151
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Jordan KR, Kapoor P, Spongberg E, Tobin RP, Gao D, Borges VF, McCarter MD. Immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells are increased in splenocytes from cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:503-513. [PMID: 28108766 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells that are increased in the peripheral blood of cancer patients and limit productive immune responses against tumors. Immunosuppressive MDSCs are well characterized in murine splenic tissue and are found at higher frequencies in spleens of tumor-bearing mice. However, no studies have yet analyzed these cells in parallel human spleens. We hypothesized that MDSCs would be increased in the spleens of human cancer patients, similar to tumor-bearing mice. We compared the frequency and function of MDSC subsets in dissociated human spleen from 16 patients with benign pancreatic cysts and 26 patients with a variety of cancers. We found that total MDSCs (Linneg CD11bpos CD33pos HLA-DRneg), granulocytic MDSCs (additional markers CD14neg CD15pos), and monocytic MDSCs (CD14pos CD15neg) were identified in human spleen. The monocytic subset was the most prominent in both spleen and peripheral blood and the granulocytic subset was expanded in the spleen relative to matched peripheral blood samples. Importantly, the frequency of CD15pos MDSCs in the spleen was increased in patients with cancer compared to patients with benign pancreatic cysts and was associated with a significantly increased risk of death and decreased overall survival. Finally, MDSCs isolated from the spleen suppressed T cell responses, demonstrating for the first time the functional capacity of human splenic MDSCs. These data suggest that the human spleen is a potential source of large quantities of cells with immunosuppressive function for future characterization and in-depth studies of human MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Jordan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Academic Office One, 12631 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Puja Kapoor
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Academic Office One, 12631 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Eric Spongberg
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Academic Office One, 12631 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard P Tobin
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Academic Office One, 12631 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Dexiang Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Virginia F Borges
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Martin D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Academic Office One, 12631 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
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152
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Abstract
Myeloid cells developed evolutionarily as a major mechanism to protect the host. They evolved as a critical barrier against infections and are important contributors to tissue remodeling. However, in cancer, myeloid cells are largely converted to serve a new master-tumor cells. This process is epitomized by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). These cells are closely related to neutrophils and monocytes. MDSCs are not present in the steady state of healthy individuals and appear in cancer and in pathologic conditions associated with chronic inflammation or stress. These cells have emerged as an important contributor to tumor progression. Ample evidence supports a key role for MDSCs in immune suppression in cancer, as well as their prominent role in tumor angiogenesis, drug resistance, and promotion of tumor metastases. MDSCs have a fascinating biology and are implicated in limiting the effects of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, targeting these cells may represent an attractive therapeutic opportunity. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(1); 3-8. ©2016 AACR.
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153
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O'Connor MA, Rastad JL, Green WR. The Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Viral Infection. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:82-97. [PMID: 28051364 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are heterogeneous immature myeloid cells that are well described as potent immune regulatory cells during human cancer and murine tumor models. Reports of MDSCs during viral infections remain limited, and their association with immunomodulation of viral diseases is still being defined. Here, we provide an overview of MDSCs or MDSC-like cells identified during viral infections, including murine viral models and human viral diseases. Understanding the similarities and/or differences of virally induced versus tumor-derived MDSCs will be important for designing future immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A O'Connor
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , New Hampshire
| | - Jessica L Rastad
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , New Hampshire
| | - William R Green
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , New Hampshire.,2 Norris Cotton Cancer Center , Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon , New Hampshire
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154
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Abstract
Myeloid cells developed evolutionarily as a major mechanism to protect the host. They evolved as a critical barrier against infections and are important contributors to tissue remodeling. However, in cancer, myeloid cells are largely converted to serve a new master-tumor cells. This process is epitomized by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). These cells are closely related to neutrophils and monocytes. MDSCs are not present in the steady state of healthy individuals and appear in cancer and in pathologic conditions associated with chronic inflammation or stress. These cells have emerged as an important contributor to tumor progression. Ample evidence supports a key role for MDSCs in immune suppression in cancer, as well as their prominent role in tumor angiogenesis, drug resistance, and promotion of tumor metastases. MDSCs have a fascinating biology and are implicated in limiting the effects of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, targeting these cells may represent an attractive therapeutic opportunity. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(1); 3-8. ©2016 AACR.
