesseur C, Chen J, Belpoggi F, Hu J. The Ramazzini Institute 13-week pilot study on glyphosate and Roundup administered at human-equivalent dose to Sprague Dawley rats: effects on the microbiome. Environ Health 2018; 17:50. [PMID: 29843725 PMCID: PMC5972442 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are broad-spectrum herbicides that act on the shikimate pathway in bacteria, fungi, and plants. The possible effects of GBHs on human health are the subject of an intense public debate for both its potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects, including its effects on microbiome. The present pilot study examines whether exposure to GBHs at doses of glyphosate considered to be "safe" (the US Acceptable Daily Intake - ADI - of 1.75 mg/kg bw/day), starting from in utero, may modify the composition of gut microbiome in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. METHODS Glyphosate alone and Roundup, a commercial brand of GBHs, were administered in drinking water at doses comparable to the US glyphosate ADI (1.75 mg/kg bw/day) to F0 dams starting from the gestational day (GD) 6 up to postnatal day (PND) 125. Animal feces were collected at multiple time points from both F0 dams and F1 pups. The gut microbiota of 433 fecal samples were profiled at V3-V4 region of 16S ribosomal RNA gene and further taxonomically assigned and assessed for diversity analysis. We tested the effect of exposure on overall microbiome diversity using PERMANOVA and on individual taxa by LEfSe analysis. RESULTS Microbiome profiling revealed that low-dose exposure to Roundup and glyphosate resulted in significant and distinctive changes in overall bacterial composition in F1 pups only. Specifically, at PND31, corresponding to pre-pubertal age in humans, relative abundance for Bacteriodetes (Prevotella) was increased while the Firmicutes (Lactobacillus) was reduced in both Roundup and glyphosate exposed F1 pups compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS This study provides initial evidence that exposures to commonly used GBHs, at doses considered safe, are capable of modifying the gut microbiota in early development, particularly before the onset of puberty. These findings warrant future studies on potential health effects of GBHs in early development such as childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixing Mao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Panzacchi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Mandrioli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Menghetti
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Vornoli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciano Bua
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Falcioni
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Corina Lesseur
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison, New York, NY 10029 USA
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186
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Xu ML, Gao Y, Li Y, Li X, Zhang H, Han XX, Zhao B, Su L. Indirect glyphosate detection based on ninhydrin reaction and surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 197:78-82. [PMID: 29352639 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is one of the most commonly-used and non-selective herbicides in agriculture, which may directly pollute the environment and threaten human health. A simple and effective approach to assessment of its damage to the natural environment is thus quite necessary. However, traditional chromatography-based detection methods usually suffer from complex pretreatment procedures. Herein, we propose a simple and sensitive method for the determination of glyphosate by combining ninhydrin reaction and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. The product (purple color dye, PD) of the ninhydrin reaction is found to SERS-active and directly correlate with the glyphosate concentration. The limit of detection of the proposed method for glyphosate is as low as 1.43×10-8mol·L-1 with a relatively wider linear concentration range (1.0×10-7-1.0×10-4mol·L-1), which demonstrates its great potential in rapid, highly sensitive concentration determination of glyphosate in practical applications for safety assessment of food and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology of Tea Quality and Safety, Anxi 362441, PR China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Yali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Xueliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Huanjie Zhang
- Jilin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Xiao Xia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Liang Su
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology of Tea Quality and Safety, Anxi 362441, PR China
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187
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Rodrigues NR, de Souza APF. Occurrence of glyphosate and AMPA residues in soy-based infant formula sold in Brazil. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:723-730. [PMID: 29267136 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1419286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is an herbicide widely used in the world, being applied in several crops, among them soybeans. Recently, glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) have been identified as possible contributors to the emergence of various diseases such as autism, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, as well as cancer. The child population-consuming cereal-based foods is the most exposed to the effects of pesticides because of their developmental phase and they have a higher food intake per kilogram of body weight than adults. The presence of glyphosate and AMPA residues in soy-based infant formulas was evaluated during the years 2012-2017, totalising 105 analyses carried out on 10 commercial brands from different batches. Glyphosate and AMPA were determined by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after derivatisation reaction. The method was validated and showed accuracy and precision with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.02 mg kg-1. Among those samples that contained levels above the LOQ, the variation of glyphosate residues was from 0.03 mg kg-1 to 1.08 mg kg-1 and for AMPA residues was from 0.02 mg kg-1 to 0.17 mg kg-1. This is the first scientific communication about glyphosate and AMPA contamination in soy-based infant formula in Brazil, The study was conducted under good laboratory practice (GLP) and supported by good scientific practice.
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188
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Critical Review of the Effects of Glyphosate Exposure to the Environment and Humans through the Food Supply Chain. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10040950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a synthesis product and chemical substance that entered in the global market during the 70s. In the beginning, the molecule was used as an active principle in a wide range of herbicides, with great success. This was mainly due to its systemic and non-selective action against vegetable organisms and also to the spread of Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) crops, which over the years were specifically created with a resistance to glyphosate. To date, the product is, for these reasons, the most sprayed and most used herbicide in the world. Because of its widespread diffusion into the environment, it was not long before glyphosate found itself at the center of an important scientific debate about its adverse effects on health and environment. In fact, in 2015 the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France), an organization referred to as the specialized cancer agency of the World Health Organization (WHO, Geneva, Switzerland), classified the substance as “likely carcinogenic” to humans. This triggered an immediate and negative reaction from the producer, who accused the Agency and claimed that they had failed to carry out their studies properly and that these conclusions were largely contradictory to published research. Additionally, in 2015, just a few months after the IARC monography published on glyphosate, the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy), another WHO related organization, declared that it was “unlikely” that the molecule could be carcinogenic to humans or that it could cause any type of risk to human health. The conflict between the two organizations of the World Health Organization triggered many doubts, and for this reason, a series of independent studies were launched to better understand what glyphosate’s danger to humans and the environment really was. The results have brought to light how massive use of the herbicide has created over time a real global contamination that has not only affected the soil, surface and groundwater as well as the atmosphere, but even food and commonly used objects, such as diapers, medical gauze, and absorbent for female intimate hygiene. How human health is compromised as a result of glyphosate exposure is a topic that is still very debatable and still unclear and unambiguous. This paper is a review of the results of the main independent recent scientific studies.
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189
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Recent trends in water analysis triggering future monitoring of organic micropollutants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3933-3941. [PMID: 29564501 PMCID: PMC6010479 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Water analysis has been an important area since the beginning of analytical chemistry. The focus though has shifted substantially: from minerals and the main constituents of water in the time of Carl Remigius Fresenius to a multitude of, in particular, organic compounds at concentrations down to the sub-nanogram per liter level nowadays. This was possible only because of numerous innovations in instrumentation in recent decades, drivers of which are briefly discussed. In addition to the high demands on sensitivity, high throughput by automation and short analysis times are major requirements. In this article, some recent developments in the chemical analysis of organic micropollutants (OMPs) are presented. These include the analysis of priority pollutants in whole water samples, extension of the analytical window, in particular to encompass highly polar compounds, the trend toward more than one separation dimension before mass spectrometric detection, and ways of coping with unknown analytes by suspect and nontarget screening approaches involving high-resolution mass spectrometry. Furthermore, beyond gathering reliable concentration data for many OMPs, the question of the relevance of such data for the aquatic system under scrutiny is becoming ever more important. To that end, effect-based analytics can be used and may become part of future routine monitoring, mostly with a focus on adverse effects of OMPs in specific test systems mimicking environmental impacts. Despite advances in the field of water analysis in recent years, there are still many challenges for further analytical research. Graphical abstract Recent trends in water analysis of organic micropollutants that open new opportunities in future water monitoring. HRMS high-resolution mass spectrometry, PMOC persistent mobile organic compounds.