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155
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GM-CSF signalling blockade and chemotherapeutic agents act in concert to inhibit the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in vitro. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e119. [PMID: 28090321 PMCID: PMC5192067 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune evasion is a recently defined hallmark of cancer, and immunotherapeutic approaches that stimulate an immune response to tumours are gaining recognition. However tumours may evade the immune response and resist immune-targeted treatment by promoting an immune-suppressive environment and stimulating the differentiation or recruitment of immunosuppressive cells. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) have been identified in a range of cancers and are often associated with tumour progression and poor patient outcomes. Pancreatic cancer in particular supports MDSC differentiation via the secretion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and MDSC are believed to contribute to the profoundly immune-suppressive microenvironment present in pancreatic tumours. MDSC-targeted therapies that deplete or inhibit this cell population have been proposed as a way to shift the balance in favour of a tumour-clearing immune response. In this study, we have modelled MDSC differentiation and function in vitro and this has provided us with the opportunity to test a range of potential MDSC-targeted therapies to identify candidates for further investigation. Using in vitro modelling we show here that the combination of GM-CSF-signalling blockade and gemcitabine suppresses both the MDSC phenotype and the inhibition of T-cell function by MDSC.
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156
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Talebian Yazdi M, Schinkelshoek MS, Loof NM, Taube C, Hiemstra PS, Welters MJP, van der Burg SH. Standard radiotherapy but not chemotherapy impairs systemic immunity in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1255393. [PMID: 28123900 PMCID: PMC5214754 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1255393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is traditionally treated with platinum-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Since immunotherapy holds promise for treating advanced NSCLC, we assessed the systemic effects of the traditional therapies for NSCLC on immune cell composition and function. Methods: 84 pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients, treated either with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, were studied. A prospective study of 23 patients was conducted in which the myeloid and lymphoid cell compartments of peripheral blood were analyzed. Changes in cell populations were validated in a retrospective cohort of 61 adenocarcinoma patients using automated differential counts collected throughout therapy. Furthermore, the functional capacity of circulating T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC) was studied. Blood samples of healthy individuals were used as controls. Results: In comparison to healthy controls, untreated adenocarcinoma patients display an elevated frequency of myeloid cells coinciding with relative lower frequencies of lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Standard chemotherapy had no overt effects on myeloid and lymphoid cell composition nor on T-cell and APC-function. In contrast, patients treated with radiotherapy displayed a decrease in lymphoid cells and a relative increase in monocytes/macrophages. Importantly, these changes were associated with a reduced APC function and an impaired response of T cells to recall antigens. Conclusions: Platinum-based standard of care chemotherapy for NSCLC has no profound negative effect on the immune cell composition and function. The negative effect of prolonged low-dose radiotherapy on the immune system warrants future studies on the optimal dose and fraction of radiotherapy when combined with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mink S Schinkelshoek
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nikki M Loof
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
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157
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Shipp C, Speigl L, Janssen N, Martens A, Pawelec G. A clinical and biological perspective of human myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4043-61. [PMID: 27236468 PMCID: PMC11108339 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Considering the large number of studies focused on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to date, only a handful of well-defined relationships in human cancer have been established. The difficulty of assessing the impact of MDSCs in human cancer is partly due to the relatively small number of studies performed in humans. This is compounded in the literature by a common lack of clear indication of which species is being referred to for each characteristic described. These aspects may result in inappropriate extrapolation of animal studies to those in the human setting. This is especially the case for studies focused on investigating therapies which can be used to target MDSCs or those aimed at understanding their mechanism. Here, we attempt to rectify this by reviewing only studies on MDSC performed in humans. We survey studies which explore (1) whether MDSC levels are altered in cancer patients and if this is correlated with patient survival, (2) the so far identified mechanisms employed by MDSC to exert immune suppression, and (3) whether therapeutic agents can be used to target MDSCs by either altering their level, influencing their differentiation or inhibiting their suppressive function. Despite the fact that these studies clearly show that MDSCs are important in human cancer, the clinical employment of agents intended to target them has not yet been accomplished. We identify factors which have contributed to this and propose steps which may facilitate the translation of these therapies to the clinic in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Shipp
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Waldhörnlestr. 22, 72072, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Lisa Speigl
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Waldhörnlestr. 22, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Janssen
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Waldhörnlestr. 22, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Martens
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Waldhörnlestr. 22, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 24, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Waldhörnlestr. 22, 72072, Tübingen, Germany.