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190
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Fiorino E, Sehonova P, Plhalova L, Blahova J, Svobodova Z, Faggio C. Effects of glyphosate on early life stages: comparison between Cyprinus carpio and Danio rerio. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8542-8549. [PMID: 29313199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is an active substance of many herbicides. According to literature studies, glyphosate residues and their metabolites have been commonly detected in surface waters and toxicological reports confirmed negative effects on living organisms. In this study, the acute embryo toxicity of glyphosate into two different fish species-common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and zebrafish (Danio rerio)-was investigated. Lethal endpoints, development disorder, and, in addition, other sublethal endpoints such as hatching rate, formation of somites, and development of eyes, spontaneous movement, heartbeat/blood circulation, pigmentation, and edema were recorded to indicate the mode of action of the toxic compound. Hatching retardation (p < 0.05) was observed in experimental groups of common carp exposed to glyphosate with significant statistical difference especially at the highest concentration after 72, 96, and 120 hpf. The significantly highest cumulative mortality at concentration of 50 mg/l was observed. In contrast, hatching stimulation was observed in embryos of zebrafish exposed to the highest concentration of glyphosate. The significantly highest cumulative mortality for zebrafish was observed only at concentration of 50 mg/l. Based on our results, early life stages of common carp are more sensitive in comparison to zebrafish to the toxic action of glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Fiorino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31-98166 S. Agata-, Messina, Italy
| | - Pavla Sehonova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Plhalova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Blahova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Svobodova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31-98166 S. Agata-, Messina, Italy.
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191
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Multicommutated Flow System for the Determination of Glyphosate Based on Its Quenching Effect on CdTe-Quantum Dots Fluorescence. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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192
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Glyphosate analysis using sensors and electromigration separation techniques as alternatives to gas or liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:725-746. [PMID: 29098335 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0679-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since its introduction in 1974, the herbicide glyphosate has experienced a tremendous increase in use, with about one million tons used annually today. This review focuses on sensors and electromigration separation techniques as alternatives to chromatographic methods for the analysis of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethyl phosphonic acid. Even with the large number of studies published, glyphosate analysis remains challenging. With its polar and depending on pH even ionic functional groups lacking a chromophore, it is difficult to analyze with chromatographic techniques. Its analysis is mostly achieved after derivatization. Its purification from food and environmental samples inevitably results incoextraction of ionic matrix components, with a further impact on analysis derivatization. Its purification from food and environmental samples inevitably results in coextraction of ionic matrix components, with a further impact on analysis and also derivatization reactions. Its ability to form chelates with metal cations is another obstacle for precise quantification. Lastly, the low limits of detection required by legislation have to be met. These challenges preclude glyphosate from being analyzed together with many other pesticides in common multiresidue (chromatographic) methods. For better monitoring of glyphosate in environmental and food samples, further fast and robust methods are required. In this review, analytical methods are summarized and discussed from the perspective of biosensors and various formats of electromigration separation techniques, including modes such as capillary electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography, combined with various detection techniques. These methods are critically discussed with regard to matrix tolerance, limits of detection reached, and selectivity.
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193
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Corporate Concentration and Technological Change in the Global Seed Industry. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9091632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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194
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Portier CJ, Clausing P. Re: Tarazona et al. (2017): Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenicity: a review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC. doi: 10.1007/s00204-017-1962-5. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3195-3197. [PMID: 28620672 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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195
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Beronius A, Ågerstrand M. Making the most of expert judgment in hazard and risk assessment of chemicals. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:571-577. [PMID: 30090525 PMCID: PMC6061998 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00114b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the reliability and relevance of toxicity and ecotoxicity studies is an integral step in the assessment of the hazards and risks of chemicals. This evaluation is inherently reliant on expert judgment, which often leads to differences between experts' conclusions regarding how individual studies can contribute to the body of evidence. The conclusions of regulatory assessment, such as establishing safe exposure levels for humans and the environment and calculations of margins of exposure, may have large consequences for which chemicals are permitted on the market and their allowed uses. It is therefore important that such assessments are based on all reliable and relevant scientific data, and that assessment principles and assumptions, such as expert judgment, are transparently applied. It is not possible nor desirable to completely eliminate expert judgment from the evaluation of (eco)toxicity studies. However, it is desirable to introduce measures that increase structure and transparency in the evaluation process so as to provide scientifically robust risk assessments that can be used for regulatory decision making. In this article we present results from workshop exercises with Nordic experts to illustrate how experts' evaluations regarding the reliability and relevance of (eco)toxicity studies for risk assessment may vary and discuss methods intended to promote structure and transparency in the evaluation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beronius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden .
| | - M Ågerstrand
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , Sweden
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Tarazona JV, Court-Marques D, Tiramani M, Reich H, Pfeil R, Istace F, Crivellente F. Response to the reply by C. J. Portier and P. Clausing, concerning our review "Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenicity: a review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC". Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3199-3203. [PMID: 28744567 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rudolf Pfeil
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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197
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The Risks Associated with Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Use in Planted Forests. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8060208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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