- School of Science and Technology, College of Arts and Science, Nottingham Trent University, Burton St, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, UK.
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158
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Damuzzo V, Solito S, Pinton L, Carrozzo E, Valpione S, Pigozzo J, Arboretti Giancristofaro R, Chiarion-Sileni V, Mandruzzato S. Clinical implication of tumor-associated and immunological parameters in melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1249559. [PMID: 28123888 PMCID: PMC5215225 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1249559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ipilimumab, the first immune-checkpoint inhibitor extending overall survival (OS) in metastatic melanoma patients, has a survival benefit only in a proportion of patients and the development of reliable predictive biomarkers is still an unmet need. To meet this request, we used a multivariate statistical approach to test whether myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) or other tumor-associated and immunological parameters may serve as predictive or prognostic biomarkers in melanoma patients receiving ipilimumab. By using a standardized approach to determine the circulating levels of four MDSC subsets, we observed a significant expansion of three MDSC subsets at baseline, as compared to controls and, upon treatment, that high levels of CD14+/IL4Rα+ MDSCs were an independent prognostic factor of reduced OS. On the contrary, longer OS was associated to low levels of the proinflammatory proteins IL-6 and CRP and tumor-associated factors S100B and LDH both at baseline and after treatment. Increasing number of total T cells and especially of PD-1+/CD4+ T cells were associated with better prognosis, and upregulation of PD-1+ expression on CD4+ T cells upon treatment was associated with lower toxicity. As several parameters were associated to OS, we included these factors in a multivariate survival model, and we identified IL-6 and ECOG PS as independent biomarkers associated with improved OS, whereas high levels of LDH and CD14+/IL4Rα+ MDSCs were negative independent markers of reduced OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Damuzzo
- Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - S. Solito
- Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - L. Pinton
- Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E. Carrozzo
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - S. Valpione
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - J. Pigozzo
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - S. Mandruzzato
- Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
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159
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Santegoets SJAM, Welters MJP, van der Burg SH. Monitoring of the Immune Dysfunction in Cancer Patients. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4030029. [PMID: 27598210 PMCID: PMC5041023 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy shows promising clinical results in patients with different types of cancer, but its full potential is not reached due to immune dysfunction as a result of several suppressive mechanisms that play a role in cancer development and progression. Monitoring of immune dysfunction is a prerequisite for the development of strategies aiming to alleviate cancer-induced immune suppression. At this point, the level at which immune dysfunction occurs has to be established, the underlying mechanism(s) need to be known, as well as the techniques to assess this. While it is relatively easy to measure general signs of immune suppression, it turns out that accurate monitoring of the frequency and function of immune-suppressive cells is still difficult. A lack of truly specific markers, the phenotypic complexity among suppressive cells of the same lineage, but potentially with different functions and functional assays that may not cover every mechanistic aspect of immune suppression are among the reasons complicating proper assessments. Technical innovations in flow and mass cytometry will allow for more complete sets of markers to precisely determine phenotype and associated function. There is, however, a clear need for functional assays that recapitulate more of the mechanisms employed to suppress the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J A M Santegoets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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160
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Singel KL, Segal BH. Neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment: trying to heal the wound that cannot heal. Immunol Rev 2016; 273:329-43. [PMID: 27558344 PMCID: PMC5477672 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first responders to infection and injury and are critical for antimicrobial host defense. Through the generation of reactive oxidants, activation of granular constituents and neutrophil extracellular traps, neutrophils target microbes and prevent their dissemination. While these pathways are beneficial in the context of trauma and infection, their off-target effects in the context of tumor are variable. Tumor-derived factors have been shown to reprogram the marrow, skewing toward the expansion of myelopoiesis. This can result in stimulation of both neutrophilic leukocytosis and the release of immature granulocytic populations that accumulate in circulation and in the tumor microenvironment. While activated neutrophils have been shown to kill tumor cells, there is growing evidence for neutrophil activation driving tumor progression and metastasis through a number of pathways, including stimulation of thrombosis and angiogenesis, stromal remodeling, and impairment of T cell-dependent anti-tumor immunity. There is also growing appreciation of neutrophil heterogeneity in cancer, with distinct neutrophil populations promoting cancer control or progression. In addition to the effects of tumor on neutrophil responses, anti-neoplastic treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, and growth factors, can influence neutrophil responses. Future directions for research are expected to result in more mechanistic knowledge of neutrophil biology in the tumor microenvironment that may be exploited as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Singel
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Brahm H. Segal
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
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161
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The Roles of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells in Tumor Microenvironment Associated with Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7314016. [PMID: 27630452 PMCID: PMC5007366 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7314016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
State of tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely linked to regulation of tumor growth and progression affecting the final outcome, refractoriness, and relapse of disease. Interactions of tumor, immune, and mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have been recognized as crucial for understanding tumorigenesis. Due to their outstanding features, stem cell-like properties, capacity to regulate immune response, and dynamic functional phenotype dependent on microenvironmental stimuli, MSCs have been perceived as important players in TME. Signals provided by tumor-associated chronic inflammation educate MSCs to alter their phenotype and immunomodulatory potential in favor of tumor-biased state of MSCs. Adjustment of phenotype to TME and acquisition of tumor-promoting ability by MSCs help tumor cells in maintenance of permissive TME and suppression of antitumor immune response. Potential utilization of MSCs in treatment of tumor is based on their inherent ability to home tumor tissue that makes them suitable delivery vehicles for immune-stimulating factors and vectors for targeted antitumor therapy. Here, we review data regarding intrusive effects of inflammatory TME on MSCs capacity to affect tumor development through modification of their phenotype and interactions with immune system.
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162
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Development of a Modular Assay for Detailed Immunophenotyping of Peripheral Human Whole Blood Samples by Multicolor Flow Cytometry. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081316. [PMID: 27529227 PMCID: PMC5000713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of immune cells gained great significance in prognosis and prediction of therapy responses. For analyzing blood samples, the multicolor flow cytometry has become the method of choice as it combines high specificity on single cell level with multiple parameters and high throughput. Here, we present a modular assay for the detailed immunophenotyping of blood (DIoB) that was optimized for an easy and direct application in whole blood samples. The DIoB assay characterizes 34 immune cell subsets that circulate the peripheral blood including all major immune cells such as T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. In addition, it evaluates their functional state and a few non-leukocytes that also have been associated with the outcome of cancer therapy. This DIoB assay allows a longitudinal and close-meshed monitoring of a detailed immune status in patients requiring only 2.0 mL of peripheral blood and it is not restricted to peripheral blood mononuclear cells. It is currently applied for the immune monitoring of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (IMMO-GLIO-01 trial, NCT02022384), pancreatic cancer (CONKO-007 trial, NCT01827553), and head and neck cancer (DIREKHT trial, NCT02528955) and might pave the way for immune biomarker identification for prediction and prognosis of therapy outcome.
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163
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Condamine T, Dominguez GA, Youn JI, Kossenkov AV, Mony S, Alicea-Torres K, Tcyganov E, Hashimoto A, Nefedova Y, Lin C, Partlova S, Garfall A, Vogl DT, Xu X, Knight SC, Malietzis G, Lee GH, Eruslanov E, Albelda SM, Wang X, Mehta JL, Bewtra M, Rustgi A, Hockstein N, Witt R, Masters G, Nam B, Smirnov D, Sepulveda MA, Gabrilovich DI. Lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor-1 distinguishes population of human polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer patients. Sci Immunol 2016; 1. [PMID: 28417112 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaf8943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSC) are important regulators of immune responses in cancer and have been directly implicated in promotion of tumor progression. However, the heterogeneity of these cells and lack of distinct markers hampers the progress in understanding of the biology and clinical importance of these cells. Using partial enrichment of PMN-MDSC with gradient centrifugation we determined that low density PMN-MDSC and high density neutrophils from the same cancer patients had a distinct gene profile. Most prominent changes were observed in the expression of genes associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Surprisingly, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was one of the most increased regulators and its receptor oxidized LDL receptor 1 OLR1 was one of the most overexpressed genes in PMN-MDSC. Lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) encoded by OLR1 was practically undetectable in neutrophils in peripheral blood of healthy donors, whereas 5-15% of total neutrophils in cancer patients and 15-50% of neutrophils in tumor tissues were LOX-1+. In contrast to their LOX-1- counterparts, LOX-1+ neutrophils had gene signature, potent immune suppressive activity, up-regulation of ER stress, and other biochemical characteristics of PMN-MDSC. Moreover, induction of ER stress in neutrophils from healthy donors up-regulated LOX-1 expression and converted these cells to suppressive PMN-MDSC. Thus, we identified a specific marker of human PMN-MDSC associated with ER stress and lipid metabolism, which provides new insight to the biology and potential therapeutic targeting of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Je-In Youn
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Sridevi Mony
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Cindy Lin
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Alfred Garfall
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dan T Vogl
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stella C Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK HA1 3UJ
| | - George Malietzis
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK HA1 3UJ.,St. Mark's Hospital, Harrow, UK, HA1 3UJ
| | - Gui Han Lee
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK HA1 3UJ.,St. Mark's Hospital, Harrow, UK, HA1 3UJ
| | - Evgeniy Eruslanov
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Meenakshi Bewtra
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anil Rustgi
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Neil Hockstein
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Robert Witt
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Gregory Masters
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Brian Nam
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Denis Smirnov
- Janssen Oncology Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Manuel A Sepulveda
- Janssen Oncology Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
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164
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Boros P, Ochando J, Zeher M. Myeloid derived suppressor cells and autoimmunity. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:631-636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bronte V, Brandau S, Chen SH, Colombo MP, Frey AB, Greten TF, Mandruzzato S, Murray PJ, Ochoa A, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Rodriguez PC, Sica A, Umansky V, Vonderheide RH, Gabrilovich DI. Recommendations for myeloid-derived suppressor cell nomenclature and characterization standards. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12150. [PMID: 27381735 PMCID: PMC4935811 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1914] [Impact Index Per Article: 239.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have emerged as major regulators of immune responses in cancer and other pathological conditions. In recent years, ample evidence supports key contributions of MDSC to tumour progression through both immune-mediated mechanisms and those not directly associated with immune suppression. MDSC are the subject of intensive research with >500 papers published in 2015 alone. However, the phenotypic, morphological and functional heterogeneity of these cells generates confusion in investigation and analysis of their roles in inflammatory responses. The purpose of this communication is to suggest characterization standards in the burgeoning field of MDSC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Bronte
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Sven Brandau
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen D-45122, Germany
| | - Shu-Hsia Chen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Mario P. Colombo
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Alan B. Frey
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Tim F. Greten
- GI-Malignancy Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Susanna Mandruzzato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Section of Oncology and Immunology, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Peter J. Murray
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Augusto Ochoa
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | | | | | - Antonio Sica
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale ‘Amedeo Avogadro', via Bovio 6, Novara 20089, Italy
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 69120, Germany
| | - Robert H. Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Dmitry I. Gabrilovich
- Translational Tumor Immunology, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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166
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T-cell defect in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas involves expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Blood 2016; 128:1081-92. [PMID: 27338100 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-08-662783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the number of circulating monocytes and neutrophils represents an independent prognostic factor. These cell subsets include monocytic and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M- and G-MDSCs) defined by their ability to suppress T-cell responses. MDSCs are a heterogeneous population described in inflammatory and infectious diseases and in numerous tumors including multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and DLBCL. However, their mechanisms of action remain unclear. We broadly assessed the presence and mechanisms of suppression of MDSC subsets in DLBCL. First, a myeloid suppressive signature was identified by gene expression profiling in DLBCL peripheral blood. Accordingly, we identified, in a cohort of 66 DLBCL patients, an increase in circulating G-MDSC (Lin(neg)HLA-DR(neg)CD33(pos)CD11b(pos)) and M-MDSC (CD14(pos)HLA-DR(low)) counts. Interestingly, only M-MDSC number was correlated with the International Prognostic Index, event-free survival, and number of circulating Tregs. Furthermore, T-cell proliferation was restored after monocyte depletion. Myeloid-dependent T-cell suppression was attributed to a release of interleukin-10 and S100A12 and increased PD-L1 expression. In summary, we identified expanded MDSC subsets in DLBCL, as well as new mechanisms of immunosuppression in DLBCL.
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Lieberman NAP, Moyes KW, Crane CA. Developing immunotherapeutic strategies to target brain tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 16:775-88. [PMID: 27253692 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2016.1192470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent years have seen rapid growth in cancer treatments that enhance the anti-tumor activities of the immune system. Collectively known as immunotherapy, modulation of the immune system has shown success treating some hematological malignancies, but has yet to be successfully applied to the treatment of patients with brain tumors. AREAS COVERED This review highlights mechanistic insights from murine studies and compiled recent clinical trial data, focusing on the most aggressive brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM). The field has recently accumulated a critical mass of data, and we discuss past treatment failures in the context of newly developed approaches now entering clinical trials. This article provides an overview of the immunotherapeutic armamentarium currently in development for the treatment of patients with GBM, who are in dire need of safe and effective therapies. Expert commentary: Themes that emerge include the importance of mitigating the effects of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and the potential for innate immune cell activation to enhance cytotoxic anti-tumor activity. Consideration of these studies as a collective may inform the design of new immunotherapies, as well as the immune monitoring protocols for patients participating in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A P Lieberman
- a Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Kara White Moyes
- a Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Courtney A Crane
- a Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , WA , USA
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168
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Moses K, Brandau S. Human neutrophils: Their role in cancer and relation to myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:187-96. [PMID: 27067179 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increased frequencies of peripheral blood neutrophils as well as tumor-infiltrating (associated) neutrophils (TAN) have been observed in many tumor entities. Although the most frequent cell type in the peripheral blood, neutrophils are outnumbered by other leukocyte subsets in the tumor microenvironment. Nevertheless, a number of recent meta-analyses identified TAN as well as high neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in the blood as one of the most powerful immunologic prognostic parameters in human oncology. This clinical impact is based on an intense bidirectional crosstalk of neutrophils and tumor cells resulting in changes in neutrophil as well as tumor cell biology. These changes eventually lead to TAN equipped with various tumor promoting features, which enhance angiogenesis, cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Many of the pro-tumor features of TAN are shared with PMN-MDSC (myeloid-derived suppressor cells). Consequently, the distinction of these two cell populations is a matter of intensive debate and also specifically discussed in this article. The importance of neutrophils in cancer progression has triggered numerous efforts to therapeutically target these cells. Current strategies in this area focus on the inhibition of either TAN recruitment or pro-tumorigenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Moses
- Research Division of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, German Cancer Consortium, Germany
| | - Sven Brandau
- Research Division of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, German Cancer Consortium, Germany.
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